Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.6.4
1.6.5
1.7
1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.3
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2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
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3
6
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
10
11
12
14
14
15
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
21
21
21
21
23
23
24
24
24
25
26
27
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.7
ZZxq Aavq
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
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4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.10.1
4.10.2
4.10.3
4.11
28
29
29
31
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
38
39
39
40
40
41
42
42
46
47
48
49
52
52
52
52
52
54
63
65
65
71
73
75
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3Annex 1 Parties
BCCSAP
CDMP
COP
CRA
CPP
CPPIB
CSO
CSDDWS
DAE
DDMC
DER
DMB
DMC
DMIC
DMIN
DNA
DoE
DoF
DoL
DRR
EWS
FAO
FFWC
GoB
HFA
HRRP
ICT
LACC
LDRRF
MDTF
M&E
MoEF
MoFL
MoFDM
MoU
NGO
PCVA
RRAP
SOD
UDMC
UNFCCC
UZDMC
WCDRR
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RxeewP (Biodiversity)
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Avc` (Hazzards)
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`yhvM (Disaster)
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`yhvM SuywK (Disaster Risks)
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mgZv (Capacity)
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wec`vcbZv (Vulnerability)
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AvenvIqv (Weather)
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Rjevqy (Climate)
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Rjevqy cwieZb (Climate Change)
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Rjevqy AwfhvRb (Climate Change Adaptation)
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Rjevqy ckgb (Climate Change Mitigation)
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abx wek (Annex 1 Parties)
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1.1
AvenvIqv I Rjevqy
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Qwe t Advg
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Climate is what we expect and Weather is what we get
1.1.1 AvenvIqv
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1.2
Rjevqy cwieZb
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AvenvIqv ejv nq|
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1.1.2 Rjevqy
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Rjevqy mvavibZt enr GjvKvi Rb wbYxZ nq _vK|
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cwieZb nQ|
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1.3
Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ DcivjwLZ NUbvjvi ga wKQz NUbv ^gqv` I wKQz NUbv `xNgqv`x evcK cfve mw Ki gvbyli Rxeb
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evsjv`k AviI ewk MwZi evqycevn I RjvQvmmn cbcwbK I
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AwaK GjvKv bvbvv nq coe|
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cvYewP mg wekHwZn my`iebi askcwqv evoe Ges cvvii
ga RjeZv mw nq KwlLvZ wechq bg Avme|
Zvc`vn I Av`Zv evoe, dj evwa I Rxebyevnx cZi cKvc evcKfve evoe|
nveyK I 13
DjwLZ cwZwU cwieZbi dj Kwl (dmj, Mevw`c, grm) LvZ iZi wZi mvebv iqQ| KwlLvZ `ki 60 kZvskiI
ewk gvbyl Rxeb-RxweKvi Rb cZ I civfve Kwli Dci wbfikxj, Zv`i Rxeb I RxweKv gwKi gyL coe| AwaKnvi
ebv, DcK~jxq Aj jeYvZv ew I Livi mv_ Zvcgvv ew I ewcvZi cwiewZZ aib hy nq dmji Pvlvev` I djb Kwgq
`e| AvBwcwmwmi Avkv Abyhvqx, 2050 mvj bvMv` evsjv`k avbi Drcv`b 8 kZvsk I Mgi Drcv`b 32 kZvsk nvm cve
(1990 mvjK wfw eQi ai)|
mvBKvb, N~wYSo, f~wgK, RjvQvmi gZv Avc`jv ZwiZ MwZZ ev nVvr Avm, GB Avc`jvK Avmvi AvM Rvbv I evSvi
Rb Zgb Kvb mgq cvIqv hvq bv, ZvB GB aiYi Avc`jvK `ZMwZi NUbv ev Rapid Onset ejv nq|
14 I nveyK
Rjevqy AwfhvRb
1.4
Rjevqy cwieZb ewnf~Z `yhvM, Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ `yhvM Ges `yhvM ewnf~Z Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ cfve mK DcwiwjwLZ wP
aviYv c`vb Kiv nqQ| Rjevqy cwieZb ewnf~Z `yhvM, hgb f~wgK njv mjv hv cw_exi f~ci MVbi cwieZbi KviY
msNwUZ nq _vK| Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ `yhvMi KviY wnmve Avgiv BZvga gbyl KgKv _K MxYnvDR Mvmi wbMgYi
KviYK wPwZ KiwQ| Rjevqy cwieZbi dj GKw`K ebv, Liv, N~wYSo, RjvQvmi gZv `yhvMjv mw nq, Abw`K `yhvM
bq wK `yhvMi KviY wnmve f~ci Zvcgvv ew, ewcvZi ZviZg, mgy`ci DPZv ew I wngevni eid Mj hvIqvK wPwZ
Kiv nqQ| Rjevqy AwfhvRb I `yhvM SzuwK eevcbv Gi ga GB mv`k I emv`kjv weePbvq iL KgcwiKbv cYqb I
evevqb Kiv cqvRb|
AwfhvRb Kkj
`xNgqv`x wqv ev
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Kivi Rb `xNgqv`x
cwiKbv MnY
AvBwcwmwmi PZz_ g~jvqb cwZe`b Abygvb Kiv nqQ h, gmygx ewcvZi cwigvY evoe hv fviZ, bcvj, fzUvb I Pxb _K
evsjv`ki ga w`q cevwnZ b`xjvi cvwb cevni DPZv evwoq `e| wngvjqi wngevnjvi eid Mj hvevi KviY cvwb
cevni GB DPZv `xNgqv` AviI evoe| AvBwcwmwm AviI mZK Ki w`qQ h, ewkK Dvqbi KviY mgy`ci DPZv 0.18
_K 0.79 wgUvi ch evoZ cvi| Gi dj DcKzjxq eo hZ cvi, f~Mf cvwbi i I `wYvj weZ b`xjv jeYv
nZ cvi| ewcvZi cwigvY evoe Ges ew AwbqwgZ nq hve ej Abygvb Kiv nqQ| Gi dj `ki AwaKZi GjvKv
Di-cwgvj cbcwbK I Zxe Livi mvebv iqQ|
nveyK I 15
AwfhvRbi 5wU
AwfhvRb Kkj
UKmB Rxebhvv
welqK AvjvPbv
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cwieZb AskMnY
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km Drcv`b cwiKbv cYqb,
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evevqb)
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Kvhg
vbxq I RvZxq miKvii
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vcb
cwkY I AbycvwYZKiY
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vcb
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1.5
KwlLvZ `ki 60 kZvskiI ewk gvbyl Rxeb-RxweKvi Rb cZ I civfve Kwli Dci wbfikxj, Rjevqy cwieZb hgb
f~ci Zvcgvv ew, ceZ ki wngevni eid Mj hvIqv, mgy`ci DPZv ew cvIqvi KviY Zv`i Rxeb I RxweKv gwKi
gyL coe| Kwl (dmj, Mevw`c, grm) LvZ iZi wZi mvebv iqQ| AwaKnvi ebv, DcK~jxq Aj jeYvZv ew I
Livi mv_ Zvcgvv ew I ewcvZi cwiewZZ aib hy nq dmji Pvlvev` I djb Kwgq `e| AvBwcwmwmi Avkv Abyhvqx,
2050 mvj bvMv` evsjv`k avbi Drcv`b 8 kZvsk I Mgi Drcv`b 32 kZvsk nvm cve (1990 mvjK wfw eQi ai)|
MelYvi cv Z_ _K Rvbv hvq, hme eQi evsjv`ki Kwl Drcv`b evnZ nqQ, mB eQijvq Kvb bv Kvb Rjevqy ZvwoZ
`yhvM Avgv`i Drcv`b b KiQ (ebmb I K, 2002)| Avgiv Aviv `wL, RvZxq Avqi cewi nvi H eQijvZB c~evci
eQijvi Zzjbvq ek LvwbKUv Kg nqQ| GB eveZv _K wkv wbq fwelZi Lv` wbivcv Rjevqy cwieZbi welq
mse`bkxj nZ ne|
evqygj Kveb-WvB-AvBW Mvmi NbZ eo Mj hv wKbv Rjevqy cwieZbi cavb AbyNUK MvQcvjv I kmi Rb
mvavibfve mwU mnvqKB nevi K_v| wK Rjevqy cwiewZZ nj weki Mo Zvcgvv GKB mv_ evoe| wevbwfwK MelYv ejQ,
Mo Zvcgvv eZgvbi Zzjbvq 2 mjwmqvm ev ZviI ekx evoj km`vbvi Drcv`b wecyjfve evnZ ne (Kwig I Abiv,
1998)|
Mo Zvcgvv evoj Zv gvwUi Re Kvebi q ceYZv evove (Kwig I Abiv, 1998)| Kwl wevbx`i msvbyhvqx G aibi msKU
`ki ekxifvM KwlRwgB gwKi gyL coQ| Rjevqy cwieZb GB SuzwKK Drcv`b SzuwKZ cwiYZ Kie| G`ki ewkifvM gvbyl
KwlKgi Dci wbfikxj| Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ mgmvq Kwl evcKfve wZM ne| hnZz fwelZ RbmsLv eZgvbi Zzjbvq
eo hve, Kwl chy` nj Zv `vwi`i wewZ NUvZ cvi| AvksKv Kiv nqQ h, KwlZ bZzb Kgmsvbi e`j Rjevqy-ZvwoZ
eKviZI `Lv w`Z cvi|
16 I nveyK
nveyK I 17
1.6
AwfhvRb nQ `Z cv hvIqv cwiek I cwiwwZi mv_ mwVKfve Lvc LvBq bqv| A_vr Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY cwiek I
cwiwwZi h `Z cwieZb NUQ Zvi mv_ RbMY I cwZek eevi KvhKifve Lvc LvBq bqv| Ze Wt Avnmvb Dwb Gi gZ,
BDGbGdwmwmwmi KvVvgvq Dbqb, wekl Ki UKmB Dbqbi welqwU DjL Kiv nqQ| mKviY AwfhvRb ejZ ay wZ
gb wbq Zvi mv_ ay gvwbq bqv bq, Dbqbkxj `ki Rb weeP ne, SuywK gvKvejv KiI Divi mgwi mvebvK KvR
jvMvbv| G KviY Dbqbkxj `ki bxwZ Kkj Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ wZi gvKvejv Dbqb avivevwnKZvq AwfhvRb
KkjK Afz Kiv cqvRb|
Vulnerability ( E * S * R-1 )
E = Hazard exposure
S = Sensitivity of the system
R = Resilience of the system
cwqv MnY Kiv nq, ZvK cwZwqv g~jK AwfhvRb ejv nq| hgb, jvbv GjvKvq jevYvZv mnvqK avbi cRvwZ Dveb, Dbqb
I Avev` Kiv|
AwfhvRbi Rb Kgm~wP
Kwli gvag Lv` I Avq mwi
Kgm~wP
weK Kgmsvbi gvag Avq
wbivcv wbwZKiY
Kgm~wPi D`vniY
fvmgvb mewR Drcv`b cwZ, jeYvZv mnbxq avb-ewnf~Z km
Drcv`b, Livmwnz km Drcv`b, evwfUvq mewRevMvb mw
KzwUi wk, Szwo Zix, jeYvZv mwnz e ivcY, euvawfwK km
Drcv`b, egvwK gvQ Pvl, nuvm-gyiwM I ccvjb, ggvwQ Pvl I
ga~ Drcv`b
miKvwi Rwg, Rj I Rj mvaviY RbMYi cekvwaKvi wbwZ
KiZ vbxq miKvii (BDwbqb cwil`) mv_ h_fve Kgm~wP
evevqb, hvZ mvavib gvbyl Lvj-wej-b`x-bvjv _K gvQ aiZ
cvi, fvmgvb mewR evMvb KiZ cvi|
Lv` wbivcvi
Afve
^v wbivcvi
Afve
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evmvbi Afve
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20 I nveyK
mvb bvix`i Dci cwievii weklZ mvb`i jvjb cvjbi `vwqZ Acb Ki Ab Pj hvq| Gmgq bvix`i AbK `yi _K
cvbxq Rj msMn I Rvjvbx msMn KiZ nq| AbK mgq `vwi`Zv I cwievii fiY-cvlb I `bw`b Rxebhvcbi A_ msMni Rb
bvixiv AmvgvwRK KvhKjvc wj nZ eva nb|
jeYvZv I mycq cvwb msMnt Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY `ki `wb-cwgvji gvwU jeYv nq co| jeYv GB AjjvZ
emevmKvwi gvbylRbK AbK `yi _K mycq cvwb msMn KiZ nq| mycq cvwb msMni KvRwU mvaviYZ cwievii bvix I gqiv
Ki _vK| cwZw`b GB mycq cvwb msMn KiZ wMq gq`i covbvq evNvZ NU| Abw`K bvixiv wewfbiKg MvBbvjwRKvj
mgmvq cob| MfeZx bvix`i MfcvZ I AcwiYZ wk Rb`vbi NUbv NU|
b`xfvOb, PifvOb I DcK~jxq AjfvObt b`xfvOb, PifvOb, DcK~jxq AjfvObi NUbv evsjv`k cwZwbqZB NU| b`xfvOb
wKsev PifvOb wKsev DcK~jxq AjfvObi dj `wi` gvbyliv Nievwo nq| GB fvObjvi KviY GjvKvi cyiliv bvix`i Dci
cwievii fiY-cvlbi `vwqZ AcY Ki KvRi mvb Ab Pj hvq| dj bvixiv AbK ewk mvgvwRK I A_bwZK Avc`i
gyLvgywL nq|
K mePq wecb?
