Nervous System of the Frog

By:Group 6 36 Marjorie Polintan 37 Miguel Quiambao 38 Inna Karla Ramos 39 James Redulla 40 Patricia Anne Reyes 41 Zyril Mae Reyes 42 Claudine Roxas

Nervous System
Serves as reception of stimuli Conduction of impulses Coordination and integration of the various functions of the organs

Three Divisions of the Frogs Nervous System (according to morphology):

1. Central Nervous System
also known as the Cerebro-spinal Nervous System includes the brain and the spinal cord serves as the great center of communication between the principal sense organs and the rest of the body divided into five major parts, namely:
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

2. Peripheral Nervous System

includes the ten pairs of cranial nerves (from the brain) and ten pairs of spinal nerves (from the spinal cord) connects the central nervous organs to the receptors and effectors of the body

3. Symphathetic Nervous System

consists of two slender nerve trunks or cord, each with a chain of ganglia on either side of the spinal column helps deliver information to the body about impending danger responsible for the fight-or-flight response

I. Central Nervous System (CNS)

Five Major Divisions of the Frog Brain DIVISION BODY PARTS FUNCTIONS A 1.Telencephalon Determines Intelligence
- located in the anterior portion of the brain and rostral to the midbrain Paired olfactory lobes - for the sense of smell Cerebral hemispheres -seats of associative memory where the lateral (first and second)ventricles or cavities are located Determines Personality Interpretation of Sensory Impulses Motor function (movement) Planning and Organization Memory Sense of Smell Touch Sensation Emotion Directs Sense Impulses Throughout the Body Equilibrium (balance) Eye Movement; Vision Hearing Respiration Salivation, Swallowing Smell, Taste

2.Diencephalon (or Thalamencephalon) - located between the optic lobes behind and posterior to the cerebral hemispheres

Optic chiasma Infundibulum Ventricle III Posterior pituitary gland Pineal body

BODY PARTS Optic lobes - contain the optic 3.Mesencephalon ventricles, which - also known as the communicate with each midbrain, located between other and with the third the forebrain and hindbrain and fourth ventricles by a small aqueduct of Sylvius 4.Metencephalon - located below the posterior portion of the cerebrum and above the medulla oblongata Cerebellum - small dorsal transverse fold

FUNCTIONS

5.Myelencephalon - inferior portion of the brainstem

Medulla oblongata - narrows posteriorly to become the spinal cord

FUNCTIONS Controlling Responses to Sight Eye Movement Pupil Dilation Body Movement Reflex Activities of the Spinal Cord Balance Cardiac Reflexes Circulation Fine Muscle Movement Muscle Tone maintenance Sleep Respiratory and Circulatory Functions Breathing Conduction Pathway for Nerve Tracts Digestion Heart Rate

Other parts of the CNS:

Choroid Plexuses- secretes the cerebro-spinal fluid Foramen of Monro- a narrow passage that joins the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricles Aqueduct of Sylvius- joins the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle Cerebro-spinal Fluid- serves as a protective liquid cushion and helps nourish the central nervous organs Spinal Cord- short and somewhat flattened; posterior prolongation of the brain; surrounded by meninges; extends from the medulla oblongata to the filum terminale

 Filum Terminale- posterior tapering portion located in the urostyle; presents two enlargements, namely: Brachial Enlargement- associated with the nerve supply to the forelimbs Lumbar Enlargement or Sciatic Enlargement- associated with the nerve supply to the hindlimbs Meninges- two connective tissue membranes which surrounds the spinal chord (Outer) Dura Mater- adhering to the bone (Inner Vascular) Pia Mater- adhering to the nervous tissue Vascular Arachnoid- located beneath the dura mater; forms the middle layer of the meninges (for higher vertebrates)

II. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

2 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
A.Cranial Nerves consists of 10 pairs of nerves (left,right) -extending from the lateral surfaces of the brain to the parts of the body B.Spinal Nerves- consists of 10 pairs of nerves (left,right) Arise from the spinal cord Distributes to the limbs and trunk. emerge between vertebrae each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by 2 roots (dorsal sensory root and ventral motor root)

