Antennas and Transmitters: University of Twente EE B1-2A: Electronics 1/44

University of Twente
EE B1-2A: Electronics
1/44
Antennas and
transmitters
2/44
9. Opamp internals
8. Feedback (positive): oscillators
6,7. Feedback (negative)
5. Amplifier circuits
4. Small signal equivalent circuits
3. Bias circuits
2. PN junction, BJT, MOS
0,1. Models & Circuit analysis
Electronics where are we?
11. Digital Circuits
10. RF
3/44
@DC: OK
@RF: bullshit
module 2:
EC
@DC: OK
@RF: bullshit
Kvl ,kcl is irrelevant in RF.
4/44
module 2:
EC

what does this mean?
remember:
conservation of energy
5/44
module 2:
EC

what does this mean?
when do you want this?
WHAT do you want?
6/44
Contents
Antenna/transmitter/receiver
Radio waves
Antennas (intro)
Antennaformulas
Transmit & receive power (Friis)
Transmitters & receivers
7/44
R2=50O
Vin Vout
R=50O
2
2
R R
R
Vin Vout
+
=
Transmit signals:
(eg) mp3-player (eg) radio
8/44
time
|
Vin
Vout
R2=50O
Vin Vout
R=50O
Transmit signals:
2
2
R R
R
Vin Vout
+
=
9/44
R2=50O
Vin Vout
R=50O
Transmit signals:
i i
signals (eg. music)
Across 2 wires
10/44
R2
Vin Vout
R
i
Go wireless:
cut wires?
Transmit signals:
11/44
R2
Vin Vout
i i2 Radio
wave

Cut wires!
Does NOT satisfy
KCL nor KVL!
R
Transmit signals:
12/44
intermezzo: KVL???
Vin
R=50O
R2
time
|
Vin
Vout
time
|
Vin
Vout
Vout
13/44
intermezzo: KVL???
R
R2
Vin Vout
s
m
200000000 c
cable
~
m c t l 1
2
1
= A ~
10ns
14/44
Contents
Radio waves
Antennas (intro)
Antennaformulas
physics of EM-waves NOT
tested in this module
15/44
Electrical field
Static charge
static electrons
electrical field E
16/44
B
F
v
I
Magnetic field
Moving charge
moving electrons
relativistic effect
magnetic field
17/44
Time dependent magnetic field
18/44
Time dependent magnetic field
E
B
19/44
Antenna: time dependent fields
+
c B
I
20/44
Propagation time varying fields
E/t B/t
I
E/t B/t E/t B/t
I
E/t B/t
21/44
Static field
Electrical
field
Conservation of field:
( )
2
4 r
ant const
r E
t
=
how far??
how fast??
ant const dA field
surface
=
}
22/44
Dynamic field
Electrical
field
Moving charge
how far??
how fast??
23/44
20/44
Propagation time varying fields
E/t B/t
I
E/t B/t E/t B/t
I
E/t B/t
Radio waves
Conservation of energy:
( ) ( )

=
B E B E
r
ant const
r B r E
2
4t
( ) ( )
r r
ant const
r B r E
1
4
2

t
Cons. of energy + symmetry
ant const dA energy
surface
=
}
24/44
Radio waves
Electro-magnetic waves
25/44
Radio waves
Electro magnetic waves
transmit signals:

R2
Vin Vout
(bv) mp3-player (e.g.) radio
i i2
EM wave

R
26/44
Radio waves EM waves
Constant current
Const. magnetic field
time-variant current
time-variant E-field
time-variant M-field
Static field:
costs energy
one-time-only
time-variant field:
costs energy f
field

times-a-second
27/44
Constant current
Static field:
costs energy
one-time-only
time-variant field:
costs energy f
field

times-a-second
Transmit
EM-power
28/44
Contents
Radio waves
Antennas (intro)
Antennaformulas
29/44
Antennas (intro)
You can calculate everything,
but you usually dont want to