AwfhvRb ev cwiwwZi mv_ Lvc LvBq bqvi cwiKbv cYqbi bvix`i GB wec`vcbZvjvK weePbvq wbZ nq|
K mePq wecb?
hviv Rjevqy lKvZi cvKwZK m` Ges Kwl I grm cwZek Gi Dci AwaKZi wbfikxj.
50% wek Lv` Drcv`b bvixiv Ki
evsjv`k 60% Kwl kwgK njv bvix
miKvi I Dbqb mnhvwM`i A_vqb evevwqZ cKjv gwbUwis Kivi ivi KvVvgvMZ `yejZvi (weklZ Z_ c`vbi
) _vKvq Dbqb cKmg~ni Dci miKvwi cwiexbi djvdj Kvb mgqB RbmyL cKvk cvq bv, h KviY cK MnY I
evevqbi ci Zvi djvdj AwaKvsk Rb^v_i wecixZ Pj hvq| ZvB vbxqfve cK cwiexY Kiv cqvRb Ges
vbxqfve Rjevqy Znwej / Dbqb cK wPwZ Kivi ci Ges Gme cKi hme welq weePbvq Avbv cqvRbt
cK cYqb, evevqbi Kvb Kvb chvq RbMYi AskMnY cqvRb wQj Ges Zv Kiv nqQ wKbv?
hviv knii ew Ges ebvceY GjvKvjvZ evm Ki hLvb Rjevqy RwbZ `~hvMi AwaKZi
mvebv _vK|
mviv wek Drcvw`Z Lv` cYi gv 10% fvM Ki bvixiv
90% cvwievwiK Avq bvix KZK AwRZ nq
cyili Pq bvixiv cvq 4 b ekx cwigvb hb wbhvZbi SuywKi ga _vK
Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ cvKwZK `~hvMi hv`i Rbkw, A_kw Ges cvwZvwbK w`K
mgZv Zgb bB|
hviv GjvKv _K vbvwiZ nqQ Zv`i 75% njv bvix
mvb Rb w`Z wMq cwZ jvL 1000 Rb bvix gviv hvq
cK evevqbi dj Kviv myweav cve Ges Kvb Kvb RbMvx wZM ne,Zv`i wZcyiY I cybevmb miKvi
Kvbv evewfwK Kkj MnY KiQ wKbv?
cK evevqbi dj cwieki Dci wK aiYi cfve coZ cvi?
ebf~wg, Rjvf~wg I KwlRwgi Kvb aiYi cwieZb nQ ev nZ cvi? Gi dj mvaviY `wi` gvbyli Rxebhvvq Kvbv
wZ nQ ev nZ cvi wK?
MwnZ cKi Avw_K LvZjv wK wK? cK evevqb chvq Kvb Kvb Avw_K `ybxwZ nZ cvi Ges Kviv GBme
`ybxwZi mv_ RwoZ nZ cvi?
cKi wewfb Kgm~wPi Avw_K eiv cqvRbi Zzjbvq ewk bv Kg? evRUi ga wK Kvbv AcPq `Lv hvQ?
cK evevqbi AMMwZ, djvdj I cfve mK Z_ c`vbi mywbw` Kvbv bxwZgvjv ev Kkj AvQ wK? ^QZv I
Revew`wnZvi Kvbv NvUwZ `Lv hvQ wK?
22 I nveyK
nveyK I 23
AeKvVvgvZ AwfMgZvt hKvb `yhvM AvswkK aKj, mUv KLbvB GKwU kwkvjx KwgDwbwUK GKevi aski
vicv `uvo Kivq bv| KwgDwbwUi `yhvM gvKvejvq cwZ, `yhvM SuywK nvmKiYi mgZv, `yhvMKvjxb (mvBKvb,
ebv, RjvQvm) AvkqK`i eev _vKv, cwieZbi mv_ Lvc LvBq euvPvi mgZv _vKvi welqjv KwgDwbwUi
AvswkK aKj KvwUq DVvi wbqvgK wnmve weewPZ nq|
RxweKvi myhvM I A_bwZK gZvqbt m`, mev, Drcv`b, evRvi eev, miKvwi I emiKvwi LvZ RbMvxi ev
KwgDwbwUi SuywKgy AwfMgZv Ges mev I m` AvniY Ges evRvi eevq AskMnbi mgZvjvK RbMvxi ev
KwgDwbwUi RxweKvi myhvM I A_bwZK gZvqbi wbqvgK wnmve weePbv Kiv nq|
KvhKi cvwZvwbK kvmbeevt vbxq RbMvxi Av_-mvgvwRK Dbqbi j ckvmwbK weK`xKiY Ges Rbckvmb
RbMvxi mnR AwfMgZvK KvhKi cvwZvwbK kvmb eevi wbqvgK wnmve weePbv Kiv nq| RbMvxi UKmB
Dbqbi Rb weKw`f~Z kvmb eev cqvRb, wKivRbwZK mw`Qv Qvov GiKg weKw`f~Z cvwZvwbK kvmbeev
ARb me bq|
wZxq Aavq
NvZmwnz KwgDwbwU MVb
2.1
NvZmwnzZv
NvZmwnzZvi gbtvwZK msvq ejv nqQ, aKj gvKvwejv Ges aKji cfve KvwUq wUK _vKvi mvg_K NvZmwnzZv ej|
Avevi fZ I cKkj we`vi msvq f~KbRwbZ NvZ mwnzZv hgb wZM nj Zvi cfve Ges cybtvcb mgq Kwgq Avbvi
eevK NvZ mwnzZv ejv nqQ| KcviU I eemvq NvZmwnzZv nQ, D`vvi SuywK eevcbv hv KkjMZ I eemv cwiKbvi
AMZ| NvZmwnzZvK msvwqZ KiZ wMq mvgvwRK cwZek we`v Avevi gvbyl, cKwZ I mgvRK Afz Ki|
NvZmwnzZvi mv_ AwfhvRbi mgZvi mK we`gvb| h gZvej ev h cwZZ gvbyl ev mgvR ev KwgDwbwU `yhvMi
q-wZ, djvdj I mve myweavjvK ARb Kivi gvag `yhvMi cfvejvK mg^q KiZ cvi, ZvK AwfhvRbi gZv
ejv nq| (Adaptive capacity is the ability of a system, society or community to adjust to climate by
modarating harm, managing consequences, and exploiting benefits)|
2.3
Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ `yhvM SzuwK gvKvejv Ges NvZmwnz RbMvx MVb KiZ nj `yhvM SuywK nvm Kvhgi cwiwPZ vb I
AwfZvK Rjevqy AwfhvRbi mv_ m Ki mgw^Z SzuwK eevcbv Kvhg MnY Kiv cqvRb| Rjevqy cwieZbi ^gqv`x
I `xNgqv`x cfve I cwZwqv iqQ, Abw`K `yhvMi SzuwK ^gqv`x| g~jZt NvZmwnzZv ejZ ^gqv`x `yhvMi SzuwK ev aKj
Kwgq Avbv, aKj wbqY Kivi gvag c~evevq wdi Avmvi KgKvjvK evSvq, A_vr NvZmwnzZv njv Lvc LvBq bqvi
Kkj (Coping Mechanism), hv `yhvMi SzuwKK ^gqv` gvKvwejv Kivi Kkj| NvZmwnzZvi welqjv hZvUv ew ev
cwievii chvR, wVK ZZvUv RbMvxi Rb chvR bq| Abw`K Rjevqy AwfhvRbI GKcKvi Lvc LvBq bqvi Kkj,
hv Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ SzuwKi vqx I `xNgqv`x Kkj| GwU aygv ew ev cwievi ev KwgDwbwU ev RbMvxi mgvbfve
chvR|
hvi gvag Kvb RbMvx ev msMVb h Kvb `yhvM NUbv ev cwqvq DzZ A^vfvweK AhvwPZ cwZK~j
cwiwwZ gvKvejvq mdjZv jvfi Rb we`gvb m` I myhvMjvK mwVKfve KvR jvMvq, ZvK
Lvc LvBq bqvi Kkj ejv nq|
2.2
NvZmwnzZvi wbqvgKmg~n
GKwU RbMvxi ga ev KwgDwbwUZ wbv wbqvgKi mvi NUj mB KwgDwbwU NvZmwnz KwgDwbwU wnmve Mo IV| NvZmwnz
KwgDwbwU wnmve Mo IVvi wbqvgKmg~nt
kwkvjx mvgvwRK cuywR t wbw cwZek wewfb Kvhvejx mv`b KiZ mg ewPgq RbMvx, Av_mvgvwRK Aev
wbwekl wewfb RbMvxi mv_ mK, KwgDwbwUi ga mvgvwRK I A_bwZK mvgZv I bvqwePvi, mvgvwRK g~jeva
Ges ewi vb I fSwgKvK KwgDwbwUi mvgvwRK c~uwR wnmve weePbv Kiv nq|
gvbe c~uwRt UKmB vb I cwiKbv cYqY Ges ckgY cK evevqbi `Zv I gZvmb I m` msMn I vbxq
vbmg RbMvx, hviv KwgDwbwUK NvZmwnz wnmve Mo ZzjZ Pjgvb cwqvq AskMnY KiZ mg, Zv`iK
KwgDwbwUi gvbec~uwR wnmve weePbv Kiv nq|
24 I nveyK
hvi gvag Kvb RbMvx ev msMVb h Kvb `yhvM NUbv ev cwqvq DzZ A^vfvweK AhvwPZ cwZK~j cwiwwZ gvKvejvq mdjZv
jvfi Rb we`gvb m` I myhvMjvK mwVKfve KvR jvMvq, ZvK Lvc LvBq bqvi Kkj ejv nq|
h cwZZ gvbyl Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ cfve I cwZwqvq (f~c I mgy`ci Zvcgvv ew, ewcvZi
ZviZg) A^vfvweK I cwZK~j cwiwwZ (jeYvZv, Liv, AKvj ebv, RjvQvm BZvw`) gvKvejvq mdjZv
jvfi Rb vbxq vb I AwfZvi AvjvK wevb I chywi eenvii gvag cwiewZZ cwiwwZi mv_ Lvc
LvBq bqvi Kkj Dveb Ki, mB cwZjvK Rjevqy AwfhvRb ejv nq|
h cwZZ gvbyl Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ cfve I cwZwqvq (f~c I mgy`ci Zvcgvv ew, ewcvZi ZviZg) A^vfvweK I
cwZK~j cwiwwZ (jeYvZv, Liv, AKvj ebv, RjvQvm BZvw`) gvKvejvq mdjZv jvfi Rb vbxq vb I AwfZvi AvjvK
wevb I chywi eenvii gvag cwiewZZ cwiwwZi mv_ Lvc LvBq bqvi Kkj Dveb Ki, mB cwZjvK Rjevqy
AwfhvRb ejv nq|
nveyK I 25
cwZ I cwqvMZ emv`k _vKj Rjevqy AwfhvRb I `yhvM SzuwK eevcbvi j AwfbZv we`gvb| Rjevqy AwfhvRb I `yhvM
SzuwK eevcbvi Awfb j njvt
Kvhvejxi D`vniY
mvgvwRK g~jeva mw
UKmB vb I cwiKbv
cYqY
`yhvM, wec`vcbZv, SzuwK I gvKvejv Kivi Kkj Ges cwiKbv cYqb mwKZ
mPZbZv I cwkY
KvVwgx, Nievwo givgZKvix, euva wbgvYKvwi, ivRwgx, KzwUi wki cwkY, KlK,
kwgK, BjwUwkqvb
vbxq miKvi, bxwZ wbaviK, vbxq Rbckvmbi mv_ KvR Kivi `Zv Dbqb
m` eevcbv
`yhvMKvjxb AvkqK`
mevmg~n
weK Kgmsvb
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nveyK I 27
2.6
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c~uwR, hgb mvgvwRK hvMvhvM, mvgvwRK HwZn, c_v (Social Capital); P = fZ c~uwR, hgb AeKvVvgv mg~n (Physical
Capital); F = Avw_K c~uwR, hgb A_ I FY cvwi myhvM (Financial Capital) I N = cvKwZK c~uwR, hgb f~wg I Drcv`b eev
