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[YA>CD[W7657UN`J:GHC@X[WGJzD>EzYKZ:c:<CDE&;>GJ= : !YZfCDA>[WYz@GR:YEKf:>9ICDES7UGR[W: GR[Y:7&C7&CDZMGJATN; $=9FG7&`ay:c`JA>Z][W76 7bNGHCD[Y7&7&CD[WGJ7&CLKf7e[W7I`R:E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7eN7
[YGJE&7'TzD7x`J:eGJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:7bNP`HGJCY7b:c`[= 6:eGJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:7bNP7&`J7&9I7&CLKfATzD7DZM7bN7UCTK:%AT@ALNGRESGJ>C:c`EU:c9OYGHA-[W7]`R:-ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7>=
68:eZM7U`J:TESGJ>CESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf

7 AKM7UCDNGJ>C7U0N !
i(t) =

1
L

u(t)dt = i(to ) +

1
L

u(t)dt
to

NMGJ7&CD[WA `R:E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7]GJCYGRESGR:c`7UC 7&`8GHCDNKf:>CLKM7 t =D_NKf:-7bESzD:TESGJ>C9%zD7UNKMZ:-TzD7'`J:ESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7x[W7&7&CD[Y7[W7'`R:IYGRN~KfA>ZfGJ:

@:>Nf:>[Y:Ii(t[W7])`R:%Kf7&CDNMGJ>C=
68:e@A>KM7&C@ESGR:-:cODNMA>ZfOYGR[Y:%A>Z\zDCD:eGHCD[YzDEK:cCDE&GJ:e7UN
D@ATZ\`HAeKf:>CLKMADW`R:e7&CY7UZMTJ:e:cO@NATZMOYGR[Y:Yw7UN
p(t) = u(t)i(t)
o

w(t) =

p(t)dt =

1 2
Li (t)
2

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[W07 FzY7&` >7]`R:I7&CY7UZMTJ:e:c`J9-:>ES7UCD:>[D:E&A>C:cCLKM7UZMGJA>ZfGJ[D:>[E&zD:cCD[YAINMzY9IGJCYGJNKMZ:e@A>KM7UCDESGR:I:c`E&GHZESzYGHKMA@=
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7 \"GHCD[YzDEK:cCDE&GJ:TN\7&CN7UZMGJ37 ![W7xA>OWKfGH7UCY7]zYCD:IGJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:7bLzYlG y:>`H7UCTKfS7  L @[WH7 y:c`JA>Zb L = P L
wNAWE&GJ:TESGJ>C%[W%
7 \}CD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:>N87&C'D:>Zf:>`H7U`HNA !F7A>OYKMGJ7&CY7zYCD:GHCD[YzDEK:cCDE&GJ:7ULzYG :>`H7UCLKM-7  L y[W7 y:c`JA>Zb = P
_}~7&9IY`JAD=

b ~P~MSy\~y\

eq

eq

i(t = ) = 0

eq

1
Leq

N
i=1

N
1
i=1 Li

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uU
?Bz@:cCD[WAx[WALNGHC@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:TNN7P7UCDESzY7UCLKMZ:cC%DZM: WGJ9I:TN7&CLKMZf7\Ny7&` 4 zy}~A]9I:>>CY&KMGRESA]E&:>zDNM:T[WA@ATZ`J:]ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7PLzY7\ESGJZfE&zY`J:
A>Z%zYCD:[W7-`R:>N]GJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:>NxNM7eZf7&`R:>E&GHATCD:<ESA>C4`R:A>KMZ:<GHCD[YzDEK:cCDE&GJ:4GJCD[WzDE&GH7UCD[WA :>NMzYCD:<Kf7&CDNMGJ>C47&CUNKfG: 'Y`HKMGJ9-:Y=
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?BATCDNMGJ[W7UZf:>9IATN<NAT`J:>9e7UCLKM7 zDClGJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:5[W7 \FzY7&`HKf:TN&=?BzD:>CD[WA 4 zY>74zYCD: ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7,G #K <: KfZf:: TUN[W77&`J`J: N7
DZMAW[WzDE&7zYC 4 zy}~A9I:>>CY&KMGRESA (t) :c`JZM7b[W7U[WATZe[Y7<7U`H`R:Y{= F7U3 'YC5`J:4`J7& [W7 X@:cZ:>[Y:o GJCD[Wz@E&ESGJ>C 7&`J7UESKMZfA>9-:cTCYSKfGJEUY: '`J:
Kf7&CDNMGJ>CGHC@[WzDESGR[Y:e7&C`JATNP27 LKfZM7U9IATNP[W7x`R:GJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:I7UN
u(t) = N

