Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
!"$#%'&()*+*+, -."
/1032547698;:=<?>A@CB?25476D<?EGFH8 FHI?F 0J@CFH6LK?F MN476O:P0Q:=25R5SH:PI?4FH2AFHMFH0T@U4769I?FV8 R5EG8HB?RW@U48H4703IX476
@UF ECMR50Q:P2AFH6Y:P8 8HFH6GR5Z?2AFH6 [XFH0\H6G@CF]FH6^@UB?IXR_:PEGFHM476`F 2abBX0?8HRA470Q:PMR5F 0J@C4dcN:P2Ae7B?0Q:=6+:P<X25RWf
8;:P8 R5470XFH6$ZQgP6GR58;:=6IXFBX0hI?RA6C<476CRW@URWi74kjJB?F<l476GFHF@UEGFH6HmFH2n@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47EoZXR5<472_:PE.I?F
B?0?RAp70
[q:P2QjJB?F90?476rECFsabFHECRAECF MN476rMFHI?R5:P0T@UFt25:P6r6CR5eP2_:P6rutvPwyxz8 47ECEGFH6C<470?IXR5FH0T@CFH6n:L2_:=6
<Q:P25:PZ?EU:=6tFH0R50?e72A\H6tu`R5<472_:PEnvPB?0?8s@UR54P0 w{EU:P0X6CR56^@U47EU|s}
/r6^@UF@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47E$FH6B?0hIXFH6C8 B?Z?EGR5MR5FH0T@C4~0X47EG@CF;:PMFHEGR58;:=0?4kI?FH2D:PX4h=TX}/12
FHjJB?RA<l4I?F RA0Ti7FH6^@URAeT:P8HRAp70h:P2DjqBXFI?F ZlF MN4766CB2547e7EG4hxbR52A25R5:PMK?4q8q2AF cP[9vP47K?0
un:PEGI?FHF 0Nco:P2A@CFHEr.}qu+EC:=@C@U:PR50Q|'Z?B?6G8;:PZQ:.4P@UEG4dIXR56C<476GRA@URWi74NxzF 2I?FDF abFH8s@U4.8;:PM<l4T|
<lF EC4abB?FkFH2LutvPwFH2L<?EGR5MFHE@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47EF 0iPFHE2_:25B?S=}'47EFH6^@UF@UEC:PZQ:G4254P6
@UEGFH6R50TiPFH6G@CR5eT:=I?47ECF 6abB?F EC470e7:P2_:PEGI?470Q:=I?4768 470FH2O<?ECF MNRA4947ZlF 2I?F3>56GR58;:~FH0
TPxzMNgP6L@:PEGI?FvP47K?0u+:PECI?F FH0EGFH8 R5Z?RAp 4P@CEC4 O47ZFH2rF 0T7<47E@UEU:=ZQ:G476dFH0
6CB?<FHEG8H470XI?B?8 @CRAiqR5I?:PI|s}
/r2unvPwFH6DF 2
@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PEtI?R56G8HECFs@U4jJB?FLMgP6t6GFLBX@URA25R5SH:X}90 8 47M<l470XFH0T@UFF 25FH8f
@UEGp70?R58 4IXR56C8 ECFs@U4F 6:PjJB?F 2OjJB?F 6CF<XB?FHI?F Fsq@UEC:PFHENI?FH29ECF 6G@C4I?FH298HRAEC8 B?RA@C4~c6GFHE
6CB?6^@URW@UB?RAI?4<47E+4=@UEC4X}1476+8 R5EC8 B?RA@C476YFH25F 8 @CECp70?RA8H476`I?R56G8HEGF @U4P6+6CFMN470T@U:P08 47254q8;:P0XI?4
6CB?6FH25F MNF 0T@U476NR50?I?RWiqR5I?BQ:=25MFH0T@UF=}OR56C8 ECFs@U46GF38H470T@CEU:P<470?F:2_:~<Q:P2_:=Z?EU:~R50T@UFf
e7EU:=I?4?r25476.8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4P6R50T@CFHe7EC:PI?476d@UR5F 0?FH06GB?6o8H4PMN<470?F 0J@CFH6s6CFH2A2_:PIX476$6C47Z?EGFB?0
M:@UFHEGR_:P2ZQ:=6CFVc36G470kR50?6GFH<Q:=EU:PZ?2AFH6OB?0?476I?Fo4=@UEC4P6H}d'47E4=@UEC42_:PI?4X[FH2'@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PE
Z?R5<4725:PEr<?ECF 6CFH0T@U:$MB?2A@CRA@UBXINI?F]:P<?25RA8;:P8 R5470XFH61@:P0T@C4oFH08 R5EC8 B?RA@C476n:=0Q:P25pPe7R58 476r8H47M4
FH08HRAEC8HBXRA@U4P6tI?R5e7RW@:P2AFH6 }
EGeT:P0?RAS;:PM476{FH6^@UFt8;:=<?>A@CB?254OI?FnMN:P0?FHEC:6CRAMNRA2_:PE:=2?:P0T@UF ECRA47EH[=8H47MFH0?SH:P0?I?48 470
2_:L<?ECF 6CF 0J@U:P8HRAp70I?FO2_:LFH6G@CECB?8s@UB?EC:ZQgP6GR58H:.I?F 2I?RA6C<476CRW@URAiP4?[T6CB6C>5MZl472A4LI?F8 R5EC8 B?RA@C4
7
P
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
c~MN4qI?F 25476I?FabB?0?8 R5470Q:=MNRAFH0T@U4?}FH6G<?B?\H6$:=Zl47EGIQ:PM476L2_:P6.:P<?2AR58H:P8HRA470?FH6LZQg=6CR58H:P6
I?FL2_:=6tjqBXFdIXFH6G@U:P8;:=ECFHM476D2_:$:PM<?2ARAQ8H:P8HRAp70
}
NU
#%)*Y#{)% (t#%d",H
#&L%,s&. L%()",s-"
DFH8H4PECI?F MN476jqBXFtFH2?I?RA4IX4]FH61B?0oIXR56C<476GRA@URWi74]8 BXcT:47<FHEC:P8HRAp70V6GFtZQ:P6U:F 0o2_:B?0XR5p70
<?0
}9RA8KQ:NBX0?R5p70 FH6OFH2{8H470T@:=8 @U4N>50T@URAMN4$I?F.B?036GFHMR58H4P0?I?B?8s@U47ED@URA<l40
[252_:=M:PIX4
8;g@U4qI?4VcB?0?4o@CR5<4o<2A2_:PMN:PI?4gP0?4qI?4?}r906GFHMR58 470?I?B?8s@U47En@CR5<4o0FH69:PjJB?FH2F 0FH2
jJB?F6G470MVBX8K?4MNgP6Y0qBXMNF EC476G476+2A476r<l47E^@:PIX47ECF 6`I?FO8;:PEGeT:.0XFHeT:=@CRAi=:NxzFH2AFH8s@UEC4P0?FH6U|s
FH0oF 2X@URA<l4<o25476'<l47E^@:PIX47ECF 61<l476GRA@CRAi74P6txz2A2_:PMN:PI?4P6{KJB?F 8H476U|6C470oMN:;c747EGRA@:=ECR54P6H}'O0Q:
B?0?RAp70<?0~FH6^@g<l4725:PECRAS;:PI?:NFH0~I?RAECFH8s@:6CR125:8;:P>AIQ:I?Fo@UF 0?6CRAp70kFH0T@UEGF$FH2@UF ECMR50Q:=2
I?F 2gP0?4qI?4ocFH2I?F 28;g=@C4IX4F 6D<l476GRA@CRAi=:X}14$FH6^@g$FH0R50Ti7F EC6U:$FH08;:=6C48H470T@UEC:PECRA4?}
/12q@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E'Z?R5<472_:=E{F 6G@UgOab47ECMN:PI?4O<l4PE'I?4P6B?0?RA470?FH6'<?0VMVBc.<XECp;R5MN:P6F 0J@CECF
6C>}+{47E9254o@:P0T@C4FH69<476CRAZ?25F25:$FR56G@CFH0?8 R_:I?F.IX476DFH6G@CECB?8s@UB?EC:P6IXR56G@CR50T@:=69jJB?FdIQ:P0
25BXeT:PED:$25476n@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47EGFH69Z?R5<472_:=ECFH6+<?0?< c:$254P6t0?<?08 BXc74P66C>AMVZ4725476+I?F.8 R5EG8HB?RW@U4
FH6^@gP0R50XI?R58H:PI?476tF 0 25:P6+Qe7BXEU:P69X}W7}:ocX}AP}Z
}
C
C
C
p
B
p+
n
p
E
E
b)
q XY'o`9'DY'D]^+t+9t]]{Ost
T
4<
[jJB?F$R50?I?RA8;:F 2@URA<l4IXFo6CFHMR58 470?I?BX8 @U4PEH}V/16^@:I?RAabF ECF 0?8HR5:KQ:P8HF$jJB?F$0?46GF;:P0