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H
Vulnerability
Context
Stocks
Seasonality
Trends
Changes
Policies
influence Institutions
Pracesses
The Poor
Livelihood
Strategies
Livelihood
Outcomes
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Context) wPwZ Kiv nqQ| gvbyli cavbZg wec`vcbZvjv njv, AvNvZ (Shocks), mvgwqKZv (Seasonality) A_vr
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28 I nveyK
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2.7
AwfhvRb mgZv
20-25
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15-20
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30 I nveyK
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nveyK I 31
GbwRI`i fwgKvt
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nveyK I 33
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3.3.5 wej GjvKvq `yhvM SuywK I cvKwZK m` eevcbv Ges Rjevqy AwfhvRb
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mKj wej I b`x-bvjvq Rj`i gvQ wkKvii AwaKvi c`vb KiZ ne|
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wfkb 2021
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nveyK I 35
GB 6wU ev wcjvii Aaxb AvQ 43wU Kgm~wP| Kgm~wPjvi ga Avevi 145wU Kvhg evevqbi cwiKbv AvQ| wbi
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wcvwK Znwej
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3.6
3.6.1 Rjevqy cwieZbi Ici RvwZmsNi KgKvVvgv mb` (United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC)
Rjevqy cwieZbi cfve mK wevbxiv ew`b _K mZKevYx c`vb Ki AvmjI wkvbZ abx `kjv Mvqi Rvi Zv A^xKvi
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G `qv nqQ|
Kbfkbi AvIZvq wmv MnY Kiv nq h, mKj wkvbZ `k 2000 mvji ga Zv`i wbR wbR `ki MxY nvDR Mvm wbMgb
1990 mvjK wfw eQi ai Zvi PqI 5% Kwgq Avbe Ges Dbkxj `kmg~nK GB mgmv gvKvejvq Avw_K I KvwiMix mnvqZv
c`vb Kie|
eZgvb evsjv`k miKvi wbR^ A_vqb evsjv`k Rjevqy cwieZb Uv Znwej (wewmwmwUGd) Ges `vZv`i A_vqb evsjv`k
Rjevqy cwieZb mwnzZv Znwej (wewmwmAviGd) MVb KiQ|
wewmwmwUGd Gi AvIZvq miKvwi msv I GbwRI`i Rjevqy cwieZbi SzuwK gvKvejv Kivi Rb Znwej `qvi wmv bqv nq|
G ch 18wU miKvwi `i G dvi AvIZvq 44wU cK evevqb KiQ|
ecvwK Znwejt
Rjevqy cwieZbi cfve gvKvejvq miKvi wewfb ecvwK msv _K QvU AvKvii Znwej msMn KiQ| hgb,
BDGbGdwmwmwm Gi Aaxb ^vbZ `kmg~ni Rb Znwej (Least Developed Country Fund - LDCF) _K eb
I cwiek gYvjq QvU AvKvii Grant Znwej msMn KiQ|
wekevsKi Rjevqy wewbqvM Znwej (Climate Investment Fund - CIF) _K evsjv`k miKvi Rjevqy NvZmwnzZvi
Rb cvBjU Kgm~wP (Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience - PPCR) bvgK Znwej FY wnmve wbq Rjevqy
NvZmwnzZvi Rb KkjMZ Kgm~wP (Strategicf Programme for Climate Resilience - SPCR) evevqb Ki|
RvwZmsN Dbqb Kgm~wP (BDGbwWwc)i bZZ evsjv`k miKvi mvweK `yhvM eevcbv Kgm~wP (Comprehensive
Disaster Management Programme - CDMP) bvgK GKwU cK evevqbi Rb GKwU ecvwK Grant wbqQ|
Rjevqy AwfhvRb Znwejt Gwkqvb Dbqb evsK (GwWwe) _K Rjevqy AwfhvRb welqK Znwej bqvi D`vM MnY Kiv
nqQ|
38 I nveyK
cieZxZ `Lv Mj h, mKj AxKvi iv Kiwb, MxY nvDR Mvmi wbMgb eoB PjQ| dj 1997 mvj Rvcvbi wKqvUv
kni mKj wkvbZ `kmg~n GKUv wbw` mgqmxgvi wfZi K KZvUv MxY nvDR Mvm Kgve Zv wbaviY Ki| GB Pzw wKqvUv
cUvKj (Kyoto Protocol - KP) bvg cwiwPZ| wKqvUv cUvKji gqv` wbaviY Kiv nqwQj 1997 _K 2012 mvj ch Ges
wKqvUv cUvKj hyiv ^vi Kiv nZ weiZ wQj|
2007 mvj B`vwbqvi evwj xc mKj m`m mg^q AbywZ nq BDGbGdwmwmwm Kbfkbi 13Zg Kbdvi Ae cvwUR () A_vr
13Zg eVK Ges wKqvUv cUvKji m`m `ki mg^q ZZxq wgwUs Ae cvwUR ()| GB mjb mKj m`m iv evwj KgcwiKbv
(Bali Plan of Action) MnY Ki| evwj KgcwiKbvq,
2012 mvj cieZx c`c wbq m`m `kjvi ga GKwU AvjvPbvi m~cvZ KiQ Ges 2009 mvji ga GKwU
AvjvPbv mgv Kivi wmv wbqQ|
AvjvPbv cwiPvjbvi Rb AvW nK IqvwKs Mc Ab js Uvg KvAcviwUf AvKkb MVb KiQ|
AwfhvRb Znwej Pvjy Kivi NvlYv w`qQ|
AvjvPbvi welq I cwiwa wbaviY KiQ, hvi ga iqQ - K) wgwUMkb, L) AvWUkb, M) chyw Dbqb I nvi Ges
N) wewbqvM I A_vqb|
2009 mvj WbgvKi KvcbnMb AbywZ 15Zg Kbdvi Ae cvwUR (Conference of Parties - COP) G mKj `ki
mwZZ hvZ GKwU MnYhvM AvRvwZK Pzw ^vwiZ nq, m j evwj KgcwiKbv cYqb Kiv nqwQj| 2009 mvj
KvcbnMb AbywZ 15Zg Kbdvi Ae cvwUR (COP 15) G evsjv`k cw_exi mePq Rjevqy SzuwKi wec`vcb iv wnmve wPwZ
nqwQj| wK D mjb _K Rjevqy Znwej MVb Kivi GKwU NvlYv Qvov Zgb Kvb AMMwZ cvIqv hvq wb|
2010 mvj gwKvi KvbKzb AbywZ 16Zg Kbdvi Ae cvwUR (COP 16)G evsjv`kmn cw_exi mKj Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ
AMZv evPZ`i welq AvjvPbv Kivi wmv MnY Kiv nq| mBmv_ MxY KvBgU dv MVb Kivi wmvI MnY Kiv nq|
nveyK I 39
2011 mvj `wY AvwdKvi Wvievb AbywZ 17Zg Kbdvi Ae cvwUR (COP 17) G bivkRbK fve wmv bqv nq h, 2020
mvj ch MxY nvDR Mvm wbMgb wKfve Kgvbv ne, m welq Avjvc AvjvPbv Pje, A_vr 2020 mvj ch MxY nvDR Mvm wbMgb
Kgvbvi Kvb D`vM MnY Kiv ne bv|
1992 mvj evwRj AbywZ awix mjbi 20 eQi ci mjbi AMMwZ chvjvPbvi j 2012 mvji Ryb gvm evwRji wiI
wW RwbivZ cybivq AbywZ nq wiI cvm 20 (Rio+ 20) mjb| GB mjb _KI bivkRbKfve Kvb AMMwZ cwijwZ
nqwb| eis Dvfve abx `kjv MxY KvBgU dv, KvBgU BbfgU dv MVb Kivi gvag Rjevqy cwieZbi AwfNvZ
gvKvejvi Kkjjv evevqbi wKfve evwYwRK myweav Av`vq Kiv hve, m welq KjvKkj LuyR ei KiZ Drmvnx nq
DVQ| Abw`K Dbqbkxj `kjv (bb-Avb `kmg~n) _K evwj KgcwiKbvi AvjvK Rjevqy cwieZbi AwfNvZ
gvKvejv Kivi Rb abxwek (Avb 1 fz `kmg~n ) Gi mv_ `iKlvKwl KiQ|
Rjevqy cwieZbi AvRvwZK bxwZ-KvVvgv ejZ Dbqbkxj `kmg~n (bb-Avb `kmg~n) GLb ch wKqvUv cUvKj Ges
evwj KgcwiKbvK mvgbi w`K Zzj aiQ| ZvB hKvb AvRvwZK mjb Dbqbkxj `k wnmve evsjv`k me`vB
wKqvUv cUvKj I evwj KgcwiKbvi wfwZ AvRvwZK chvq `iKlvKwl I mgSvZv Zixi KgKv AevnZ iLQ|
UKmB Dbqbi Rb GKwU wewfbg~Lx Avc` gvKvwejvi Kkj MnY Kiv Ges `yhvMi fqvenZv I cv`yfve / cKvc nvm
Kiv;
RvZxq ivRbxwZi bxwZ I AMvwaKvii K` `yhvMi SuywKK vb `qv;
`yhvMi SzuwK nvmK RvZxq Dbqb KgKvi g~javivq Afz Kiv;
SuywK gvKvwejvq `yhvMceY `kjvi RvZxq mvg_K kwkvjx Kiv;
`yhvM SzuwK gvKvwejvi cwZZ chv cwigvY wewbqvM Kiv;
Avv RbMvxK `Z `yhvM gvKvwejvq mg Ki Mo ZzjZ mykxj mgvRK m Kiv;
KgKvVvgvi evevqbK Zivw^Z Kivi gvag GB wek mjbK MwZkxj Ki Zvjv|
3.6.4 `yhvM nvm AvRvwZK Kkj (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction)
`yhvM nvm AvRvwZK Kkji j njv cvKwZK Avc`, chywMZ I cwiekMZ `yhvMi KviY RbMvxi mvgvwRK, A_bwZK
I cwiekMZ wZ Kgvbvi cwiKbvi mv_ UKmB Dbqbi cqvRbxq Ask wnmve `Z `yhvMi wZ KvwUq DVZ cvi, Ggb
RbMvx Zix Kiv|
`yhvM nvm AvRvwZK Kkj mKji Rb `yhvM nvm KivZ PviwU Dki K_v ej| hgbt
SuywK, wec`vcbZv I `yhvM nvm mK aviYv jvf wekevwc RbMYi mPZbZv evovbv;
`yhvM nvm bxwZ Ges c`cmg~n evevqb KiZ RbcwZwbwai AxKvi wbwZ Kiv;
SzuwK nvm bUIqvK evovbvmn Avtckv Ges AvtLvZ Askx`vwiZ DrmvwnZ Kiv; Ges
`yhvM SuywK nvm mK evwbK vbi cwiwa evovbv Ges Dbqb NUvbv|
nveyK I 41