[YA>CD[W7x`R:eGHC@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:eYZfA>DGJ:6N7'[Y7
1DCY7xE&A>9IA

d(t) di(t)
di(t)
d(t)
=N
=L
dt
di(t) dt
dt
L = N d
di

9e7b[WGR[Y:I7&C'=

XGHTzYZ:;T= !CD[WzDESKf:>CDESGR:
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LzY7'NM7$FGJCDESzD`J:IESATC`R:>N\[YATN\GJCD[WzDESKf:>CDESGR:>N\[W7ATZM9-:ILzY7x7&` 4 zc}~AIKMAcK:c`E&A>CDEU:yKf7&CD:T[WAA>Z\`R:eYZfGH9I7&Z:eGHC@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:

7bN = +
1

11

12

11

12

XGJ>zYZ:;>=J;0v!C@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:TN\:>E&A>Y`R:>[Y:TN.ESGJZfE&zY`R:eE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7NMA>`JAI@ATZ\`J:eYZfGH9I7UZf:+
8:KM7&C@NGJ>CGJCD[WzDE&GJ[Y:e7UC<`R:eYZfGH9I7&Z:e7UN0!
6

u1 (t) = N1

d1
d1 di1
di1
= N1
= L1
dt
di1 dt
dt

8:KM7&C@NGJ>CGJCD[WzDE&GJ[Y:e7UC<`R:IN7U>zYC@[Y: KM7UCDNMGHTC:IE&GHZESzYGHKMA-:>OYGH7UZKfA+B7UN0!
6

|u2 (t)| = N2

d12
d12 di1
di1
= N2
= M12
dt
di1 dt
dt

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M
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GJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:wKM7UCD[WZQ[YATNESAT9I@ATCY7&CLKM7bL2N !zYC-E&A>9I@ATCY7&CLKf7 TzD7PNM7PZM7U`J:TESGJA>CD:NM>`JAE&A>C%`R:] N7U>zYC@[Y:GJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:'AcKfZMA
LzY7'N$7 FGHC@ESzY`R:IESA>C<`R:>NP[WATNPGJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:>N\[Y7wATZM9-:eLzY7]7&` 4 zy}~AIKfAcK:c` ESATCDE&:cKM7&C@:>[WAe@ATZ\`J:eNM7&>zDCD[Y:eGHC@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:

7bN = +
12

22

21

22

21

X GJ>zYZ:<;>=J;>;Y!+C@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:TN\:>E&A>Y`R:>[Y:TN.ESGJZfE&zY`R:eE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7NMA>`JAI@ATZ\`J:INM7&>zDCD[Y:Y
68:KM7&C@NGJ>CGJCD[WzDE&GJ[Y:e7UC<`R:eYZfGH9I7&Z: Kf7&CDNMGHTC<:-E&GHZESzDG KfAI:>OYGJ7&ZMKMA+7UN0!
|u1 (t)| = N1

d21 di2
di2
d21
= N1
= M21
dt
di2 dt
dt

MN 7]`H7'E&A>CYAWES7xE&A>9IA`R:IGJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:9zWKMz@:e[Y7x`J:eYZfGH9I7UZf:eGJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:eE&A>C<ZM7bN7UESKMA-:e`J:INM7&TzYCD[Y:D=
68:KM7&C@NGJ>CGJCD[WzDE&GJ[Y:e7UC<`R:IN7U>zYC@[Y:e7UN0!


M21

u2 (t) = N2

d2
d2 di2
di2
= N2
= L2
dt
di2 dt
dt

WF
7 >7UZMlG 1@E&:-LzY7
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!


