INDIAN CULTURE

AND BUDDHISM

1972

29
60

.|. . , . . -

Editors
|N. KONRADI, G. BONGARD-LEVIN

, .
.
- . . .
6-1
35-72

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( , 1966 .),
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. . , , . , . , , (Soviet Indological Series)
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FROM EDITOR
This collection of articles in commemoration of academician F. I. Stcherbatsky, the eminent Soviet Orientalist who specialised in Indology, Tibetan
studies and Buddhology, falls into two parts. Part one presents the papers
read at the session held to mark the centenary of Stcherbatsky's birth
(Moscow Leningrad, '1966); part two carries articles and notes devoted
to the history and culture of the East (mostly India, Central Asia and the
Far East) as well as to general and specific problems of Buddhology, Indology and Tibetan studies. Stcherbatsky took up all these subjects; he stands
out as a great authority on Indian culture, ancient and medieval philosophy,
Indian religions, ancient Indian literature and science. His main field, however, was Buddhism (its philosophy and history) and the cultures of those
Asian countries where Buddhism in widespread.
The main trends of Stcherbatsky's work prompted the title of this volume,
Indian Culture and Buddhism. The contributions to the volume show that
the traditions of Stcherbatsky's school are successfully continued and developed by Soviet scholars, and the problems of Oriental culture and ideology
in the past and today hold a very important place in their researches.
Not only has Stcherbatsky's work retained its significance for the development of Oriental studies, but it is in itself the subject-matter of scientific
analysis, making up a special branch of modern Buddhology. To this day his
studies are reprinted in many countries of the world and translated into many
languages. It is noteworthy that the Soviet Indological Series published in
India, recently carried two volumes of articles by Stcherbatsky. Introducing
these articles, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, the well-known Indian philosopher
arid historian, expressed the Indians' deep appreciation of the work of Stcherbatsky, who, in his view, had helped the Indians to discover their own past
and restore the right perspective of their philosophical heritage.
This volume will help to apreciate still more profoundly the outstanding
contribution made by Academician F. I. Stcherbatsky to the development of
Oriental studies on a world scale.
G. M. Bongard-Levin.

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3
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5
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6
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8
. . W d e r, On the Relationships between Early Buddhism and
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. W a r d e r , . Gl62.
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. , . 42 ., .156157 .
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. , : . O l d e n b e r g ,
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15
,
. ,
, (Buddha-upanisad) (Veda-upanisad), . . (. B a r u a , . 98, 106 sq.).
16
iB .
.: . . , - , Terminologia Indica, I, Tartu, 1967, . 4151.
17
M. , , ., 1963, . 10.
18
. , . 124 .; N a k a m u r a , . 77; , ., 1964, . 2930, 186 ( ); , ., 1965, . 1920, ,155.
19
. , . 52; . , . 152, . 279; , . 324 ., 384; 387 .; W a r d e r , . 62; J. G. J e n n i n g s , The
Vedantic Buddhism of the Buddha, London, 1947, . 514 sq. (
Jennings); N a k a m u r a , . 7677; Pali-English Dictionary, ed. by
T. W. Rhys Davids and W. Stede, London, 1959, . 22; 492494 (
).
20
., .: Th. S t c h e r b a t s k y , The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word Dharma, London, 1923] ,
The Conception of Buddhist Nirvar^a, Leningrad, 1927 . . :
4

. 807

49

,
. 57-588; 380 .; , . 43 .; a k
. 189-4190; 181 .; J e n n i n g s, . 478, 573 .
21
.: . . , , .,
1918, . 282, 286 ( ) .
22
.: F. E d g e r t , The U p a n i s h a d s ; What do they Seek a n d
why? J A O S , 1929, vol. 49, . 102.
23
. , . 49 .
24
. , . 8; M a i , . 172, 18667.
25
. . . , , . . . -, . 198,
1967, . 43.
26
. M a i , . 198; . : . P . H a l l , B u d d h i s m a n d
Psychotherapy, Los Angeles, 1067.
27
, . 42; . , . 607, . 51 .
28
SB, . 146147. , &,
.
29
. , 588; . W a r d e r , . 58, 6 1
62; J e n n i n g s , . 623 . .
., , . . , , . . . -, . 181, 1965?.
. 225 . , -, . (.
, , ( ), (.: . . , , . 210
.) .
30
. . . , , , ., 1067, . 152 .
31
. : . . , , . . . -, . 236, 1969, . 76 .,.
, 8384; . Przyluski, . 148 sq.
32
. : . a s s i , The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms,,
vol. II, New Haven, 1955, . 146 sq.; C. G. J u n g , Versuch zu einer psy~
chologischen D e u t u n g des Trinitatsdogmas, Symbolik des Geistes, Zurich, 1948, . 323446; . . , . . ,
, .
, , 1968, . 109!lil(9.
33
. 6 , . 2 8 5 . ; , . 5 9 2

596; Mai, . 197; , . 21 .

. .
:

, , (
)
, ,
( , )
( ) .
, , ,

.
, , ,
.
, , (.

, , ; .
- , . .).

; 2 . ,
(

) , ,
4*

51

 &
.
,
,
. , ,
- .
, (
- , ). ,

(
, . .),
.
.
,
. , , ..
,,
, , , , .
(. , ;
, , ; 3 , . .)
, ,
. .

(. catvary aryasatyani, . 'phags pa'i bden pa bzi po

Imams, dag/),
(. dve satye, . bden pa gnis) 4 ,
. : idarh duhkham aryasatyam
iti yathabhutam
prajanati, ayath duhkhasamudayah,
ayath
duhkhanirodhah,
[yam dubkhanirodhagamini
pratipad
aryasatyam
iti
yathabhutam
prajanati.
sa
samvrt
is at akusalas
ca
bhavati p a r a m a r t h a s a t a kusalas ca, laksariasatyakusa52

las ca, vibhagasatyakusalas

ca, nistiranasatyakusalas
ca,
vastusatyakusalas ca, prabhavasatyakusalas ca, ksayanutpTZdasatyakusalas ca, margajnahavatarasatyakusalas
ca, sarvabodhisattvabhumikramanusarhdhinispadanataya
y'avat
tathagatajnanasamudayasatya kusalas ca bhavati. sa
parasattvanam
yathasayasarhto saifat s amv rt is at am prajanati; ekanayasamavasaranat p a r a ma r t has at am
prajanati;
svasamanyalaksananubodh'al
laksanasatyath prajanuti... . .5.
catvary aryasatyani, ,

, , , , ,
.
(. akaa 6 ) .
catvary aryasatyani ,

,
(),

(),

(), ().
, , catvary
aryasatylni (., , ,
, IB Mulamadhyamakakarikas Prasannapada , . . I, 9:
7; XI, 2, XXIV, 38, XXVI, 548, 6
.) jati8, janif ksaya,
, , . . :
... TJv fip 58) ' ^' octkov (sc. 'Opcpsoc) <; oXotc, 8s
TOO 58<; iXoc ], sx 8 exaxspcov e e v VTJ ft 7] C^pov, Spaxwv
irpoa7rscpuxQlav
s^cov xecpaXvjv XSOVTO<;... ouxo<; 6 *](; e^evv7]asv

t)7rep(jifs9s<: wov ... Athenagoras. Pro Christ. 18 ( = DK I B 13) :