PZz_ Aavq
`yhvM SuywK eevcbv I Rjevqy AwfhvRb
4.1
`yhvM
cPwjZ gZt
`yhvM Ggb Kvb Pig NUbv ev cwiwwZ, hv gvbyl I Zvi cvwicvwkKZvK wZM Ki Ges ^vfvweK RxebavivK wec` Ki Ggb
chvq wbq hvq; hv wZM mgvRi c GKKfve gvKvejv Kiv Kmva ev wekl Ame nq co|
cKZc Kvb wechq ZLbB `yhvM cwiYZ nq, hLb Kvb wbw Rbc`i ewki fvM gvbyli wec`vcbZvi gvv AbK ewk _vK
Ges gbylm KviYI wechqi evw I gvv ew cvq| A_vr `yhvM nQ wechqi mv_ wec`vcbZvi wYZK mwjb|
hgb GKwU N~wbSo ev KvjekvLx ev kZcevn hLb Kvb wbw Rbc`i Dci w`q cevwnZ nq ZLb cvKwZK wechqwU H Rbc`i
`wi` RbMYi wbKUB cavbZ `yhvM wnmve Avwef~Z nq| Kbbv, `yhvM g~jZt wec`vcbZv _K Drcw jvf Ki Ges `wi` gvbylivB
wec`vcb Aevq emevm Ki Ges H wechqwU `wi` gvbyli KvQ `yhvM wnmve Avwef~Z nq| cKZc `vwi` I wec`vcbZv
cvkvcvwk Aevb Ki| Aviv DjL h, hKvb cvKwZK wechq hw` iv I mgvR KZK h_vh_ Dcvq gvKvejv Kiv bv nq, Zvnj
H cvKwZK wechqwU bZzb GKwU `yhvM mw KiZ cvi|
A_vr `yhvM nQt
Avc`
Avc` ejZ Avgiv `yhvMi mvebv I AvksKvi K_v eywS| A_vr h mKj NUbv Avgv`i Rxeb, RxweKv I cwiekK wZM GgbwK
GKevi ask Ki w`Z cvi Zv nQ Avc`| Avc`K BsiRxZ ejv nq nvRvW| Avc`jvi KvbUv cvKwZKfve nq, Avevi
KvbUv gvbem| gvbem NUbvjvi ga nQ cvwb `ylY, evqy `ylY, k `ylY, Kj-KviLvbv, weviY, AmveavbZvRwbZ AwMKv,
ivmvqwbK welwqv, f~wg`ylY, hy, mvm BZvw`| GUv eySZ ne h, Avc` gvbB `yhvM bq| Avc` njv `yhvMi AvksKv gv,
Avc` `yhvMi Drm| h Kvb Avcb we`gvb wecbZvi msk `yhvMi SuywK wnmve `Lv w`Z cvi|
wec`vbZv
wec`vcbZv nQ RbMvxi Rb KZwj AvksKvRbK Dcv`vb ev cwiwwZ hv nZ cvi A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK wKsev
fMwjK| Avevi GKB mv_ GjvK cwZiva Kiv ev gvKvejv Kivq hLb RbMvx Amg_| myZivs wecbZvi `ywU w`K iqQ;
GKw`K Zv BwZga weivRgvb AvksKvRbK cwiwwZ, Abw`K we`gvb cwiwwZ gvKvejvq RbMvxi AfixY `yejZv, A`Zv
I mxgveZv|
D`vniY ^ic DjL Kiv hvq, h me jvK bxPz RwgZ evm Ki, ebvv nIqvi Zviv DuPz RwgZ emevmKvwi`i Pq ewk
wecb| cKZc wec`vcbZv wewfb welqi Dci wbfi Ki| hgb, mgvRi wewfb ii jvKRbi eqm I ^vi Aev, vbxq
cwiek I cwiQbZvi Aev, evox Ni, febjvi YvY I Aev, `vwi`, wj, KvRi myhvM, `wnK AgZv BZvw`| Kg Avqi
jvKjv knii mePq SuywKc~Y RvqMvjvZ emevm Ki KviY Zv`i wbivc` (I eqej) RvqMvq emevmi mvg_ bB| GK
ejv nq A_bwZK wec`vcbZv|
wec`vcbZvi bvbvic _vKZ cvi| wewfb RbMvx ev ew GKB `yhvM mgvbfve wecb bvI nZ cvi| wfb wfb gvbyl wbw Kvb
wechq wKsev msKU wfb wfb gvvq wecb nq| NbNb ev fqven gvvi `yhvMi Rb bq, wKQz wKQz cwievii Rxeb I RxweKv GZvUvB
wbivcvnxb I fyi h, GgbwK GKwU ^gvvi `yhvMI Zv`i KvQ fqven wechq wnmve `Lv w`Z cvi| cKZc GUv wbfi
Ki `yhvMi gyLvgywL nIqvi gvv, AwfZv Ges cwiwwZ KvwUq IVvi `Zv ev mvg_i Dci|
mevwaK wec`vcb mi
evsjv`ki `wi` KlK, Rj, bMi `wi` Z_v ewevwm, Avw`evmx m`vq, bvix, e, wk Ges cwZex RbMvxK mvavibZ mevwaK
wec`vcb RbMvx wnmve MY Kiv nq| RbMvxi GB wec`vcb GB AskKB RbAskMnY wfwK `yhvM SuywK eevcbv Kgm~wPi
(wmwewWAviGg) cavb Kzkjx ev Askx`vi wnmve MY Kiv nq| RbMvxi GB wec`vcb AskK SuywKi myLxb ejI AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| RbMvxi GB Ask `vwi`mxgvi bxP evm Ki Ges hKvb aiYi Avc` gvKvejvq GB RbMvxi mvg_ LyeB Kg| dj
hKvb Avc`B Zv`i wbKU `yhvM wnmve Avwef~Z nq Ges Zv`i wec`vcbZv ew cvq, hv Zv`iK fwelZ Avc` gvKvejvq Aviv
AwaKZi wec`vcb Ki Zvj|
AcvKZ Kg wec`vcb mi
h Kvb RbMvxi AcvKZ Kg wec`vcb mi ejZ H AskK evSvq h Ask ev hviv h Kvb Avc` gvKvejv Ges `yhvMi
ci qwZ KvwUq IVvi RbMvxi mevwaK wec`vcb Aski Pq Zzjbvg~jKfve ewk mvg_ iqQ| AcvKZ Kg
wec`vcb mi Gi Afz nQt wkK, mweKv, cwkwZ `vB, z` eemvqx, cjx wPwKrmK, eMvPvlx BZvw`|
AeKvVvgvMZ ev fZ Aev
AeKvVvgvMZ ev fZ Aev Avevi 3wU w`K weklY wbZ nq| Gjv njvt
hvZvqvZ I cwienY eev t ivv, moK, ijc_, mZz, wegvbe`i, be`i BZvw`|
mevLvZ mg~nt cvwb mieivn, cqtwbvkb eev, Mvm I we`yr mieivn eev BZvw`|
hvMvhvM myweavw`t Uwjdvb, Uj, BUvibU BZvw`|
`yhvMc~Y NUbv
Avc` / `yhMi
m^vebv / AvksKv
AeKvVvgvMZ Aev weklY evwoNi/ feb, Mvg I knii vcbvmg~n, vei m`, dmj, meRx, MncvwjZ c I cvwL, grm m`
web nIqvi AvskKv weePbv KiZ ne|
Av_-mvgvwRK Aev
Av_-mvgvwRK Aev weklb h mvgvwRK Aevjv weePbvq wbZ nq, Zv wbict
RbMvxi mevwaK wec`vcb Ask
RbMvxi ckv I Avqi Drm
`vwi`i aiY I cKvif`
SuywK msv aviYv / Dcjw
vbxq chvq `yhvM eevcbvi cwZvbmg~n
h RbMvxi RxweKv SuywKc~Y, SzuwKc~Y cwiek KgiZ, hv`i SzuwK msv aviYvi Afve Ges `yhvM eevcbvi Kvb cvwZvwbK
KvVvgv bB, ZvK ejv nq Av_ mvgvwRK mevwaK SuywKc~Y|
djvdj =
`yhvMi
SzuwK
SzuwK cwibZ nq
cvKwZK / gvbem
`~hvM- G
wecbZv t RbMvxi,
we`gvb Av_ mvgvwRK
fMwjK cwiwwZ
D`vniY ^ic, AwZwi MvQ KvUvi dj gvwU AiwZ nq co| dj gvwU ask ev cvnvo aski gZv NUbv NUZ cvi| Avevi e
ivcYi gvag f~wgask ev Liv cwZiva Kiv hvq| SuywKc~Y vb Nievwo Zix ev Nievwo Zixi wUc~Y wbgvYkjx `yhvMi SuywK
evovq| Avevi Kvb GjvKvi jvKRb hw` `yhvM mK mRvM _vK Ges Zviv hw` Zv gvKvejvq msMwVZ _vK, Ze SuywKi gvv
AbK Kg Avm| myZivs Kvb `yhvMi ZxeZv iva I wbew RbMYi mPZbZv, `Zv I HKe mvg_i Dci wbfikxj| AZGe
SuywK eevcbv GKwU c~Y mgxKiY Avgiv wbic cKvk KiZ cvwit
ZxeZv evoj / ew cj
SzuwK =
Avc` X wecbZv
RbMvxi mPZbZv, `Zv I mvg_ ew
SzuwK
GKKfve wec`vcbZv ev Avc` Lye fqven nq bv| Ze, GB `yqi hyMcr KviY SuywKi mvebv ZivwYZ nq, Avc`wU ZLb cwibZ nq
`yhvM| myZivs Kvb `yhvMi SuywKK wbic mgxKiY cKvk Kiv hvqt
44 I nveyK
DjL, SuywK eevcbv wwZkxj Dbqb KgKvK mnvqZv c`vb Ki| wewfb i `yhvM SuywKmg~nK wZbfvM fvM Kiv hvqt
1.
fZ ev AeKvVvgvMZ SuywK
2.
mvgvwRK SuywK
3.
A_bwZK SzuwK
hmKj wZ cZfve ev myfve cwigvc Kiv hvq bv, mjv njvt AmyZv, ^vnvwb, cywnxbZv, gy`vxwZ, g~jew, nZvkv,
gbvwZK bivk BZvw`|
ewki w`K _K `yhvM SzuwKmg~nK wbi KqKwU fvM fvM Kiv nqt
1.
RbiZc~Y vcbvi wZ;
2.
Drcv`b eevi wZi SzuwK;
3.
ewMZ evwoNii wZi SuywK;
4.
ewMZ / cvwievwiK m`nvwbi SuywK;
5.
gZzi SuywK ev AvnZ nIqvi SuywK|
SuywK wbicb
SuywK wbicb nQ Ggb GK cwZ hvi gvag mve Avc`i mvebv, cKwZ I wevi wbicb Kiv hvq| GB cwZZ wec`vcbZvi
eZgvb cKwZI wbicb Kiv hvq, hv mve Avc`i mvebv mKI aviYv `q; wec`vcb RbMvxi Rxeb, m`, cwieki Dci
mve Avc` KZUzKz cfve mw KiZ mg, SuywK wbicb Ggb aviYvI mw KiZ mg|
4.2
GKwU RbAskMnY wfwK `yhvM SuywK eevcbvi bvbv w`K iqQ| GB cwqv bvbv Dcv`vbi GKwU mgw^Z ic ev KvVvgv| SuywKi
^ic weklY GB cwqvi K` ev PvwjKv kw| GB cwqvi GKw`K SuywKi gvv I ZxeZvi ^ic, Abw`K _vK SuywK nvmKiY
RbMYi cwZ, mPZbZv, `Zv I mvg_i welqwj| `yhvM eevcbvi GKwU mgw^Z ic wbv QK cKvk Kiv hvqt
we`gvb wecbZv
I mvg_ weklb
Riix vb I cybvmb
_K cv Z_vw`
RbMvxi mPZbZv ew
`yhvM SuywK eevcbv ejZ Ggb GK wbqge cwqv eySvq, hv cvKwZK Avc` Ges mswk cwiekMZ I chywMZ `yhvMi cfve
nvm ckvmwbK c`c, Acvikbvj `Zv, bxwZgvjv cqvMi mgZv I Kkj, mgvR I RbMvxi Lvc LvIqvbvi Kkj
KvhKiic eenvi Kiv nq|
Avc` weklb
I
cixexb
AvMvg / c~e
mZKxKib
RbAskMnY wfwK `yhvM eevcbvi Dk nQ, wec`vcb gvbyli `yhvM SuywK nvm Ges Zv`i mgZv ew Kiv, hb `yhvM SzuwK