R50T@UF EC8H:PMVZ?R5:PZ?25F 6n254P6n@UFHEGMNRA0Q:P2AFH6nI?FLF MNRA6C47E+c8H472AFH8 @C47EH}
+470?6CRAI?FHEC:PECF MN4P6tjqBXFdF 26CF 0J@CR5I?4$<476CRW@URWi74oI?F25:V8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFH6DF 02A476+@CECFH6t@CFHECMRWf
0Q:P2AFH69I?FH2@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47E9Z?R5<472_:=EnFH6OFH2=C:PI?4FH0325:P6tQe7B?EC:P6OX}q}:oc X}q}Z
}nO4P@CFHM476
jJB?FD<Q:PEU:F 2X@UF ECMR50Q:P2I?FtFHMR56G47EF 6Y<476GRA@URWi=:2_:]8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFtjqBXFD?BXc7FD6CF e7?02_:]<?BX0f
@:I?FoQFH8K?: FH0~FH2rF MNRA6C47EI?F 216C>AMVZl4P254I?F$8HRAEC8 B?RA@C4?}$476@UFHEGMNRA0Q:P2AFH6]I?FZQ:P6GFc
8H472AFH8s@U47E@CR5FH0XFH0FH2Q6CF 0T@UR5IX4.8 470T@UEU:=ECR54X[TFH6rI?FH8 R5E [q6GRQ2_:]8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CF9IXF9F MNRA6C47E1<476GRA@URWi=:
FH6^@gFH0T@CEU:P0?IX4:P2{I?R56G<l476GRA@CRAi74X[25:P69I?FZQ:=6CFc8H4P25FH8s@U47EO6U:P2AFH0xzFH6^@UFVF 6]FH2{8;:=6C4I?F 2
<?0?<
[Q<?:PEU:oFH20X<?0 F 6:=2
8H470T@CEU:PEGR54J|}
C
B
C
IC
IB
IC
IB
IE
E
b)
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
C
+
VCB
VEB
n
p
VCB +
IB
B
C
IC
IE
VEB +
E
q qt]rY]Y+YOXt{
T
\H6^@UFt6C4P0N:=<?25RA8;:PZ?2AFH6:P2X<?0X<o6CR50oMNgP6jJB?Ft8H:PMVZ?R5:PEF 2?6CRAe70?4]IXFn@U4qIQ:P625:P68 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFH6
c@UF 0?6CRA470?F 6H}
<Q:PEGFH0T@UF MNF 0T@UFP[rF 2nutvPw0?43F 6VMg=6jJB?FI?476B?0?R54P0?FH6.<?0FH0XabEGFH0T@:=IQ:P6ojJB?F
8H47M<Q:PE^@UF 0FH2tgP0X4I?4xz2_:3Z?:P6CFI?F 2`@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47EU|s}'47EVF 252A43B?0Q:3<?EGR5MFHEC:3:P<?EG4Rf
M:=8HR5pP0:P2M4IXFH2_:=I?4V<4I?EG>_:V8 470?6CRA6G@CR5EnF 0 25:<?EC4P<?B?FH6^@:$I?FL2_:QePB?EU:oX}??F 0 F 2525:
:P<Q:PEGFH8 FH0I?4P6`I?RA4IX476`<X0FH0abECFH0T@U:PI?476YcNIXR56C<XB?FH6^@U476`I?F9@U:P2Qab47ECMN:LjqBXF254P6`g=0?4IX476
I?F3:=MVZl4P68 47R50X8HR5IXFH0FH0F 2D@CFHEGMNRA0Q:P2nI?F ZQ:P6GF I?F 29@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47E }/12DI?R54qI?4~I?F 25:
R5S jqBXR5FHEGIQ:VECF <?ECF 6CF 0J@U::o2_:VBX0?R5p70IXFFHMR56C4PE+cFH2I?F2_:VI?F ECF 8KQ:N:o25:VI?F8H472AFH8s@U47E }
E
p n
B
n p
IE
IF
IR
IC
C
IB
B
R5ePB?EU:oX}?mr/12utvPwiqR56^@U48H47M4$I?476DI?RA4I?4P6nFH0XabEGFH0T@:=I?476
25:PMFHM4761 :.25:L8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFOjJB?FO:=@CEU:;iqR5FH6C:.25:LBX0?R5p70I?F9FHMR56G47ErFO:d2_:jJB?F
QBXcPFO<47E25:]I?FD8H 472AFH8 @C47EH}9@CR525RAS;:P0XI?4F 2QMN4qI?FH2A4]Fs<470?F 0?8HR5:P2?I?F 2QI?R54qI?4<4I?F MN4P6
FH6G8HECRAZ?R5E
H
Y ;
I?470?IXFOF 2az:=8 @U4PEYIXFORAI?F;:P2AR5IQ:=Io6CFO:P6CB?MFDR5e7B?:P2Q:L2_:LB?0?R5I?:PIoc$2_:P6r8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF 6`RA0Ti7FHEf
6U:P6OI?F6C:=@UBXEU:P8 R5p70 I?F25:P6DB?0?R54P0?FH6OI?FF MNRA6C47Etc8H472AFH8s@U47E96C470 H Fd; Q[lEGFH6G<lF 8sf
@URWiP:=MNF 0J@CFP}r 6CF252_:=M:@UF 0?6CRAp70@U\ ECMR58H:.c:.2_:d@CFHM<lF EU:=@CB?EU::PMVZ?RAFH0T@UFO6CBi=:P254PE
FH6 X} TPVV}+4P0 25:o:cqB?I?:I?FL25:o?e7B?EU:$X}$<l4qI?F MN476tF 6C8 ECR5ZXR5E
H3 YHO r;
R50$FHMZQ:PECeP4?[TFH6^@UF9MN4qI?FH2A4]R5eP0?47EU::=25e74F 6CFH0X8HR_:=2QFH0FH2QI?RA6C<476CRW@URAiP4?m{2_:]ZQ:P6GFDFH6
MVBXcFH6G@CECF 8KQ:cP[Q<l47E+FH0?I?F=[Q2_:P6tBX0?R5470XFH6t<?0FH6^@gP0MVBXc<?ECp;R5MN:P6 X@:P0<?EGp;XRAM:=6
jJB?F]2_:L8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF9jJB?FQBc7F<47EYB?0Q:X[X:=abFH8s@:.:.2_:L8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFOjJB?F]:=@CEU:;iqR5F 6U:.25:.4P@CEU:X}
7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
1/ 6G@CFVabFH0?p7MFH0X46CFo2A2_:PMN:RA0Tc7FH8 8HRAp70I?Fo<?EG4P@:PIX47ECF 6c2A4<4I?F MN4P6M4I?F 2_:PE9MFsf
I?R5:P0T@UFd6CFH0XIQ:P6abB?F 0T@UFH6I?FH<FH0?IXR5FH0T@CFH6]8 470?FH8s@:PI?:P6]6CF e7?0RA0?I?R58H:PM476tFH0325:QePB?EU:
X}}
IF
E
IR
IE
IC
FI F
R IR
IB
B
q qt]rY]Y+YOXt{
7
I?FL2_:oECF 2_:P8 R5p70~xzX}J|C|}rFL6CB?F 25FLR50T@CEC4qI?B?8HRAEnFH2<?:PEUgPMF @CEC4$I?F ?0?R5I?4<47E
V $ V- $&lH
c6GFnBX@CR525RAS;:P0. ?5[ $ 6c $ }1/10o2_:D@:PZ?25:O6GR5e7B?RAFH0T@UF`IQ:PM476:=25e7B?0X476'i=:P2A47ECF 6'@U>A<?R58 476H}
$ 8
7:9<;; $& 8 7:9=>; o, =:9;>?A@5B7DCEGFIH
<?:PEG@CR5EnI?FLF 6G@U4P69i=:P2A47ECF 6t0qBXMN\ ECR58 476n@UF 0?I?EGFHM476DjqBXF
H V, JA@57 CEGF HK; VL B7 CENM H
2_:8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFdR50Ti7F EC6U:IXF6U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70I?F.2_:B?0?R5pP0I?F.FHMR56C4PEVxbH J|DF 6]MFH0?47E9jJB?F
2_:oI?FL8H4P25FH8s@U47E }
