Radioactivity: Combined Science 5129

RADIOACTIVITY
Combined Science 5129
Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
What Comes To Mind ... Radiation

DANGER
$%*!!
Nuclear Bombs!!!
... with the word Radioactivity

2
BOMBING OF JAPAN
WORLD WAR II, 1945

3
NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
4
Radioactive materials were released to the environment due to technical malfunction and human error from Nuclear Power Plant.
THREE MILE ISLAND, NEW YORK, 1979
NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
5
Explosion & fire at the nuclear power plant released radioactive particles to the environment and spread throughout Europe.
CHERNOBYL, 1986
SCENES FROM CHERNOBLY

THE AREA IS STILL HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE AFTER 27 YEARS!

6
NUCLEAR DISASTER
7
A series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.
FUKUSHIMA, JAPAN, 2011
Cosmic Rays Granite Radon Gas Potassium-40

8
SOURCES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION


9
Fall-out from Nuclear Bombs
Nuclear Power Stations
Radioisotopes in medical procedures
YOU
10
DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Henri Becquerel
( 1852 - 1908 )
Discover spontaneous radioactivity while working with uranium salts in 1896.
The unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq)

11

12
Becquerel crater on the Moon
Becquerel crater on Mars

13
Marie Curie
( 1867 - 1934 )
Introduced the term Radioactivity
Formulated a theory of radioactivity, pioneered techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and discovered two new elements, polonium and radium.
The international standard for radioactive emission - the curie (Ci)
Discovered the radioactive elements Radium and Polonium

14

Radioactive elements in the Periodic Table

15
Geiger-Muller Tube
Cloud Chamber Charged Electroscope

16
DETECTORS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
DETECTORS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
Photographic Films Radiation Badges
17
Unstable nucleus breaks up, releases tiny particles and waves of energy
Nuclear radiation comes from the centre of unstable atoms.

18
ORIGINS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
Alpha Radiation
Three Types of Nuclear Radiation
Beta Radiation
Gamma Radiation

19
TYPES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
Thinner, wavy tracks Straight, thick tracks
Beta Radiation
Alpha Radiation
Gamma Radiation
20
Short, irregular, thin tracks
IDENTIFICATION OF NUCLEAR RADIATION USING CLOUD CHAMBER TRACKS
2 protons and 2 neutrons
Alpha Particle Beta Particle Unstable Nucleus Gamma Rays
Same structure as Helium nucleus
High energy, fast-moving electron
High energy, short wavelength, electromagnetic radiation

21
NATURE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
+2 charge
Very strongly ionising
-1 charge Less ionising than alpha particle, more ionising than gamma rays 0 charge Least ionising
Ionising strength tell us whether a particle has the ability to change other substances into ions. Higher charge, Strongly Ionising
22
IONISING STRENGTH OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
Very Weak, Least penetrating radiation
More penetrating than alpha, less penetrating than gamma
Strong, Most penetrating radiation
Penetrating power tell us whether a particle has the ability to go through other substances

23
PENETRATING POWER OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
STOPPING NUCLEAR RADIATION

24
Alpha Radiation
Few cm of air Thin paper Human skin
Beta Radiation
5 mm Aluminium
Gamma Radiation
Thick lead and few metres of concrete
NUCLEAR RADIATION HAZARDS

Very hazardous if taken orally / injected into the body
25
Dangerous, Can penetrate through human skin
Most dangerous, Can penetrate through deep body tissues
Radiation Burns
Leukemia, Cancer, Cell Mutation

26
LOW LEVEL EXPOSURE Delayed Effects Immediate Effects
Immediate Death
27
HIGH LEVEL EXPOSURE
USES OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
Tracer
28
Radiotherapy Archaeology
29

30
Surgical Tools
Food
Thickness Gauge
Sterilization
Using Radioactive Materials
Use tweezers for weak radioactive sources Use remote control equipment for strong & dangerous radioactive sources

31
HANDLING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Using Radioactive Materials
Wear special protective clothing & film badges

32
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Storing Radioactive Materials

Radiation Symbol Displayed & containers labelled Radioactive Source
Keep in lead containers with walls few cm thick.