TOV 8e 'Eirt[xsvi87]v 86o ^ UTuo&sadai ' A s p a x a i N

s^ d)v i s v v r\ ] v a i TdpTapov... e^ wv 86o T i x a v a c . . . cbv
dXXifjXoic
a)6v ^ s v e aft a t . . . TudXiv OCXXTJV ^svsdv

Damascius. De principiis 124( = DK3 5) L c ,

:
xai

. . . e yap laTiv
sU

aTuavxa ovxa,

6 cp ft e i p e x a i

TeXsoxaTov...

x a i s^ t v a t '

xai

8ia

TOUTO OOTS

i v s a ft a i.

ouBev oiovxai OUT' aTCoXXoa&ai... A r i s t . M e t . A 3 , 9 8 3 6 ( ) ;

ocTTsipov udvai TTJV u a a a v a i x i a v s x s i v ^ ^ T 0 ^avxo^
ysvsaea)<;

TS xai cpftopac... Ps. -Plut. Strom. 2 ( = DK 12 A 10), cp. Hippol.

Ref. I, 6, 12 (-DK 12 A 11) ., ... ext dv p.6vax;
p.7] 67roXeiireiv y s v s o i v xai cpftopdv... Arist. Phys. 4, 203b 15
(. 8, 208a 8; 1, 250b 11; Simplicius. Phys. 24, 17; 1121,
5 .) ( ); ... ex ^ irdvTa
^i^veo^ai
53

"4<xt sic aoxov icdXiv d v a X o e a d a i . AetiUS I, 3 , 4 ( ) ;

Xs^st 8s oxt ooSev ^ivezai
obbe c p & e i p - e x a i oaSs x i v e T x a i . . .
H i p p o l . Ref. I, 1 4 , 2 ; 3 8s 6 KoXocpcovioc iStav xtvd 686v 7ce7ropeo|i.svo
xal itapTjXXa^oTav Tcdvxac xooc rcpostpT^svotx; j s v s a i v outs
< p & o p d v dTioXst^sL... P l u t . Strom. 4 ( = D o x ; 5 8 0 ) ( ) ;
e
oo^i x a l H . & d v a x o v XT]V f s v s o t v xaXst. C l e m . Strom. Ill 21
f
[II 2 0 5 , 7 ] ; H [xsv ouv cpTjalv s l v a t . . . f s v ^ o v d y s v T j x o v ,
dvijxov
d&dvaxov... H i p p o l . Ref. IX, 9 ( ) ; aoxdp ixivTjxov
p.sfdX(ov sv itstpaat 8sapSv | saxiv dvap^ov dicaoaxov, eirei *f s v s a i c,
xal oXeO-po<; | XTJXS [xdX' sirXd^Tjaav... SimpliCiUS. P h y s . 1 4 5 , 2 7

( = Parmen. Fr. 8, 2628);

...of

s X i c t C o o a t v | 7] x t x a x a & v ^ o x s t v

f i p e a b i ^ 46v

xs xal s ^ o X X o a & a t

dndvxT[].

Plut. Adv. Colot. 12, 1113 (Emped. Fr. 11), cp. Fr. 17, 3 k

. (); xo 8e i v e a & a i xal diroXXoaB-at &;

f/
vofuCooaiv ol EXX7jvsc. Simplicius. Phys 163, 20( = Anaxag. Fr. 17),
<:p. Arist. Phys. A4, 187a 23; Aetius I, 3, 5 ( );
ASDXITCTCO^ 8' S^SLV ]"^ Xo^o'jc otxivss XT]V ata&Tjaiv o^oXoyoopbsva
'i^ovxsc oux dvatpifjaoaaiv ooxs ^ s v s a i v oaxs cp 8- d v 5 i v r\ a i v

al xo ^& 6vxo>v. Arist. De gen. et corr. A 8, 325a 2

( ) . ., . ,

,
,

.
.


. , .
, ,
. ,
10
,

,
.

(aXi/jO-eta)

(&6$).
(,
)
, ,
XXT^XOV):
(voetv),
.

(); . Fr. 6:
xo

Xs^siv

xs

VQSTV

x'

sov

spb^svat*

saxt

^dp

etvai.

|V/]8ev

8'

oux saxtv* a' ^ cppdCea&at avco^a...

Fr.

5l

...to

^dp auTo vosTv SOTIV as xai sivat H.

, .
, ,
( ,
1 2 ),
13 .

(,
, . .) 14 , -
(

-
. .) 1 6 . ,
,
- .
, ,

(),
:
|AOVO<; 8' 8Ti jxudoc 6800
XsiTrsiat saxiv' ] 8' Irci ' s a a t
itoXXd (\ ( a f e v / j T o v
sov x a i d v ( i ) X s $ p 6 v eaxiv,
o68s TTO'U' TJV ou8' eoxai, STCSI vuv eotiv optou Tcav,
IOTi ^ap o6XofxsXs<; TS x a i , ]8' dteXscrcov'
iv,
aovs^ec"-Ttva f a p p v v a v
8 i C ^ e a t ;
^ 7r6^sv a u ^ 7 ] 0 - s v . F r . 8 , 1 7
)<; 8' dv S U S I T ' sov; 8' dv xs p v o i x o ;
si f^P s ^ s v x ' , OUX l a x ' , ou8' s i TIOTS |JLSXXSI ioeo&ai.
y s v s a t e [ASV d u s a p s a T a i x a i OLKUOZQC, X s & p .

F r . 8,

19-21

( ),
, .

, .
( , . .),
. ,
( ) ( ),
.
5S


1 6 .

.
aXifj&eia,
6 17 . ,
, ( , , ).

,
( ) 18.

19. ,
; . ( = Mulamadhyamakakarikas, Blbl. Buddh. IV) XXIV, 8;
, . XXIV, 9 2 0 . ,

( ),

sdmvrtisatya(nan. sammutisacca, . kun rbzob kyi bden pa),

. . ,
, (padarthatattva); ( ); , 21 . , & , paramarthasatya
(. paramatthasacca, . don dam bden pa), . . ,
22 . samvrtisatya
paramarthasatya,
23 .
, ,
.
, (), ( , catvary aryasaty'ani), . Paramarthasatya,
,
,
, , , . XXV
,

. . , , , {paramartha-sat),'
, ,

(. . XXV, 14). , ,
ajatl-vada , 56

 ( ) . , , samvrtisatya'eH, , mmpeparamarthasatya'n,

(sunyata), ,
(dharma), . , ,
... ] ^ \ xevov... 2&.
.
Paramarthasatya
, ,
. , ,
. .: yah, punah para-

marthah so'nabhilapyah, anajneyah, aparijneyah, avijneyah,.

adesitah aprakasitah...2^. , ,
] 8' 1 | |', d^evYjxov eov
xai dvcbXsOpov eaxiv, | l a x i ^ap ouXofisXec; xs xal dxpsjxe; TJQ' dxeAsaxov.

