Bibliography Primary Sources "A Conversation With Dr. Marshall Nirenberg". Interview by National Institute of Health. 2009.<http:// m.youtube.com/#/watch?

v=fODwXbtysqQ&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch%3Fv %3DfODwXbtysqQ>. This interview was a valuable source as we could hear about Nirenberg's life from himself and he covered many of the major topics in our project. He discussed the potential ramifications of his experiment and what he believed were the most important parts. The interview was conducted by a member of the NIH. Francis, Collins S., M.D., Ph.D. "A Brief Primer on Genetic Testing." National Human Genome Research Institute. N.p., 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. This article was written by the director of the National Human Genome Research Institute. It provides information about current genetic testing, the kinds of tests and the future of these tests. Friedberg, Errol C. "An Interview with Marshall Nirenberg." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. Vol. 9. (2008): 190. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. This article contains an interview conducted with Nirenberg. Nirenberg explains many of the achievements and talks about what he feels are his most important accomplishments. He also discusses his carrier change and we understood his devoted nature in regards to his work ethic. H. W. Wilson Company. "Nirenberg, Marshall W(arren)." Current Biography, (1965): 305-307. Article. Biography. A biography of Nirenberg written during the time of his research explaining his background and achievements. It gives some context as to how people viewed Nirenberg in the 60s. Jones, Oliver W. Jr, and Marshall W. Nirenberg. "Qualitative Survey of RNA Codewords." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 48, (1962): 2115-2123. Article. This source gave a good insight to RNA and Nirenberg's work. It was interesting to read the conclusions of the project that was published for the entire scientific community. "Marshall W. Nirenberg - Nobel Lecture: The Genetic Code". Nobelprize.org. 18 Feb 2013 http:// www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/nirenberg-lecture.html This is the lecture given by Nirenberg at the Nobel prize ceremony. It is valuable because we can understand what Nirenberg thought of his achievements and how the future looks. Nirenberg, Marshall W. 64 Triplets and Complementary Triplets. 1965. Chart. National Library of

Medicine Web. 13 Feb 2013. <http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/ JJBBJX>. Nirenberg wrote out a list of all the possible triplet codon combinations. This picture is of a page from his notes. Nirenberg, Marshall W. Genetic Code Chart. 1965. Chart. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda. Web. 13 Feb 2013. <http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/JJBBJX>. This chart maps the relationship between the nucleotides in the test RNA and the proteins and amino acids found after the experiment. Nirenberg wrote it as he was conducting the experiment. Nirenberg, Marshall W. "Unpublished conclusion intended for Nobel speech."Web. 14 Feb. 2013. This is a rough draft of the conclusion to Nirenberg's acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize. He gives his opinion as to how the genetic code evolved as well as answers to many ethical questions. Nirenberg, Marshall W. "Will Society Be Prepared?" Science 157, 3789 (11 August 1967): 633. Article. Retrieved February 2013. In this article, Nirenberg predicts that man will be able to alter his condition by genetic engineering. He hints at some of the possibilities and possible dangers inherent in the new scientific discoveries that are being made daily and suggests that society must make haste slowly, as to become wiser as a society before controlling our cells. Truelson, Melissa R. F., MS, CGC. Personal interview. 25 Feb. 2013. We interviewed this expert, who is currently working as a certified genetic counselor. She gave us really great insight on the details of her job and what genetic counseling means to medicine. She discussed how the ability to read the human genome has important effects on the lives of many people. Ubell, Earl. "The Code of Life Finally Cracked." New York Herald Tribune, (24 December 1961). Newspaper Column. Accessed February 2013. A newspaper column announcing Nirenberg's achievement of deciphering the first "word" of the genetic code. We get insight as to how no one really knew about Nirenberg's achievement outside of the scientific community until later. Wagner, Conrad, PhD. "Conrad Wagner's Remembrance of Marshall Nirenberg." N.p., 29 Aug. 2011. Retrieved Web. Jan. 2013. After Dr. Nirenberg's death, an old of his wrote this remembrance. It was a personal account of Nirenberg's life and described his personality and youth. Walker, Arthur J. "Letter from Arthur J. Walker to Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei."