KewjZ gvbyl hKvb `yhvMi cfve nvm ev gvKvejv Ki DzZ cwiwwZK wbR`i AbyK~j wbq AvmZ mg nq|
GB Kgm~wPi cavb cavb w`Kjv nQt
Bnv `yhvM gvKvejvq gvbyli we`gvb mgZvK weePbv Ki Ges Zv kwkvjx Kivi D`vM MnY Ki|
GB Kgm~wP gvbyli wec`vcbZvi gwjK KviY Abymvb Ki|
GB Kgm~wP `yhvM eevcbvq gvbyli AskMnY wbwZ Kivi D`vM MnY Ki|
GB Kgm~wP `yhvM gvKvejvq ZYg~j chvq RbmsMVb ZixZ D`vM bq|
`yhvM eevcbv I Dbqb Kvhg GB Kgm~wP RbMYi mePq wec`vcb Aski mv_ AcvKZ Kg wec`vcb Aski
Askx`vwiZ cwZvi D`vM MnY Ki|
GwU Ggb GKwU cwqv hvZ `yhvM SzuwKc~Y I wec`vcb RbMvx `yhvMi AvksKv I SuywKjv wPwZ I weklY Ki mwVK c`c
wbZ cvi, hvi gvag GKw`K hgb Zv`i `yhvMi SzuwK nvm cvq Avevi `yhvMi SzuwK gvKvejvq Zv`i mvg_I ew cvq| GB
cwqvi mePq iZc~Y w`K njv, GB Kgm~wPi wewfb i wmv bqvi RbMvxi weklZ wec`vcb RbMvxi mwq
AskMnY wbwZ Kiv nq, Abw`K AcvKZ Kg SuywKc~Y RbMvxi mg_b I mnhvwMZv Av`vq Kiv nq| aygv ZYg~j RbMvx
bq, GB cwqvi cyiv mdjZv jvfi Rb miKvi I vbxq chvqi wewfb cwZwbwa`i AskMnYI wbwZ Kiv nq|
RbAskMnY wfwK `yhvM SuywK eevcbvi j nQ, `yhvM mnbxq `k `yhvM mnbxq cwiek `yhvM mnbxq RbMvxi ga
`yhvMK mdjfve cwZiva KiZ cvi Ggb RbMY Zix Kiv| wbv msKU gvKvejvi gvag Zv ARb Kiv met
SzuwK nvm Kivi Dchy eev Mnbi gvag Avc` cwZiva e_Zvi mvebv Kwgq;
msKU ev SuywKi djvdj Kwgq Gb A_vr ^ msLK cvYnvwb, mvgvb AvNvZcvw, cZ I civ qwZ nvm Kivi
gvag;
cybevmb ev c~bMVb cjw^Z mgq Kwgq;
wec`vcbZvi aiY cv w`q, hv c~bMVY cwqvi ga w`q mw nZ cvi|
46 I nveyK
nveyK I 47
ckgb ev wgwUMkb
wgwUMkb ejZ mBme Kvhgi mgwK eySvq hv cvKwZK Avc`, cwiekMZ wechq Ges chywMZ Avc` _K DzZ cwZK~j
cfve `yi KiZ mnvqK|
cwZ
cwZ ejZ mB mg Kvhgi mgwK eySvq hv wec`vcb RbMvxi SuywK nvm mnvqK nq| G aiYi Kvhg `yhvM SzuwK ceY
GjvKvi gvbyl Ges cwZvb `yhvMi c~eB MnY Ki _vK| cwZg~jK Kvhgi ga AvMvg mZKxKiY, gvbe I m` mwiq
bqvi (BfvKzqkb) cwiKbv, m` mgvek I msiY, cvwievwiK cwZ, mvsMVwbK I cvwZvwbK cwZ Ges mswk bxwZgvjv
cYqb, `yhvM cwZ gnov, cwkY I mPZbZvg~jK Kvhg DjLhvM|
4.4
`yhvM gvKvejvq cZ RbMvx ev wccqvW KwgDwbwU ejZ Avgiv mB RbMvxK eywS, hv`i ga Ggb wKQz ewk we`gvb
_vK, hvi dj h Kvb `yhvM Zv`i mvov `qvi mgZv AbK ewk _vK Ges Zviv qwZi cwigvY KgvZ mg_ nq|
UNISDR Gi gZ, GKwU `yhvM cwZivag RbMvx ZvKB ejv hvq, hvi wbv 3wU mywbw` `Zv ev mvg_ iqQt
1gt Avc`RwbZ cfvei ZxeZv nvm Kivi `Zv, hvZ Avc`jv `yhvM cwiYZ bv nq (e_Zvi mvebv Kwgq Avbv;
2qt `yhvMKvjxb I `yhvM cieZx cwiwwZ `fve gvKvwejvi mvg_ (e_Zvi djvdj Kwgq Avbv);
3qt `yhvM cieZx mgq cwieZb I Lvc LvIqvbvi mvg_ (&GBfve cybevmb I wecbZvi aiY cvvbvi Rb mgq Kwgq Avbv)|
4.5
UNISDR _K Avgiv RbwQ, `yhvM gvKvwejvq cZ RbMvxi wK wK ewk _vKv cqvRb| ewkjv ARbi Rb GKwU
KwgDwbwUi wbiwewQb cPvi Ask wnmve SuywK eevcbvi mywbw` I mgw^Z Kvhg _vKv evbxq, hv vbxq RbMvxK gv^q
SuywK eevcbvq mg Ki Zvj| vbxq RbMvx mvavibZ Zv`i wK aiYi Kvhg MnY Kiv DwPZ, Zv Zviv wbRivB wVK Ki
bq; Ze evsjv`ki Rb `yhvM SzuwK eevcbvq wbv Kvhgjv `yhvM gvKvwejvq vbxq RbMvxK gv^q `yhvM
eevcbvq ` Ki Zvjt
wgK
GB chvq Ggb c_ LuyR ei KiZ ne, hvZ RbMvx kwkvjx I mvnmx _vK Ges `yhvMi djvdj I cfve mK Kg
AvZswKZ _vK|
Avc`RwbZ cfvei ZxeZv nvm Kivi Dcvq ev `yhvM msMwVZ nIqvi AvM hme c`c MnY Avc`RwbZ cfvei ZxeZv nvm
Ki, mjv wb Zzj aiv njvt
HwZnMZ AwfZv I mg vbK KvR jvwMq (`yhvM Lvc LvIqvbvi Kkj);
Riwi cwiwwZ gvKvejv mvgMx gRy` Mo Zvjvi gvag mve `yhvM gvKvejvi Rb Zix nq;
cvwievwiK I Mvxe `yhvM cwiKbv Ges Lvc LvIqvbvi bvbv aiYi eenvwiK Kkj Aej^b Ki, hgb evwoNi
gReyZ Ki, `iRv-Rvbvjv `gKv-Sov nvIqv _K ivi Rb gReyZ Kiv BZvw`;
cv_wgK wPwKrmv msv welq cwkbi eev Ki;
fqven N~wYSo ev ebv msNwUZ nIqvi AvMB RbMvxK Avqxfve wbivc` Avkq mwiq bqvi gvag;
Awbivc` I wbivcvnxb vbjv _K mwiq SuywKc~Y RbMvxi vqx Avevmbi eev MnY Kivi gvag|
Dk
`yhvM msv c_vMZ Kzmsvi `yi
Kiv Ges `yhvM mK mPZbZv
evovbvi gvag RbMvxi ga
`yhvM cwZ I mgZv evovbv
48 I nveyK
evevqb cwqv
^Qvmex `j MVb
nveyK I 49
wgK
6
RbMvxi ga ` gvbe m`
mw Kiv hvZ mswk wec`vcbZv I
SuywK nvm Kiv Ges Rxeb I
RxweKvi gvb Dbqb Kiv
` gvbem`
evevqb cwqv
Dk
-
Riwi fvvi
10
wbivc` Avkq K`
AvkqK`
KwgwU
eevcbv
12
Avc`Kvjxb cwiKbv
13
50 I nveyK
Dk
evevqb cwqv
14
15
cwZ gnov
16
11
wgK
17
`yhvMKvjxb
mgq
vqx
AeKvVvgvjv hvZ wZM bv nq
Zvi eev Kiv; wbivc` cvwb I
cqwbvlY eev AZ ivLv
18
19
nveyK I 51
4.6
`yhvM cwZ _vKvi jvf njv - GB cwZ Avv RbMvxK ^vfvweK Aevq wdi Avmvi I `yhvMi qwZ wbqY ivLvi mvg_
evovZ mvnvh Ki| Gi dj, `yhvMi cfve nvm cvq I gvbweK mvnvhi Pvwn`vI Kg nq| wZxqZ `yhvM cwZ mvov c`vbi mvg_
ew Ki I hLb mvov c`vb Riwi nq co ZLb Zv mgqgZ, KvhKi I gvbmZfve cvIqv hvq| cPwjZfve mgvRi wewfb chvq
Avgiv `yhvM SuywK eevcbvi Rb hme D`vM MnY Ki _vwK, GLvb mUv Zzj aiv nqQ; hvZ cvwZvwbK, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK
chvq `yhvM SzuwK eevcbvi Avgiv GKwU cZ RbMvx Mo ZzjZ cvwi| G GB Z_ jv Avgv`iK mnvqZv c`vb
Kie|
Rxebhvvi wZ
(cwZeQi KZRb)
ewngyLx Awfevmb
(cwZeQi KZRb)
gvv
lvU nvRvi
evwlK
jebvZv
GK j wek nvRvi
`k _K cbi nvRvi
evwlK
RjveZv
wZwik nvRvi
DjwLZ PvU _K `Lv hvQ, DcK~jxq b`x fvObi dj cvk nvRvi _K `yB jvL gvbyli Rxebhvv wZM nqQ, hvi ga
lvU nvRvi Rb wbR evmvb Qo wMqQ| GKB fve, jeYvZvi dj GK jvL wek nvRvi gvbyli Rxebhvvi wZ nqQ, ewng~Lx
Awfevmb NUQ `k _K cbi nvRvi gvbyli, RjvQvmi KviY wZb _K Pvi jvL gvbyli Rxebhvvi wZ nqQ, hvi ga
GK jvL _K GK jvL wek nvRvi gvbyli ewng~Lx Awfevmb NUQ Ges RjveZvi KviY wZb jvL cvk nvRvi gvbyli Rxebhvv
wZM nqQ I ewng~Lx Awfevmb NUQ wZwik nvRvi gvbyli|
evsjv`k 10wU cavb `yhvM cvq 29 j gvbyli cvYnvwb NUQ, hvi ga cvq 19 j gvbyli cvYnvwb NUQ 1943 mvji
`ywf, cvq 4 j gvbyli cvYnvwb NUQ 1918 mvji gnvgvixZ Ges cvq 3 j gvbyli cvYnvwb NUQ 1970 mvji N~wYSo|
10wU cavb `yhvM cvYnvwbi msLvt
52 I nveyK
`yhvMi aiY
mgqKvj
`ywf
1943
19,00,000
Gnvgvix
1918
3,93,000
N~wYSo
12 bf^i 1970
3,00,000
NywYSo
29 Gwcj 1991
1,38,886
N~wYSo
Avei, 1942
61,000
NywYSo
11 g 1965
36,000
ebv
RyjvB 1974
28,700
N~wYSo
Ryb 1965
12,047
N~wYSo
28 g 1963
11,500
N~wYSo
09 g 1961
11,000
nveyK I 53
dvb
gvN
cl
AMvnvqY
KvwZK
AvwkY
fv`
kveY
6.
7.
8.
9.
Avlvp
Avc` wPwZKiY
SuywKi mve weeiY wbaviY
mgZv I wec`vcbZvmg~n wPwZKiY
Z_ GKwZKiY
cv Z_ eaKiY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Avc` mviYx cwZi gvag AMvwaKvii wfwZ Kb GKwU GjvKvi Avc`jvK Rvbvi ci eQii KLb nq
Ges Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY Gi Kvb ZviZg nQ wKbv, m mK Avc`i FZzcw cwZ cqvMi gvag
Avgiv mnRB Z_ msMn KiZ cvwi|
ekvL
Avc`i FZzcw QK
Avc`
ebv
b`xfvOb
Liv
kZcevn
RjvQvm
KvjekvLx
^vfvweK wbqg h mgq Avc`wU NU
Avc` mviYx QK(eo KvMR GB QKwU AuvKzb Ges AskMnYKvwi`i gZvgZ wjwce Kib)
KiYxqt
iZB PPvi Dk mK
AskMnYKvix`iAeMZ Kib;
Avc` mK AskMnYKvix`i
aviYvK ^Q Kib;
GjvKvi Avc` mK Rvbyb
Ges QK wjwce Kib;
Gevi AMvwaKvi wfwZ
Avc`jvK mvRvbvi Rb
AskMnYKvix`i Abyiva
Kib| AMvwaKvi Kivi
AskMnYKvix`i h welqjv
weePbv KiZ ejeb Zv nQ,
Avc`wU wbqwgZ nq wKbv?