9F 6CB?2W@:o8H470TiPFH0?RAFH0T@UFLFs<?EGFH6C:PED2_:V8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFI?FZQ:P6GFdB@UR52AR5SH:P0?I?4.FH2
<476G@CB?2_:=I?4
I?FLECF 8HR5<XEC4q8HR5I?:PI
}O6C>[?@C47MN:P0?I?4
. $ r; o $
FLR50T@UEG4I?BX8HR5\ 0?I?4725:P6nF 0 25:VFH8HB?:P8HRAp70xzX}T|+ECF 6CB?2W@:
H3 D( $ $
) D2 $& $& *
O
F Q0?:PMN4P6+:PKX47EU:LI?476Y0JB?F iP476+<Q:=EUgPMF @CEC476 m2_:eT:=0Q:P0?8 R_:FH0N8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFDI?R5EGFH8s@:
FH0F MNRA6C47E8 47MV?0Q[ P [c~2_:eT:P0Q:P0X8HR_:F 08H47EGECRAFH0T@UFR50Ti7F EC6C:FH0FHMR56C4PEd8 47MV?0[
PR'QIQ:=I?476t<47Et2_:P6tF 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH6
$
$
P
"PR
xzX}P|
D2$
D($
8H470FH2A25476+2_:o8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFI?FLZQ:=6CFdjqBXFHIQ:
H P
) PR
xzX}7|
{:=6ECF 2_:P8 R5470?F 6:P0T@CFHECRA47ECF 6FX<XECFH6C:P02_:P6{8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF 61FH0o254P6{@CFHECMR50?:P25F 6'I?F 2?utvPw
FH0abBX0?8HRAp70I?F2_:P6L@UF 0?6CRA470?FH6VQc'[jJB?FF 0FH2`MN4qI?FH2A46C47025:P6LiP:=ECR_:=Z?25F 6
R50?IXFH<FH0?I?RAFH0T@UF 6H}D/1032A476D6CR5ePB?R5F 0J@CFH69<QgPEGEU:=ab476D<?EGFH6GFH0T@:PM476OB?0Q:P69Fs<?EGFH6CRA470?F 6:P2Wf
@UF EC0Q:=@CRAi=:P6 }
B>
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
SUT%SUT#V
WYXYZ\[^]`_4X[a]b_1WdcK_feg>h
ij[kX#X*_4lnmpo`l`q.rs"ln]b_1Xtkg+qu[ve:e:rwh
_4lyx'_4g
IE =0
+
-
+
-
IE =0
IC
IE =0
+
-
+
-
q qt]rY]Y+YOXt{
X
FH6^@:ECF 2_:P8 R5p703F 62_:F 8HBQ:=8HR5pP08H470?6^@URW@UBX@CRAi=:I?FoB?0IXR54qI?48H4P254q8;:PI?4FH0T@UEGFo2_:ZQ:=6CF
cFH28 4725F 8 @C47EdxbQePB?EU:$X}T|`c8 BXcT:8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFLR50Ti7F EC6C:I?FL6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRA470FH6
;Qn 9 $ $& V\0D($ $ 3 ;
$
+
-
jJB?F
IE
IC =0
+
IE
IC =0
#
;Q
x}AB7|
B T
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
I?470XI?FP[Q<Q:=EU:oFH6G8HECRAZ?R5EtIXFdMN:P0?F EU:o8H4PMN<Q:=8 @:oKQ:=8HFHM476
; l U
HQR U
)
9F 6CB?MR5M476:PK?47EC:2_:P6F 8HBQ:=8HR54P0?FH6I?Fk/1Z?ZFHEG6^f ! 47252O<Q:PEC:az:P8HRA25RA@U:PEoabBX@UBXEU:P6
ECFsabFHEGFH0?8 R_:P6 } ! 4qI?FH2A4IXF./1ZFHEG6^#f !47252
F 0abBX0?8HRAp70I?FL2_:P6 }H}H}
@UFH0X6CR54P0?FH6Okc
8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFH6D FL;
3 N #
#
H- $ ;N R U
O
H
+ ; , $ HHQR
+
H3 %
#
%
#
;3 ` $ HNz $ ;HR
N ^ .,s&"D (&.n%d*+, -."(t+
F e7?0FH2M4I?F 254.Fs<l4P0?FH0?8 R_:P2[F 2I?RA4IX4<?EGFH6CF 0T@:oI?476`<l476GR5Z?2AFH6`ECFHePR5470?F 6+I?FOabB?0f
8HRA470Q:PMR5F 0T@U4?mO2_:ECF e7R5p70kI?RAECF 8 @:c25:ECF e7R5p70kRA0JiPFHEG6U:X}X:PZFHM476jJB?F$25476IXR54qI?476
ECFH:P25F 6.<XECFH6GFH0T@:=0B?0Q: @CFHEC8 FHEC:ECF e7R5p70[2_:I?FNECB?<X@CB?EU:[<FHEC4I?FM47MFH0T@U4R5e70X4=f
EU:=ECFHM476tI?RA8KQ:oECF e7R5p70}
476@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47ECF 6Z?R5<4725:PECF 6O<476CF FH0~I?476]BX0?R5470XFH6]<?0k8H:PIQ:B?0Q:IXFo2_:P6O8HBQ:P2AFH6
<?B?F I?F47<lF EU:PE$F 0I?476$EGFHe7RA470?FH6 [+<47E$254@:=0J@C4FR56G@CFH0h8HBQ:=@CEC4~ECF e7R5470XFH6$I?F47<f
FHEC:P8HRAp70I?Fo2A476LutvPw{6252_:=M:PI?:P6S 470Q::P8s@URAi=:I?RAECF 8 @:[SH470Q:I?Fo6C:=@UBXEU:P8 R5p70
[S 470Q:
I?FL8H4PEG@UFcS 470Q:$:P8s@URAi=:oR50TiPFHEC6C:X}Y:P6D8HBQ:=@CEC4$6CFLI?FsQ0?F 0FH02_:V@U:PZ?2_:V6GR5e7BXR5FH0T@CFP}
O0?RAp70I?FLFHMR56C4PEtFH0
} }H} 90?R5p70I?FL8 4725F 8 @U4PEtFH0
} }H} /12utvPw4P<lF EU:oFH0
} }H}
RAECF 8 @:
0JiPFHEG6U:
470Q:$:P8s@URAi=:oI?RAECFH8s@:
RAECF 8 @:
OR5ECF 8 @U:
DFHe7RAp70I?FL6U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70
0Ti7F EC6C:
0JiPFHEG6U:
DFHePR5p70I?Fd8H4PEG@UF
0Ti7F EC6C:
OR5ECF 8 @U:
470Q:$:P8s@URWiP:VRA0Ti7FHEG6U:
F+M4qI?4jJB?F`6CR[=<l4PE'FGFHM<?254?[B?0@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47E{0?<?0FH6G@Ug<472_:PEGR5SH:PI?4DI?F+MN:P0?F EU:
jJB?FQ 7xb6CF EC>_:MFG47E1IXFH8HRAErjqBXF]Q| : s[J8H470 s2_:]@CFH0?6GR5p70B?MVZ?EC:P2QI?F
2_:LB?0?RAp70IXF]FHMR56G47EH[J<FHEC4.0?476`FH6nMNgP6Y8Hp7M4IX4<FH0?6C:PE+F 0@U\ ECMR50?476YI?F9@UFH0X6CR54P0?FH6
<476CRW@URAi=:P6Dc0?FHe7:=@URWiP:=6|Dc32 7N47<lF EU:F 02_:SH470Q::=8 @URWi=:NI?RAECFH8s@:X} ZXR5FH06CR
FH0NB?0<X0?<Ql 7LcNQ 7LcF 2@CEU:P0X6CR56^@U47Er47<FHEC:.F 02_:LSH4P0Q::P8s@URWiP:LR50TiPFHEC6C:X}
:QePB?EU:X}:=6C4q8HR_:25:P6I?R56^@URA0J@U:P6LECF e7R5470XFH6LI?F$47<FHEU:=8HR5pP0~IXFNB?0k@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47E
Z?RA<l4725:PE:254P6N8 BQ:PI?EC:P0T@UFH6F 0jJB?F3I?RWiRAI?FF 2O<X2_:P0?4B?06CRA6G@CFHMN:I?F3FGFH68H:PEG@CFsf
6CR5:P0?476 }/12Q<?EGR5MFHE8 BQ:PI?EC:P0T@UFxbi=:P254PECFH61IXF925:P6i=:PECR5:PZ?2AFH6I?F9:PMZl4761FGFH6r<476CRW@URAi=:P6U|
q q9DstY]trr9dstYb?