Letter to Nirenberg, Marshall W. and Matthaei, J. Heinrich. 03 May 1962. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Web. This document contains a quote from a Long Island newspaper and shows how the public reacted to Nirenberg's discoveries. It provided a glimpse at how ordinary people were affected by Nirenberg's experiment. Williams, Jonan W. "Letter from Mrs. Jonan W. Williams to Marshall W. Nirenberg." Letter to Nirenberg, Marshall W. 16 Mar. 1962. N.p., n.d. Web. This document demonstrated the great interest the general public had in the research conducted by Nirenberg. The author asks if she could help with any of his research that may help with her nerve damage.

Secondary Sources "About the Human Genome Project." About the Human Genome Project. N.p., 19 Sept. 2011. Web. Feb. 2013. This gave a good explanation of the project and provided a lot of useful statistics. Bodmer, Walter, and Robin McKie. The Book of Man: The Human Genome Project and the Quest to Discover Our Genetic Heritage. New York: Scribner, 1995. Print. This book was written by the former President of the Human Genome Organization and offers an inside look at the organization. Cherfas, Jeremy. The Human Genome. New York: DK, 2002. Print. This book explains the science of genetics and the history of the human genome project. It is a simple and easy to understand reference. Crack the Code. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/ medicine/gene-code/history.html>. This was a good history of the genetic code and the various achievements and setbacks that scientists working on it experienced. It also provides basic biographical information about many of the scientist who contributed to our understanding of the human genome and DNA. Davies, Kevin. The $1,000 Genome: The Revolution in DNA Sequencing and the New Era of Personalized Medicine. New York: Free Press, 2010. Print. This book discusses the background and possible effects of the human genome project. It is mainly about the technologies and organizations working to make genome sequencing affordable to normal people. It provided an in depth look at one of the many useful scientific developments made possible by Nirenberg's discoveries. Many different groups and

organizations have worked to invent a way to sequence the human genome at an affordable price. This book is a history of many of those groups and their accomplishments. Davis, Joel. Mapping the Code . New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1990. Print. This book discusses the morals and ethics involved in the human genome project. Dennis, C., and R. B. Gallagher. The human genome. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. Print. This book explains what the human genome is. It discusses the structure and function of the genome and provides a map of which genes are found of which chromosomes. "DNA Structure and Function, History." Genetics. Ed. Richard Robinson. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Science In Context. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. "Genetic Discrimination." Genetic Discrimination. N.p., 15 Jan. 2013. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. This page gives insight into the concerns of genetic testing and privacy. Hawley, R. Scott, and Catherine A. Mori. The Human Genome, A User's Guide. Harcourt Brace & Company, 1999. Print. This book discusses the social issues involved with genetics. History of the Microscope. N.p., 2010. Web. 14 Feb 2013. <http://www.history-of-themicroscope.org/> This website provides information about microscopes and how they were used in early genetic experimentation. It also discusses the discovery of the cell by Robert Hooke. "The Impact of the Human Genome Project". Robinson, Haynes, MD. Interview by Akron Children's. July 20, 2010. <http://m.youtube.com/#/watch?v=dZ0cPadsm2g&desktop_uri=%2Fwatch %3Fv%3DdZ0cPadsm2g>. The doctor articulately explains what the human genome project was and its impact on the work of everyday doctors. Kevles, Daniel J., and Leroy E. Hood. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1992. Print. This book tells about different aspects of the human genome project and the events leading up to it. Lee, T. F. The human genome project, cracking the genetic code of life. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1991. Print. This book gives an overview of genetics and the history of the human genome project. "Making Proteins." Yourgenome.org. N.p., n.d. Web. Feb. 2013. <http://www.yourgenome.org/dgg/ general/proteins/proteins_2.shtml>. This site demonstrates cell processes as well as the codes for each amino acid. It was helpful for explaining their relationships and provided useful visuals.