AwaKvsk RbMvx Avv nq wKbv Ges qwZi cwigvY evcK wKbv? A_vr h Avc` wbqwgZ nq Ges h Avc`i
cfve evcK RbMvx Avv nq I evcK qwZ mvwaZ nq AMvwaKvii mB Avc`wU c_g vb cve;
AMvwaKvi Kivi AskMnYKvix`i gZvgZ Rvbyb, cqvRb fvUi eev Kib;
fvUi cZK AskMnYKvixK gvPi KvwV ev ZuZzji wewP w`b Ges cwZwU AskMnYKvixK Zv`i wbR^ weePbvq
mevcv fqven `yhvM wZbwU, gvSvix aiYi fqven `yhvMK `yBwU Ges Zvi Pq Kg fqven `yhvMi Rb GKwU gvPi
KvwV ev ZuZzji wewP fvU wnmve `qvi Rb Abyiva Kib;
AskMnYKvix`i `qv fvU djvdj Abyhvqx Avc`jvK AMvwaKvii wfwZ wPwZ Kib|
54 I nveyK
Zxe
gvSvix
gvSvix
Zxe
gvSvix
ebv
b`xfvOb
Liv
kZcevn
RjvQvm
KvjekvLx
KiYxqt
FZzcw cwZ eenvii Dk mK cwivifve AeMZ Kib;
wKfve FZzcw cwZ cqvM Kieb m mK cwiKbv MnY Kib;
Avc` mviYx _K cv Z_ Abyhvqx Avc`jvK AMvwaKvii wfwZ QK wjwce Kib;
Kvb Avc` eQii Kvb gvm nq, Zv QK `vM w`q wPwZ Kib;
Rjevqy cwieZbi dj Avc`jv NUvi mgqi hw` ZviZg `Lv `q Ze m welqI wbw` iOi `vM
w`q QK DjL Kib;
AvjvPbv Kvhg hvZ mKj AskMnYKvix ^ZtzZfve AskMnY Ki m welqwU j ivLyb|
nveyK I 55
KiYxqt
qwZi cwigvY hw` evo Ze Zvi KviYjv wK wK? wjwce KiZ ne|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KiYxq
mgq weeZb aviv cwZ eenvii Dk mK cwivifve AeMZ Kib;
wKfve mgq weeZb aviv cqvM Kieb m mK cwiKbv MnY Kib;
AskMnYKvix`i `kK mK cwivi aviYv c`vb Kib;
1980 `kKi qwZi cwigvY
Avc`
Zxe
gvSvix
gvSvix
ebv
b`xfvOb
Liv
kZcevn
SuywKi I weeiY wbaviY t gvbwP Abi ci AskMnYKvix`i mv_ AvjvPbv Ki gvbwP Avc`i KviY GjvKv ev
mgvRi Kvb Kvb jv SuywKZ AvQ Ges SuywKi mve ev AvbygvwbK cwigvY KZ Zv wbaviY Kib| G AskMnYKvix`i
Z_jvK bxP `qv QK wjwce Kib|
RjvQvm
KvjekvLx
AvjvPbv Kvhg hvZ mKj AskMnYKvix ^ZtzZfve AskMnY Ki m welq j ivLyb|
wZxq avct SuywKi mve weeiY wbaviY
Avc`i gvbwP t c_g avc Avgiv Kvb GKwU GjvKvi ev mgvRi Avc`jv wK wK, KLb mB Avc`jv nq Ges mB
Avc`jvi gvv I ZxeZv AZxZi Zzjbvq eZgvb KgQ bv evoQ, GB welqjv RvbZ ciwQ| GLb Avgiv Rvbev, Avc`jvi
KviY Kvb GjvKvi ev mgvRi Kvb Kvb wK cwigvY SuywKZ _vK| myZivs mve weeiY wbaviYi cavb Dk nQ Avc`i KviY Kvb Kvb wK cwigvY SuywKZ _vK Zv wPwZ Kiv| mvaviYZ Avc`i gvbwP Abi gvag Kvb GKwU
GjvKvq ev mgvR Avc`i cfve Kvb Kvb SuywKZ _vK, Zv mnRB wPwZ Kiv hvq|
cwigvb
wgK
SzuwKi
cwievi (msLv)
Nievwo (msLv)
ivvNvU (wKwg)
wUDeIqj (msLv)
gvivZK SuywK
gvSvix SzuwK
SuywKgy
56 I nveyK
nveyK I 57
wgK
SzuwKi
cavb
mgZvmg~n
cavb
wec`vcbZvmg~n
GB chvq AwZ gvbwPjv _K cv Z_i wfwZ mvgwMK GjvKvi Avc`i gvbwP Ab Kib;
Gevi cwZwU SuywKi I weeiY wbaviY QK chvjvPbv Ki SzuwKi I cwigvYmg~ni Z_ GKwZ Kib;
mekl mejv mgZv I wec`vcbZv wPwZKiY QK _K cv Z_i wfwZ BDwbqb / DcRjvi mvgwMK mgZv I
wec`vcbZvi ZvwjKv cZ Kib|
wec`vcbZv nvm
mycvwik
cwievi (msLv)
cg avct cv Z_ eaKiY
Nievwo (msLv)
ivvNvU (wKwg)
hnZz AskMnYg~jK mgZv I wec`vcbZv weklY GKwU GjvKvi ev Mvgi wbevwPZ gv 15 _K 20 Rb AskMnYKvix ev
Di`vZvi `qv Z_i cwZdjb NU, mnZz GB Z_i h_v_Zv ev mwVKZv hvPvB wbq bvbv aiYi mskq _KB hvq| Mvgi
Abvb`i gZvgZ bv wbqB hw` cv_wgKfve cvIqv GB Z_i wfwZ SuywK nvm KgcwiKbv iPbv Kiv nq Ges Zv evevqbi
D`vM bqv nq Ze mB D`vM KvwLZ djvdj ARb mdj bvI nZ cvi| wekl Ki GB aiYi cwiwwZZ SuywKnvm Kvhg
Mvgi mevB AskMnb bvI KiZ cvi| ZvB AskMnbg~jK wec`vcbZv I mgZv _K cvIqv cv_wgK Z_ hvPvB I eaKiYi
welqwU AZ iZc~Y| Z_ hvPvB I eaKiYi wbwjwLZ cwZjv cqvM Kiv hZ cvit
wUDeIqj (msLv)
KiYxq
cavb cavb Avc`jvi Rb c_K c_K QK eenvi Kib;
mgZv I wec`vcbZv mg~n wPwZKiY cwZ eenvii Dk mK cwivifve AeMZ Kib;
wKfve mgZv I wec`vcbZv mg~n wPwZ Kie m mK cwiKbv MnY Kib;
mgZv I wec`vcbZv mK AskMnYKvix`i aviYvjvK ck Ki Rvbyb Ges cqvRb G evcvi cybivq
AskMnYKviw`i AeMZ Kib;
mvavibZ bvix, wk, eq I cwZex`i wec`vcbZvjvK bvbvfve Dcv Kiv nq| Avevi bvix`i AbK wec`vcbZv
AvQ hv cKvk Ab Kviv mvgb cKvk KiZ Pvq bv| ZvB bvix, wk, eq I cwZex`i wec`vcbZv jvK weklfve
Rvbvi Pv Kib;
AvjvPbv Kvhg hvZ mKj AskMnYKvix ^ZtzZfve AskMnY Ki m welq j ivLyb|
Abvb m~ _K Z_ msMnt h GjvKvi Rb AskMnYg~jK mgZv I wec`vcbZv evevqb Kiv nQ mB GjvKvi wevwiZ Z_
hgb GjvKvi AvqZb, jvKmsLv, cwievi, KwlRwg, ivvNvU, BZvw` mK DcRjv chvqi cwimsLvb wefvM, miKwi wewfb
wefvM, BDwbqb cwil` Ges vbxq emiKvix msvjvi KvQ Z_ _vK| myZivs mswk miKvwi ev emiKvwi cwZvbi mv_
hvMvhvM Ki cqvRb Abyhvqx AskMnYKvix`i KvQ _K cvIqv Z_jv YMZ gvb DbZ Kiv hvq|
Awf ewi mv_ AvjvPbvt GjvKvq Ggb AbK ew _vKb eqmi KviY ev ckvMZ KviY Zv`i AwfZv Ab`i Pq AbK
ewk _vK| hgb, eq ew, wkK, ivRbxwZwe`, Pqvigvb-g^vi, emiKvwi cwZvbi DZb KgKZv, miKvwi-emiKvwi
cwZvbi gvV chvqi Kgx| G aiYi Awf ewiv mnRB AskMnYKvix`i `qv Z_jvK hvPvB Ki Z_i YMZ gvb DbZ
KiZ mwq f~wgKv ivLZ cvi| myZivs G aiYi KqKRb ewi mv_ AvjvPbv Ki AskMnbg~jK mgZv I wec`vcbZv weklY
_K cvIqv Z_jv msvi Kiv hZ cvi|
eaKiY mfvt Z_ eaKiY mfv AvqvRb GKwU KvhKi cwZ hvi gvag Z_i YMZ gvb wbwZ Kiv hvq| mvavibZ GB aiYi
mfvi AskMnYKvixi msLv nZ cvi wb 50 _K D 100 Rb| G aiYi mfvi AskMnYKvix neb cv_wgK Z_ msMn Kiv nqQ Ggb `yhvM SuywKceY GjvKvi wbevwPZ nZ `wi` RbMvxi cwZwbwa;
mevcv wec`vcb RbMvxi (bvix, wk, eq, cwZex) cwZwbwa;
wewfb ckvi (Kwl, grm, z` eemv) cwZwbwa;
wbevwPZ BDwbqb cwil`i g^vi-Pqvigvb;
miKvwi wefvM I emiKvwi cwZvbi gvV chvqi Kgx;
vbxq MYgvb ew hgb Bgvg, wkK, mvsevw`K, ivRbxwZwe`, mgvRmex BZvw`|
KiYxqt
Z_ GKwZKiY cwZ eenvii Dk mK cwivifve AeMZ Kib;
Kfve Z_ GKwZKiY cwZ cqvM Kieb m mK cwiKbv MnY Kib;
Z_ GKwZKiYi c~eeZx AavqjvZ Dcvcb Kiv Z_ m^wjZ cwZwU QK eenvi Kib| A_vr Avc` mviYx
QK, Avc`i FZzcw QK, mgq weeZb avivi QKg SuywKi I weeiY wbaviY Ges mgZv I wec`vcbZv wPwZKiY
QK BZvw`;
c_g cyiY Kiv cwZwU Avc` mviYx QK _K cv Z_jv chvjvPbv Ki AMvwaKvii wfwZ Avc`i ZvwjKv cZ
Kib;
Gevi GKBfve cyiY Kiv cwZwU Avc`i FZzcw I mgq weeZb aviv Gi QKjv _K cv Z_ chvjvPbv Ki
mvgwMK Z_i wfwZ Avc`i FZzcw I mgq weeZb avivi QKjv cybivq cyiY Kib;
58 I nveyK
KiYxqt
mfv evevqbi w`b, ZvwiL I vb P~ov Kib;
MvBWjvBb Abyhvqx AskMnYKvix wbevPb Kib Ges mfvi w`b, ZvwiL I vb Rvwbq AvgY Rvbvb;
mfv evevqbi c~e GKwZ Kiv cv_wgK Z_jvK Dcvcbvi Rb wjwLZ cvvi ccvi cZ Kib|
Z_ Dcvcbvi Rb mvnmx Ges Dcvcb mg Ggb GKRb nZ `wi` bvix ev cyilK wbevPb Kib;
mfvi iZ AskMnYKvix`iK mfvi Dk mK Rvwbq w`b;
wjwLZ cvvi ccvii gvag GjvKvi Avc`, SuywKM mg~n I cwigvY, mgZv I wec`vcbZv welqK cv cv_wgK
Z_ AskMnYKvix`i mvgb GK GK Ki Dcvcb Kib;
Z_ mK AskMnYKvix`i gZvgZ I gejv Rvbyb Ges cqvRb AskMnYg~jK AvjvPbvi gvag cv Z_ hvPvB
Kib I msvi Kib|
AvjvPbvq kLjv eRvq ivLvi Rb h_vh_ c`c wbb|
nveyK I 59
evevqbi `vwqZ
bvg
`vwqZ
KiYxqt
SuywK nvm mK AskMnYKvix`i aviYvjvK AveviI ^Q Kib;
SzuwKi jvK cybivq AskMnYKvix`i mvgb Dcvcb Kib;
GKBfve mgZvi I wec`vcbZvi Z_jvK AskMnYKvix`i mvgb Dcvcb Kib;
Gevi AskMnYg~jK mgZv I wec`vcbZv weklY Kvhg SuywKnvmi h mKj c`cjv bqvi RY
AskMnYKvixMb mycvwik KiQ mjv wjwLZ cvvi ccvii gvag AskMnYKvix`i wbKU Zzj aib|
GB chvq AskMnYg~jK AvjvPbvi gvag GjvKvi SuywKnvmi Rb AMvwaKvii wfwZ Kvb c`cjvK evevqb
Kiv hZ cvi m evcvi AskMnYKvix`i gZvgZjvK Rvbyb Ges cvvi ccvi wjwce Kib;
AvjvPbvi mKj AskMnYKvixi mwq AskMnY wbwZ KiZ cqvRbxq c`c wbb|
euva wbgvY
cqvRbgZv
Pje
KiYxqt
AskMnYKvix`i wPwZ Kiv `yhvM SuywKnvmi KvRjvK wjwLZ cvvi ccvii gvag AskMnYKvix`i mvgb
Dcvcb Kib;
Gevi AskMnYg~jK AvjvPbvi gvag SuywKnvmi KvRjvK GK GK Ki weklY Kib Ges vbxq Dbqb miKvii
Kvb wefvM ev emiKvwi msv G aiYi KvR cZfve evevqb KiQ Zv wPwZ Kib Ges cvvi ccvii gvag
miKvii mB wefvM ev emiKvwi cwZvbi bvg wjwce Kib;