7
ECF <?ECF 6CFH0T@U:25:ECFHePR5p703IXFo6U:=@CB?EU:P8 R5p70[
FH26GFHe7BX0?I?42_:EGFHe7RAp70k:P8 @CRAi=:RA0JiPFHEG6U:c:P6G>
6CB?8 FH6GRAi=:PMFH0T@UF=}./16RAMN<47EG@U:P0T@UFdI?R56^@URA0?e7B?RAE925:P6O@CFH0?6GR5470XFH6I?F 2'@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47E0X<?0I?F
2_:P6tIXFH2<?0?<xzF 6G@UgP0 F 0 25:o<?EC47<XR_:Qe7BXEU:T|}
VBC
VCB
SATURACION
ACTIVA INVERSA
SATURACION
ACTIVA INVERSA
VBE
CORTE
VEB
CORTE
ACTIVA DIRECTA
a) npn
ACTIVA DIRECTA
b) pnp
B
BP
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
+
V
-
ID
+V-I
ij[^]`_4X[\]b_4X*
ll_4l.["lbttkqx'rQt]bre:_4qx't
qq9DstY]trr9dstYb?
IF
E
VBE
-I
+
T
CS
VBC
FI F
R I CS
B
RAe7B?EC:oX}AXm"! 4qI?FH2A4oI?FH2utvPw0?<?0FH0SH470Q:$:P8s@URWiP:oI?RAECF 8 @:
E
IE
IF
IC
FI F
R IR
IB
B
B7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
E
VBE on
IE
IC
FI E
IB
B
IC
C
+
FIB
VBE on
-
IE
E
qq9DstY]trr9dstYb?
T
Qk ` N b 7:9<J. % -7:9<JL
25476OFH6GjqBXFHMNg=@URA8H4766GFHEUg=0~RAe7BQ:P2AFH696U:P2Wi74jJB?FoKQ:=Z?ECF MN476I?FoIQ:PE]25:NiqB?FH2W@::@C4IX476
25476tF 25F MNF 0J@C476DI?FL8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4X}
SUTNTw
ij[^]b_4X[\]`_4X
lb`l_4lgDtvx'oetkqurskl
VBC sat
IF
IE
VBE
IR
RI R
VBC
IC
FI F
IB
B 7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
FH0T@CECF6CB?6$@UF ECMR50Q:P2AFH6 [`:k2_:3iPFHSjqBXF <FHEGMNRW@UFH0F 2t<Q:P6C4I?F8HBQ:=25jJB?R5F Eo8H47EGECRAFH0T@UF
:6CB@CEU:;i7\ 6H}BXFHe7425:P68 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFH6I?F38 470T@UEG472]FH6^@gP0:PKX47EU:RA0?I?FsQ0?R5I?:P6H}F
M4I?4LjJB?F9<l4qI?F MN476rF 25R5MR50?:PE25:P6abB?FH0T@CFH6+IXFH<FH0?I?RAFH0T@UF 6+<47ECjJB?F92_:8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFOjJB?F
R50T@CEC4qI?B?8HF 0:=278HRAEC8HBXRA@U4DF 6G@gDR50X8H47EG<l47EC:PIQ:n<47EI?F ?0?R58 R5p70LFH0d2_:=6
abB?FH0T@UF 6'IXFY@CFH0?6GR5p70
xz8 BQ:P2AjqBXR5FHEC:T|s"} ]B?\=C:PECgo2_:P6t8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFH69<l47EtF 6G@U:P6OEC:PMN:Pp6 7m1FH28 R5EG8HB?RW@U4$Fsq@UF EC0?4
:P2Q@UEC:P0?6GR56G@C47EH}/r2AR5MR50?F MN4P6H[T<?B?F 6n2_:=6YabB?F 0T@UFH6t8 470T@UEG472_:PI?:P6H}1/12MN4qI?F 254djqBXFHIQ:@U:P2
c8 47MN4oM476^@UEU:=MN476tF 0 25:Qe7B?EC:$X}A?I?476tabB?F 0T@UFH69I?F@UF 0?6CRAp70FH0XabEGFH0T@:PI?:P6H}
VBE sat
E
VBC sat
IE
IC
C
IB
B
IC
IB
C
VBC sat
VBE sat
qq9DstY]trr9dstYb?
7
r472AiqR5F 0?I?4:O2_:OQePB?EU:]}A;<l4qI?FHM476'Fsq@UEC:PFHEEGFH6GB?2A@U:PI?476RA0T@UFHEGFH6C:P0T@UFH61EGFH6G<lF 8sf
@U4:=2Yi=:P2A47E.IXF2_:8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFIXF8H472AFH8s@U47E.FH0F 6G@:3EGFHe7RAp70I?FN6U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP0
}F e7?0
I?R58K?:$QePB?EU:o2_:V8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFLFH6
; , $
I?470?IXFo I?FH0X4P@::25:N8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF<l476GRA@CRAi=:3xz:=@UEC:iqRAFH6U:F 2I?RA4IX4I?Fo8 4725F 8 @U4PEjJB?F
FH6^@gFH0I?R5EGFH8 @U:T|ojqBXFQBXcPF<l47E2_:kabB?FH0T@CFk> }9F 8H47EGI?FHM476jJB?FFH0S 470Q:
:P8 @CRAi=:oI?R5EGFH8s@:X[?IXFH6C<XECFH8 R_:P0XI?4N25:P6t8H4PECECRAFH0T@UF 6DR50Ti7F EC6U:=6OI?FL6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70
H8 $ Y
8H47M492_:t8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFr FH6{8;:=6CRJR5e7B?:P2TFH0:PMVZ4768;:P6G476txbFH6^@:D8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFYFH6{2_:tjJB?F`QBc7F
<l4PE.B?0I?R54qI?4FH0I?RAECF 8 @:@:P0T@C43FH0S 470Q: :P8 @CRAi=: I?RAECF 8 @:8H47M4F 06U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70|s[
8H470X8H25BXR5M476OjJB?Fo25:8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFI?FV8H4P25FH8s@U47EOFH6MFH0?4PEFH0k25:NECF e7R5pP03I?Fo6U:@UB?EC:P8HRAp70
jJB?F.F 0 S 470Q:$:P8s@URAi=:oI?RAECFH8s@:X[XFH6G@C4NF 6
; +$ Hv ; +P H
9F 6CB?MR5F 0?I?4254oFH6G8HEGRA@U4X[?FH06U:=@CB?EU:=8HR5pP025:P6tFH8 BQ:P8 R5470?F 6OIXFH2M4I?F 254V6G470
! 4qI?F 254$<Q:PEC:$Z?:P6CFL8H4PMV?0
! 4qI?F 254$<Q:PEC:$F MNRA6C47E+8H47MVX0
xQe7B?EC:}AP|
xb?e7B?EU:$X}WT|
QD , 7:9<d
QD - 7'9<d
> - 7:9=.