di2
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di2
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12
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[WA>C@[W7 e e = cos(wt + ) + jsen(wt + )

u(t) = Im[ 2U e e ]
_BN~Kf7eC 'Y9I7UZMA<ESA>9IY`J7~}~A<N7I[W7UCYA>9IGJCD:-:TNATZUO= &C :>NMA>Z7UNwzYC C 'Y9I7&ZfAE&A>9IY`J7~}~ALzY7Zf7&DZM7bN7UCTK:-7&C4:c9IY`JG KfzD[|:TN7
zDCD:-N7UCYA>GR[W7T= Z\7&YZf7UNM7&CLK:%zYC9I7U[YGHANMGH9IY`J7]D:cZ:I:cCD:>`HG /U:>ZB`JATN\E&GHZESzDG KfATNP`JGHCY7b:c`J7UNU=
WGN7'NMzYYZfGJ9e7
YNM7KM7&C@[WZfQDW`J:IZf7&DZM7bN7UCTK:>E&GHTCESAT9eD`H7}: !
2 y e (f actor de tiempo)
2

y
x

j jwt

j jwt

jwt

U = U ej = U cos() + jU sen()

6 Z:cC@N~ATZM9-:>E&GHTCNM7&CYATGJ[W72A E&A>9IY`J7~}~A
Z\7&YZf7UNM7&CLK:>ESGJ>C<[WA>9IGJCYGJAIKM7&9IA>Z:c`
Z\7&YZf7UNM7&CLK:>ESGJ>C[WA>9IGJCYGHAE&A>9IY`J7~}~A

u1 (t) = 2U sen(wt + )
u2 (t) = 2U cos(wt + )

U 1 = U ej
U 2 = U ej(+/2) = jU ej

WGZM7b:c`JGl/b:c9IATNzYC@:e[Y7&ZfGly:>[D:AIGJCLKM7&TZf:>` [W7xzYCD:zYCDE&GHTC N7UCYA>GR[Y:c` u(t) = 2U sen(wt + ) KM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN0!

Z\7&YZf7UNM7&CLK:>ESGJ>C<[WA>9IGJCYGJAIKM7&9IA>Z:c`
Z\7&YZf7UNM7&CLK:>ESGJ>C[WA>9IGJCYGHAE&A>9IY`J7~}~A


= ( 2U w)cos(wt + )

u(t)dt = 2 U
w [sen(wt + )]

du(t)
dt

jwU ej = jwU
U
U j
= jw
jw e

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W7e[W7UO@7eZf7UESATZf[D:cZwLzY79
z  CK w7UNwGHCDNKf:>CLKfQcCD7U7: [WA>9IGJCYGJA[W7U`8KfGH7U9I@A  9IGH7UCLKMZ:>NLzY7 U 7bNw`R:Zf7&DZM7bN7UCTK:>E&GHTC|ESA>9IY`J7~}:
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i(t) = 2Isen(wt + )

Z\7UNMGRN~Kf7&CDE&GJ:
u(t) = Ri(t) = 2RIsen(wt + )
U = RI = RIe

C@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:
= 2wLIcos(wt
u(t) = LR
+
)
U
=
jwLI = jwLIe

?BA>C@[W7&CDNf:>[YA>Z
u(t) =
I=
Ie
i(t)dt = 2 sen(wt + ) U =

1
C

di(t)
dt

1
jwC

I
wC

1
jwC

XGHTzYZ:IVY=H;Y!F_a`H7U9I7&CLKMALN\D:>NMG>ATN

XGJ>zYZ:eVY= V!W_a`J7&9I7&CLKMALN\D:TNG>ALN&=FvGR:cTZf:>9-:>NB:>NMA>ZfGJ:>`H7bN
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_}~7&9IY`JATNU=

u1 + u2 + ... + um = 0
i1 + i2 + ... + in = 0

U 1 + U 2 + ... + U m = 0
I 1 + I 2 + ... + I n = 0

J
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68:]GH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:x[W7\zYCE&GHZESzDG KfA7bN`R:]Zf:3/&>C7&CLKMZf7\`R:KM7&CA
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Z=

