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MOMENTUM
Sazliman Ismail
Mahmud Ahmad
Tho Siew Wei
Norazlilah Md. Nordin
INTRODUCTION
• Elastic and inelastic collisions are performed with two
dynamics carts of different masses. Magnetic bumpers are
used in the elastic collision and Velcro bumpers are used
in the completely inelastic collision. In both cases,
momentum is conserved. Cart velocities are recorded using
two Rotary Motion Sensors connected to the carts.
INTRODUCTION
• This measurement method adds very little friction to the
experiment and, since the velocities are continuously
monitored, any deceleration due to friction can be
measured. The total kinetic energy before and after the
collision is studied. Another twist on the example of a
collision would be the idea of a reverse collision or an
explosion. If you video tape an explosion and play it
backwards, it looks like a collision. Likewise, if you
video tape a collision and play it backwards it resembles
an explosion.
INTRODUCTION
• If we look at the case of a canon being fired, we find there
is a force of the gun powder exploding creating a force of
the canon pushing on the cannon ball and the cannon ball
pushing back on the gun. These two forces are equal in
size but opposite in direction. If any forces that are
external to the cannon-&-ball system (such as weight and
friction) are removed. Then momentum must be
conserved.
THEORY
• The momentum of a cart depends on its mass and velocity.
Momentum = p = mv
• The direction of the momentum is the same as the
direction of the velocity.
• During a collision, the total momentum of the system of
both carts is conserved because the net force on the system
is zero.
• This means that the total momentum just before the
collision is equal to the total momentum just after the
collision.
• If the momentum of one cart decreases, the momentum of
the other cart increases by the same amount.
• The law of conservation of momentum is stated as
pTotalBeforeCollision = pTotalAfterCollision
THEORY
• The Principle of conservation of momentum states
that “ The total momentum of a system is always
fixed if there is no external force acting on the
system” or
• “ In any collision or interaction between two or
more objects in an isolated system , the total
momentum of the system will remain constant ;
that is the total momentum before collision will be
equal to the total momentum after the collision”
Types of collision
Similarities
Total momentum is conserved
Total energy is conserved
Total mass is conserved
Differences between Inelastic Collision and
Elastic Collision
Friction-compensated
Sensor
Cart 1
Cart 2
PROCEDURES
• The plane is inclined to compensate for friction so that
the trolley will move down the plane with a constant
velocity when given a slight push.
• The same mass carts are used with the Velcro sides
toward each other so the carts will stick together. This is
a totally inelastic collision.
• Click on START on the computer and Cart 2 at rest,
Cart 1 has velocity toward Cart 2.
• Cart 1 and Cart 2 are moving toward each other with
about the same speed (stick together).
• Then, click on STOP.
• The velocity vs. time graph is using on the computer, the
velocity of cart 1 just before and after the collision is
found.
DATA TABULATION
DATA ANALYSIS
• Inelastic Collision
Final velocity according to formula;
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v
(0.25)(0)+(0.25)(0.156) = (0.25+0.25)v
0.50v = 0.0390
v = 0.078 m/s
Cart 1 Cart 2
P1 P2 = 0
Sensor Sensor
Cart 1 Cart 2
P1 P2
PROCEDURES
• Two motion sensors are fixed at the both end.
• The same mass carts are used with one cart moving and
one cart static (but no Velcro sides) toward each other so
the carts will bounce off each other and the collision will
be elastic.
• Click on START on the computer and Cart 2 at rest,
Cart 1 has velocity toward Cart 2.
• Cart 1 and Cart 2 are moving toward each other with
different velocity.
• Then, click on STOP.
• The velocity vs. time graph is using on the computer, the
velocity of Cart 1 and Cart 2 just before and after the
collision is found.
DATA TABULATION
DATA ANALYSIS
• Elastic Collision
Final velocity (second cart) according to formula;
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v 2
(0.25)(0)+(0.25)(0.58) = (0.25)(0.46) + (0.25)v2
0.115 + 0.25v2 = 0.145
v2 = 0.120 m/s
Plunger
Sensor Sensor
Cart 1 Cart 2
PROCEDURES
• The plunger on one cart is depressed. The two carts are
placed on the track so that they are in contact with each
other.
• Click on START on the computer and tap the trigger
release to launch the carts.
• Click on STOP.
• The velocity vs. time graph is using on the computer.
Also, it might be helpful to expand the graph, to see just
that area you are interested in.
• The momentum of each cart after the explosion is
calculated.
DATA TABULATION
DATA ANALYSIS
• Explosion
Final velocity (second cart) according to formula;
0 = m1v1 + m2 v 2
0 = (0.25)(0.30) + (0.25)(-v2)
0.25v2 = 0.075
v2 = 0.30 m/s