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Analgesia preventiva
Ciruga
Noxa Dolor
El debate
Analgesia preventiva=
Bonica= postoperative pain has no true biologic function but only leads to complications and patient dissatisfaction.
Las consecuencias
1. Salida retrasada 2. Ingreso hospitalario no esperado 3. Recuperacin retrasada 4. Efectos colaterales de la anestesia aumentados 5. Disminucin de la satisfaccin del paciente
Subestimacin = subtratamiento
De los pacientes que se someten a una intervencin quirrgica: Solo del dolor
Consideraciones preoperatorias
Ansiolisis
Educacin (completo entendimiento de qu esperar en fase post-Cx) reducen dolor y depresin postoperatorios Ansiolticos: reducen EVA y requerimientos PCA
- Phero JC, Becker DE, Dionne RA. Contemporary trends in acute pain management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;12:20916. - Ciccozzi A, Marinangeli F, Colangeli A, et al. Anxiolysis and postoperative pain in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for abdominal hysterectomy. Minerva Anestesiol 2007;73:38793.
Anestesia local
Prevencin de la trasmisin axonal y modulacin de los canales de calcio pre-sinpticos en el sitio de lesin(punto de ataque) Reduce EVA, prolonga intervalo para iniciar rescate, disminuye cantidad de rescate
AINEs Muchas posibilidades (medicamentos & protocolos) Estudios demuestran disminucin del dolor postoperatorio Disminuyen dolor post-Cx y necesidad de opioides
Bloqueadores de canales de Ca
Inhibicin de los canales de Ca dependientes de voltaje = previene liberacin de neurotransmisores modulatorios Gabapentina 600mg 4 hras pre-Cx Pregabalina? Disminuyen EVA & necesidad de opioides
Antagonistas NMDA
Receptor NMDA= transmisin & sensibilizacin central Ketamina Solo: IV, IM, subcutneo Combinado con anestsico local: infiltracin de la herida
Opioides
Acta sobre receptores de dolor sin alterar otras sensaciones (propiocepcin, tacto) Accin perifrica Varios estudios muestran su beneficio preventivo
- Kiss IE, Kilian M. Does opiate pre-medication influence postoperative analgesia? A prospective study. Pain 1992;48(2):157 8. - Tverskoy M, Oz Y, Isakson A, et al. Pre-emptive effect of fentanyl and ketamine on postoperative pain and wound hyperalgesia. Anesth Analg 1994;78:2059. - Reuben SS, Steinberg RB, Maciolek H, et al. Preoperative administration of controlledrelease oxycodone for the management of pain after ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation surgery. J Clin Anesth 2002;14:2237. - Woolf CJ, Chong MS. Preemptive analgesia: treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg 1993;77:36279. - McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Moore RA. Postoperative orthopaedic pain: the effect of opiate premedication and local anaesthetic blocks. Pain 1988;33:2915. - Buvanendran A, Tuman KJ, McCoy DD, et al. Anesthetic techniques for minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg 2006;19:1336.
Epidural
Analgesia epidural es superior al bloqueo perifrico o a PCA para evitar la sensibilizacin al dolor Baja incidencia de complicaciones, disminuye hipercoagulabilidad perioperatoria
Adams HA, Saatweber P, Schmitz CS, et al. Postoperative pain management in orthopaedic patients: no differences in pain score, but improved stress control by epidural anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002;19:65865.
Consideraciones intraoperatorias
Infiltracin con anestsico local Pre-Cx: Alejado de zona de incisin Post-Cx: EN el sitio de incisin Agentes adicionales: ketamina, ketorolaco, clonidina, opioides, magnesio
Uso de torniquete
Torniquete neumtico: mayor dolor postoperatorio y mayores cambios inflamatorios Cambios en los receptores , mayor frecuencia de disparo de los nervios afectados 20-30 mmHg+ interrupcin de flujo sanguneo microvascular
Tcnica quirrgica
the quantity of stress mediators released depends on the degree of surgical insult. More extensive surgery results in greater release of stress response mediators.
Liu SS, Benzon HT. Outcomes and complications of acute pain management. In: Raj PP, editor. Practical management of pain. 3rd edition. St. Louis (MO): Mosby, Inc; 2000. p. 87189.
Consideraciones post-operatorias
the idea of fighting postoperative pain in the setting of peripheral and central sensitization as a battle against a multi-headed Hydra.
Gracias