p
U
= R + jX = R2 + X 2 ejarctan(X/R)
I

XGJ>zYZ:-VW= ^!FGJ9e7U[D:cCDE&GJ:-E&A>9IY`J7~}:
[YA>CD[W}7 Z 7bN `R: ZM7bNGRN~Kf7&CDE&GJ: `J: Zf7U:TEK:cCDE&GJ: [W7`R:
GJ9I@7b[Y:cC@ESGR:-ESA>9IY`J7~}:D=Z\7&DZM7bN7UCTK:%`R:IA>ATNMGRESGJ>C:>` 4 zy}~A[W7'E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7NM7&CYATGJ[D:c`=
68:I:>[W9IGHKf:cC@ESGR:7bN\`R:GJ
C >7UZfNf:[Y7`R:eGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR: Y =
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;
9e7U[D:cCDE&GJ:TNP:>[Y9eGHKf:>CDESGR:>N\[Y77U`H7U9I7&CLKMALNPD:>NMGlTATN
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Z\7bNGRN~Kf7&CDE&GJ:
Z=R
Y = 1/R
CD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:
Z = jwL
Y = 1/(jwL)
?BATCD[W7&C@NM:T[WA>Z Z = 1/(jwC) Y = jwC
j`R:D:>ZKf7'Zf7U:c`[W7e`J:GH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:NM7%`R:<[W7&CYAT9IGHCD:ZM7bNGRNKM7&C@ESGR
: Z.u$Z\37 )% :`J:D:cZMKM7GH9-:>>GJCD:cZfGJ:-NM7e`J:[W7&CYAT9IGHCD:
Zf7U:TEK:cCDE&GJS: Hu.G9 )LO= FG`R:Zf7U:TEKf:>CDESGRS: 7UNw@ALNGHKMG y:`R:GJ9I@7b[Y:cC@ESGR:7UNGJCD[WzDESKMG y: `J:ESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7%:yKfZf:TNM:ZM7bN7UESKMA:
`R:eKM7UCDNMGHTNC =W_aC|EU:c9OYGHAINM>G 7UNPCY7UT:cKMG :DW`J:eGJ9I@7b[Y:cCDE&GJ:e7bNE&:>D:>E&G KflG yG: `R:-ESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7:T[W7&`R:cCLK::e`R:%Kf7&CDNMGJ>NC S=

XGJ>zYZ:-VW= d[!WvGR:cTZf:>9-:':TNATZMGR:c`uGJ9e7U[D:cCDE&GJ:eGJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:I7GJ9I@7b[Y:cC@ESGR:-E&:c@:>ESGHKMGy:
U> D>"+
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\GJ9I@7b[Y:cC@ESGR:>NP7&C NM7&ZfGH7Y!W`J:eGJ9I@7b[Y:cCDE&GJ:I7bLzYGly:>`H7UCTKf7
F KMGJ7&CY7xA>Zy:c`JA>Z Z
Z
\GJ9I@7b[Y:cC@ESGR:>NP7&CD:>Zf:>`H7U`HN
A !F`J:eGJ9e7U[D:cCDE&GJ:I7bTzDlG y:c`J7&CLKf7 Z F KfGH7UCY7xA>Zy:c`JA>Z
_}~7&9IY`JATNU=

eq

eq

eq

=
1
Z eq

PN

Zi
PN

i=1

1
i=1 Z i

= Geq =

PN

i=1

Gi

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: A-:>ESKMlG A
y+
: P:cODNMA>ZfOYGR[Y:%A>Z\zDC[YGHA>`JA-NATC !
p(t) = u(t)i(t)

pmedia = P =

1
T

p(t)dt

8:e7&CY7UZMTJ:I:cO@NATZMOYGR[Y:[W7UNf[W7x7&` GJCDNKf:>CTKf7]KCu$ve7UN0!
6

w(t) =

XGJ>zYZ:eVY= !Y[WGJ@AT`HA

p(t)dt
0

JQFY>N@U> 7R5T)" 4 N="T

WG\zYC [YGHA>`JA7bN~KQNMA>9I7&KMGR[WA:zYCD:KM7UCDNMGHTC5NM7&CYATGJ[Y:>`
A>ZI&`\ESGJZESzY`R: zDCD:E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7
NM7&CDA>GR[Y:c` i(t) = 2Isen(wt + ) D`J:eAcKM7UCDESGR:GHCDNKf:>CLKfQcu(t)
CD7U:e=:cODNMA>Zf2UOYGR[Ysen(wt
:5zWKMGJ`HG+/U:>CD[WAI) 7&`E&A>C>7UCYGJAD:TNG>Ae[W7]@A>KM7UCDESGR:Y
7b2N !
p(t) = u(t)i(t) = U Icos( ) U Icos(2wt ( ))
_BN~K:ezYCDESGJ>C 7bNP@7UZMGJW[WGRE&:YY[Y7x@7UZMGJAW[WAq6 cGV NMGJ7&CD[WA-6 7&`[Y7x`J:eKf7&CDNMGHTNC BYzY7bN~KfATzD7x`J:Zf7UESzD7&CDE&GJ:I7bNP7&`[WATOY`J7'[W7x`J:
[Y7%Kf7&CDNMGHTC AE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7T=D_aC `J:A>Zf9I:[W7%ATCD[Y:NM7'ATODN7UZ y:LzY7
7 WGRN~Kf7&C|GJCDNKf:cCLKf7UN[Y7'KMGJ7&9IA<[YA>CD[W79  CK 7bNATNMG KflG y:
:cODNMA>ZfO7AcKf7&CDE&GJ+
: AcKfZMALN7&C LzY7]9  CK P7UNPCY7UT:cKMG : NzY9IGJCYGRN~KfZf:eAcKM7UCDESGRY: S=
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P = U Icos(u i )