miKvwi I emiKvwi cwZvbi mevjv wbwZ KiZ civfve h me cwZvbi mnhvwMZv cqvRb AskMnYKvix`i
mv_ AvjvPbv Ki cvvi ccvi Zv`i bvg wjwce Kib;
AvjvPbvq mKj AskMnYKvix`i mwq AskMnY wbwZ KiZ cqvRbxq c`c wbb|
bvg
`vwqZ
h_vh_ KZci
wbKU Dcvcb
`vwqZ
Abvb
QvwZi Pi
Bvg
euvai `vweZ
RbMYK msMwVZ
Kiv
`vwqZ
mvgvwRK cwZvb
Mvg `yhvM
eevcbv KwgwU
bvg
emiKvwi cwZvb
mPZbZv mw
miKvwi wefvM
cwc
Kvhg
euva wbgvY
wgK
eaKiY mfvq GjvKvi Avc`, Avc`i KviY SzuwKM mg~n, mgZv I wec`vcbZv welqK Z_jv mK AskMnYKvix`i
GKgZ Kivbvi ci SuywK Kgvbvi Rb wK aiYi c`c bqv hZ cvi m welq AskMnYKvix`i gbvhvM AvKlb Kib|
KvR
wefvMi bvg
wK Kie
KLb Kie
wKfve Kie
euva wbgvY
cvwb Dbqb
evW
wK Kie
euva wbgvY
Kie
hLb `yhvM
SuywK _vK bv
hLb `yhvM
Kwl wefvM
cwkY c`vb
SuywK _vK bv
DbZ Pvlvev`
mK cwkY
c`vb
60 I nveyK
nveyK I 61
KiYxqt
KgcwiKbvi QK Ges wKfve cyiY KiZ ne m evcvi AskMnYKvix`i AeMZ Kib;
Gevi c~eeZx Aavq wPwZ SuywKnvmi KvRjvK GK GK Ki KgcwiKbvq Afz Kib Ges AskMnYg~jK
AvjvPbvi gvag KgcwiKbvi QK cyiY Kib;
GKB Kvhg evevqb miKvwi wefvM, BDwbqb cwil`, vbxq emiKvwi cwZvb Ges mvgvwRK cwZvbi Kvhg wfb
aiYi nZ cvi| ZvB KvRwU evevqb miKvwi wefvM, BDwbqb cwil`, vbxq emiKvwi cwZvb I mvgvwRK cwZvbi
K wK Kie, KLb Kie I wKfve Kie Zv c_K c_K KgcwiKbvq DjL Kib;
AvjvPbvq mKj AskMnYKvix`i mwq AskMnY wbwZ KiZ cqvRbxq c`c wbb|
KvR
cwil`i bvg
wK Kie
KLb Kie
wKfve Kie
euva wbgvY
QvwZi Pi
euva wbgvbi
evcvi h_vh_
KZci `w
AvKlY Kie
evrmwiK
evRUi c~e
cwZe`bi welqemg~nt
wgK
KvR
msvi bvg
wK Kie
KLb Kie
wKfve Kie
euva wbgvY
QvwZi Pi
euva wbgvYi
evcvi BDwbqb I
DcRjvi `w
AvKlY Kie Ges
RbgZ Mo Zzje
eQii
hKvb mgq
f~wgKvt wbw` GjvKvwUi `yhvMi AZxZ BwZnvm, `yhvMi KviY wK aiYi qwZ nq, GjvKvi mvgwMK Dbqb
wKfve `yhvMi KviY evavM nQ, `yhvM gvKvejvq GjvKvi cavb wec`vcbZvmg~n wK wK, Kb mgZv I
wec`vcbZv weklY Kvhg evevqb Kiv nQ Ges wKfve GB Kvhg SuywKnvm f~wgKv ivLe, GB welqjv
f~wgKvZ wjLyb|
GjvKv cwiwPwZt wbw` Mvg/IqvW/BDwbqb/DcRjvi h Z_jv GB chvq DjL Kiv ne Zv nQ, AvqZb,
RbmsLv, gvbyli cavb ckv, GjvKvi A_bwZK Aev, GjvKvi fMwjK Aev, fMwjK weeiY, cavb cavb vcbv
BZvw`|
GjvKvi cavb cavb Avc`t QKi Z_ Abyhvqx AMvwaKvii wfwZ Avc` mviYxZ DjwLZ Avc`jvK GLvb DjL
Kib|
cavb cavb SuywKi I weeiYt QKi Z_ Abyhvqx I weeiY wjLyb|
wgK
KvR
msvi bvg
wK Kie
KLb Kie
wKfve Kie
euva wbgvY
Mvg `yhvM
eevcbv KwgwU
GjvKvi `vwe
wnmve RbgZ
Mo Zzje Ges
h_vh_ KZc
eivei `vwe
Rvbve
eQii
hKvb mgq
SzuwK nvmi Kvhgmg~nt h KvRjv wPwZ Kiv nqQ, Zv GLvb DjL Kib|
SzuwK nvm KgcwiKbvt SzuwKnvmi KgcwiKbvwU GLvb Zzj aib|
Dcmsnvit vbxq chvq KgiZ miKvwi-emiKvwi, mvgvwRK msv mg~ni AskMnbi iZ Ges cZvwkZ djvdj
mK GLvb DjL Kib|
4.9
fMwjK Aevb I Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY evsjv`k cw_exi `yhvMceY `kjvi ga AbZg GKwU `k wnmve cwiwPZ|
cwZeQi So, ebv, RjvQvm evsjv`k kZ kZ cvYnvwb NU Ges evcK qwZ nq| Mnnxb nq co jvL jvL gvbyl| `xNvqx
RjveZvq nvRvi nvRvi cwievi Pig `yfvM co| GwWAviwm gZ evsjv`k 1900 - 2000 ch 206wU cvKwZK `yhvM NUQ,
hvZ 6 jvwaK gvbyl gviv hvq| GZ qwZi cwigvY 10,439,980 gvwKb Wjvi| cvKwZK `yhvMi ga evsjv`k ebv I
62 I nveyK
nveyK I 63
mvBKvbi evcKZv ewk| 1988, 1998 mvji ebv I 1970, 1991 Ges 2007 mvji mvBKvb `k h cvYnvwb I qwZ
nqQ, Zv evsjv`kK cvq 50 eQi wcwQq w`qQ| GB qwZi mv_ hy nqQ mvwZK mgqi mvBKvb wmWi I mvBKvb
AvBjv| 2007 mvji mvBKvb wmWi I 2008 mvji mvBKvb AvBjvq cvKwZK Xvj wnmve cwiwPZ gvbMvf my`iebmn cvYnvwb
I evcK qwZ NU, hv `wY-cwgvji gvbyl GLbv KvwUq DVZ cviwb|
GLbI cwZeQi ebv, N~wYSo I b`xfvObi KviY AmsL cwievi `wi` _K `wi`Zi nQ Ges f~wgnxb I Kgnxb gvbyli msLv
gvMZ evoQ|
mgqKvj
ebv
20 Ryb, 2004
7,000,000
ebv
AvM, 1988
2,137,000
ebv
5 RyjvB, 1998
2,000,000
ebv
29 Gwcj 1991
1,780,000
`~hvMi aib
mgqKvj
cvYnvbx/gZi msLv
N~YxSo
15 g, 1995
800,000
`~wf
1943
1,900,000
ebv
AvM, 1987
727,500
gnvgvix
1918
3,93,000
ebv
RyjvB, 1947
579,200
NyYxSo
1970-12B bf^i
3,00,000
ebv
m^i, 2000
500,000
NyYxSo
1991-29B Gwcj
1,38,866
ebv
22 RyjvB, 1987
330,000
NyYxSo
1942- Avei
61,000
ebv
13 RyjvB, 1997
229,000
NyYxSo
1965-11B g
36,000
ebv
1974- RyjvB
28,700
NyYxSo
1965- Ryb
12,047
NyYxSo
1963- 28 g
11,500
NyYxSo
1961- g
11,000
cwimsLvb `Lv MQ, 10wU cavb `yhvM cvq evsjv`ki wk jvwaK gvbyli cvYnvwb NUQ, wZM jvKmsLv cvq 30
KvwUi Dci (GKB cwievi evi evi wZM nqQ)|
64 I nveyK
`~hvMi aib
`~hvMi aib
mgqKvj
wZM jvKmsLv
`~wf
AvM, 1988
73,000,000 Rb
gnvgvix
RyjvB, 1947
38,000,000 Rb
NyYxSo
20 Ryb, 2004
36,000,000 Rb
NyYxSo
g, 1984
30,000,000 Rb
NyYxSo
22 RyjvB, 1983
29,700,000 Rb
cUfwg I msvt
NyYxSo
5 RyjvB, 1983
20,000,000 Rb
ebv
RyjvB, 1968
15,889,616 Rb
NyYxSo
11 g, 1965
15,600,000 Rb
NyYxSo
29 Gwcj 1991
15,438849 Rb
NyYxSo
5 RyjvB, 1998
15,000,000 Rb
`yhvM welqK GB vqx Av`kvejx GB Dk cYqY Kiv nBqvQ hvnvZ mswk mKj `yhvM eevcbvi mKj chvq Zvnv`i `vwqZ
I KZe eywSZ cvib Ges mv`b mg_ nb| GB vqx Av`kvejxZ c` `vwqZ `Zvi mwnZ mv`bi Rb cZK gYvjq
wefvM I msv wbR wbR KgcwiKbv (AvKkb cvb) cZ Kwieb Ges wbR wbR `vwqZ I gZvi AvIZvq cqvRbxq eev Mnb
Kwieb| `yhvM msv KgKvi mg^q wbwZ Kwieb RvZxq chvq RvZxq `yhvM eevcbv KvDwj (GbwWGgwm) Ges Avt
gYvjq `yhvM eevcbv mg^q KwgwU (AvBGgwWGgwmwm)| Rjv, _vbv I BDwbqb chvq mg^q Kwieb h_vg Rjv, _vbv I
BDwbqb `yhvM eevcbv KwgwU| `yhvM eevcbv e~iv Bnv`i mvweK mnhvwMZv Kwie| gYvjq, wefvM I msvmg~n Zvnv`i
KgcwiKbvq Rjv, _vbv, BDwbqb I Mvg chvq wbhy Zvnv`i KgKZv Ges KgPvix`i h_vh_ cwkYi eev Kwieb, hvnvZ
`yhvMi wewfb chvq Zvnviv Dvi, AcmviY I vY KvR mvnvh KwiZ cvib|
nveyK I 65
miKvwi mvnvhi Acvq bv _vwKqv vbxq KZc wbR^ m`i mvnvh `yhvM ckgY, cwZ I Riwi gvKvejvi eev MnY
Kwieb|
msvt
(1)
`yhvMt
cKwZ ev gvbyli viv msNwUZ Ggb NUv hvnv Pjgvb ^vfvweK mgvR RxebK Mfxifve evnZ Ki Ges gvbyl, m` I cwieki
GZ wZ mvavb Ki hvnvi gvKvejvq GKwU mgvRK wekl c`c MnY KwiZ nq Ges qwZi cwigvY GZ ewk nq h, Dnv
ay wbR^ m` w`qv cyiY Kiv me bq|
(2)
`yhvM eevcbvt
`yhvM cwZiva, gvKvejv I qwZ nvmi Rb MwnZ cwiKbv, cwZ, gvKvejv Ges `yhvM cieZx cybevmb - GB mg
KgKvK mvgwMKfve ejv nq `yhvM eevcbv| `yhvMceY GjKvKvq h mg `yhvM ckgY I cwZgyjK c`c cZvwkZ
`yhvMmg~ni wei Mnb Kiv nq, ZvnvK mvaviYZ cvK-`yhvM eev ejv nq, ZvnvI GB `yhvM eevcbvi Afz|
(3)
cvK-`yhvM chvqt
h mgq `yhvMi Av AvksKv bvB wK wec` fwelZ AvwmZ cvi GB AvksKvq `xNgqv`x eev MnY Kiv nq|
(4)
mZK I wkqvix chvqt
Avmb `yhvMi Rb h RbmvaviYK mZK ev wkqvi Kiv nq| h mgq `yhvM c~e mZKZv g~jK eev ev `yhvM gvKvejvi Rb
cqvRbxq c`c MnY Kiv nq|
(5)
`yhvM chvqt
h mgq cvKwZK `yhvMi qwZ mvwaZ nq A_vr `yhvM AvNvZ nvb| Kvb Kvb `yhvMi ejvq GB mgqKvj `xN nq hgb ebv
I Liv; Avevi Kvb Kvb `yhvM GB mgq _vK AwZ msw hgb N~wYSo, fwgK, AwM I wk `yNUbv|
(6)
`yhvM cieZx chvqt
`yhvMi ci wea jvK`i Rxeb hvcbi DcKiY, A_bxwZ Ges AeKvVvgvmg~ni ^vfvweK Aevq wdivBqv Avwbevi Rb h
mgqevwc KvR Kiv nq, ZvnvK c~bevmb chvq ejv nq| GB mgq cybevmb I cybtwbgvYi KvR nq Ges Kvb weklfve wZM
jvK`i Rb vY I KjvYg~jK KvRI Kiv nq| `yhvMi AeewnZ ciB Dvi I Riwi vY KvRI GB chvqi ga Afz|
wewfb KvDwj I KwgwU cwiwPwZ
`yhvM eevcbvq RvZxq I vbxq chvq bxwZ wbaviY I mg^qi j wbewYZ KvDwj / KwgwU mg~n `vwqZ cvjb Kib|
66 I nveyK
mfvcwZ
cvwbm` gx
m`m
A_gx
m`m
m`m
hvMvhvM gx
m`m
^v I cwievi KjvY gx
m`m
Lv` gx
m`m
`yhvM eevcbv I vY gx
m`m
Kwl gx
m`m
b cwienb gx
m`m
mbvevwnbx cavb
m`m
m`m
gx cwil` mwPe
m`m
m`m
m`m
A_wefvMi mwPe
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