(Fr. 8, 24) 2 6 . , :
avyakrta, ,
27 ,
(. ). avyakrta \\ eov , . xevov \\ ov, ouSsv, oux, . : otks [ av
fvotTj; ^s | sov (ou ^'dp [avooxov) ouxs cppdaat;, Fr. 4 (Procl. in
Tim. t. I, 345, 18). ,
[AY] eov
' sunyafu .
,
, ,
( ), , , . , ,
Fr. 46 ,
28
, , ,
, , 29
. ,
30
, . , ( ), samvriisatya alokasamvrtisatya' (. 'jig rten yin pa' i kun rdzob kyi
bden pa) lokasarhvrtisatya'io (.
'jig rten gyi kun rdzob
kyi bden pa). Alokasamvrtisatya ,
, . .
pratibkasika'ou (
) 31 . ,
,
57

 (paramarthasatya).
, ,
parikalpita ( ), paratantra (
), parinispanna ( ) 3 2 .
, . ( ) -33. ,

, .
, ,
, , 3 4 .

. , 35 . ,
.
() (),
;
, ,
; ,

- , ,
36
. , , 37 . , ,
,
, ,
,
38 :
1.S
2.S

(),
(),

3.S

(),

4.S

(),

NS
NS
NS
NS

()
()
()
()

1, , 4, , Fr. 2.
2, , Fr. 8 (, 39
) . 3,
, ,
40 . , 58

 (1 4) , .
,
,
.
, ;
(catuskoti). , , ( ) ( )
, . . ,
. .: sarvarn

tathyam va tathyatri tathyam ca atathyam eva ca naiva

atathyam naiva tathyam etad Buddha anus. Nlgarjuna. MMK

XVIII, 8. Bee , ,
-,

-,
,
, , 41 .
,
(. . 1, 68; XXV, 48, 1018 . -;
) 4 2 , catuskoti
catvary aryasatyuni , ,

43 . ,
( ) 44
(. ) .


.
. , , ,

,
.
,
45
;

;
46

( ). , , ,
( ),
. , ,

, 4 7 .
59

 , ,
, , , ( )
.
- ,
.
. (
, ), ,
. .

.
( .)
- (advaya) 48 , ,
() -
, -,
. . 49 .
,

(
,
); , ,
; ,

( )
(, ) 0 .

.
, , , ,
- .

: . ,

86 ,
samvrtisatya.
. 60

 ,

.

,
62 (, ,
. . , ,
' ), , ( , , ), (.
,
),
, , (
),

5 3 (
,
) 5 4 , , .

. , . . ,
.
1

, .
2
, , , , . (. . J. XXXI, I,
. 1). .: Th. S t c h e r b a t s k y , The Conception
of Buddhist Nirvana, London, 1927, . 52, 67, 140, 164; , , Buddhist
Logic, vol. 1, L. 1932, . 4(312, 437, 537 ( , , ,
VIII . ; .
The Tattvasamgraha of Santaraksita, Gaekwad Oriental Series, vol.
3031, Baroda, 1926; The Tattvasamgraha of Santaraksita, Gaekwad
Oriental Series, vol. 80, 83, Baroda, * T9371939/translated by Ganganath
Jha/; cp. Tattvasarngrahapanjika ); . R. V. M u r t i , The
Central Philosophy of Buddhism, London, 1965, . 9, 124, 178, 1821183
. .
^ - ( ) .: W. . . G u t h r i e, A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. II. The

61

Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus, London, 1965,

. 53.
3
1
. Prooimion. ITCTIOI TOCI JIE cpspougtv oaov x 71&.6 i%avot...Fr. 1, Sextus
Adv. math. VII, I'll; Simplicius de cae/o 557, 25. . ( ) (Epim.
fr. I DK ad fin.). . :
. . w r , The Proem of Parmenides, Classical Philology, vol. 39,.
19&7, . 97M1 (. e, Problems in Greek Poetry, . 47);
. D e i c h g r a b e r , Parmenides' Auffahrt zur Gottin des Rechts. Untersuchungen zum Prooimion seines Lehrgedichts, Akaderm'e
der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der geistes und sozialwissenschaftliehen Klasse, Jg. 1956, 111, . M o r r i s o n , JHS, 1955, 59.
4
, . . samvrtisatya paramarthasatya.
5
. Dasabhumikasutra, ed. J. Rahder, Louvain, 1026, V, initio; Madhyamakavatara de Candraklrti. Edition de la version tibetaine par La Vallee
Poussin, SPb, 19071912 (Bibl. Buddh., vol. 9); L. de L a V a l l e e
P u s s i n, Museon, t. VIII, 1907, . 314315 (). calvary aryasatyani dve satye , , , nirodhasatya Nirvana paramarthasatya', satya'u samvrtisatya'.
.: . R. V. M u r t i , The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, ."22).
6
f
.: dir kha cig ni/nam mkha' dan so sor brtags pa in pa'i gog
pa i[2] dafujmya nan las 'das pa mams } dus ma byas yin no zes riog par
byed la/gzan dag ni de bzin hid kyi mtshan hid can stoh pa hid la 'dus ma
byas su rtog par byed pa de thams cad 'dus byas rab tu ma grub par gyur pas
[3] yod pa ma yin pa hid do [3] zes gsal bar bstan to\\. Prasannapada Madhyamakavrtti. 176, 9; . : Les uns hypostasient en qualite d'incomposes l'espace, l'arret sans recapitulation, Textinction; les autres la vacuite,
definie comme sicceite (sc. tathafa). II est demontra (adarsitam) jusqu'a
Fevidence que rien de tout cela n'existe si l'existence du compose Vest pas
prouvee. (.: J. M a y , Candraklrti Prasannapada Madhyamakavrtti, Paris,
1959, . 140/141, : Vijnaptimatratasiddhb. La* Siddhi de Hiuantsang, traduite et annotee par Louis de la Vallee Poussin, t. II, Paris, 1948,
. 758.
7
/. : If birth comes first, decay and death comes later, we
will then have a birth without decay and death, and what is born will be
immortal, . Th. S t c h e r b a t s k y , The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana,
. 92.
8
. jatijarumarana (. skye ba dan rga si) , , . Prasannapada, XI, 2.
9
.
taks (, )
zixxm , , (Theqg. 16):
NOXTOS * auz' AtQ-TJp
xal
, % s 7.uaa|XV7j 'Epljikt y i
{^
: ( N 6 8 ) f| TcaXiv %\ Oupavov supuv e x t % |
' 15 a<pava>v ^avepou? oi ' efol f i$lf}4
O r p h . R h a p s . F r . 109. ( = K e r n ) .