?D , 7:9L
H +$ H
; OP H
4P6]MNRA6CM476D8H47MFH0T@U:PEC RA4766GFo:P<?2AR58;:=03:P2{MN4qI?F 254I?FH2{ @UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PE<?0?<m9KXFHM476
I?Fo8;:=MVZ?R_:=EFH26CR5eP0?4:@U4qIQ:P6]25:P68 47ECEGR5F 0J@CFH6]c @UFH0X6CR54P0?FH6 }V/10k25476]F 6CjJB?F Mg=@CR58 476
IQ:PEGFHM476t2_:ViqB?FH2W@:$:V@U4qI?476D254P6nFH2AFHMFH0T@U476DI?FL8 R5EC8 B?RA@C4?}
SUTNTNS
ij[^]b_4X[\]`_4X
lb`l_4lqu[veDx:_
7B
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
-I
-I
ES
CS
IE
IC
R I CS -I
C
ES
F I ES-I
F I ES
IB
IB
IE
IC
IB
SUTNTG
ij[^]`_4X[\]b_4X*
ll_4l.["lbttkqx'rQtrlk_fe:g't
CS
qJ
tn9]9rdstO`r$'D]t]]t
E
IE
VBC
RI C
P7
on
IC
IB
vw%<N%
vkbBBB
%`#<##w)4BvA%<y
#%%
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
ii
io
R1
+
vi
+
vo
R2
RAe7B?EC:oX}XmY+R5EG8HB?RW@U4o6CRAMN<X25F]I?FLI?4P69<XB?FHE^@U476
ENTRADA
SALIDA
vo
vo < 0
vo =0
vo > 0
vi
R5ePB?EU:oX}7mYn:=EU:P8s@UFHEG>56^@UR58H:P6^fI?FLF 0J@CEU:PI?:
qJ
tn9]9rdstO`r$'D]t]]t
P
{:$FH8 BQ:P8 R5p708H4P0?6G@CRA@UB@URAi=:iqR56^@:$I?FH6GI?Fd2_:V6U:=25R5I?:VFH6G@UgI?:PIQ:o<l4PE
% `
1
x}A;T|
`
jJB?FF 6OMVBc<Q:PECF 8HRAIQ:N:2_:$:P0T@UF ECRA47Etc2_:oMN4P6G@UEC:PM476DFH025:VQe7B?EC:X}7}+/r0 FH6^@UF
8;:P6G4NKXFHM476DFH25F e7R5IX4$:$ 8H47M4$<Q:PEUg=MNFs@UEC4X[X2_:VF 25F 8H8HRAp70<l4qI?EG>_:V6CF EDI?R56^@UR50T@U:X}
io
ii
i i< 0
i i =0
i i> 0
vo
[klkobe:t"q.r["lb_4g2]`_-oblxDe:t"lbg'rg5x'[kecrK["Xtve
O03@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E]ZXR5<472_:PE96CFo<XB?FHI?F.8H472A48H:P#E dF 0B?0k8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4NMN4P6G@UEC:P0?I?4IXR56G@CR50T@U4P6
<Q:PEGFH6]I?FV@CFHEGMNRA0Q:P25F 6:N2_:F 0J@CEU:PI?:4:2_:N6U:P2AR5IQ:X}:P6]I?RWabFHECF 0T@UFH6<l476GR58 R5470?F 6I?F 2
I?R56G<l4P6CRA@CRAiP46CF`I?FH0X47MNRA0Q:P0.8H470X?e7B?EU:=8HR54P0?FH6cd6G470V2_:=6'@UEGFH6'MN476^@UEC:PIQ:P6'FH0V25:9Qe7BXEU:
X}PX}Y9F 8HRAZlF 0 F 20?47MVZ?EGFLI?FH2
@CFHECMR50?:P28 47MN<?:PEG@CR5I?4o<47ED2_:VF 0J@CEU:PI?:c25:$6C:P25RAIQ:Xm
FHMR56G47Et8H47M?0x/Yt|s[Q8 4725F 8 @U4PEt8H47MVX0xtt|ncZQ:P6CFL8 47MV?0xutt|}
C
B
E
C
EC
CC
BC
R5ePB?EU:oX}PXmY+4P0XQe7B?EC:P8HRA470?F 69IXFH2utvPw
/r2M4I?F 254I?FO/1ZlF EC6f#! 472A2[T@:=2?c$8H47M4.2A4.KXFHM476r<?ECF 6CFH0T@U:PI?4?[q@UR5F 0?F9FH2:P6C<FH8f
@U4I?F$2_:8 470XQePB?EU:P8 R5p70kF 0ZQ:=6CF$8H47M?0
}:PEC:8HBQ:P2AjJB?R5F E4P@UEC:8 470XQePB?EU:P8 R5p70kF 2
7 ;
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
M4I?F 254OFH6F?:=8 @:=MNF 0J@CFtFH2MNRA6CM4?P6Gp7254]<XB?FHI?Ft8H:PMVZ?R5:PE{FH2X8 470GB?0T@C4dIXF+i=:PECR5:PZ?25F 6
R50XI?FH<FH0?IXR5FH0T@CFH6LjJB?F$0?476LR50T@UF ECF 6U:BX@URA25RAS;:PE }.O6C>[<47EFGFHM<?254?[<Q:PEU:25:8H470X?e7Bf
EU:=8HR5pP0FH0FHMR56G47E+8 47MV?0EGFH6GB?2A@U:PEUg@UR52lFs<?EGFH6U:=Et2_:P6n8H:PEU:=8 @UF EC>A6G@URA8;:P6+I?F]FH0T@CEU:PIQ:
8H4PMN4oB?0?:$abB?0X8HR5pP0
H3H" 0v `? 3
:P0Qg=2547eT::L2_:F 8HBQ:P8 R5p703xX}WT|[J:PjJB?>2_:P61i=:PEGR_:PZ?2AFH61I?F9FH0T@CEU:PIQ:L6C4P02_:8 47ECEGR5FH0T@CFOH
c25:@UFH0X6CR5pP0Q1'25:@UF 0?6CRAp70?6CFo@U4PM:PECg8H47M4<Q:PECgPMF @UEG4?}o:P6LFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70
8;:=EU:P8s@UFHEG>56^@UR58H:VI?FL6U:P2AR5IQ:V6GFHECg
; Hv 0?v r; 3
<?B?F 68H4P0?6CRAI?FHEC:PECF MN476{jJB?FnHNFH62_:D8H47EGECR5F 0T@UF+IXF+6U:=25R5I?:Dcd2_:=6{i=:PEGR_:PZ?2AFH6{R50?IXFH<FH0?I?Rf
FH0T@CFH6n25:P6Y@C47MN:PMN4P618H47M425:L@CFH0?6GR5p70IXF6U:=25R5I?:x? 3 c2_:d8H47EGECR5F 0T@UF9;jJB?F6GFHEUg
FH21<?:PEUgPMF @CEC4xbiPFHEdFH8 BQ:P8HRAp70xX}W;J|G|s}/1025:<XECp;R5MN:6GFH8 8HR5pP0I?F I?B?8 R5ECF MN4P6d25:P6
Fs<?EGFH6GR5470?F 6.IXF:PMZQ:P6LFH8 BQ:P8HRA470?F 6.8H:PEU:P8s@UF EC>56^@URA8;:P6d:<Q:PEG@CR5E]IXFN25:P6LI?FH21M4IXFH254X}
/12<?EC4q8HF I?R5MR5F 0T@U4o6CF EUg$6CRAMN<?2AFPmMN:P0?RA<?B?25:PE`25:P6tFH8 BQ:P8 R5470?F 6O4PECR5ePR50Q:P2AFH6 }
N %d*`#n% H
#, *nd!Q (t D"
,H&L%*+& "
:8H4P0XQe7B?EC:P8HRAp70FH0F MNRA6C47EO8H47M?0FH6 [<l476GR5Z?2AFHMFH0T@UF=[25:Mg=6BX@CR525RAS;:PI?:NFH025:P6
:P<?2AR58H:P8HRA470?FH6'I?FH2@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PEZ?R5<X2_:PE [=@:=0J@C4LFH0$8HRAEC8HBXRA@U4P61:P0Q:P2Ap7e7RA8H476nx:PM<?25RWQ8;:=8HR5pP0
I?F6GFHQ:P2AFH6U|t8 47M4oFH025476nIXR5e7RW@:P2AFH6xaz:PMR525R5:P6rI?F<?B?F EG@U:P6D25p7e7RA8;:P6+Z?R5<472_:=ECFH6U|s}'47E
FH2A254oI?F I?R58H:PM476nB?0Q:$FH6G<lF 8HR5:P2:=@UF 0?8HRAp70:oFH6G@U:8 470XQePB?EU:P8 R5p70xQe7B?EC:NX}=J|}
IC
+
IB
VCE
VBE
-
SALIDA
q
Ty9d9'rD^{s]rb?r Y ^
ttD'
SUTUT#V
tve:t"qRx'_fegx'rqutkgz]`__4l"x'e:tk]`t
VCE = 0.1 V
0.1
> 0.2
I B (mA)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
VBE(V)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
R5ePB?EU:X}7m9+B?E^iP:=6]8;:PEC:P8 @CFHEG>56G@CR58H:P6OIXFVFH0T@UEC:PIQ:IXFB?03@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E9Z?R5<4725:PEt0?<?0
