ELECTRIC MOTOR

An electric motor is an electromechanical

device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy.

The mechanical energy can be used to

perform work such as rotating a pump
impeller, fan, blower, driving a compressor,
lifting materials etc.
BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE
TYPES OF MOTOR LOADS
Motor loads Description Examples

Constant Output power varies Conveyors, rotary kilns,

torque loads but torque is constant constant-displacement
pumps

Variable Torque varies with Centrifugal pumps, fans

torque loads square of operation
speed

Constant Torque changes Machine tools

power loads inversely with speed
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Self Excited

Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

TYPES OF AC MOTORS
* Electrical current reverses direction
* Two parts: stator and rotor
 Stator: stationary electrical component

 Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

* Speed difficult to control

* Two types
 Synchronous motor

 Induction motor
AC MOTOR: INDUCTION MOTOR
 Most common motors in industry

 Advantages:
 Simple design

 Inexpensive

 High power to weight ratio

 Easy to maintain

 Direct connection to AC power source

COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION
MOTOR
A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts:

• A stator – consisting of a steel frame that supports a

hollow, cylindrical core of stacked laminations. Slots on
the internal circumference of the stator house the stator
winding.
• A rotor – also composed of punched laminations, with
rotor slots for the rotor winding.
COMPONENTS OF INDUCTION
MOTOR contd…

 There are two-types of rotor windings:

• Squirrel-cage windings, which produce a

squirrel-cage induction motor (most common)

• Conventional 3-phase windings made of

insulated wire, which produce a wound-rotor
induction motor (special characteristics)
Induction Motor: Squirrel cage
rotor
 Squirrel cage rotor consists of copper bars,
slightly longer than the rotor, which are pushed
into the slots.
 The ends are welded to copper end rings, so
that all the bars are short circuited.
 In small motors, the bars and end-rings are
diecast in aluminium to form an integral block.
Induction Motor: Wound Rotor
 A wound rotor has a 3-phase winding, similar
to the stator winding.
 The rotor winding terminals are connected to
three slip rings which turn with the rotor. The
slip rings/brushes allow external resistors to be
connected in series with the winding.
 The external resistors are mainly used during
start-up –under normal running conditions the
windings short circuited externally.

* Construction is on next slide.

Wound Rotor & its connections
Induction Motor: Operating
Principle
 Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based upon the
application of Faraday’s Law and the Lorentz Force on a
conductor.
 Consider a series of conductors (length L) whose
extremities are shorted by bars A and B. A permanent
magnet moves at a speed v, so that its magnetic field
sweeps across the conductors.
Operating Principle Contd…
 The following sequence of events takes place:
1. A voltage E = BLv is induced in each conductor while it is
being cut by the flux (Faraday’s Law)
2. The induced voltage produces currents which circulate in a
loop around the conductors (through the bars).
3. Since the current-carrying conductors lie in a magnetic
field, they experience a mechanical force (Lorentz force).
4. The force always acts in a direction to drag the conductor
along with the magnetic field.
 Now close the ladder upon itself to form a squirrel cage,
and place it in a rotating magnetic field – an induction
motor is formed!
Induction Motor: Rotating Field
 Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles -
windings AN, BN, CN.
 The windings are mechanically spaced at 120° from
each other.
 The windings are connected to a 3-phase source.
 AC currents Ia, Ib and Ic will flow in the windings, but
will be displaced in time by 120°.
 Each winding produces its own MMF,which creates a
flux across the hollow interior of the stator.
 The 3 fluxes combine to produce a magnetic field that
rotates at the same frequency as the supply.
Rotating Field Contd…
Induction Motor: Stator Winding
 In practice, induction motors have internal diameters
that are smooth, instead of having salient poles.
 In this case, each pole covers 180° of the inner
circumference of the rotor (pole pitch = 180°).
 Also, instead of a single coil per pole, many coils are
lodged in adjacent slots.
 The staggered coils are connected in series to form a
phase group.
 Spreading the coil in this manner creates a sinusoidal
flux distribution per pole, which improves
performance and makes the motor less noisy.
Stator Winding Contd…
Number of Poles – Synchronous
Speed
 The rotating speed of the revolving flux can be reduced by
increasing the number of poles (in multiples of two).
 In a four-pole stator, the phase groups span an angle of 90°. In
a six-pole stator, the phase groups span an angle of 60°.
 This leads to the definition of synchronous speed:
Ns = 120 f / p
Where
Ns = synchronous speed (rpm)
f = frequency of the supply (Hz)
p = number of poles

For 50Hz ,synchronous

Speeds (Ns) include 3000rpm,
1500rpm, 1000 rpm, 750rpm…
INDUCTION MOTOR : SLIP
 The difference between the synchronous speed and
rotor speed can be expressed as a percentage of
synchronous speed, known as the slip.
s = (Ns – N)
Ns

Where s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N = rotor

speed (rpm)
• At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%).
• At full load, the slip for large motors rarely exceeds
0.5%. For small motors at full load, it rarely exceeds
5%.
• The slip is 100% for locked rotor.
Induction Motor: Frequency
induced in the rotor
 The frequency induced in the rotor depends on
the slip:

fR = s f

fR = frequency of voltage and current in the rotor

f = frequency of the supply and stator field
s = slip
Induction Motor: Active Power Flow
 Efficiency – by definition, is the ratio of output / input power: η
= PL / Pe
 Rotor copper losses: PJr = s Pr
 Mechanical power: Pm = ( 1-s)Pr
 Motor torque: Tm = 30Pr
πNs

Where: Pe = active power to stator

Pr = active power supplied to rotor
PL = Shaft Power
Power Losses
 Induction Motor: Relationship
At 80% of full
between Load, Speed speed: highest
and Torque “pull-out”
torque and
current drops
At
At start:
start:high
high
current
currentandandlow
“pull-up” torque
low “pull-up”
torque

At full speed:
torque and stator
current are zero