A. The 10 Paired Cranial Nerves

1. Olfactory Function/Type: Sensory nerves for smell Location: walls of nasal chambers 2. Optic Function/Type: Sensory nerves for vision Location: retina of the eyes 3. Oculo-Motor Function/Type: Motor nerves Location: 4 muscles of the eye namely (superior rectus,inferior rectus,medial rectus,inferior oblique muscles) 4. Trochlear Function/Type: Motor nerves Location: superior oblique muscle of the eye

5. Trigeminal Function/Type: sensory and motor nerves Location: muscles of the jaws, skin of the face, mouth and the tongue 6. Abducens
Function/Type: motor nerves Location: lateral or external rectus muscle of the eye

7. Facial
Function/Type: motor and sensory (mostly motor) Location: muscles of the face and throat

8. Auditory
Function/Type: Sensory nerves for hearing and equilibrium Location: inner ear

9. Glossopharyngeal
Function/Type: Sensory and motor nerves Location: floor of the mouth,tongue and pharynx

10. Vagus or Pneumogastric

Function/Type: Sensory and Motor nerves Location: larynx,lungs,heart,esophagus,stomach and small intestine.

*There are 2 additional cranial nerves in man namely the accessory spinal and hypoglossal nerves

Some Mnemonics to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves..
On Old Olympus' Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed Oliver the optimistic octopus trots triumphantly about facing audiences glossily vaguely OOO Truly There Are Five Absolutely Gorgeous Vixen

Some mnemonics to remember the types of cranial nerves..

Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. Sally Sells Mega Monkeys, But My Brother Sells Bigger Better Mega Monkeys. Some Stars Make Money, But My Brother Says Bugs Bunny Makes More.

B. The 10 Paired Spinal Nerves

1st spinal nerve 2nd spinal nerve 3rd spinal nerve
4th spinal nerve 5th spinal nerve 6th spinal nerve
-Unite to form the Brachial Plexus to the shoulder and forelimb region

-Supply the skin and muscles of the abdominal wall

7th spinal nerve 8th spinal nerve 9th spinal nerve*

-forms the Sciatic / lumbo-sacral plexus to the hindlimb *the 9th spinal nerve is the largest and is known as the sciatic nerve

10th spinal nerve

-Distributed to the urinary bladder, cloaca and oviducts

III Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

In man, Sympathetic and parasympathetic comprise Autonomic Division. It is branch of the autonomic nervous system It is always active at a basal level ( sympathetic tone) becomes more active during times of stress (fight-orflight response) operates through a series of interconnected neurons. frequently considered part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although many lie within the central nervous system(CNS).

HISTOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD (mammalian)

The spinal cords the reflex activities of the animals but which may be checked or modified by impulses from the brain. In the cross sections, the spinal cord shows 2 distinct areas:
1. Gray matter made up of nerve cell bodies, portion of the dendrites and axons, and the unmyelinated fibers. 2.White matter- composed of myelinated fibers

 Neuroglia cells and their processes bind together and support the nervous elements in both areas. Canalis Centralis located near the center of the gray matter -lined with a single layer of the Epithelial ependymal cells At the sides of the gray matter, dorsal and ventral horns or cornua are produced. Gray Commisures connects the gray matter on the two sides. Oblique crossings of the medullated fibers form the white commisures. Ventral fissure separates the right and the left columns of the white matter.

 Dorsal Septum, composed of Pial tissues, extends from the base of this sulcus almost to the gray matter The deep indentation at the bottom of the cord is the Ventral Fissure

Histology of the eye

eye - organ of vision
Divided in to 2 segments: a. aqueous humor -anterior segment -contains watery fluid b. vitreous humor -posterior segment (adapted to the reception/transmission of images) -more viscuous/jelly like fluid

 Outer coat-opaque,no light can enter

-separated from the anterior segment by the crystalline lens and suspensory ligament. The three coats of the eye.. 1.Sclera 2.Choroid 3.retina

1. Sclera protective ,outer,thick fibrous coat -tendons of eye are attached to it -continuous with the transparent cornea that permits light rays to enter 2. Choroid-vascular layer between the sclera and retina -concerned with nutrition of ocular tissues -presence of numerous blood vessels -anterior portion:ciliary body and iris (mechanism for the accomodation of the refraction of the eye,projects over the anterior portion of the lens)

 Pupil-central opening -Regulates the amt of light entering the eye Iris- colored porion of the eye 3. Retina- innermost photosensitive coat. -contains receptors (rods,cones) -first link of the nervous pathways conveying impulses through the optic nerve of the brain.

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