FH0FHMR56C4PE]8H47M?0
}N4P6d<?:PEUgPMF @CEC476LI?F 21MN4qI?F 2546C4P0$ a7:9;>;X[&$&a7:9=>;F
o8 =:9;>?A@5B7DCEGF"H
X:P2AiP4F 6G@:9I?FH<FH0XI?FH0?8 R_:<?:PEU:PM\ @CECRA8;:t8H470V?N2_:P68 B?EGi=:P6'6C470.<Q:PECF 8HRAIQ:P6':O2_:=6
I?F+IXR54qI?476H}'/16G@CFnFH6'B?0VECF 6CB?2W@:PIX4]EU:PS 470Q:PZX25FY<?B?FH6I?FH6GI?Fn2_:DFH0T@CEU:PIQ:OI?FH2q@UEU:=0?6CRA6G@U4PE
0.72
7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
FH0FH6G@U:8H4P0XQe7B?EC:P8HRAp706GFiPFF 2`I?RA4IX43:P6G48 R_:PI?4 :25:B?0XR5p70ZQ:P6CFfF MNRA6C47E } :
EU:=M:$?3, 7$F 6G@UgIQ:=IQ:o<l47EdxbFH8 BQ:P8HRAp70xX}WT|+8 470 ?3, 7T|
H P PR
)
jJB?F$FH6L2_:F 8HBQ:P8 R5p70k8 470?6G@CRA@CBX@URWiP:IXFBX0I?RA4IX4?[Fs<?EGFH6U:=IQ: MFHI?R5:P0T@UFoF 2MN4qI?F 254
Fs<470?F 0?8HR5:P2[?8 BXcT:$8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFLRA0JiPFHEG6U:$I?FL6U:=@CB?EU:P8 R5p70F 6
) `
P
PR
Rn:=8HFH<@:PM476jJB?F25: @UF 0?6CRAp70I?FB?MVZ?EC:P2+I?FFH6G@CFI?RA4I?4x: |.FH62_:8 47ECEGFsf
6C<470?IXR5FH0T@CF.:$B?0Q:8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFLI?F=[IXR5eT:PM476 [X t dH xzF 6G@C4FH69B?6GBQ:P2|+6GB i=:P2A47E
FH6
n- 7'9J'O
:
tI?FHMNgP610?4=@:PM476jJB?F=[J6CRQ?FH610?F eT:=@CRAi=:X[725:P6'@CFH0?6GR5470?F 61I?FtB?MVZXEU:P2I?FtFH6^@U476
I?RA4I?4P6OF 6C<FH8HR5:P25F 6:PB?MFH0T@U:P0:P2{KQ:P8 FHEC2A4?xz2A4KQ:P8 FH0F 0
[:P<?EG4;XRAM:=IQ:PMFH0T@UF=[
2_:VMR56GM:.8;:P0T@URAIQ:PIjJB?Fd:PB?MFH0T@:?{|s}
+470?<l476GRA@CRAi=:2_:6CRW@UBQ:P8 R5p70kF 6.I?RA6G@CR50T@:XmF 0T@UECF c X}2_:P6L8 B?EGi=:P6d6CF
i=:P0<lF eT:P0?IX4 c8HBQ:=0?I?4?( 87:9o @U4qIQ:P6O2_:P6D8 B?EGi=:P6O6CF8 470XabB?0XI?FH0F 0B?0Q:
6C4P2_:X}1':PEU:VM476^@UEU:=E+FH6^@UFK?F 8K?4?[Q25:.EU:=M:RA0?I?RA8;:PIQ:.<l47En? 7:9<LECF <?ECF 6CFH0T@U:
2_:=6o8HB?E^iP:=68 47ECEGFH6G<l470XI?R5F 0J@CFH6N:~? 7:9<c:~? B7N[Y\H6^@:k?2A@CR5MN:
FH6^@g$I?R5ZXBC:PIQ:$8H4706CRAe70?476+^` U}`F.<XB?FHI?Fd8H4PMN<?EG47ZQ:PEtjJB?F.6CFd6CB?<FHEG<l4P0?FH0
}+/16G@U4
FH6DEGFH6CBX2A@:=I?4NIXFd25:oI?FH<FH0?IXFH0?8 R_:NF<l470XFH0?8 R_:P20?F eT:=@CRAi=:o8H470?~I?Fd2_:oFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70
x}A7|s}{:PEC:9F 6G@U:9EC:PM:n6GF`RA0?I?RA8;:nFs<?EGFH6C:PMNF 0T@UFYFH27i=:P254PEI?Fr2_:+@UF 0?6CRAp70dI?FrB?MVZ?EC:P2
I?F 2IXR54qI?4 DI?FFH0T@UEC:PIQ:xb8;:P2A8HB?25:PIQ:.8 47M4o:P0T@UF 6Hm1<Q:PEC:
dH|rc8 BXc74Vi=:P2A47E
FH6
, 7:9<J>L
:
jJB?FL8H47EGECF 6C<470?I?F=[l:=<?EC4;R5MN:PIQ:PMFH0T@CFP[?:N N }
+BQ:P0?IX425:B?0?RAp70FH6^@g6U:@UB?EC:PIQ:xzF 2I?RA4I?4kZ?RAFH'0 MNFs@URAI?4FH0I?RAECF 8 @:7|N6CF
6CBX<l470XFjqBXFd25:8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFF 6tB?0Q:P6 >i7F 8HFH69MN:cP47EnjJB?FL2_:.BX@URA25R5SH:PIQ:d<Q:PEU:V8H:P258 Bf
2_:=E925:$@CFH0?6GR5p70 I?FBXMVZ?EU:=2}t/16]I?F 8HRAEOI?FsQ0?RAMN476DB?0?: 7>7P d B77dH :2_:
jJB?Fo8H4PECECF 6C<470?I?F EUgB?0Q:8H:P>5I?:I?F@CFH0?6GR5p70~ :25:jJB?FP[F 0FH6G@CFo8;:P6G4I?FH0?4=@:PEGFsf
M476]<47EdQD }Bk8;gP2A8HB?2A4254EGF;:P2AR5S;:=MN476O6C47ZXECF$2_:F 8HBQ:P8 R5p70k8 470?6G@CRA@CBX@URWiP:IXFH2
I?RA4I?4$6GB?<l4P0?R5F 0?I?4$=C:PIQ:2_:V@UF 0?6CRAp70 IXF.8 4725F 8 @U4PEx?? |s}nOF.M4IX4NjJB?F
q
Ty9d9'rD^{s]rb?r Y ^
ttD'
@U47MN:P0?IX425:VFH8 BQ:P8HRAp70xX}WT|`cKQ:P8HRAFH0?IX4HLL!dH@CFH0?F MN476
%
B7DCDM+ E E C
# E E %$
"
3544
44
+*-,/.N
%2
)(
3 44
44
*7,
E
G (& N
(( 1 0 . 1 0 * 6
2
)(
x}AP|
&((
(
7>7@5B7DCDM
3 44
44
x}A7|
6
ECF 6G@:=0?I?4:PK?4PEU:25:P6F 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6~x}A7|$cyxX}W7|[ncEGFH8H4PECIQ:P0XI?4jJB?F~QN
7:9<J>LN[?jJB?FHI?:
QD QD NL 0#B7>7 3 - 7:9 L D 8 7:9 D 7:9<J>L, 7:9:9
I?F9MN4qI?4LjJB?FKQ:;c$B?0?:.I?RWabFHECF 0?8HR5:I?FP[:P<?EG4RAM:PI?:PMNF 0T@UFP[ }ADF 0T@UECFO2_:P618H:P>5I?:P6
I?F.@CFH0?6GR5p708H4PECECF 6C<470?I?RAFH0T@UF 6:P2F 6G@:=I?4I?Fd8H470XI?B?8H8 R5p70c2_:P6DjJB?F8 47ECEGFH6G<l470XI?FH0
: 25:6C:=@UB?EC:P8HRAp70
<} ;/10F 6C4766 X}A 25:8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CF:=B?MNF 0T@: F 0B?0az:P8 @C47ELI?FB >=A}
/16G@U4P69EGFH6GB?2A@U:PI?476+c7:o25476nK?:PZ?>_:=MN476+:PI?F 2_:P0T@:=I?4oFH0254P6n6CB?Z?:P<Q:PE^@:PI?4P6t8H47EGECFH6G<l4P0f
I?R5F 0T@UFH6O:o2_:oSH4P0Q:N:=8 @URWi=:$IXR5ECF 8 @U:oc6U:=@CB?EU:P8 R5p70}`9FHM476D8H47M<?EG47ZQ:PI?4$6GBi=:P2AR5I?F S
cECF 6C<470?I?RAI?4:25:V<?ECF e7B?0T@*: ;<l4PEtjqBX\.F 6C476D0J?MFHEC4Pp6 7}
SUTUTw
()
tve:t"qRx'_fegx'rqutkgz]`_gDtkXr#]bt
E C
8
7
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
I?470XI?FH F 6F 2<Q:PECgPMF @UEG4~c7:jJB?FF 6B?0Q:IXF2_:=6i=:PEGR_:PZ?2AFH6I?FF 0T@UEU:=IQ:X}y:
abB?0?8 R5p70k:=0J@CFHEGR547EO6CF$<?B?F I?Fo47ZX@CFH0?F EL:<?:PEG@CR5EIXFo2_:P6OFH8HB?:P8HRA470?FH6LI?F$/1ZFHEG6^f#!47252}
:=EU:oFH2A254o6CFLF 25R5MR50?:oQ~I?FL2_:oFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70X}oBX@URA25R5SH:P0?I?4<Q:PEU:$FH2A254V25:xX}W7|
yNh?