nveyK I 67
mfvcwZ
Rjv chvq cybevmb KvRi Rb SuywK nvmKiYi mve eevmn mZKZvi m AMvwaKvi wfwK cwiKbv cYqb|
`yhvM eevcbv e~iv I Rjv ckvmb KZK c` wb`kbv Abymvi vbxqfve ev vb Awa`i / Ab Kvb Drm _K
cv m` ewb eve wbiwcZ cqvRbxqZvi wfwZ DcRjvq eiv I mieivni eev MnY|
vY I cybevmb msv mnvqZv mvgMx weZiYi Z`viwK I wnmvevw` msiY Ges Zv h_vh_ KZc I Abvb vY
c`vbKvwi msvmg~ni wbKU ciY|
Rjv chvqi wewfb wefvMi ga mvweK mg^qi `vwqZ cvjb Kiv| GqvovI `yhvM eevcbv msv vqx Av`kvejx
Ges Dchy KZci ZvrwbK Av`k AbymiY Kiv|
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
GbwRI cwZwbwa
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
gwnjv cwZwbwa
m`m
^vfvweK mgq
DcRjv `yhvMi eevcbv KwgwU MVb, mwqKiY, cqvRbxq wb`kbv I Z_ cvw Ges cvc cwkY myweav wbwZKiY|
`yhvM eevcbv e~ivK AewnZ Ki wbqwgZ `yhvM welqK cwkY I Kgkvjv AvqvRb Kiv|
Rjv chvq cwiKbv cYqb I Dbqb cKmg~ni evevqb, `yhvMi SuywK nvmKiYi mvebvmg~n c~Yfve weewPZ nIqv
wbwZKiY|
`yhvM msv c~evfvm c`vb I RbMYK GB welq mPZb Kiv|
Avmb wec` msv mZK evZv Ges `yhvM msNwUZ nIqvi cwicwZ Rjv KZc I vbxq msvmg~n hvZ KvhKifve
Ges `Zvi mv_ Bnvi gvKvejvq cZ _vK, m j Rjv `yhvM KgcwiKbv cYqb|
N~wYSo I ebv msv c~evfvm AwZ `Z KvhKifve Rjvi mKj KgKZv, mswk eweM / cwZvb Ges DcRjv chvq
GZ`welq `vwqZ cv`i ga cPvii eev wbwZKiY|
Rjv m`i AewZ Avkq K` / Avkq j mg~n cv fiv hvq Ggb Lvevi cvwb mieivn I Abvb cqvRbxq mev
c`vbi eev KiY Ges DcRjv `yhvM eevcbv KwgwUi mv_ hvMvhvM g BDwbqb chvq AewZ AvkqK`mg~n
GKB myweavw` I mev wbwZKiY|
DcRjv `yhvM eevcbv KwgwUK Dvi KvR, cv_wgK vb Kvh mnvqZvi Rb DcRjv m`i I RvZxq Riwi cwiPvjbv
K`, `yhvM eevcbv e~ivi m hvMvhvM vcb I Rjvi Afi AwZ cqvRbxq mev eev msiY / cybtvcbi
eev m^wjZ AvbylvwK cwiKbv cYqb|
`yhvM eevcbv e~iv I DcRjv KZci mnvqZvq mZK evZv, c~evfvm cPvi, AcmviY, Dvi I cv_wgK vY Kvh
cwiPvjbvi welq gvS gvS gnov Abyvbi eev KiY|
m`m
m`m
m`m
GbwRI cwZwbwa
m`m
m`m
`yhvMKvj
Rjvi Afi mKj vb AcmviY, Dvi I vY Ges cv_wgK cybevmb msv KgKvi mnvqZvg~jK mg^qi Rb
Riwi cwiPvjbv K` (Z_ K` I wbqY K) cwiPvjbv KiY|
vbxq cvc myweavw` eenvi Ki DviKvh cwiPvjbv I gvivZK wZM DcRjv mg~n DviKvh cwiPvjbvi Rb
DviKvix `jmg~n ciY I KgKvi mg^q mvab|
`yhvM eevcbv I vY gYvjqi K Ges `yhvM eevcbv e~ivi Riwi cwiPvjbv K`i wbKU wZi Z_, cqvRb
I cvc m` Ges vY KvRi I cybevmb KvRi Rb wbavwiZ wfwZ DcKiYvw`i cqvRb msv weeiY / Dcv
mieivnKiY|
68 I nveyK
mfvcwZ
gvbbxq msm` m`m / m`mvMY GB KwgwUi Dc`v _vKeb| GB KwgwU 2 gvm ci ci mfvq wgwjZ ne| Avc`Kvjxb mgq cZn
GKevi Ges Aevi DbwZ nj cwZ mvn 2 evi mfvq wgwjZ ne|
DcRjv `yhvM eevcbv KwgwUi `vwqZ
^vfvweK mgq
BDwbqb `yhvM eevcbv KwgwU MVY, mwqKiY, cqvRbxq wb`kbv I Z_ cvwi Ges cvc cwkY myweavw` wbwZ Kiv|
mZKZv ew, `yhvMi SuywK nvmKiY, euP _vKvi Dcvqjv vZ Kivbvi welq wbwZKiY|
vbxq chvq DbqY cwiKbv cYqb I evevqb `yhvMi SuywK Ges Dnv Kgvbvi mvebvi welq c~Yfve weewPZ
nqQ wKbv Zv wbwZKiY|
Rjv ckvmbK AewnZ Ki wbqwgZ `yhvM welqK cwkY I Kgkvjv AvqvRb|
Avmb wec` msv mZKevZvi cwZ DcRjv KZK I vbxq msvmg~ni h KvhKifve I `Zvi mv_ `yhvM
gvKvejvq cZ I gZvmb nq m j `yhvM KgcwiKbv cYqb|
N~wYSo I RjvQvm msv c~evfvm AwZ `Z DcRjvi mKj KgKZv, mswk eweM / cwZvb Ges BDwbqb chvq
`vwqZcv`i KvQ cQvbvi eev MnY|
DcRjv m`ii RbmvaviYK AcmviYi Rb wbw` AvkqK` / Avkqj wbaviY I AvkqK`i wewfb mev KvR
cwiPvjbvi Rb wewfb eweMK `vwqZ c`vb|
nveyK I 69
AvkqK` / Avkqjmg~n cv fi cvwb mieivn I cqvRbxq mevi eev MnY| BDwbqb `yhvM eevcbv KwgwUi
mv_ hvMvhvM I BDwbqb chvq AewZ Avkq K`mg~n GKB aiYi mev I myweavw` wbwZKiY|
BDwbqb `yhvM eevcbv KwgwUK cv_wgK vY I DviKvh mnvqZvi Rb Rjv m`i I BDwbqb mgyni mv_ hvMvhvM
I BDwbqb chvq AewZ AvkqK` mg~n GKB aiYi mev I myweavw` wbwZKiY|
BDwbqb `yhvM eevcbv KwgwUK cv_wgK vY I DviKvh mnvqZvi Rb Rjv m`i I BDwbqbmg~ni mv_ hvMvhvM
vcb I Dnv msiYi / c~Ytvcbi eev m^wjZ AvbylvwK cwiKbv cYqY|
Rjv I BDwbqb KZci mnvqZvq gvS gvS DcRjv Afi Z_i cPviYv I mZK evZv / c~evfvm cPvi / AcmviY,
Dvi I cv_wgK vYKvh cwiPvjbv welq gnov Abyvbi eevKiY|
Mvg chvq `yhvMi c~evfvm evcK cPvi KiZ MYmPbZv mwKiY|
`yhvMKvj
DcRjv chvq AcmviY, Dvi I vY msv KgKvi mg^qi Rb Riwi cwiPvjbv K` (Z_ K` I wbqY K)
cwiPvjbv|
vbxqfve cvc myweavw` eenvi Ki DviKvh cwiPvjbv Ges Ab`i DviKvh cwiPvjbvi mg^q mvab|
`yhvM eevcbv e~iv I Rjv KZc c` wb`kbv Abymvi DcRjv KgKZve` I BDwbqb `yhvMi dj msNwUZ
q-wZi Dcv msMn I hvPvBKiY, KgKZv ev Ab Kvb hvM eweM viv mgxv cwiPvjbv Ki Z_ webvmi
gvag cqvRb I AMvwaKvi wbaviY|
Rjv KZci wbKU wZ, cqvRb I cvc m` Ges vY I cybevmb KvRi Rb AMvwaKvi wfwZ cqvRb msv
weeiY / Dcv mieivnKiY|
vbxq chvq cybevmb KvRi Rb SuywK nvmKiYi mve eevmg~n mZKZvi m cwiKbv cYqb|
`yhvM eevcbv e~iv I Rjv KZc KZK c` wb`kbv Abymvi vbxqfve ev vY Awa`i / Ab Kvb Drm _K
cv m`, ewbfve wbiwcZ cqvRbi wfwZ Dvi, vY I c~Yevmbi KvRi Rb eiv I weZiYi eev MnY|
vY I cybevmb msv mnvqZv mvgMx weZiYi welq Z`viwK I wnmvevw` msiY Ges Zv Rjv KZc I Abvb vY
c`vbKvix msv mg~ni wbKU ciY|
DcRjv chvqi wewfb `ii ga mg^qi `vwqZ cvjb Kiv| GQvovI `yhvM eevcbv msv vqx Av`kvejx Ges
Dchy KZci ZvrwbK Av`kvbymib Kiv|
mfvcwZ
m`m
wkK cwZwbwa
m`m
m`m
gwnjv cwZwbwa
m`m
m`m
m`m
GbwRI cwZwbwa
m`m
m`m
vbxq cwiwwZ I wekl Aevi cwZ KwgwUi mfvcwZ cqvRbeva Aviv m`m Kv-A KiZ cvieb| G KwgwU 2 gvm ci
ci mfvq wgwjZ ne| Avc`Kvjxb mgq cZvn GKevi Ges Aevi wKQz DbwZ nj cwZ mvn `yB evi mfvq wgwjZ ne|
BDwbqb `yhvM eevcbv KwgwUi `vwqZ net
^vfvweK mgq
ewMZfve ev msNefve SzuwK nvmKiY eve Kgcv Mnbi welq mK hvZ vbxq RbmvaviY AewnZ nq Zv
wbwZKiY Ges KwgDwbwU chvq SuywK nvmKiY Ges euP _vKvi Dcvqjvi evcK cPvi wbwZKiY|
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National Disaster
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Committee (NDMAC)
Earthquake Preparedness
and Awareness
Food Division
Director General of
Food (DGFood)
Zone/Upazila
Union
CSDDWS
Union Disaster Management
Committee (UDMC)
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Website
www.mofdm.gov.gd
www.dmp.gov.bd
www.drr.gov.bd
www.cdmp.org.bd
www.acds.co.za
www.unisdrafrica.org
www.actionaid.org/bangaldesh
www.adrc.asia
www.adpc.net
www.apn.gr.jp
www.bdpc.org.bd
www.bracu.ac.bd
www.benfieldhrc.org
www.cepredenac.org
www.colorado.edu/hazards
www.cred.be
www.cdera.org
www.crid.or.cr
www.duryognivaran.org
www.drmonline.net
www.dfd.gov.uk
www.drought.unl.edu
www.earthquake.usgs.gov
Organization
Earth Summit 2002- Building Partnerships for Develolpment
Economic Commission for Latin America And the
Caribbean (ECLAC)
Earthquake Hazard Centre New Zealand
EM-DAT: Emergency Events Database
Foot and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FEMA-gatdissaster information
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Geo Hazards international
Glide Number- a Gloval Referencing System for Disaster Events
Center for Hazards and Risk Research, Columbia University, USA
Website
www.earthsummit2002.org
www.eclac.org
www.ehc.arch.vuw.ac.nz
www.emdat.be
www.fao.org
www.fema.gov/hazard
freshwater.unep.net
www.geic.or.jp
www.glidenumber.net
www.deo.columbia.edu/chrr
www.idrc.ca
www.ifrc.org
iassi.nic.in
ico.uncscu.org
www.iri.columbia.edu
www.irinnews.org
www.jcu.edu.au
www.ceh.ac.ik
www.noaa.gov
www.nirapad.org
www.gdnonline.org
www..fire.uni-firebrig.de
www.pdc.org
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