"The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers." Profiles of Science. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 13 Feb 2013. <http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/JJ/p-nid/21>. This website offers biographical information about Nirenberg. It was assembled by the National Institute of Health and contains a plethora of documents associated with Nirenberg and his work at the NIH. "Marshall Warren Nirenberg." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 16 Feb. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. This source gives some basic biographical information on Nirenberg. McElheny, Victor. Drawing the Map of Life: Inside the Human Genome Project. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2010. Print. This book provides in depth information on the politics of the human genome project. Mehlman, Maxwell, and Jeffrey Botkin. Access to the Genome. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998. Print. This book explains how the genome works and provides a map to understanding what chromosomes do and how they work. Moore, John Alexander. Science as a way of knowing : the foundations of modern biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. Print. This book has general information and background on genetics and provides a basic understanding of human cells, DNA, and genetics. Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nature.com/scitable/ content/nirenberg-and-leder-developed-a-technique-for-60131>. This website has a picture explaining the process of Nirenberg's experiment. Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nature.com/scitable/ topicpage/nucleic-acids-to-amino-acids-dna-specifies-935>. Describes the experiment done by Nirenberg in language that was easy to understand. "Nirenberg: History Section: Cracked Code." Nirenberg: History Section: Cracked Code. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/HS5_cracked.htm Information specifically pertaining to the coding race and Nirenberg along with other information on the lab that conducted this research. By far the National Institute of Health was our most valuable source. It had many primary documents and visuals. "Online Education Kit: 1966: Genetic Code Cracked." Online Education Kit: 1966: Genetic Code Cracked. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http://www.genome.gov/25520300>. This explains details about genetics and the genetic code. It helped us a lot in the early stages when we had to understand the scientific language used in all of the other sources

we had. Palgrave, Regis, Ed. "The Forgotten Code Cracker: Scientific American." The Forgotten Code Cracker: Scientific American. Scientific America, 14 Oct. 2007. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http:// www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-forgotten-code-cracke>. A longer history on Nirenberg and his work. One of the earlier sources, it led us to grasp what it was he really did. Ridley, Matt. Genome. 1st ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1999. Print. This book discusses the genome and explains what it means when it has been decoded. It provided many details of the human genome. TEA Biotechnology, , prod. "Structure of DNA and RNA." Prod. Texas Education Industry. May 3, 2012. Web. 4 Mar 2013. <http://m.youtube.com/#/watch?v=hU61gluXhW0>. This video discusses the structure and function of DNA and RNA particularly as it related to genetic engineering. It provides a quick overview of the basics of genetics. We used part of this video on our website in order to more fully explain the structure of DNA. Wein, Harrison, Ph.D. Carla Garnett, and John Peterson. "The Future of Genetic Testing: Telling Science Fact from Science Fiction." NIH News in Health. (2006): n. page. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. This gives details about the history of genetic testing and where it is headed into the future. It helped us understand in a simple overview what genetic testing was all about. Wexler, Barbara. Genetics And Genetic Engineering. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2011. Print. This book explains the science behind genetics. It was very valuable as we understood how genetic knowledge has lead to great discoveries. It covers many topics relevant today. Woese, Carl R. The Genetic Code: The Molecular Basis for Genetic Expression. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. Print. The author of this book was extremely knowledgeable about the genetic code. He discussed in detail the workings of the cell, the translation and transcription processes of DNA, and how proteins are formed. This book was a major source of information about the theories and discoveries surrounding Nirenberg's experiment. It also provided an in depth account of Nirenberg's experiment and a detailed description of all the steps Nirenberg took to prove his hypothesis. The author went on to discuss the challenges and mysteries awaiting future geneticists and researchers as well as the probable ramifications of Nirenberg's discoveries. This book was extremely science oriented and was often difficult to understand, but it was a valuable resource. Yam, Philip. "Marshall Nirenberg, Forgotten Father of the Genetic Code, Dies | Observations,

Scientific American Blog Network." Marshall Nirenberg, Forgotten Father of the Genetic Code, Dies | Observations, Scientific American Blog Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/01/22/marshall-nirenberg-forgottenfather-of-the-genetic-code-dies/>. A short biography of Nirenberg. It was one of the first sources we looked at and we started to understand that not many people knew about him or his work.