O0Q:oi7F S.IXFH6C<FC:=IQ:25:VFs<470?FH0X8HR_:=2FH0k0?476DjJB?FHIQ:
N E E
xzX}WT|
E E
9F <?RA@CR5F 0?I?4FH2r<?EG48 FH6C4 FH02_:FH8 BQ:P8HRAp70IXFNHxzX}P|s[@UFH0XR5FH0XI?4 F 08 B?FH0T@: 2_:
x}7|[?47ZX@CFH0?F MN4P6
% E 8
xzX} T|
E
30 uA
2.5
I C (mA)
20 uA
1.5
10 uA
1
0.5
0.5
IB = 0 uA
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
RAe7B?EU:dX}PXmr+BXEGi=:P6n8H:PEU:P8s@UF EC>56^@URA8;:P6YI?F]6C:P25RAIQ:dIXF]B?0@CEU:P0?6GR56^@U47E`Z?R5<472_:=E10?<?0FH0
FHMR56G47En8 47MV?0
}rHIQ:PI?:$F 0A@uH
e7BQ:P25:P0?I?4o25:P6tFH8 BQ:P8 R5470?F 6VxzX}WT|Yc~xzX}
T|+252AFHeT:=MN476+:o2_:VabB?0?8 R5p70Z?B?6G8;:PI?:
Hk 0? H 3 ; L2 $ J
.DC
7.DC
HG
*
xzX}|
EC FE
EC FE C 2
B
<
C
7.DC
*
V (V)
CE
EC FE
EC FE
q
Ty9d9'rD^{s]rb?r Y ^
ttD'
P
FH6^@:abB?0?8HRAp70FH6^@gECF <?ECF 6CF 0J@U:PIQ:FH0k2_:QePB?EU:X}P8H4P0~2A476]MR56GMN476<Q:PEUg=MNFs@UEC4P6
I?FM4qI?FH2A4.RA0?I?R58H:PI?476YFH02_:d?e7B?EU:.X}7Lc<Q:PEC:.H, 7:B7:"7JI/?7K@uH}19pP@UF 6CF
8Hp7M4:oMNF I?R5IQ:VjJB?F.:PB?MFH0T@U:$H~@U:PMVZ?RA\H0254oKQ:=8HFL;}
/r0N254LjJB?F96CR5ePB?FDR5I?F 0J@CRAQ8H:PECF MN4P6H[T6C4PZ?ECFD2_:]QePB?EU:dX}PX[T2_:=6YIXR56G@CR50T@:=61ECFHePR5470?F 6
I?Fn47<FHEC:P8HRAp70IXFH2?unvPw} Z?6CF EGi=:PM476H[PFH0o<?EGR5MFHE{25B?eT:=EH[PjJB?F+25476{iP:=2547EGFH6{I?Fn;6G470
<lF jJB?FH?4P6`<Q:=EU:L? 0?F eT:=@CRAi=:X}R50$FHMZQ:PECeP4?[72_:ab4PECMN:I?FD2_:P68HB?E^iP:=6YF 61<Q:PEGFH8HRAIQ:
:2547618 47ECEGFH6C<470?IXR5FH0T@CFH6`:@CFH0?6GR5470XFH6r<l4P6CRA@CRAi=:P6 }/10$FH2QR50T@CFHEGi=:P2A4o` 7'9M
L?N L
7:9<dFH6tI?470XI?F]6CF<?EC4qI?B?8 FH02_:=6`i=:PECR5:P8HRA470?F 6`I?F2_:.8 47ECEGR5F 0J@CF]; <lF ECMN:P0?FH8 R5F 0?I?4
<?EUg=8 @URA8;:PMFH0T@CFO8 470?6G@U:P0T@UF$xb<Q:PEC:8;:PI?:.;{|abB?FHEC:I?FOI?R58K?4R50T@UF EGi=:P254X}tI?F MgP6 [6GR
? 7:9<L 48 B?ECEGFdjJB?F
H 7>7P;
cT:kjJB?FP[n<47EoFGFHM<?254?[Y2_:32A>50?FH:38H47EGECF 6C<470?I?RAFH0T@UF :~Hj
7N@fH FH6^@gX[+:P<?EG4Rf
M:=IQ:PMFH0T@UFV6G47Z?EGFo; dH.[
ck:P2Ae746CRAMNRA2_:PED4q8HB?EGECFo<Q:=EU:254P6]I?FHMNgP6]i=:P2A47ECF 6
I?Fd:PMVZQ:=6t8H47EGECR5F 0T@UFH6 }Y/r69I?F 8HR5EtBX0az:P8s@U47EtIXFdMNgP6t4$MFH0?476LB $25:P6tECF 2_:P8 R5470?:X}
/r0hFH6^@:EGFH<?EGFH6GFH0T@:P8 R5p70hK?FHM476$BX@CR525RAS;:PIX43B?0hi=:P2A47EVI?F $ 7'9<;>;[`8 470h2A4
jJB?FLI?FL2_:VFH8 BQ:P8 R5p70x}7|Y47ZX@UF 0?FHM47^6 P , ;>;}r'47Et2A4V@:P0T@U4o@C FH0?F MN476tjJB?FL<Q:=EU:
? 7:9$[r:P<?EG4RAM:PI?:PMNF 0T@UFH
P H[1jJB?FFH6VBX0Q:3I?F25:P6F 8HBQ:P8 R5470XFH6
jJB?F8;:PEC:P8 @CFHEGR5S;:=02_:~SH470Q::P8 @CRAi=:I?RAECFH8s@:X}:PEC::P6CF e7B?EC:PEC0?4P6I?F3jJB?F3F 6G@C4FH6
:P6C>DEGFH8H4PECI?F MN476jJB?FFH0\ 6G@U:ECF e7R5pP0Q N( 7:9J ch
7xbFH0
ECFH:P25RAIQ:PI0?476$ZQ:=6G@:kjJB?F2_:B?0?RAp70I?F8H472AFH8s@U47Eo0?4kF 6G@U\<472_:PEGR5SH:PIQ:F 0hI?RAECF 8 @:m
NL, 7:9LV|}Y+470FH6G@C4
?yQ +7:9<J]( 7:9<.8 7:9<.
4$Z?R5F 0
[Q6CRI?F 6CFH:PMN4P696GFHEDMNgP6tFsR5ePFH0T@UF 6OKQ:=8HFHM476O +7oc
? 7'9J]( 7., 7:9<L
FH0325:Ne7ECg=Q8H:NMR5EU:=MN476DF 0J@C470?8 FH6]25:N8HBXEGi=:MNgP6:=252_goI?F.FH6^@UFi=:P2A47EDI?FV2_:o@UF 0?6CRAp70
I?F98H472AFH8 @C47EH}/10@C4I?4d8;:=6C4d0qBXFH6G@CEU:d<?ECF 6CB?0?8 R5p70NI?FDjJB?FOF 6`F 6G@U:d25:LEGFHe7RAp70 x?