10
Op. Fr. 34 (Sextus. Adv. math. VII, 49 110, cf. Plut.
Aud. poet. 2, 17 E):

x a l
Eiboyc,
si "(ap
abide,

[XV ouv aaylc,

ajx^i ^(bv T
%al {j-dcXiaTa
[<; OUT. oibf

ouTt? av7]p i5ev obbi xic i a x a i

7-al a a a a ."> 1 TiavTcov'
-^oi TTXajxvov t7rcov,
, 1 km Ttaai xexuxxai;

Fr. 35 (Plut. Symp. IX, 7, 740B):

SBo8^9a) JJLEV koixoxa ' s x 6 p . o i a t . . . ;

Fr. 18 (Stobaeus. Anth. I, 8 , 2 ) :
ouTot

an*

aXXa ypov
62

apyjl$>

TC^VTOC $ e o i S-vTjToTa' U

. Fr. 36 (Herodian - jxov. - 41, 5) aTiocpatvsTat Be xai ? at<j$"^aets <]/eost .at cruv xai auTdv tov

X670V BiapaXXet. Plut. Strom. 4 ( = Dox. 580), cp. Advers, haeres, III, 9
(=Dox. 590), Aetius Placita, IV, 9 ( = Dox. 396). ,
(.
, 485 ., , 60, 51 . .). . . D e i c h g r a b e r , Xenophanes rcspi Rheinisches Museum, Bd. 87, 1938,
. 131; Q. S. K i r k , J. E. R a v e n , The Presocratic Philosophers,
Cambridge, 1957, . 180181 .
11
. G. E. L O w e n , Eleatic Questions, The Classical Quarterly,
1960; J. M a n s f e 1 d,
Offenbarung
des Parmenides, . 4655;
W. . . G u t h r i e , A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. II, . 16 ff.
12
1
.: . .. Tcavx ovojx*
$^ mizoibovzsc, elvai ]^,
"[{"pea$a{ xai , s l w i TS xai ou^C,
xai tonov aXXaaastv bta %e yjpba <pavov ajxsCpstv.
Fr. 8, 3841 (Sirnplicius. Phys. 146, 7 ) .
13
: , , ,
, , , , , (.: W . . G u t h r i e ,
A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. II, Appendix. The Opposites in Parmenides, . 77).
14

.:

V$<% TCUXSU NUXTOS x a l H p . a T o s etcji

Fr. 1. 1114 ( .:
%k'ffibi $&$ o i f u v a i .

: a l x X s l c TTJC paatXeiac TWV oopa^wv -

); . :

w xoup
auvaopo? Tj
i'
a s (jpspooffiv
ixavcov
jpp

j p p

' , swel OUTI as jxoipa xaxt] ^ vssa^ai

VS* 656v (TJ yap arc* avdpwuwv IXTOS eattv),

^ ^

Q ^

]]
p[
^
poTaiv S o ^ a ; , I v i i c t a x i c aXifjQ-iQC,
IjiTCTj*; x a i {jLaQ-^asai, ax; ^

xa. F r . 1, 243S2.
Cj). : xal 8E 9- v |
TtoiTjaav a v a T C T a f x s M o c i F r .

1, 17AS

avaTiSTiTf

, ,
(avidya)
(amhas)

(),
,
(veda)
.
15
. F r . 2, 6, 7, 8 . (. ), ^Simglicius. Phys. 30, 14:
^** Be -v NOTJTCOV STCI aia^7]Ta 6 Ha.p^eyibri<;f r(zoi a%b aATj&stag, ?
? cpTjatv, e m Bo^av, i v ole Xi^si
ev ) aoi u a u a ) TUGTOV

\6^ \

afx^pU aX7]$Et7]<r Bo^ac 5* a u o TOUBS

[xavQavs xoajxov {JLO)V sTisa)^ 7]6^ axouwv, [ F r . 8, 5 0 5 2 ]
TC5V Yvr|T<iv apy^ac, x a i ? GTOIXSICOBSK; jxev T*QV upwTTqv ocvTiQ-eatv IQ-STO, TJV
cpa>c xaXsT x a l CJXOTOS ( ^ ) x a i ^^ r\ TIUXVOV x a i apatov TJ xauTov x a i sTSpov,
-' (psi^<; ? TtpoTspov Tiapaxsifxlvotc Ircsaiv
|AOp^a<; ^ xaTe^svTO Boo YVtbjxas 6vo|xaCstv,
TaJv [xiav ou XPC^V sGTtN 7iS7tXav7](J.V0i statv

63

X<opU ' 3tXA.7]Xtov, TYJ JXEV cpXcyo? aiftsptov uup,

fjTciov 6N>. |J<"(' [ocpatov] 1<6%>. Tcavcoas TCOOTOV,
S' Tpa) jxt] TCOOTGV '
Totvuia V6*AT' aBavj, TCUXIVOV ^; {xppi&g . . .

[Fr. 8, 5359]. (, ),,

.
16
( ) .: F. M. C o r nf d, Parmenides' Two Ways, The Classical Quarterly, vol. 37, 1933,.
. 97Hill; A. ,H. n, The Philosophy of Parmenides, The Classical Quarterly, vol. 38, 1934, . 134-144; W. . G u t h r i e, A History
of Greek Philosophy, vol. II, . 20 ff.; H. F r a n k e l , Wege und Formen
fruhgriechischen Denkens. Literarische und philosophiegeschichtliche Studien,
Munchen, 1960 (Parmenidesstudien, . 157ff.; Berlin,
1930) . .: - R e i n h a r d t , Parmenides und
die Geschichte des griechischen Philosophie, Bonn, 1916, . 5ff., 79ff. . : . B o e d e r , Der fruhgriechische
Wortgebrauch
von Logos und Aletheia, Archiv fur Begriffsgeschichte, 1958, . 82
1
112; M. D e t i e n n e , La notion mythique d Aletheia,REGr., t. LXXIII,
I960, . 2735 .
17
yoais vo^xos,
' *6% (.
, Fr. 9 : cpuaei on V6JXG> ); , . vofxo? rcavuwv pa<jt?ie6s. ( ). .: F. H e i n i m a n n , Nomos und Physis, Basel,.
1945; M. P o h l e n z , Nomos und Physis,Hermes, 1953, . 418438.
18
. Arist, De sensu 4, 442a 29; Aetius IV, 8, 10; Theophr. De sensu 50,
Alex. De sensu 56, 12 . . Fr. 9 (Sextus. Adv. math. VII, il35il36): v 6 jx ^, v 6 jx 7ti%p6v, v 6 jx dsp^xov,.
V 6 fX CO

(^U^pOV,

V 6 [X CO

T7j

S d OL X ] O. XGCl % V 0 V . . .

