Animal Anatomy and Physiology

A. Organisms are “organized” cells

----- like a team or music group
---- different but working together

Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems  Organism

B. What are tissues?

-- similar cells (shape & function)
-- matrix outside the cells

C. Four major tissues (p. 840):

1. Epithelial: cells in sheets (layers)
2. Connective: cells in matrix
3. Muscle: cells that contract & relax
4. Nerve: signal cells

1. Epithelial
-- cells connected together in layers
-- membranes (coverings) over a body or body cavity; or produce chemicals
--- skin, lungs, digestive tract, glands
--- short-lived, quickly repaired and replaced

2. Connective
--- hold organs together, protect, defend
--- lots of matrix outside cells (fibers, liquid, or solid)
---- 5 major types:
1) Fibrous --- collagen and elastin fibers
--- ligaments, tendons, skin
2) Adipose – fat cells
3) Bone – solid calcium matrix
4) Cartilage – flexible, rubber-like
5) Blood – blood cells + plasma

3. Muscle Tissue: (3 types)

1) Skeletal
----- long, thin, parallel fibers
----- pulls on bones
----- only respond to nerve signals
----- perpendicular stripes

2) Smooth
---- squeezes hollow body organs (stomach, blood vessels)
3) Cardiac
---- heart muscle
---- self-contracting (no signal required)

***** Skeletal is “voluntary”, smooth & cardiac are “involuntary”

4. Nervous Tissue
---- Neurons and support cells
---- Control body functions by electric signals
OVERVIEW OF MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS (p. 841)

SYSTEM MAIN ORGANS FUNCTIONS

• KIDNEYS
• BLADDER

• HYPOTHALAMUS
• PITUITARY GLAND
• PANCREAS
--PROTECT AGAINST
INFECTION & FLUID LOSS;
--REGULATE BODY
TEMPERATURE
--protect and support body
organs; blood production
--- movement
• 3 types of muscle tissue
• tendons

• testes
• penis
• ovaries
• uterus
controls and regulates
behavior
maintain homeostasis
integration of senses and
movement
transport nutrients, waste, 
hormones, and gases

defend against pathogens 
and disease

nose, mouth, trachea, lungs

mouth, throat, esophagus, 
stomach, liver, pancreas, 
intestines