Triangle Geometry

Hojoo Lee

In this short note, we give some well-known formulae in Triangle Geomtry :

1. Law of Sines
a b c
= = = 2R
sinA sinB sinC

2. Law of Cosines
a = bcosC + ccosB
b2 + c2 − a2
cosA =
2bc

3. Area S, semiperimeter s, x = s − a, y = s − b, z = s − c
p
S = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
p
= xyz(x + y + z)
s X X
1
= 2 a2 b2 − a4
4 cyclic cyclic

1 1 1
= bcsinA = casinB = absinC
2 2 2
2
= 2R sinAsinBsinC
= rs = (s − a)rA = (s − b)rB = (s − c)rC
√
= rrA rB rC
abc
=
4R
A A A
4. cos 2
, sin 2
, tan 2

r r s
A s(s − a) A (s − b)(s − c) A (s − b)(s − c) r
cos = , sin = , tan = =
2 bc 2 bc 2 s(s − a) s−a
5. R, r, rA , rB , rC
1 1 1 1
4R + r = rA + rB + rC , = + +
r rA rB rC
xyz (x + y)2 (y + z)2 (z + x)2
r2 = , R2 =
x+y+z 16xyz(x + y + z)
r xyz A B C
= , r = 4Rsin sin sin
R 2(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 2 2 2
r abc (x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
1 + = cosA + cosB + cosC, Rr = =
R 4s 2(x + y + z)

6. O(circumcenter), G(centroid), H(orthocenter), I(incenter)

~ = 3OG
Euler Line OGH : OH ~ = OA
~ + OB
~ + OC
~

1 X 1 X
XG2 = XA2 − BC 2
3 cyclic 9 cyclic
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
3 XA2 + XB 2 + XC 2 ≥ BC 2 + CA2 + AB 2
3(GA2 + GB 2 + GC 2 ) = BC 2 + CA2 + AB 2
4
HG2 = 4R2 − (BC 2 + CA2 + AB 2 )
9
OH 2 = 9R2 − (BC 2 + CA2 + AB 2 )
X X
XI 2 a + abc = aXA2
cyclic cyclic
2 2 2
aXA + bXB + cXC ≥ abc
IA2 IB 2 IC 2
+ + =1
bc ca ab
Euler : OI 2 = R2 − 2rR
1 X
~ =
OI aOA~
a + b + c cyclic
à !
1 X X
IG2 = r2 + 5 a2 − 6 ab
36 cyclic cyclic
v Ã
u µ ¶2 !
b+c u tbc 1 − a
AI =
a+b+c b+c
AH = 2RcosA
~ = − 2 r(R − 2r)
~ · IG
IH
3
7. Trigonometric Identities

x+y y+z z+x

sinx + siny + sinz − sin(x + y + z) = 4sin sin sin
2 2 2
x+y y+z z+x
cosx + cosy + cosz − cos(x + y + z) = 4cos cos cos
2 2 2

X A B C
sinA = 4cos cos cos
cyclic
2 2 2
X
sin2A = 4sinAsinBsinC
cyclic
X A B C
cosA = 1 + 4sin sin sin
cyclic
2 2 2
X
cos2A = −1 − 4cosAcosBcosC
cyclic
X
cos2 A = 1 − 2cosAcosBcosC
cyclic
X
sin2 A = 2 + 2cosAcosBcosC
cyclic
X
tanA = tanAtanBtanC
cyclic
X
cotAcotB = 1
cyclic
X A A B C
cot = cot cot cot
cyclic
2 2 2 2