30/44
Contents
Radio waves
Antennas (intro)
Antennaformulas
31/44
Antenna formulas
Just substitute numbers
in
Z
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
~
R
P P
transmit receive
t
32/44
a
rad
antenna
X i R i p
2 2
2
1
2
1
+ =
Antennaformulas

in
Z
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
~
R
P P
transmit receive
t
33/44
32/44
a rad antenna
X i R i p
2 2
2
1
2
1
+ =
Antennaformulas
in
Z
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
~
R
P P
transmit receive
t
Antennaformulas
34/44
25/44
Radio waves Electro magnetic waves
transmit signals:
R2
Vin Vout
i i2
EM wave
R
32/44
a rad antenna
X i R i p
2 2
2
1
2
1
+ =
Antennaformulas
in
Z
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
~
R
P P
transmit receive
t
Antennaformulas
f=20Hz, L
antenna
=1m
Z
antenna
=1pO-5jGO
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
jX R
V
IV p
transmit
2
2
1
Re
2
1
Re
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 2
2
2
Re
X R
jX R V
2
2
2 X
R V
~
in this
example...
35/44
25/44
transmit signals:
R2
Vin Vout
i i2
EM wave
R
Antennaformulas
p
zend
V f , L , ( )
V
2
2
R
.radv
L
c
f
,
|
\
|
|
.
sin
t L f
c
|
\
|
|
.
2
X
av
L
c
f
, 10
5
,
|
\
|
|
.
2
:=
10 100 1
.
10
3
1
.
10
4
1
.
10
5
1
.
10
6
1
.
10
7
1
.
10
8
1
.
10
9
1
.
10
10
1
.
10
11
1
.
10
34
1
.
10
32
1
.
10
30
1
.
10
28
1
.
10
26
1
.
10
24
1
.
10
22
1
.
10
20
1
.
10
18
1
.
10
16
1
.
10
14
1
.
10
12
1
.
10
10
1
.
10
8
1
.
10
6
1
.
10
4
0. 01
1
p
zend
1 f
m
, L , ( )
f
m

Can transmit at
20Hz
low P
transmit
10
-31
W
32/44
a rad antenna
X i R i p
2 2
2
1
2
1
+ =
Antennaformulas
in
Z
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
~
R
P P
transmit receive
t
36/44
25/44
transmit signals:
R2
Vin Vout
i i2
EM wave
R
32/44
a rad antenna
X i R i p
2 2
2
1
2
1
+ =
Antennaformulas
in
Z
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
~
R
P P
transmit receive
t
f
m
30 m 10
3
+ :=
10 100 1
.
10
3
1
.
10
4
1
.
10
5
1
.
10
6
1
.
10
7
1
.
10
16
1
.
10
15
1
.
10
14
1
.
10
13
1
.
10
12
1
.
10
11
1
.
10
10
1
.
10
9
1
.
10
8
1
.
10
7
1
.
10
6
1
.
10
5
1
.
10
4
1
.
10
3
0. 01
0. 1
p
zend
1 f
m
, 10000 , ( )
f
m

Antennaformulas
Can transmit at
20Hz
low P
transmit
10
-16
W
37/44
Contents
Radio waves
Antennas (intro)
Antennaformulas
38/44
26/44
Constant current
time-variant E-field Static field:
costs energy
one-time-only
time-variant field:
costs energy f
field
times-a-second
Transmit & receive power
Antennas transmit power
(time varying EM field -> P)
You want to receive this
39/44

40/44

2
4
|
.
|
\
|
~
R
P P
transmit receive
t
41/44
Contents
Radio waves
Antennas (intro)
Antennaformulas
42/44
32/44
a rad antenna
X i R i p
2 2
2
1
2
1
+ =
Antennaformulas
in
Z
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
~
R
P P
transmit receive
t
Transmitters & receivers: FM

Managable antenna size: RF
Ease of modulation: FM
To build: transmitter
43/44
frequency
freq+40kHz
freq-40kHz
44/44
43/44
frequency
freq+40kHz
freq-40kHz
FM Modulation
signal = frequency deviation:
100 MHz = 0
100.1 MHz = 1
99.9 MHz = -1
100.03 MHz = 0.3
aso

FM:
standard Afreq=80kHz
radio 3: Afreq=100kHz
more Afreq: interference-detection!!!
45/44
Transmitter & receiver
And youve got to
design/simulate/calculate/
build/measure/
46/44
propos: RF
45/47
R and C
10 uF elco
1
10
100
1000
1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
impedantie
fase
1k Ohm weerstand
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
impedantie
fase
University of Twente ElBas ICD University of Twente ElBas ICD 3/47
ElBas, coll. 1
Lineaire componenten
R,C,L:
in werkelijkheid combinaties van elkaar
serie R
parallel C

in werkelijkheid niet-lineair:
doorslag
fysische limieten
University of Twente ElBas ICD University of Twente ElBas ICD 53/47
ElBas, coll. 1 R en C 10 uF elco 1 10 100 1000
1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 -90 -60 -30 030 60 90 impedantie fase 1k Ohmweerstand
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 impedantie fase

Antennas and Transmitters: University of Twente EE B1-2A: Electronics 1/44

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Transmitters & receivers: FM

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