HYDRAULICS

PREPARED BY :
MISS TAJ NESHA 2012

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

5.1 Explain arrangement of components 5.1 .1 Show the arrangement of components in hydraulic basis circuit. 5.2 Explain basic circuit of hydraulic system 5.2.1 Design the basic circuit of hydraulic system: a. Sterling hydraulic b. Electro-hydraulic 5.2.2 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of hydraulic systems basic circuit: a. Opened cynosure system b. Closed cynosure system 5.3 Explain pressure and flow control at hydraulic systems actuators. 5.3.1 Sketch and explain the methods of pressure and flow control at hydraulic systems actuators: a. Metering in b. Metering out c. Metering off

Hydraulics
hydraulics [h drlliks ] noun study of fluids: the study of water or other fluids at rest or in motion, especially with respect to engineering applications
A hydraulic drive system is a drive or transmission system that uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to drive hydraulic machinery.

APPLICATION

Hydraulic Theory

Hydraulics

Covers the physical behavior of liquids in motion Pressurized oil used to gain mechanical advantage and perform work Shapelessness Incompressibility Transmission of Force

Important Properties

Important Properties

Shapelessness

Liquids have no neutral form Conform to shape of container Easily transferred through piping from one location to another Liquids are essentially incompressible Once force is removed, liquid returns to original volume (no permanent distortion) Force is transmitted equally & undiminished in every direction -> vessel filled with pressure

Incompressibility

Transmission of Force

Hydraulic Theory

Pascals Law

Magnitude of force transferred is in direct proportion to the surface area (F = P*A) Pressure = Force/Area

Liquid properties enable large objects (rudder, planes, etc) to be moved smoothly

Hydraulic Mechanical Advantage

F2 = A 1 = 20 in2 F1 = 20 lbf A 1 = 2 in2

Basic Hydraulic System

Hydraulic Fluid

Usually oil (2190 TEP)

Pressure Source

Hydraulic pump (A-end of system)

Hydraulic motor (B-end of system) Get fluid from A-end to B-end

Pressure user

Piping system (w/ valves, tanks, etc)

Advantages Of Hydraulics:

Transmission of large forces using small components, i.e. great power intensity Precise positioning Start-up under heavy load Even movements independent of load, since liquids are scarcely compressible and flow control valves can be used Smooth operation and reversal Good control and regulation Favourable heat dissipation

Disadvantages Of Hydraulics:

Pollution of the environment by waste oil (danger of fire or accidents) Sensitivity to dirt Danger resulting from excessive pressures (severed lines) Temperature dependence (change in viscosity) Unfavourable efficiency factor

FUNCTIONS OF BASIC COMPONENTS IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Valve - to adjust the pressure in a circuit and control flow of oil. Motor supply power to do work for rotary movement Filter filter the hydraulic oil free from dirt/contamination Pump to distribute quantity of hydraulic oil to the whole system. Cylinder can provide power to do work for linear movement. Accumulator to store system pressure, absorb vibration and stabilize system pressure.
Tank contain hydraulic oil and cools it.

Basic hydraulic circuit

D.A CYLINDER

Flow control valve 4/3 dcv close centre

accumulator

Relieve valve

Check valve
Pump

Motor Filter Tank

Basic Circuit Of Hydraulic System

Sterling circuit figure 8.4- unit 8 page 5

Untuk Gerudi Untuk Pengapit B A

2 3 4

Electro hydraulic circuit ?(figure 8.5)unit 8 page 6

Types of pump

Gear Ram Piston Screw

Gear Pump

Ram pump

Hydraulic Pump (A-End)

Pumps can be positive displacement or centrifugal

Variable-stroke piston pump Tilting box can tilt fwd/aft while pump rotates Angle of tilting box determines capacity and direction of oil flow

Waterbury pump

Hydraulic Pump (A-End)

Variable-stroke piston pump Tilting box can tilt fwd/aft while pump rotates Angle of tilting box determines capacity and dir. of flow

Cylinder/Motor (B-end)

Piston/cylinder used if desired motion is linear

Hydraulic pressure moves piston & ram Load is connected to ram (rudder, planes, masts, periscopes)
Piston

Cylinder

RAM

Seal Hydraulic Fluid Supply/Return Ports

Cylinder/Motor (B-end)

Motor used if desired motion is rotary

Essentially a variablestroke pump in reverse Used for capstan, anchor windlass, etc

Piping System

Has to withstand excessive pressure Valves, filters, & HXs all necessary Accumulators

