IntroductiontoBasicGasLaws

TrevorJang
2006CanadianGasAssociationGas
MeasurementSchool
Edmonton,Alberta

Introduction
n

MolecularTheories
u KineticMolecularTheory
u IdealGasTheory

n
n
n
n
n

StatesofMatter
Pressure&Temperature
GasLaws
ApplicationstoMeasurement
RealGases

MolecularTheories
n

KineticMolecularTheory
u Mattermadeupofmolecules
u Motionofmolecules

Random
F Linear
F Elasticcollisions
F

IdealGasTheory
u Moleculeshavenegligiblevolume
u Nointermolecularforces

Solids
Solids

Liquid
Liquid

Gases
Gases

Pressure&Temperature
n

Pressure=Force/UnitArea
u Causedbyelasticcollisionsinacontainer
u Evenlydistributedduetorandommotion

Temperature=averagekineticenergyofmolecules
u Temperatureevenlydistributed

PressureMeasures

Gauge
Atmospheric
Absolute
Vacuum
Barometric
Absolute

TemperatureMeasures
Celsius Kelvin

PureWater

273
460

Saltwater

AbsoluteZero

Rankine Fahrenheit

GasLaws
n

4manipulatedvariablesinagas:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Pressure
Temperature
Volume
Amountofgas

Torelatetwovariables,theremainingvariablesare
assumedconstant

Boyle
BoylesLaw
n

Pressure&volumerelation
u

Inverselyproportional

1
V
P
u

Theproductofpressureandvolumeisconstant

P1V1 =P2V2

Boyle
BoylesLaw
2P

IncreaseP
V
DecreaseP
T

0.5V
T

Volume(ft3)

Boyle
BoylesLaw
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0

10

15

Pressure(psi)

20

25

Charles
CharlessLaw
n

Volume,temperaturerelation
u

Directlyproportional

V1 T1
V1 V2
=
T1 T2

Charles
CharlessLaw
P
P

IncreaseT
2V
V

DecreaseT
T

2T

Charles
CharlessLaw
0.06
Volume(ft3)

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

y=5E05x0.0001

0.01
0
0

500

1000

Temperature(deg.R)

1500

Gay
GayLussacLaw
n

Pressure&temperature
u

DirectlyProportional

P1 P2
=
T1 T2

Gay
GayLussacLaw
2P
P

IncreaseT

DecreaseT
T

V
2T

CombinedGasLaw
n

BoylesLaw,CharlessLaw,GayLussacsLaw

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1
T2

Avogadro
AvogadrosLaw
n

Volumeandtheamountofgas

V1 V2
=
n1 n2

Avogadro
AvogadrosLaw
P
P

2V
V
2n

n
Gas
Supply

Gas
Supply

IdealGasLaw
n

CombinedGasLaw&AvogadrosLaw

P1V1 P2V2
=
n1T1 n2T2

DerivedGasLaws
n

InterpretedfromtheIdealGasLaw

P1 P2
=
n1 n2

n1T1 =n2T2

Pressure&amountofgas

Temperature&amountofgas

Measurement
n

Volumecorrection
u Metersmeasurerawvolume

Correctorsadjustforoperatingtemperaturesand
pressures
F Correctioncanbeperformed:
Onsite(instruments)
Atthemainframe(fromknownpressure)
F

u Relateoperatingpressureandtemperaturetobasevalues

60F&13.82psia(North)
F 60F&13.25psia(South)
F

u CombinedGasLaw

CorrectionFactors
P measured Vmeasured
Tmeasured

P base Vbase
=
Tbase

Pmeasured Tbase
Vbase =Vmeasured *
*
Pbase Tmeasured
Corrected
Volume

Uncorrected Pressure
Volume
Factor

Temperature
Factor

AnExample
n

Gasmetermeasured100cubicfeet
Pressuregauge=14psi
u Thermometer=70F
u

Pmeasured Tbase
Vbase =Vmeasured *
*
Pbase Tmeasured

Vbase

14psi 60 F
=100cf *
*
13.82psi 70 F

Vbase = 86.83cf ?

PressureMeasures

Gauge=14psi
Atmospheric
Absolute
Vacuum
Barometric
Absolute

TemperatureMeasures
Celsius Kelvin

Rankine Fahrenheit
70

PureWater

273
460

Saltwater

AbsoluteZero

AbsoluteValues

Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

Tmeas(R)= Tmeas( F)+ 460
Tmeas(K)= Tmeas(C)+ 273

AbsoluteValues

2xrelativevalue2xabsolutevalue

0.25psig= 13.82psia
0.50psig= 14.07psia

40F = 500 R
80 F = 540 R

OurExample
OurExample
Again
Vbase = Vmeasured
Vbase

Pmeasured
Tbase
*
*
Pbase
Tmeasured

14psi+ 13.57psi 60 F+ 460 R

=100cf *
*
13.82psi
70 F+ 460 R

27.57psi 520 R
Vbase = 100cf *
*
13.82psi 530 R

Vbase =195.73cf

RealGases
n

IdealGases
Particleshavenovolume
u Nointermolecularforces
u

RealGases
Particleshavevolume
u Intermolecularforcesexist
u

Athigherpressure&lowertemperatures,gasesbeginto
deviatemorefromIdealGasProperties

Supercompressibility
n

Afactortocorrectfordeviationsfromtheidealgas
law
u

Functionof:
F Pressure
F Temperature
F Molecularcomposition

2calculationalgorithms:
1) Completecompositionalanalysis
2) ApproximateCO2 &N2contents,andspecificgravity
(S.G.)

Supercompressibility
Supercompressibility
KP= CO2 - 0.932N2
KT = C02 + 1.681N2
156.47
160.8- 7.22SG+ KP
226.29
FT =
99.15+ 211.9SG- KT
PADJ = PSIG*FP
FP=

TADJ = (TEMPERATURE+ 459.67)FT - 459.67

TADJ + 459.67
500
PADJ + 13.25
PL=
1000
M = 0.0330378TAU- 2 - 0.0221323TAU-3 + 0.0161353TAU-5

TAU =

0.265827TAU-2 + 0.0457697TAU- 4 - 0.133185TAU-1

M
2.3
- 20*1.09-TAU
E2= 1- 0.00075PL *2- l
- 1.317(1.09- TAU)4)
N =

9N- 3MN3
E2
3
54MPL
2MPL2
3- MN2
B=
9MPL2
BB=

DDD= 3 BB+ BB2 + B3

S =

B
N
- DDD+
(3PL)
DDD
1+ 0.00132
TAU3.25

Z = S2

CorrectedVolume

Pmeasured Tbase
Vbase =Vmeasured *
*
*Z
Pbase Tmeasured

Pmeasured Tbase
CorrectionFactor =
*
*Z
Pbase Tmeasured

OurExample
OurExample
Again
n

100cfUncorrectedgasmeasured
Pressuregauge=14psi
u Thermometer=70F
u

SG=0.607,N2=1.908mol%,CO2=0.953mol%
u

Patm=13.57psia

Z=1.00178

OurExample
OurExample
YetAgain

Pmeasured Tbase
Vbase = Vmeasured *
*
*Z
Pbase Tmeasured
Vbase

27.57psi 520 R
=100cf *
*
*1.00178
13.82psi 530 R

Vbase =196.078cf

SupercompressibilityExamples
n

SG=0.607,N2=1.908mol%,CO2=0.953mol%
u T=60F,Patm=13.57psia

15psigZ=1.00205
F 80psigZ=1.01207
F

u T=20F,Patm=13.57psia

15psigZ=1.00267
F 80psigZ=1.01582
F

Questions???
Questions???