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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fig 1: Solar Fan This project is designed keeping the problem of rural area people in mind. Basically the power shortage is frequent in rural areas, especially in summer, also, now a days the current charges are getting increased. To avoid all these problems we implemented this project with the help of renewable energy resources i.e. the sunlight In this project the solar panel is used to charge the re-chargeable battery which is the heart of the project. The regulator followed by the battery sets the voltage level constantly i.e.12V. The fan is working with the voltage of 12V. This project is easy to implement and less cost. It is durable and reliable. With the help of this project we can over-come the problem faced by the rural people because of the power shortage. In this project battery is recharged from two supply voltages. One from house hold supply and another from solar panels. So in this way we have two phases of supplies are available for charging the battery.
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CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
DC Motor (Fan)
Solar Panel
Rechargeable Battery
Bridge Rectifier
Filter Circuit
Regulator
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CHAPTER 3
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
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CHAPTER 4
POWER SUPPLY DESIGN
INPUT AC SUPPLY
TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
FILTER CIRCUIT
Input ac supply gives the voltage of 230 volts to the transformer. Transformer converts the voltage 230V to 12V. The AC voltage is converted into DC voltage by the full wave bridge type rectifier. The AC ripples presented in the output of full wave rectifier are eliminated by the filter circuit. For producing the constant output voltage of 12V, regulator is used.
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4.2 TRANSFORMER:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level.
SOLAR BASED
4.3 RECTIFIER:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
Fig 4.3: Rectifier The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave
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4.4 FILTER
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Fig 4.4: Capacitor Filter. Capacitor is a electronic component which stores the energy in the form of electric field. The capacitor is allows the only ac components and rejects the dc components so from the properties of the capacitor, here we use the capacitor filter.
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CHAPTER 5
CONTROL SWITCH ARRAY
A group of four switches are used at the transmitter end for the robot movement. To move the robot in forward, backward, left direction we require these control switch Array. For this operation we are using push button (4 leg push button). A pushbutton is a simple switch mechanism which permits user generated changes in the state of a circuit. Pushbutton usually comes with four legs. Anyway, as you can see from the picture below, legs are always connected in groups of two. When the pushbutton is pressed all the 4 legs are connected. This kind of 4 switches are connected on pcb .
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CHAPTER 6
SOLAR PANEL
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current off the panels may contain silver, copper or other conductive (but generally not magnetic) transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. Separate diodes may be needed to avoid reverse currents, in case of partial or total shading, and at night. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline silicon cells may have adequate reverse current characteristics that these are not necessary. Reverse currents waste power and can also lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become less efficient at higher temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind solar panels. Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.[citation needed]. Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can produce electricity from a range of frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffused light). Hence much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar panels, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light. Therefore another design concept is to split the light into different wavelength ranges and direct the beams onto different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable of raising efficiency by 50%. The use of infrared photovoltaic cells has also been proposed to increase efficiencies, and perhaps produce power at night.[citation needed]. Sunlight conversion rates (solar panel efficiencies) can vary from 5-18% in commercial products, typically lower than the efficiencies of their cells in isolation. Panels with conversion rates around 18% are in development incorporating innovations such as power generation on the front and back sides. The Energy Density of a solar panel is the efficiency described in terms of peak power output per unit of surface area, commonly
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expressed in units of Watts per square foot (W/ft2). The most efficient mass-produced solar panels have energy density values of greater than 13 W/ft2.
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The solar panel diagram above shows how solar energy is converted into electricity through the use of a silicon cell. In the diagram above, you can see how a solar panel converts sunlight into energy to provide electricity for a range of appliances. This energy can be used for heating, through the use of solar hot water panels, or electricity through the use of regular solar cells.