33
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Disposal of Radioactive Materials
Deep in underground/ underwater vaults lined with thick lead-cement walls

34
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Alpha Decay Decay Beta Decay Gamma Decay
35
Three Types of Nuclear Reactions
Fission
Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear Bombs
Fusion
Formation of Stars & Galaxy Formation of Elements Future Nuclear Power Plants
NUCLEAR DECAY
The breakdown of radioactive unstable nuclei to form stable nuclei of other elements by emitting alpha particles or beta particles.
36
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
It is a random process, spontaneous and cannot be controlled.
NUCLEAR DECAY
The average time taken for half the number of atoms in any given sample of a radioactive element to decay.
37
HALF-LIFE
The half-life of a sample radioactive isotope can be determined from its decay curve.
First, nd the original value for the activity

Average number of decay per second
Becquerel (Bq)

38
HALF-LIFE & DECAY CURVE
NUCLEAR DECAY
Second, nd half of the original value for the activity

39
NUCLEAR DECAY
Thirdly, nd the time taken for half of the original value for the activity to happen. This value is the half life of the radioactive sample.

40
NUCLEAR DECAY
The half life of a radioactive sample is the same throughout its decay process.

41
NUCLEAR DECAY
Alpha Decay
Three Types of Nuclear Decay
Beta Decay
Gamma Emission

42
RADIOACTIVE DECAY EQUATION
NUCLEAR DECAY
Alpha Decay
When an atom decays by alpha emission, its nucleon number A decreases by 4 and its proton number Z decreases by 2
A
Z Parent nucleus
A-4
Z-2 Daughter nucleus
Y +
2 Alpha particle
He

43
NUCLEAR DECAY
Beta Decay
When an atom decays by beta emission, its nucleon number A remains the same but its proton number Z increases by 1
A
Z Parent nucleus
Z+1 Daughter nucleus
Y +
0 -1
Beta particle

44
NUCLEAR DECAY
Gamma Emission
When an atom decays by gamma emission, it has no effect on both its nucleon number A and its proton number Z.
A
Z Parent nucleus
Z Daughter nucleus
X +
Gamma rays

45
NUCLEAR DECAY

Radioactivity: Combined Science 5129

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RADIOACTIVITY

Combined Science 5129

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

What Comes To Mind ... Radiation

... with the word Radioactivity

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

WORLD WAR II, 1945

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

THREE MILE ISLAND, NEW YORK, 1979

SCENES FROM CHERNOBLY

THE AREA IS STILL HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE AFTER 27 YEARS!

FUKUSHIMA, JAPAN, 2011

Cosmic Rays Granite Radon Gas Potassium-40

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Fall-out from Nuclear Bombs

Nuclear Power Stations

Radioisotopes in medical procedures

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Discover spontaneous radioactivity while working with uranium salts in 1896.

The unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq)

DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Becquerel crater on the Moon

Becquerel crater on Mars

DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Introduced the term Radioactivity

The international standard for radioactive emission - the curie (Ci)

Discovered the radioactive elements Radium and Polonium

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Radioactive elements in the Periodic Table

Cloud Chamber Charged Electroscope

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

DETECTORS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

DETECTORS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Photographic Films Radiation Badges

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

Nuclear radiation comes from the centre of unstable atoms.

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

ORIGINS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Three Types of Nuclear Radiation

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

TYPES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Thinner, wavy tracks Straight, thick tracks

Short, irregular, thin tracks

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

IDENTIFICATION OF NUCLEAR RADIATION USING CLOUD CHAMBER TRACKS

2 protons and 2 neutrons

Alpha Particle Beta Particle Unstable Nucleus Gamma Rays

Same structure as Helium nucleus

High energy, fast-moving electron

High energy, short wavelength, electromagnetic radiation

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

NATURE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Alpha Particle Beta Particle Unstable Nucleus Gamma Rays

Very strongly ionising

Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com

IONISING STRENGTH OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Alpha Particle Beta Particle Unstable Nucleus Gamma Rays

Very Weak, Least penetrating radiation

More penetrating than alpha, less penetrating than gamma