TJfXeTs

{AV-

sovxi , auvisjxev, {xsTaTctTctov %a.ia |<; biaftrfAr^ 7.7.1

iTietaiovTtov x a i avTiaTTjpiCovxa)^ F r . 11 ( S e x t u s . A d v . m a t h . VII,,

1 3 9 ) : "[vtofXT]? boo eioiN tSeat, TJ JJLEV "(VTjatTj, ] 5 axoTiT]' xccl %]<; JJLSV
TaSe aufXTiavToc, ^ ] 6S(XYJ "yuai<; tyauGiQ. 7] BE <yv7]a^"/]> a-oT-expiixsv/]
Ss.
]?...
19
,

, . Madhyamikakarikavrtti
(Prasannapada),- Bibl. Buddh, IV, SS 41, 237 ( ); ''
. '
(.: . R. W. M u r t i, The Central Philosophy of Buddhism,
.243).
20
.: ye'nay or na vijananti vibhagam satyayor dvayohjte tattvam na
vijananti gambhiram buddha-sasane.
21
.: kun nas sgrib pas na kun rdzob stefmi ses pa ni dhos po'i [3]
de kho na hid la kun nas 'gebs pa'i phyir kun rdzob ces bya'ojlyah na phan
tshun brten pas na kun i[6] rdzob ste/phan tshun brten pa nid kyis na zes bya
ba'i don toljyah na kun rdzob ni brda ste/'jig rten gyi tha shad ces bya ba'i
tha tshing go/de yah brjod pa dah/ brjod bya danfses pa dah/ses bya la
sogs pa'i ,[7] mtshan hid can no. Prasannapada Madhyamakavrtti 492, 10;
'jig rten gyi kun rdzob tu bden pa nil'jig rten kun rdzob bden 'pa ste/brjod
bya dah/brjod byed danfses pa dahjses bya la sogs pa'i (3] tha shad ma lus
pa'di dag thams cad nil'jig rten gyi kun rdzob kyi bden pa zes by '/'/...
. 493, 5.
22
.: don an de in la dam pa yah de in pas na don dam pa'ol/de
nid bden pa yin par don [7] dam pa'i bden pa' 11... , 494.
23
. J. W. de J n g, Le probleme de l'absolu dans l'ecole Madhyamaka Revue philosophique de la France et de 1 etranger, 1. 140, 1950,

. 322 sqq.; . R. W. M u r t i , The Central Philosophy of Buddhism,

. 243 ff.; J. M a y , Candraklrti..., . 18 sqq., 225 sqq. ( ); . L a m 11 e, L'Enseignement de Vimalaklrti (Vimalaklrtinirdesa), Louvain, 1-962, '. 37 sqq., . ,
, . I, ., 1956, . 564 . .,
.
24
sunyebhya eva suaya dharmafi prabhavanti dharmebhyah , . dharmasunyata.
sarvam am Bice ( ), .
sarvadharmasunyata sunyata',
sunyata' - (anupatambha) (jnapradlpa, XXV, 20), TI TOO nemos xevsov rceXei
oobk Tieptaaov rcavuos 5'OUSBV XS^EOV. Aetius I, 18, 2 ( = D. 316, 1). 3a

.

( ]
paramartha/satya/siinyata).
. L. d e L a V a l l e e P o u s s i n , Reflexions sur le Madhyamaka,
MCB 2, 1933, . 1617; E. b e r m i 11 e r, A Study of_the Twenty Aspects of sunyata, Based on Haribhadra's Abhisamayalamkaraloka and the
Pancavirnsatisahasrika, IHQ 9, 1933, . 170flS7 (. , The
Term sunyata and Its Different Interpretations Based Chiefly on Tibetan
Sources,JGIS 1, 2, 1934, . 10617); . a u, L'absolu en philosophie bouddhique: evolution de la notion d'asamskrta, Paris, 1951;
T. R. V. M u r t i , The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, . 352354;
J. M a y , Candraklrrti..., . 140 . , , . eivai TI XEMOV. . 205;
[xavou ! cpavepov oil eaxi xevov. Xuthos 220, 14 : ^vjal 7^ v 6 \ a xal ^6] I^etv TOV
6cp^aXjjL0v...

D . I , 3 7 4 , 1 8 ; bio

ixaXtaTtx -yap <&epfxatvea$ai

x a l Oepji-aivstv

e-^ov

^ TJ ?

x e v 6 v.

D.,

I.

IfXTiotouvTa*
376,1

Theophr. De sensu 49 ff. = D. 513). . XSV-OTTJ? (.

xeve-oTTjc) =. suny-ata. . (F)6? . , xeivo? (
), *ken(i)-u-s, . . , sunya- ( , *k'en-i-u-l),
. sin .
25
. Siska-samuccaya ofSanti Deva. Ed. by Bendall, Bibl. Buddh.;
T. R. V. M u'r_t i, The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, . 244. .
' .
26
. ...'avoTjTov avcovufjLov... F r . 8, 17 ( )
(. avyakrtavastuni,
. avyakata), .
. R. V. t i, The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, . 36ff.
27
. . R. V. M u r t i, The Central Philosophy of Buddhism,
. 654; G. M. N a g a o, The Silence of Buddha and Its Madhyamic Interpretation, Studies in Indology and Buddhology, Kyoto, 1965, .
137151 . . . L a m 11 e, L'Enseignement de Vimalaklrti,
!
. 3 17318.
28

. : TtpoiTTjs

-yap <' ay'

otuzap ETIEIT' and

X
q
y.cocpol

ofxcog

]? hi^-qvio

zr\Q, TJV BY] !

TUcpXoi

^ p

'

O\

, $7]<;,

eibozec,
cpopou-VTai
axpiTa

cpuXa...

Fr. 6 (Simplicuis. Phys. 117, 4). . Fr. 7, Plato. 237A Sextus..

Adv. math. VII, 114 ,.
29
.: sis TGCUTO auNa^ouat avTixet^eva.Simplicius. Phys. 117, 3.
30
. F. . n f d, Parmenides' Two Ways, . 98ff.; G. S. K i r k , J. E. R a v e n , The Presocratic Philosophers, . 271272 . . Fr. 2 ( ), , :
.
5

. 807

65

31
alokasarhvrtisatya lokasarhvrtisatya . P r a s a n n a p a d a 493, 2 3 ;
M a d h y a m a k a v a t a r a 1Q3.7106.1; M a d h y a m a r t h a s a m g r a h a 4445; .
. R. V. M u r t i , The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, . 246; J . M a y ,
Candraklrti..., . 225, n 770.
32
Cp. Trisvabhavanirdesa (Mdo, vol. 58) Svabhavatrayapravesasiddhi (Mdo., vol. 17) (. ) . . L. de La V 11 u s s i n, Le petit traite de VasubandhuNagarjuna s u r les trois n a t u r e s , M C B II, 19321933, . 147ilGl.
33
. , . 157 sqq.
34
., , : . samklesa (. kun nets mons pa), .
P r a s a n n a p a d a . 137, 3 .; J. M a y , Candraklrti..., . 9798 ,( ), ' TwGtv TCXEOV saxlv ojxou paeos xai v u x x o ?
a^avcou,
iatov ap.poTpa)v, \ , fxTjSsv. Simplicius. Phys 180, 9' (.
' ); . * : 7 ^ boo eialv ibiai, r\ YV/JGUJ, i]

axoxtTj*

y,al a % i"/] <z (JLEV -caSe aujxTcaMta, ;, axoY] ^- ^euaic,

?,

,

samklesa1 . (. )
* XXIV, 10, P r a s a n n a p a d a 494, 12, samvrtisatya'e
, .
35
. F r . 2 ( P r o c l u s i n Tim. I, 345):

7] (JLEV ; ESTLV T %\ (? OU% EGTl

Tcst^ouc kazi

('AXTJ^SIT}

vAXeoftoq

^ap
( V

[JLYj s l v

OTCTJBSI)

"/] 5 ' (I)? o u x ECTIV %ai wg XP ^ ^

H1^]
TTJV 5T] TOI ^paCo) ^-Ea ep.{JLev ^.
36

aTl

Co. Fr. 8 , 16.18:

IcfTtv ] oux eaTtv* %%ptTat 5 ' ouv,

TYJV

(JLEV eav

EOTIV

a^07]Tov

av(b\n>[AOV (ou ^ a p

656c;), TYJV S'waTS TCEXSIV %ai

Cp. Fr. 6. 1:

)(_pYj Xs'yetv

aXTjQ-qg

ETTQIUJJION

'

-voelv T ' EOV I(jL[xevai*

ei^ai.

