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transformation because it introduces (or adds) a complex element into a structure. The transformational component as all the rules that apply after all lexical items have been inserted into trees.
Transformations needs for several reasons. It is still not an English sentence; certain other
operations must be performed to yield a grammatical English sentence. These other operations are what are called transformations.
The earliest arguments for transformations concerned relations between words in
sentence called co-occurrence restrictions; that is restrictions on the relations between words that apply to different type of sentences. DEEP STRUCTURE, SURFACE STRUCTURE, AND MEANING
A particular meaning can be represented by several different sentences, or paraphrases;
and a particular sentence might be ambiguous, or have several meaning. An example of several paraphrases of one basic meaning is the following set of sentences: 1. Mary gave an apple to Bob. 2. Mary gave Bob an apple. 3. An apple was given to Bob by Mary 4. Bob was given an apple by Mary 5. It was Mary who gave Bob an apple 6. Bob is the one Mary gave an apple to
paraphrase expressed in different surface structures and that an ambiguous sentence, represented by one surface structure, has two or more basic meanings that are represented by different deep structures. For example in deep structure for the sentence A girl has seen the man.
TWO OBLIGATORY TRANSFORMATIONS One transformation applied to all sentences is the flip-flop (FF) rule, by which certain endings are attached to the verbal forms that follow them. The flip-flop rule may be generalized as, FF rule: Affix + Verbal the rule only once. In the correct order for application of the rule. Thus, Deep Structure: a girl Pres have en see the man After FF: a girl have Pres see en the man Verbal + Affix Condition: Constituents affected by FF may undergo
The first rule of the phrase-structure grammar must be altered at this point to introduce these constituents: S Imp Ques The first phrase-structure rule will now produce the structure: S Imp effect: Imperative transformation: Imp + you + will TRANSFORMATIONS WITH EMBEDDED SENTENCES
The sentences discussed this far have been simple, one-clause sentences, such as the
+ (Neg) + NP + Aux + VP
NP
Aux
VP
The constituent Imp then triggers the imperative transformation, which has the following
following: 1. The bell rang. 2. A student entered the building. 3. The child likes the horse. 4. The horse roams on the farm.
Deep Stucture for sentence: The bell rang and a student entered the building. S
N Tense
Lex (V)
Lex (Det) Lex (N) The bell past ring and a student past enter the building
6. The child likes the horse that roams on the farm. Phrase-structure rule 2 must be revised
THE ORDERING OF TRANSFORMATIONS Some transformational rules, like phonological rules, may be ordered. Furthermore, the syntactic transformations may apply in a cycle, in pretty much the same way as the stress rules in phonology. The principle of the cycle in syntax requires that the transformations be applied in order, beginning with the most deeply embedded sentence. S
NP
Aux
Tense
Lex(N)
One such constraint is called the constraints on conjoined phrase: no phrase contained
within a conjoined, or coordinate, structure may be moved out of that structure by a transformation (for the purpose of relativization, question-formation, and so on)