Holds system under pressure (w/out contin. pump) Provides hydraulics when pump off/lost Compensates for leakage/makeup volume Types: piston, bladder, & direct contact

Accumulator Types

Piston

Most common

Bladder

Gun mounts Steering systems

Least common

Direct contact

Advantages

Convenient power transfer

Few moving parts Low losses over long distances Little wear Distribute force in multiple directions Safe and reliable for many uses Can be stored under pressure for long periods Quick response (linear and rotary)

Flexibility

Variable speed control

Disadvantages

Requires positive confinement (to give shape) Fire/explosive hazard if leaks or ruptures Filtration critical - must be free of debris Manpower intensive to clean up

Electrohydraulic Drive System

Uses hydraulics to transfer power from electric motor to load Rotary: Waterbury pump connected to rotary piston hydraulic motor (speed gear)

Tilting box of A-end controls direction/speed of B-end Adv: high starting torque, reversibility, high power-toweight ratio capstan, anchor windlass, cranes, elevator, ammo hoist

ex: Electrohydraulic Speed Gear or Steering Gear

Electrohydraulic Speed Gear

Electrohydraulic Steering Gear

Same as speed gear except B-end is a hydraulic cylinder to produce linear motion Waterbury pumps connected by piping to hydraulic ram cylinder

Various methods for connecting rams to tillers Two pumps for redundancy & reliability Movement of steering wheel through hydraulic system moves rudder

Control of System

Remote control

Normal method Control from bridge Take local control Manually position control surface/rudder

Emergency

A typical hydraulic system

1 pump 2 oil tank 3 flow control valve 4 pressure relief valve 5 hydraulic cylinder 6 directional control valve 7 throttle valve

2005/2006 I.

Hydraulic and

31

The Hydraulic System

The basic hydraulic system has seven parts

Pump Lines and connectors Cylinder or Motor Check valve Reservoir Control Valve Relief Valve

Hydraulic pump

The pump moves the hydraulic fluid

Pumps create flow not pressure Come in positive fixed displacement and variable displacement

Fix displacement Moves the same amount of fluid every rotation Variable displacement The amount of fluid discharged can be changed and controled.

Lines and Connections

Carry the fluid from the pump to where the work will be done and back.

Come in various sizes and shapes Are a major source of repair

Cylinders and motors

Do the work the system was designed for. Convert hydraulic force into mechanical motion.

Cylinders

Convert hydraulic force into recipricating motion Can be single acting or double acting

Motors

Convert hydraulic force into rotary motion

The Check Valve

A simple one way valve which uses a poppet to control fluid flow.

Can be used to control

Fluid direction Circuit pressures

The Reservoir

Is the storage container for the hydraulic fluid

Maintains constant supply of fluid to the pump Helps in fluid filtration Acts as a heat sink and is a major part of the fluid heat dissipation system.

Control Valves

Control valves are used to control the pressure, direction and volume of oil flow in hydraulic systems.

There are three types of control valves

Pressure control Direction control Volume Control

Relief Valves

Hydraulic systems are designed to operate at certain pressures. Relief valves are built into the system as a protection device.

Opened cynosure system (UNIT 8/PAGE 9/ FIGURE 8.10)

Opened cynosure system

Disadvantages Low pressure Reduce vibration waste electrical energy slow start for actuator Advantages Not Easily leaking/wear/tear Rarely maintained except the motor

Closed cynosure system

Pressure switch

Closed cynosure system

Advantages High pressure saves electrical energy Fast start for actuator
Disadvantages Easily leaking/wear/tear Need frequent maintenance

Explain pressure and flow control at hydraulic systems actuators. 5.3.1 Sketch and explain the methods of pressure and flow control at hydraulic systems actuators: a. Metering in b. Metering out c. Metering off

a) Metering in UNIT 9/PAGE 3. FIGURE 9.1

b) Meter-Out

c) Bleed-Off / Meter off

6.0 CONSTRUCTION AND LIMITATION OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

6.1 Apply practical construction. 6.1.1 Design the construction of hydraulic system in a practical way. 6.2 Apply construction with the help of computerized software/simulation. 6.2.1 Design the construction of hydraulic circuit with the help of computerized software/simulation. 6.3 Identify main problems in hydraulic system. 6.3.1 Determine these main problems:
a. Effects of overload burden b. Effects of flow rate exchanger c. Hollowing d. Leaking in the system e. Other problems