^ e t ^ a t ,

JJL^SEV S ' O U X E O T I V . . .

. Theophr. Phys. opin. F r . 7 ( = Dox. 483). , () . Fr. 6, 79.

37
/ !
.
:;...
38
S ; NS , .
39

F r . 7, ''I1: yap |j-iq7iOT TOUT ^

eivat

[XT] EOVTOC -

. , 2 ,( 4),
' .
-': 40^!. 3 ! JXT]OVTO<; ( , 3
). , ( )
, (.: W. r o c k e r , Gorgias
contra Parmenides,Hermes, Bd. 86:, 958, . 425439).
41
.: antavan loko nanfavan... etas catasro drstayo parantam samusritya pravrttah.sasvato loko' sdsvato lokah... ityeius catasro dfstayafy
purvantaih sama'sritya pravarttante. Prasannapada (Bibl. Buddh. iV," p.
536) . Abhidharmakosa, XIX .
42
. MMiK XXVII, : sad asad sadasac ceti nobhayam ceti ca kramah... Catah-Saiaka. XIV. 21.
' . . (. The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana; Buddhist Logic .); . : S. S c h a y e r , Ausgewahlte Kapitel
aus der Prasannapada, Krakow, 1931, . XXVI; J. M a y , Candraklrti...,
. 16; . R. V. M u r t i , The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, . 129
66

1; . , . , , III. , 1967, . 60 . . : asti nastyasti nastiti nasti

nastiti va punahfcalasfniroonayahavairavrnotyeva
balisahjl .-.
IV, 83.
43
,
(hetu, pratitya-samutpada)

(artha-kriya-karitva)
, , , , , :^ T&V aup^qwv -qv
ecaTaTTjv zr.aaaic ( X ^

'

^ )

% i \ ) , %al

" [ e v s a e o o ?

y j . Aetius II, 7,1 ( ; . Arist. Met. A5, 986 b 31);

. : ...xal zb IOVQ apiQfjiotk ahioug ehai ZOTQ aWotc, TTJC obaiaq
C'AELVOI?. A r i s t . Met. A 6,987 22 ( ); ...Eop^aei TTJV tuiv
<5iXiav aiTiav ouaocv ttov a^aQcov, Be Nslxog TOJV 7-a%tt>v... A r i s t . M e t . A4,
985 4 ( , . Arist. De anima A4,408 a 13); ...TYJV BE TYJC
x i r i ] ?

y , a i TTJc

|ENCfcfflS

a t T i a v

[Atav

TONVOOV...

Theophr.

Phys.

Op. fr. 4 ap. Simplic. Phys. 27,17 ( , . );

aiTta TOJV OVTOJV ? UXTJV. A r i s t . iVlet. A 4,985b 4 (
), . Ttavua ' avaiy.Tj'v ^ i v e a 8- a i, TYJ? 5IVTJS a t T OUSTJC
T*?J; ] e v e a) ? 7:avTcov, Y]v a v i ] . ] Xs^st. Diog. L. IX, 45 ( ) .
44
avyakrta tuskoti .
4
^ ., , , -
, Prasannapada Madhyamakavrtti II,
.

(. Summa Theol. I, q. 2, ) .
46

47

[^&]

(
) .: . R. V. u r t i, The Central Philosophy
of Buddhism, . 178 ff.; J . M a y , Candrakirti..., . 51 ff.; L. S i l b u r n ,
Instant et cause: le discontinu dans la pensee philosophique de l'lnde, Paris,
1955. . .: W. D. R o s s , Aristotle's Physics, Oxford, 1936, . 71
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und die Grundlagenkrise der griechisohen Mathematik, Mathematische Annalen, 1941, . 141 161; J. . W i s d o m , Why Achilles Does Not Fail to
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. 187201; , Were Zeno's Arguments Directed against the Pythagoreans?Phronesis, 1957, . 90103; , Were Zeno's Arguments
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Die Bedeutung der Bewegungslehre des Aristoteles fur seine beide Losungen
5*

67

der zenonischen Parodoxie, Frankfurt-am-Mein, 1962; J. O. N e l s o n , Zeno's

Paradoxes on Motion, Revue of Metaphysics, 1963, . 486490; S. Qua n, The Solution of the Achilles Paradox, Revue of Metaphysics, 1963,
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. : J. . S k e m p , The Theory of
Motion in Plato's Later Dialolgues, Cambridge, 1942. 48
' (advaita),

, ,
.
49
V I I I - (advaya),
.
(utpada)
\(nirodha)
, (samklesa)

(vyavadana)
, (kusala)
(akusala)
, (at man) - (anatman)
, (vidya)
(avidya)
, (caksus)
()
,
(tamas)
(jyotis)
, (satya)
(mrsa)

. .; . ,
(dhatu).
50
(. F r . 8 ,
. Sirnplicius. D e caelo 558, 21) . , ,
' , pratityasamatpada'bi.
51
, ,
, (. ', Prasannapada, XXIV, .).
52
, , . . A. H u x l e y ,
Words
and Behavior, Collected Essays, London, 1966, . 245255.
53

. . , die erkenntnis-theoretische
Relativismus
(. Parmenides und die Geschichte des griechischen Philosophic, . 88),
. . , sunyata'y Relativity (.,
, L. de La Vallee Poussin'a).
54
, .

. .

, , (V .), . ,
Kavyalamkara.
-
.


.
,

,
,
.
1
(V.510) .
Sattvadayah pramanabhyara pratyaksamanuma ca te
asadharanasamanyavisayatvam tayoh kila.
Pratyaksam kalpanapodham tato'rthaditi kecana
kalpanam namajatyadiyojanam 2 pratijanate.
Samaropah kilaitavan sadarthalambanara ca tat
jatyadyapohe vrttih kva kva visesah kutasca sah.
Tadapohesu ca tatha siddha sa buddhigocara
avastukam cedvitatham pratyaksam tattvavrttihi.
Grahyagrahakabhedena vijnanamso mato yadi
Yijnanamatra sadrsyadvisesasya vikalpana.
69

Arthadeveti rupadestata eveti nyayatah

anyatha ghatavijfianamanyena vyapadisyate.
. , 4 . ,
, , ,

, V .
.
,
. . . , 1927 .
5 , . . . , 6 .
.

. :
. .7
.
.
. [] . []
. [ ] ,
[] , . .
. , ; , ,
. , ,
, , , . ,
, .
,
(yojana) , , , , (namajatyadiyojaria). , 8 .
70

, , .
samaropa . . 9, kalpana, . . sa evayam 1 0 .
kila ,

,
.
, . .
kila , , , tat
samaropa. , samaropa etavan.