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Solar panels can even be used to heat water in different designs. Some home swimming pools also use solar energy to heat the water, however this can usually be a very expensive option. Solar energy has a huge advantage for providing electricity in remote locations due to the simple running requirements (i.e. no fossil fuels need to be transported the location). A remote solar panel system can provide electricity for vital tasks where the laying of electricity cable is not practical, a working example of this is on satellites
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CHAPTER 7
RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
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Rechargeable batteries are used for automobile starters, portable consumer devices, light vehicles (such as motorized wheelchairs, golf carts, electric bicycles, and electric forklifts), tools, and uninterruptible power supplies. Emerging applications in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles are driving the technology to reduce cost and weight and increase lifetime. Normally, new rechargeable batteries have to be charged before use; newer low self-discharge batteries hold their charge for many months, and are supplied charged to about 70% of their rated capacity. Grid energy storage applications use rechargeable batteries for load leveling, where they store electric energy for use during peak load periods, and for renewable energy uses, such as storing power generated from photovoltaic arrays during the day to be used at night. By charging batteries during periods of low demand and returning energy to the grid during periods of high electrical demand, load-leveling helps eliminate the need for expensive peaking power plants and helps amortize the cost of generators over more hours of operation. The US National Electrical Manufacturers Association has estimated that U.S. demands for rechargeable batteries is growing twice as fast as demand for non rechargeable.
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The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity. Chargers take from a few minutes (rapid chargers) to several hours to charge a battery. Most batteries are capable of being charged far faster than simple battery chargers are capable of; there are chargers that can charge consumer sizes of NiMH batteries in 15 minutes. Fast charges must have multiple ways of detecting full charge (voltage, temperature, etc.) to stop charging before onset of harmful overcharging.
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Rechargeable multi-cell batteries are susceptible to cell damage due to reverse charging if they are fully discharged. Fully integrated battery chargers that optimize the charging current are available. Attempting to recharge non-rechargeable batteries with unsuitable equipment may cause battery explosion Flow batteries, used for specialized applications, are recharged by replacing the electrolyte liquid. Battery manufacturers' technical notes often refer to VPC; this is volts per cell, and refers to the individual secondary cells that make up the battery. For example, to charge a 12 V battery (containing 6 cells of 2 V each) at 2.3 VPC requires a voltage of 13.8 V across the battery's terminals. Non-rechargeable alkaline and zinc-carbon cells output 1.5V when new, but this voltage gradually drops with use. Most NiMH AA and AAA batteries rate their cells at 1.2 V, and can usually be used in equipment designed to use alkaline batteries up to an end-point of 0.9 to 1.2V
When a battery or cell is connected to a charging circuit the wrong way round. When a battery made of several cells connected in series is deeply discharged. When one cell completely discharges ahead of the rest, the live cells will apply a reverse current to the discharged cell ("cell reversal"). This can happen even to a "weak" cell that is not fully discharged. If the battery drain current is high enough, the weak cell's internal resistance can experience a reverse voltage that is greater than the cell's remaining internal forward voltage. This results in the reversal of the weak cell's polarity while the current is flowing through the cells. This can significantly shorten the life of the affected cell and therefore of the battery. The higher the discharge rate of the battery needs to be, the better matched the cells should be, both in kind of cell and state of charge. In some extreme cases, the reversed cell can begin to emit smoke or catch fire.
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CHAPTER 8
DC MOTOR
Fig 8: DC Motor
8.1 DC MOTOR
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. A motor is a electrical device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. A motor working on the direct current supply is known as DC MOTOR.
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Fig 8.2: Motor Connections Externally Excited DC-Motor: This type of DC motor is constructed such that the field is not connected to the armature. This type of DC motor is not normally used. Shunt DC Motor The motor is called shunt Motor because the field id parallel, or shunts the armature. Series DC Motor The motor field windings for a series motor are in series with the armature. Compounded DC Motor A compounded DC motor is constructed so that it contains both a shunt and a series field. This particular schematic shows in a above diagram fig 8.2 cumulativelycompounded DC motor because the shunt and series fields are aiding one another. Compound DC Motor Compound DC motor is also called a differentially compounded DC motor because the shunt and series field oppose one another. Page 24
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Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a twopole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both Page 28
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brushes touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).
