How does the human heart function?

Names: Bianca, Keith, and Oskar Date: 5 February 2013

Introduction:
! The purpose of this lab was to nd out the similarities and the differences between the human and pig heart. Something interesting about this lab was the dissection. Even though I didnt really participate in cutting the heart open, I thought that seeing an actually heart being cut open in front of me and seeing the actual parts of the heart that I only saw in diagrams and pictures was pretty cool. I also think that two of the most difcult parts of the lab were the Dissection and the Research. For the research, it was hard to nd measurements for certain parts of the human heart so we had to come up with other parts of the heart to measure that would be easier to nd measurements to. Researching the pig heart was also quite hard too. On several websites that we visited, it stated only stated that the 2 hearts were very similar but they didnt give specics. In the end we did nd info that was useful and we learned how to do some intense research. Anyway, the dissection was also pretty challenging too. I think that the dissection was challenging because we had a pretty complicated procedure and it was hard to follow for the rst time dissecting a pig heart. But if we got a second time to conduct the lab, I think that we would know a little more about what we are going to do during the lab and how we should do it.

Did you look at the URLs on Mr mckinneys weebly? Thats where I found most of the measurements.

Research Questions:
The purpose of this experiment is to nd out how the human heart functions and how it is similar to and different from other mammalian hearts.

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

 Below is the Diagram of the Human Heart

Maybe make this diagram a little bigger because it quite hard to read the labels

What are the different measurements for the human heart? Length: 5 inches (12 cm) Width: 3.5 inches (8-9 cm) Front to Back: 2.5 inches (6cm) Weight of Female Heart: about 9 ounces Weight of Male Heart: 10.5 ounces http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/heart1.htm How the human heart functions, and how this function is similar to and different from other mammalian hearts Heart beats about 100,000 times and sends 2,000 gallons of blood though your body every day. It can keep blood owing through 60,000 miles of blood vessels that feed your organs and tissues. Any damage to the heart or the vessels can reduce the pumping power. You can keep your heart healthy by exercising. The blood that needs oxygen, called deoxygenated blood, shown as blue on most diagrams enter the top right hand side chamber called the right atrium, via two large veins. The vein that receives the blood from the upper body is called the superior vena cave. The blood from the lower body comes in through the inferior vena cave.When the right atrium lls, the blood passes through a one way valve call the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle. The valve stops blood from owing backwards back into the right atrium. The right ventricle relaxes which lets in the blood in need of oxygen in.The deoxygenated blood is pumped out of the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery divides into right and left pulmonary arteries, which bring blood to the right and left lungs equally. In the lungs, the carbon-dioxide is taken away from the blood and oxygen is pumped in to the blood.From the lungs, the oxygenated blood enters the heart through the left atrium, the top left chamber of the heart.From the left atrium, it enters through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.The left ventricle lls up with blood by relaxing, then it squeezes and pumps the oxygen right blood through the aortic valve into the aorta, the main artery that carries blood to your body. The muscle wall of the left ventricle is thick because it has to pump blood though the whole body.

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

 How human hearts are different from and similar to other mammalian hearts, especially pig hearts Key words: Systemic circulation varies oxygenated blood away and pulmonary circulation brings deoxygenated blood into the body.
I found that there is a small amount of difference (The pigs heart beats faster than the human heart)

The way the Pig's heart works is similar to the way the Human heart works. There is no difference. Fetal pigs, on the other hand work differently. We don't need to mention that because we are using an Adult Pig for the dissection The procedures for dissecting a mammalian heart, especially a pig heart 1. Remove any Fat 2. Find different veins 3. Cut open the veins and cut along some of them 4. Observe The names of the different parts of the mammalian heart, both inside and out ! 1. Pulmonary vein ! 2. Semilunar valves ! 3. Bicuspid valves-prevents blood owing back into atrium when ventricle contracts. ! 4. Tendon-prevent valve turning inside out. ! 5. Left ventricle-thicker walled than right ventricle to pump blood to body. ! 6. Cardiac muscle-makes up walls of heart. ! 7. Right ventricle-thick walled pumping chamber. ! 8. Tricuspid valve-same function as bicuspid valve. ! 9. Posterior vena cava- from body ! 10. Right atrium-thin walled collecting chamber.

Which veins?

Variables:
The independent variable is: (the one variable that you will change)

Type of heart

The dependent variable is: (The variable that you are investigating)

Function and Measurements of the Human heart

Control Variables
The factors that you keep the same, so that the experiment is a fair test. Try and list at least 5.