. . .
. . *
tat u .
: [], , ,
( ) .

.
, tat pratyaksam,
. ,
, . ,

(X .).
: pratyaksamapl sadvastu samsparsaniyatavratam,
vikalparopitakarasamanya grahakam kat12
ham .
.
jatyadyapohe, ,
, () . .. apoha-apodha 13 jatyadyapohe
,
, pratyaksam kalpanapodham , , : {

] []
. ....
, :
Virttih kva kva visesah kutasca sah?
, vrttih sah. . .
,
71

 1 . Sah , , , . . . , sah = visesah.

vrttih .
, .
? . .
.
kva kva ( ),
, , ,
kva 16 . ,
: [ ]
[] . ., []
vrtti, [] (visesa),
? , ,
,
, vrtti
.
, , ,
. , vrtti ,
pratyaksa ( ), :
[ ] []
. ., [ ]
[ ] [ ], [, ]?.
vrtti
? , , : ,
17
. , 18.
, . : aksasyaksasya prativisayam vrttih
pratyaksam. Vrttistu sannikarso jnanamva, . . ,
, ,
19
. ,
vrtti,
.
72

 , , . .,
, ,
, (. . ).
,
, ,' ,

, , .
: artheti dravyagunakarmasu ( ,
, ). :
artha () , .
, 20 .
, : ... ,
, ...21.
, , ,

. : , , ,
, ,
,
.

Yftti existence
.
vrtti samaropavrtti 2 2 .
vrtti ,
tat
. ,
, . :
, ?
, , ,
, ,
.

7

 vrtti, , . 1
:
.
. :
:
V. 5.
. . . .
V. 6. . (] .
[] . [ ] , [] ,
. .
V. 7. [], , , *
( )
.
, , [ ] [] . ., [ ] [ ];
[ ], [,,
]?
V. 8. , , 23 , 24 , ,
, [ ]
.
V. 9. [], 25
, [] [
] []
.
V. 10. ,
[], . . [ ].

26
- .
, , "
. *
,
.

. , , . . , ,
74

 2 7 .
? .
: ,
. ,
. , , ,
, , , ,
. , ,

,
,
, ,
. , , .
, , .
, ,
,
.
! , [] ,
.
, , ,
, .
,
. ,
, , . , , .
. . ,

, 28 .

, .

.

,
75

 , 2 9 . .

30 .

,


.

,
.
1
. P. Trivedi, Bhamaha, Kavyalarnkara,-Bombay Sanskrit and Prakrit Series, Vol. LXV, Bombay, 1909, Appendix
VIII ( Trivedi).
!. . . .
2
Trivedi: nama jatyadiyojanam. , , ;,
: namajatyadiyojanam
(. U d y o t a k a r a ,
Nyayavarttika,
Kashi Sanskrit Series, 33, Benares, 1916, . 41 ( Udyotakara);
Vacaspatimisra, Nyayavarttikatatparyapka, Vijayanagaram Sanskrit Series, vol. XIII, . 102 ( Vacaspatimisra).
3
Trivedi: sadrsyadviseso sa (sya?). ,,
, . , , : sadrsyadvisesasya.
4
Bhamahavivara . . , , '
(. R. G n 1 i, Udhafa's Commentary on the kavyalamkara of Bhamaha,
Roma, 1962).
5
P. V. S h a s t r y, Kavyalamkara of Bhamaha, Text, English Translation and Notes, Tanjore, 1927, . "82'86 (( Shastry).
6
- . P a t h a k , Dharmaklrti and Bhamaha, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, vol. XII, pt IV, . 379380
( Pathak).
7
. . (sattvadayah). ' sattva-vastu-paramarthasat ( ). . D h a r m o t t a r a , Nyayabindutika, , 18;
Bibliotheca Buddhica, VII; . . ,
, . II, ., 09, . 222. sattva . Vacaspatimisra, . 120, 13.
, (adayah), . . , ;,
(tattva)
,(visesa) (samanya)KaK '(.
. . ' , ..., . II, . 206, 213, 215, 219,
246248. anuma- kalpana . , . 205). X. . sattvadayah , (asattva). sattvadayah
sattvada (rtha)h ( , (. . R. D i v e k , Bhamaha, Bhatti and Dharmaklrti, The Jour*
nal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1029, pt IV, . 837).

76

. U d y o t a k a r a , . 40, 41; V a s p a t i m i s r , . 99, 102;

Th. S t c h e r b a t s k y , Dignaga's Theory of Perception,The Journal of
the Taisho University, vol. VIVII, Tokyo, 1930, . 92; Nyayamukha,
ed. by G. Tucci. Heidelberg, 1930, . 50; Nyayapraveisa ed. by A. B. Dhruva, Baroda, 1930, . 7; G. T u c c i , Bhamaha and Dinnaga, the Indian Antiquary, 1930, . 142^143; . Shastry, . 83.
9
S h a s t r y , . 84.
10
. Nyayabindutlkatlppani, Bibliotheca Buddhica, XI, . 23;
Th. S t c h e r b a t s k y , Buddhist Logic, vol. II, . 2021, 80, 364.
11
S h a s t r y , . 84: Imputing (Samaropa called Yojana in the last
sloka) is of this nature (or avails thus far); P a t h , . 380: Samaropa is of this kind; it rests upon real things.
12
Nyayamanjari, ed. by G. Sh. Tailanga, Vijayanagaram Sanskrit Series, vol. VIII, Benares, 1896, . 30; . , , ..., . II, . 171:
, .
13
. . . , ..., . II, . 177.
14
Th. S t c h e r b a t s k y , Buddhist Logic, vol. II, . 2021.
15
So if direct perception excluded jati (Class attributes) etc, where is
existence? where is individuality? and where is the object itself? (S h a s tr , . 84).
16
V. Sh. A_pte, Sanskrit Syntax, Bombay, 1925, . 165.
17
V a t s a n a, Nyayabhasya, The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series,
281, Benares, 1920, ( Vatsyayana), . 11.
18
. . , ..., . II, . 233.
19
V a t s y a y a n a , . 5354.
20
. K a n a d a - s u t r as, VIII2-^3, . 287; Prasastapada, Padarthadharmasamgraha, Vijayanagaram Sanskrit Series, vol. IV, Benares,
1895, . 17,' . , tl3il4, 16-187.
21
U d y o t a k a r a , . 30.
22
P a t h a k , . 379.
23
tadapohesu. Tat = visesa-artha. tat t a t t v a v r t t i ( ).
24
siddha sa buddhigocara: siddhasa . Th. S t c h e r b a t s k , Buddhist Logic, vol. II, . 83.
25
. Nyayabinduitlkatlppani . 21: yogacaramatena... sarvajnanam
grahya-grahakatvena vikalpitam kalpana; . . . , ..., ,. II, . 185.
26
. U d y o t a k a r a , . 4 1 .
27
Th. S t c h e r b a t s k y , D i g n a g a ' s Theory of Perception..., . 93.
28
. . e p 6 a T , ..., . II, . 37.
29
S. Ch. V i d a b h s a n a, A History of Indian Logic, Calcutta,
1921, . 1318.
30
V I c a s p a t i m i s r a , . 87.