7:9<d|1IXF925:]8;:PEC:P8 @CFHEG>56G@CR58H:LF 0N25:]jJB?FOF 2?@UEC:P0?6CRA6G@C47E147<FHEU:F 0NS 470Q:d:P8 @CRAi=:]I?R5EGFH8s@:
FH6^@gocT:$8H470X?ECMN:PIQ:X}
O4P@U:PMN4P61jqBXFOF 0N25:LS 470Q:d:P8 @CRAi=:I?R5EGFH8s@:2_:8H4PECECRAFH0T@UFDHF 6YRA0?I?F <lF 0?I?R5F 0T@UFDI?F
?1m25:n8H47EGECRAFH0T@UFr0?498;:PMZ?R_:t:P27:PB?MFH0T@:PE25:+@UFH0X6CR5pP0
}/16{I?FH8 R5E25:nECFH6GR56^@UFH0X8HR_:DjJB?F
<?ECF 6CF 0J@U:.F 2utvPw:2_:]6C:P25RAIQ:$xzF 6G@U:PMN4P6Y4PZ?6CF EGi=:P0?I?4d2_:=68;:PEC:P8 @U:PEC>A6G@CR58;:=61I?FD6U:P2AR5IQ:T|
FH6`R50XQ0XRA@:F 02_:LECF e7R5pP0:P8s@URWiP:LI?RAECFH8s@:Nxz6GFO 6G47Z?ECF FH0T@URAFH0?IXF]jJB?F0?4P6`EGF abFHEGR5M476Y:d25:
ECF 6CR56^@UF 0?8HR5:I?RAabF ECF 0?8HR5:P2QI?F ?0?R5IQ:.<l47E P
O O [jJB?FO@UR5F 0?F9B?0i=:P254PEYRA0XQ0?RW@U4d<l4PECjJB?F
2_:o<FH0?I?RAFH0T@UF=[QjJB?FLFH690qBX2_:X[?F 6D2_:oR50Ti7F EC6C:I?FLF 6U:$I?FHEGRAi=:PIQ:T|}
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
IB= 0, 10, 20, 30 uA
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
I C (mA)
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
VCE(V)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
QSRUT:VWYX[Z>\^]`_acbedHfgXihUhUdjdKhkX:lnmX:WYX:mfgX:WoUlpfYRUmX:lqjdKl+X:hURrjXsmt`uwvyxzN{}|
~ uhkXT`VW+XAZ\]`_l+dVdj>d`dHWhUXHt`uXAu>dTXif+RriXjdhUXmX:WYXimHfYdHW+orlfYRrm7Xmt`u
X-:t`Wj>dHfgXihUhUdi\Vt`W XAdlsRrT`VX:hFVdhkXwX:ufYdWRUt`WDdHW+tmHt`uhkX:lmt`WW+RrdufYdHl
fYdHul+Rrt`udHludHTXifYRiX:l!mHt`u X:T`uRfYVjdHl Vmgt du>t`W+dHlFVdsdHu<hkXt`uXX:mHf+RriX
jRrW+dmfgX>\!X:RUdHujthUtXiuFf+dWRUt`W
tjd t:lXiW X:W
V>dhkXW+dHT`RU`uduwhkXV>dslpfgX:l
mV>WiX:lqlt`uhkXiuX:lmHt`W+WdlDt`u>jdKXhkXt`uXX:mHf+RriXRUu:dW+l+X>\tjd t`lmt W+t:X:W
dlpfYdWdl+V>hrfgXijtsdHiX:hrVX:uj>tsy<XXiWfYRrWjdV>dK8|^`mt`uhkXJdmHVX:mRr`uZ\`\
>fYdHud t`l
y^\dHWY[z<!y7`\ot`W+FVdKdut:uXX:mHf+RriX[RUu`dHW+lYX
zw8D7xHz<!yD<7xA y 7
`!duhUXNT`VW+XZ>\]:_NDtjd t`lmt W+t:X:WFVdlR7P 7|%fYdHud t`lVu
iX:hUt:WjdxhUd`dHujthUdt`lsjdvyxz|udHTXifYR`t<jdVut`l`%hUtFVd
mt:W+W+dHl+t`ujdJXVuX:mHf+t`WnjdA + >^`sduf+W+dKhkX:lnmHt`W+WRUdHuFf+dlH\
XWdT`Rr`uAj>dl+XifYVW+X:mRr`ul+dH WYhUX[ V>ddlpfgdufYWdX X:l
dmhrV>`dHujthUXHt`uX
jdmHt`W+WRUduf+dlnuFVhkXilKxw"|>c7"|FVdmt:W+W+dHl+t`ujdJX:hDmt`WpfYdi\cbd tjtsFVd
fYdHud t`lnVuXl+V>W+dT:RU`ujdl+XifYVW+X:mRr`uFVdKl+ddf+RUdHujdKjdljdvxzw|sXilfgX
vyxz|>^vmV>:twjdfgX:hrhUd t`lf+WYX t`ldHuhkXT:VWYXZ>\^]:>t:fYW+Xl+V>W+dT:RU`u
jdKlYXfYVW+X:mRr`uAFVdJd Rrd7X[dHu<vyxzMe|>rvX:m7XiXdHuvyxz|A:dW
m t
iX:W+oUXhUXmt:W+W+RrdufYdeduhUXT`VW+XsZ>\^]`_`\XW+R dHWYXJl+VWdT`Rr`uldhUhUX XKW+dHT`RU:ujd
lYXfYVW+X:mRr`ujRUWdmHfYXsdl
hkX :lnRUufYdHW+dHlYX:ufYdJduAhkX X7`t`WokX[jdJX:hrRUm7XimRUt:udlH\c~cu
dhrhkXhUXiX:WRkX:mHRUt`u[j>dehUXKmHt`W+WRUdHuFf+d
jdemHt`hUdHmHf+t`Wcdl V>[T`W+X:ujdiFdljdmHRUWcm7X RkXdu
q]Y'dstY]rt]rYy]rn+YOXt{
I B = 0, 10, 20, 30 uA
3
30
2.5
I C (mA)
20
1.5
1
10
0.5
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
VCE (V)
0.2
0.25
SU`>Y[>^:>eHgiUU>JUs+H`U`K+iY+:r`Ug
s>pY+Hg:`>i:+U:r`Ky:n++U:`HDi:U:
KksYH+r`K`rY`
y
K
Fs`7HU:
:Y:
`H`U>U>U!k:Hi:H`U`
Y:!rk:n+
F!
"#H:$
%&'(FHUr+:r``+) D: *
UHYJ[k[+H`U`>JH`+:
+-,/.
0214365$798:;7=<!>?143A@?1CBED
<F@?1CB<
@?1HGJIKI"1MLN3PORQ
<SB=B
T::Y:YH/UUpYr7:FVW*
X `pY+::}U:F`Yi:YH+r`+H++H+HFY:
HUU:UZ7Y :H\[>r`:UHF+
Y+:+r+`$]>`k:[%^T*
i::++H/ `rYH<+Y:>+UpY`!+:S`<rU`HY:YJrYrg:H`_ <pg
+Hr`a +H+Y:+H`e:r`:n>Hb Y:
Z[ H+>ki
YiSk:pk:HU`H9` r`+rY:`cF qd>] +U>sU:Y::re*
+rg/f :>
h H` HnHUU>7:r7Y i+` U
HU+Ywi + U::
`- :Y+iYr)[ :He>+Y:H+r:H<>j +rHYi k r:HU`l
7:`U>`)D `+:+`FH:`[ HHY:nm ':U:`:Y`jF <o*
r`:`cHYeY= +qcp >9] `>++rJkK+rskiU:>k:Y\ ``Yr*
i[`i`HSYZD >FlsVutM_vmWl rsUiYr`w ``Yiy
x Y"V YH`Yi+
t UY4_ $> :+rzp;F J
a +:`Y:spg:>:
F k? HU+r`U`rY:`KK7``
U+rskiU:{D
:`+|*
]1H'Yq'9]^+t9Y +9t]9`
I B = 0, 10, 20, 30 uA
2.5
IC (mA)
1.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
VCE (V)
3.5
4.5
q]Y'dstY]rt]rYy]rn+YOXt{
3.5
IC(mA)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
VCE(V)
3.5
4.5
Sr`+[>^i}>~tq:YiHYH/UrYr7:n>J+:Urs:AH[Ygfu_c:rh
+H+g:U:
+Y:>+UpY`
+:UH4+H+Y:wi:U:+
KUH`+UHF+>JH`UHH+`
:U:[+ U`![U`C FJ+K7iU>k:H`AHHU[U>7:r Y7i
_c[= [Y^
_i+r8+rF++Hk:<HiU:U>U`>UU:<H
:+:YR
RFKUkiKY>+U:A
_c:rj
>JHe>i+ri>
TH`+UHF+nq+:Ure 7iend ]>Yr `+HrUU:HYi :sr+ rU:
k[HrsU>7: HiU:
m>^ rp=D`nH6 [:H+`
y
R
+H+g:>U[+U:UHF+
7^RSE69
S
w eoroieorqeurrqo9(
z
9
eoroieorqe
r
N`s9c~
c\` u;C\~;\C`\
IC
VCE
BV CE0
NZd
9d!"#)$%""&'!()*
+,*-).*/,
0'1!!2#34!5"2&"649d"7*"98q:$";<,2&&#=
$>""9=?
$*@*2&#ACBD"E
<,F"38qG*$>?H*")IJ"
K>$;*"*9&":*/!";$>"LHM*,/8q%$";?=5/!";
N*ZCPO+QRC*"S*o!T*UV2&W\*YX2&Z/$S8q[$\2#*"
*"*";5"$\"";G5=#$>*/!T+*"]0^/_*`Sa0.<F$\"9=?$
!2#$\.<*";Nb6-M,*J**")J$>*0P=S"?,cM,
d /edP;f,"HCCP(M,*/*9!"S8qJ$Nhg$\)2&";<,U=M;*"*"Wi
H
95":)"Y*N0":!=5Ukj%%,)>,'@#"4+*&!d;*)!2FbF$-i
";<%S/";'*!CSO+Q
l*,K,2#@*KV8q'm"2G)PC*L*Cnj'
"C,C*["6/o8qSX2&[M"WZT*"
ZX2&[/!&pBCq3"r*
qtsq
kx
180
160
FE
140
120
100
80
60
10
10
10
I C(mA)
10
10
r-Urh [F-H%L
&7P
PaH[
r ~
N`s9c~
c\` u;C\~;\C`\
((3S
E*3
)zd)zi9
i5~;Z/Z/9dK/i/Z)/dCdi
PP.
oW/JJnW.>
ts
:'(W!kHWtJ
yCz 9
:
'
+
;VV(F