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Factors to be controlled:

Reason it needs to be controlled:

How it will be controlled:

Parts of the heart that will be measured

If you were to differentiate the arteries with the atriums, it would be quite different

Knowing the parts of the heart and what they look like so that when you measure, it will not be confused

If you look at a ruler, the inches are bigger than the cenUnits that will be used for timeters. Saying that one part Using the same measurement sysmeasurement of the Heart is 1 inch and antem other is 5 cm, it would be difcult to transfer it.
Method for dissection of the pig heart

If dissecting parts of the pig is different, it will be hard to Use the same operation of dissectcompare certain parts of the ing pig If you were to use different hearts, with different sizes

Same Pig Heart

Only using the same heart

Hypothesis:
What will happen to the dependent variable as the independent variable is changed?
! The human heart that we are investigating and the pig heart that we are dissecting are very similar to each other. For example, the functions of the pig heart and the human heart are the same. What happens is that the upper chamber contracts and pushes the blood down to the lower chamber. Then blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle and from the left atrium to the left ventricle. In detail the step by step process of the pig and human heart are the same and the parts in the heart are the same. ! First the Vena Cava's take in the blood and pump it to the right atrium and the blood goes to through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Then from there the right ventricle relaxes and lets the deoxygenated blood in and goes through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to bring blood to the lungs. Then from the lungs, the oxygenated blood enters he heart again and enters the left atrium and through the mitral valve the blood goes to the left ventricle. From there the blood goes through the aortic

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

valve to the aorta, the main artery that carries blood to your body, and out to the rest of your body. The only part that is different is the horizontal strip of fat around the pig heart that is not present in the human heart. ! From what we think, the measurements of the pig and human heart should be similar. We think that the human heart should be slightly bigger than the pig heart in width, length, and weight.

Why?
Again there is a small amount of difference

These similarities occur because they are both mammalian hearts and there aren't many differences between the hearts. As you can see in the research it states that there are no differences.

The Relationship Between the Pig Heart and the Human Heart

Maybe but these differences in your research and hypothesis

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Purple: Pig Heart Blue: Human Heart 12 9.6 7.2 4.8 2.4 0

Width

Length

Depth

277 276.6 276.2 275.8 275.4 275

Weight

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Materials:
1. Pig Heart 2. Tray 3. 3 Lab Coats 4. 3 pairs of Surgical Gloves 5. Scalpel 6. Scissors 7. Needle 8. Tweezers 9. Ruler 10. Scale 11. Science Goggles

Diagram of Materials

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Method:
*BEFORE GOING THROUGH ANY PROCEDURES WASH OUT THE PIG HEART*
Examine Top of Heart First:
Veins are slightly white Arteries are darker

*Before you start dissecting, you must measure and weigh the heart* Procedure for Weighing the Pig Heart
1)Locate your Pig Heart 2)Then locate your scale 3)Place your Pig Heart on the scale 4)Find out the weight of the heart and record the data in you Date Table
What about take a picture of the heart?

Examining the Pig Heart:

1)Arrange so Arteries are faced up 2)Test the thickness of the ventricles. 3)Ventricles can be found by going through the entrance of the arteries 4)Put your index nger inside and feel with your thumbs 5)Left ventricle is thicker 6)Right ventricle is softer 7)Left side hole is the aorta 8)Right side hole is the pulmonary artery 9)If you put your right nger in the pulmonary artery, and hook it around, your nger will come out in a corresponding vein 10)You can do the same on the other side 11)The vein the your nger comes out on the right side will be the vena cave 12)The vein your nger comes out of the left side is the pulmonary vein

Dissecting the Pig Heart:

1)Turn it around so the apex if facing away from you and the arteries are facing you 2)Take the scissors and cut down through the arterial openings 3)Cut as close to the Septum as possible. 4)The septum is the wall separating the left and the right side. 5)Cut all the way to the base

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

6)Turn it around and open it up If you use your ngers and bring up one of the tendons, being careful not to rip it, you can see a thin layer of tissue which is the valve *For more advance dissection, you can cut out a piece of the right ventricle wall and the left ventricle wall and measure and compare the two to see the thickness. You can also do the same with the valves, the arteries, the pulmonary vein and the vena cave. The pulmonary vein and the vena cave may be difcult to take off and may not be an option to take off* BE CAREFUL: Remember to wash ANYTHING that the heart has come in contact with. If anybody feels faint, just automatically sit on the oor and not ask permission to sit on the oor, because if they do fall over there may be injuries

Procedure for Measuring the Parts of the Pig Heart:

1)Take your ruler and measure the length of the Pig Heart 2)Locate the Right Atrium 3)Take your ruler and measure the length of it 4)Record the data in your Data Table 5)Locate your Left Atrium 6)Take your ruler and measure the length of it 7)Record the data in your Data Table 8)Locate the Aorta 9)Take your ruler and measure the length of it 10)Record the data in your Data Table

*For measuring different parts of the pig heart, use the same procedure but locate the parts of your desire*

Comparing The Human and Pig Heart *After completing the Data Table below, we will compare the Human and Pig Hearts*

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Results:
Human Heart Weight (g) depth (cm) Size width (cm) length (cm)
Width of the Left Atrium (cm) Width of the Right Atrium (cm) Diameter of the Aorta (cm)

Pig Heart 339.20 grams 6 cm 9 cm 16 cm

Female: about 255.14571 grams Male: about 297.66999 grams

6 cm 8-9 cm 12 cm

Measurements: What other parts of the heart will you measure?

Male: 3-4cm Female: 2.7 - 3.8 cm

2.5

4.5 cm

about 5 cm (not exact because the atrium was already cut when we got the heart)

2.5 cm

1.5 cm

Exterior Diagram

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Interior Diagram

Observations
Vein running through the middle of the heart to the left and right ventricles and atriums Above the right atrium there is a bundle of veins coming together into one the bigger veins leading to the heart. Very very very very very thick walls (according to Oskar) Strong muscles Aorta: Strong Aorta tissue is stronger than the tissue on the left side of the heart but the tissue on the right side of the heart is stronger than the aorta tissue. IN the right atrium there are a bunch of small holes in the tissue Heart smells REALLY bad. Tissue between right and left ventricles of heart is not as strong as I thought. The tissue that connects the right atrium and the right ventricle is stronger than the tissue separating the right and left sides of the heart.

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Measurements of the Pig and Human Heart

Pig Heart Human Heart

RA: Right Atrium LA: Left Atrium

20

16

12

Width

Length

Depth

RA Width

LA Width

Female LA

Aorta Diatmeter

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Title

400 320 240 160 80 0

Pig Heart

Male Human Heart

Female Human Heart

Conclusion:

From the graph, the results show (What happens to the dependent variable as the independent variable changes?) . . .

The pig heart that we dissected and the human heart that we investigated are the same in a variety of ways. The functions and parts of the 2 hearts are the same. The Vena Cava's take in the blood and pump it to the right atrium and the blood goes to through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Then from there the right ventricle relaxes and lets the deoxygenated blood in and goes through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to bring blood to the lungs. Then from the lungs, the oxygenated blood enters he heart again and enters the left atrium and through the mitral valve the blood goes to the left ventricle. From there the blood goes through the aortic valve to the aorta, the main

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

artery that carries blood to your body, and out to the rest of your body. The only part that is different between the hearts is the ring of fat that runs horizontally around the pig heart. ! The measurements that we took of the heart are the same too. The width of the 2 hearts are 8-9cm and the depth of the 2 hearts are 6cm. However, with the parts of the pig hearts, the left atrium of the human heart is bigger than the pig heart by about a centimeter and a half, the right atrium of the human heart is bigger than the right atrium of the pig heart by about half a centimeter, and the aorta of the human heart is bigger than the aorta of the pig heart by 1 centimeter.

This happens because (Consider the concepts you used in your hypothesis). This is a good place to include some diagrams if they will help explain your ideas.

! This happens because in our hypothesis we made guesses as to what the measurements and weight of the pig heart were. We thought that based on the research that we found on the similarities between the pig and human hearts that they would be extremely similar in size and weight but the human heart would be fairly bigger. But when we got the pig hearts measurements we found out that the pig heart was slightly bigger than the pig heart in length and weight. However, the width of the left and right atrium and the aorta of the human heart are also slightly bigger than the pig hearts left and right atrium and aorta. Another reason that these were the results is because this was the rst time that we have dissected a pig heart and we had a lot of trouble cutting it open. On top of that, the right atrium was cut weirdly and we couldnt really nd a place to start cutting the heart open so we opened it up not so it would open like a book from left to right but top to bottom. So because of this we had trouble taking the measurements for the left atrium and because the right atrium was a little torn up so we also had trouble measuring that.