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:
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., 1967, . 3664.
3
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4
. A. S a l e t o r e , Historical Notices on Lokayatikas,Annals of
the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. XXIII, 1942, . 386397.
5
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6
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7
. . , , ., 1962, . 6163, 6870, 72, 196246. , , . . , XIII .
8
Srimanmadhavacarya
pranitah
Sarvadarsanasangrahah, Anandasramasanskrtgranthavali, 51, Baroda, 1950.
9
A. M a d o n e 11, A History of Sanskrit Literature, Delhi Patna
Varanasi, 1962, . 344.
10
H. H. W i l s o n , Religious Sects of the Hindus, Calcutta, 1956.
11
G a r c i n d e T a s s y , Histoire de la litterature hindouie et hindoustanie, t. I, Paris, 1839; t. II, Paris, 1847.

. 807

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92



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dvigu, tatpurusa no samasanta,
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(II, 1, 24). (II, 1, 52). -

93

 dvigu .
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.
94


(samasanta).
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i) .
,
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. .
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(. Bohtlingk, II, . L I ) .
. : . L i e b l i c h , Zwci Kapitel der Kacika, . XXVI.
. . F r a n k e . Was ist Sanskrit? Berz. Bertr. XVII, . 5490.
4
. : . L i e b l i c h , Zwei Kapitel... . .
5
. J b i. Ober den nominalen Stil des wissenschaf tlichen Sanskrits,
YGF. Bd 14, 1903, . 236.
6
. : . L i e b l i c h , Zwei Kapitel...
7
. (. III, 17.
. Lieblich).
8
. (. II. 1, 19, . Lieblich).
9
:
dvau muni iti paninikatyayanau,
trimunlti tau ca bhasyakarac.ca

,
()

(. . ) .
10
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11
Bhasya, H, 1,6, 20,49.
12
. : . . ,
, , ., 1961, . 14 (. 5).
13
. Panini II.4, 13, 31 VI.2.
14
iha kaccit samasah piirvapadarihapradhanah
kagcid uttarapadarthapradhanah/ka$cid
anyapadarthapradhanah/ka^cid ubhayapadartha
pradhanah||
purvapadarthapradhano 'vyayibhavah/
u t t a r a p a d a r t h a p r a d h a n a s tatpurusah/
a n y a p a d a r t h a p r a d h a n o bahuvnhih/
ubhayapadarthapradhano d v a n d v a h | |
(Bhasya.' II, 1, 6, 20, 49).
2

96

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brahmanaduttaram brahmanaddvyantaram, . ,
. . J. J. M e y e r , Uber
das Wesen der altindischen Rechtsschriften... Leipzig, 1927, . 107108.
4
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5
. V. K a n e , History of Dhannasastra, vol. I, Poona, 1930, . 19.
6

. ( , ,
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7
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,



. ,
. -,
- ,
, - .
1

, , , 1959, II, 4.
.: R. S. S h a r m a , Indian Feudalism: 3001200, Calcutta, 1965,
. 1|17.
3
R. . a j u m d a r, Corporate Life in Ancient India, Calcutta, 1922,
. 21.
4
rajan (nom.) , , .
5
. . . - ,
, VII , ., 1964; ,
,
, ., 1965; , , , 1966,
-Mb 3
6
Apastamba, II, , 25, 5.
2

. 807

7
.: . . - , ( ), , ., .1963.
8
. . h a, Architecture of Manasara, London, 1983, vol. IV.
. .
9
.: . . , , ., 1963,
. 190193; , .
, ., 1961, . 2632; . . , , .
1948, . 248249.
10
. R. S. S h a r m a , Indian Feudalism, . 27.
11
. ( , Appendix II.
12
S i - Y u - K i , Buddhist Records of the Western World, transl. from the
Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang by Samuel Beal, London, 1906, vol. I.
13
, II, 36; .: II, 4; I I I , 9; H I , 20.
14
.
15
, I I I , 9.
16
, I I I , 20.
17
, IV, 1.
18
Milinda Panho, IV, IV, 5.
19
, V, 16. . ,
. . . , ., 1963, . 421. ()
(Tantrlkhyayb
ka, I I I , 8 ) .
20
, V, 21.
21
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. .

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1
. G. M. B o n g a r d - L ' e v i n ,
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3
G. M. n g a r d - L e v ii n, E. N. T y o m k i n ,
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, (Sadd-

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4
Akira
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5
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3

224

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W. D o d d , The Tai Race. Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1923, . 429436.
6

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( ), ,
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A. G. H a u d i t, La lange lakkia, Bulletin de la societe de
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226
246
258
274

CONTENTS
P r o m E d i t o r.

Proceedings of the Stcherbatsky Anniversary Conference

N. I. Konrad, | F. I. Stcherbatsky
V. I. Kalyanov, Academician F. I. Stcherbatsky: His Life and Work
.
G. M. Bongard-Levin, The Buddhological Heritage of F. I. Stcherbatsky
.A. D. Litman, F. I. Stcherbatsky's Contribution to the Study of Indian
Philosophy
A. Y. Syrkin, F. I. Stcherbatsky's Works and Some Aspects of Comparison between Hinduism and Buddhism

5
13
27
38
42

Articles and Notes

. N. Toporov, Madhyamikas and Eliates: Some Parallels . . . .
51
E. N. Tyomkin, The Philosophical Views of Bhamaha
69
I. D. Serebryakov, Sources on the History and Chronology of Materialism in India
78
A. I. Volodarsky, Ancient India's Systems of Figures
82
V. A. Kochergina, Study of Compound Sanscrit Words in Ancient India 90
A. A. Vigasin, The Development of Endogamy of Ancient Indian Varnas 97
E. M. Medvedev, The Self-Government of North-Indian Towns in the
Early Middle Ages
103
E. S. Semeka, Structure of Some Ceylonese Rituals and Mythes
. .115
B. A . Litvinsky,
B u d d h i s m a n d C e n t r a l A s i a n C i v i l i z a t i o n . . . . 148
Nasim
Bhatiya,
Buddhist Monastery in Kara-tepe a n d the Early Hist o r y of B u d d h i s m i n C e n t r a l A s i a
170
F. A. Zaslavskaya, Munchak from Karaul-tepa
179
G. M. Bongard-Levin, Two New Fragments of Saddharmapundanka . 187
B. V. Semichov, On the Lhassa Dialect (from Stcherbatsky Archives) 192
V. S. Dylikova, On the Motiv of one Tibetain Legend
205
M. V. Sofronov, Sanscrit Transcription in Tangut Versions of Suvarna-prabhasa and Mahamayuri-vidyarajfii
211
V. I. Gohman, Culture and Languages of Thai Peoples (the Problem
of Classification)
219
A. E. Gluskina, Buddhism and Early Japanese Poetry
226
N. A. Iofan, On the Buddhist Iconography in Japan in VIIVIII A. D.
(Meaning of the Images)
246
G. B. Komarovsky, The Interpretation of Buddhist Ideas in Japanese
Folk-Sculpture in Late Middle Ages
258
S. A. Arutyunov, The Triratna in Shinto
274






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