So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings of one via an interactive animation.
Fig 8.10.2: Three-pole DC Motor You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:
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The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has a number of advantages. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the windings -- a particularly important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than might otherwise be the case. Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other construction types. But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a relatively high inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results in high winding inductances which limit brush and commutator life. In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless' armature winding. This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the armature is hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless DC motors have much lower armature inductance than iron-core motors of comparable size, extending brush and commutator life.
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Even without these avoidable factors, any electric motor will put noise on its power lines by virtue of the fact that its current draw is not constant throughout its motion. Going back to our example two-pole motor, its current draw will be a function of the angle between its rotor coil and field magnets:
Since most small DC motors have 3 coils, the coils' current curves will overlay each other: Page 31
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Fig 8.13.1: Rippler Waveforms for 3 Coils Added together, this ideal motor's current will then look something like this: Reality is a bit more complex than this, as even a high-quality motor will display a current transient at each commutation transition. Since each coil has inductance (by definition) and some capacitance, there will be a surge of current as the commutator's brushes first touch a coil's contact, and another as the brushes leave the contact (here, there's a slight spark as the coil's magnetic field collapses).
As a good example, consider an oscilloscope trace of the current through a Mabuchi FF-030PN motor supplied with 2 V (1ms per horizontal division, 0.05 mA per vertical division):
In this case, the peak-to-peak current ripple is approximately 0.29 mA, while the average motor current is just under 31 mA. So under these conditions, the motor puts about less than 1% of current ripple onto its power lines (and as you can see from the "clean" traces, it outputs essentially no high-frequency current noise). Note that since this is a 3-pole motor, and each coil is energized in both directions over the course of a rotor rotation, one revolution of the rotor will correspond to six of the above curves (here, 6 x 2.4 ms = 0.0144 sec, corresponding to a motor rotation rate of just fewer than 4200 RPM). Motor power ripple can wreak havoc in Nv nets by destabilizing them inadvertently. Fortunately, this can be mitigated by putting a small capacitor across the motor's power lines Page 32
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On the flip side of this coin, motor power ripple can be put to good use -- as was shown above, ripple frequency can be used to measure motor speed, and its destabilizing tendencies can be used to reverse a motor without the need for discrete "back-up" sensors.
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CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGES
To Save Power When the power is turned off then we get the power from the sun light so in this way we can able to save the power. Renewable Energy Renewable energy means the energy which is again producing. In our project sunlight is used for charging of the battery, so it is a renewable energy resource. Less Cost Effective All the components used for the solar fan design are less cost, only the solar panels are expensive so by overall designation it is less cost effective. Two way Power Supply In this project tow way power supply is the main advantage .one is from by using house hold voltage source and another is from solar panels which converts solar energy into electrical energy .
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CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS
In air transport : It is mainly used in the air crafts to run the fans fast in the plane. Such type of planes is called Electric air craft. In Home Applications In home appliances like refrigerators, fan etc.., In Field of Agriculture In the field of agriculture to run a wind mills also we are using this type of solar cells. Industrial applications In industrial appliance we can use this solar fan for to run a generator in machines. Air conditioning systems In air conditioners the fan is used in inside the conditioner to get an cool air. In land transport In land transport also we can use this project to run a vehicle in side motor is used fro this we can this project is very help full to that.
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CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
This project presents the SOLAR BASED FAN
WITH
RURAL PEOPLE is been designed and implemented with Driver Circuit in order to drive the DC Fan with the reference of Solar Panels . Experimental work has been carried out carefully. The result shows higher efficiency. To provide more power to drive the motors we have to enhance with more number of Solar panels.
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CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES
1."Solar Thermal Panel Kozi". solarpanelsonline.org. 2.Solar Fan Man Looks To Sun For Solutions. abcnews.go.com 3.Solar powered fans-get cool breeze for free from these solar fans.solarpoweredfans.org. 4.Benfits of using solar powered fans. irevew.com
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