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Human Heart

Pig Heart

Exterior Diagram

Interior Diagram

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Evaluation:
Table 2: Validity of the method (Was the investigation a Fair Test?) If you were not able to control any of the control variables you listed above, how did any change in that variable affect your data?
Control vari- What affect did this Degree of impact Improvement (how to x able that was have when compar- (small, medium or the problem): not controlled: ing the independlarge): ent and dependent variables?
Parts of the heart that will be measThere wasnt any big Medium because we Maybe we could plan out ured impact because this arent that sure if the where we could measure the problem is easily xed answer we got was parts of the heart accurate or not

This had a big affect when we try and compare the variables be- Small because in the Maybe we could nd a less Method for dissec- cause we might have end we could get the complicated method that is tion of the pig damaged some of the right measurements easier to follow heart parts that we need to measure and it could be hard to measure them accurately

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Table 3: Reliability of the Method:

Were there enough trials? Did multiple trials give similar data? Are there anomalous points?
Reliability of data. The measuring instruments. a) Did the measuring instruments collect data that can be trusted? Yes/ No b)I think that we should have dont the experiment twice because the rst time we were unsure of how to cut it open and maybe if we did the lab again we would know more about the best way to cut open the heart and we would know more about the best ways to measure the parts of the heart. Explanation (why / why not?)

a)Yes, because we used a ruler, which is very accurate and used correctly along with the scale which is also accurate and we also used it appropriately.

b) Was the experiment repeated enough times?

a) Remember it was your rst time dissecting so you might of made a mistake cutting it up and that might of led to the measurements being incorrect??

Yes/ No

c) Did the measuring instrument collect precise data? (i.e. Did the multiple trials give similar data?) Yes/ No

c)

Size of sample. d) was the range large enough? We only did one test so there wasnt any range.

Yes/ No

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Were there any surprising results? What were they?

I think that the most surprising results were the measurements and how close they were to each other. We thought the measurements would be differently

Reference List:
Works Cited "Animal Longevity and Scale." Animal Longevity and Scale. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/longevity.htm>. Keith/Venn Diagram 5 "The Aorta (Human Anatomy): Picture, Function, Location, and Conditions." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. <http://www.webmd.com/heart/picture-of-the-aorta>. Bianca/ What is the Diameter of the Aorta Bianco, Carl. "How Your Heart Works." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, Inc, 1998-2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/heart1.htm>. Bianca/What are the Measurements of the Heart Bianco, Carl. "How Your Heart Works." Http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/heart1.htm. HowStuffWorks, Inc, 1998-2013. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Oskar/Names of the Parts of the Heart Inside and Out "The Coronary Circulation of the Pig Heart: Comparison with the Human Heart." The Coronary Circulation of the Pig Heart: Comparison with the Human Heart. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. Keith/Venn Diagram 1

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

"Exploring the Pig Heart." Exploring the Pig Heart. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. <http://science.jburroughs.org/resources/heart/pig.html>. Bianca/Keith/Oskar HypothesisWhat are the similarities and differences between the pig heart and the human heart "Heart Dissection Tutorial." YouTube. YouTube, 20 Jan. 2010. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5a0DruZpjY>. Keith/Method "Heart: How Your Heart Pumps Blood around Your Body." - MyDr.com.au. N.p., 2001-2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://www.mydr.com.au/heart-stroke/heart-how-your-heart-pumps-blood-around-yourbody>. Keith/How human hearts are different from and similar to other mammalian hearts, especially pig hearts Labeled Diagram of the Human Heart. N.d. Photograph. N.p. Ed. Britannica. Bianca/Diagram of Heart Magazine, Stephanie WatsonWebMD The. "Five Amazing Facts About the Human Heart." WebMD. WebMD, 2005-2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://www.webmd.com/heart/features/amazing-facts-about-heart-health-and-heart-disea se_>. Keith/How the Human Heart Functions N.p., n.d. Web. Perkins, Shayla. "Differences Between Pig Blood Vessels & Human Blood Vessels." EHow. Demand Media, 11 Jan. 2010. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.ehow.com/facts_5863466_differences-vessels-human-blood-vessels.html>. Keith/Venn Diagram 4

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

"Pig Heart Dissection." YouTube. YouTube, 20 Feb. 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0BHYvGSp40>. Oskar/Names of the Parts of the Heart Inside and Out "PIG HEART!!!!!!!" YouTube. YouTube, 12 May 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNjATiS7d30>. Oskar/The Procedure of How to Dissect a Heart "Untitled Document." Untitled Document. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. Keith/Venn Diagram 3 "Untitled Document." Untitled Document. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. Keith/Venn Diagram 3 US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, n.d. Web. Keith/Venn Diagram 2

Bianca De Leon

Tuesday, 26 February 2013 11:24:48 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time