?:TNALNPD:cZMKMGRESzD`J:>ZM7bN.ESzD:>CD[WA-`JATNP[WGJ@AT`HANMA>C<zYCD:eZf7UNMGJNKM7UCDESGR:YWAIzYCD:eGJCD[WzDESKf:>CDESGR:YYAIzYC E&A>CD[W7UCDNf:>[WATZ#
!

b UU > >f
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7 WYZf7UNMGJ>C
P = U Icos(0 ) = U I = RI 2 =

8:e7&CY7UZMTJ:I:cO@NATZMOYGR[Y:'KMGJ7&CY7xA>Z\72FDZM7bNGJ>C

U2
R

w(t) =

p(t)dt =

[U I U Icos(2wt)]dt = U It

UI
sen(2wt)
2

Y[ A>CD[W7PNM7>7UZMGl1@EU:LzY7BNMGT7U`>KfGH7U9I@AwKMZ:cCDNfESzDZMZfGJ[YA\K87bN9zDEYA9-:TA>ZLzY77&`L@7UZMGJAW[WAw[Y7`R:\zYCDE&GHTC'Kf7&CDNMGHTC
`R:I7&CD7&Zf>R::>ODNATZMODGJ[Y:7UN\:>YZfA:FGJ9-:>[Y:>9I7&CLKM7w`J:eAcKM7UCDESGR:-:>ESKMGy:A>Z\7U`uKMGJ7&9IAIKMZ:cCDNfESzYZfZfGJ[WA
0

T = (2)/w

w(t) ' RI 2 t

8c> TN80[8@F

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7 FDZM7bNGJ>C


w(t) =

1 2
1
Cu (t) = C2U 2 sen2 (wt + u ) = CU 2 sen2 (wt + u )
2
2

8:e7&CY7UZMTJ:I:cO@NATZMOYGR[Y:%7&C7&`EU:>NMAe[Y7'N7UZzDCD:IGHC@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:KfGH7UCY7x@ATZ\7
WYZf7UNMGHTC
6

w(t) =

1 2
1
Li (t) = L2I 2 sen2 (wt + i ) = LI 2 sen2 (wt + i )
2
2

b@T)Y

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VXv

S = UI

_`Kf&Zf9eGJCYA
N7'[W7UCYA>9IGJCD:I:TEKMATZ[W7'AcKf7&CDE&GJ: ~= [= = \<7UN7&`ESATNM7&CDAI[Y7'`J:[WG 7UZM7UCDESGR:-[W7x:TN7x7UCLKMZf7'`J:
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E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7>=Y6):c9%ODGHUC7bNP7&`E&ATNM7&CYAI[W7&`8QcCYTzY`HAI[W7x`R:eGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:I[W7'E&:>ZML:
u

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_a` :TEKfA>Z[W7xAcKf7&CDE&GJ:  ~= [ = = \N7'[YGJE&7'TzD77bNPGHC@[WzDEKflG TAESzD:>CD[WAI`R:%Kf7&CDNMGJ>C7UNKfQe7&C :T[W7&`R:cCLKMAI[W7]:TN7]Zf7UNM@7bEKMA
:e`J:IE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7 EU:>NMA-[W7xzYCD:eGJ9e7U[D:cCDE&GJ:eGJCD[WzDESKMG +: =
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Pabs = U Icos(u i ) = Re[U Iej(u i ) ] = Re[U eju Ieji ] = Re[U I ] = Re[S]

_`KMUZM9IGJCYA S = U I NM7x[W7&CYAT9IGHCD:eAcKf7&CDE&GJ:IESAT9IY`H7}:YD[Y7wATZM9-:ILzY73!
{ W[WzY`JA-[W7 S = U I !WAcKf7&CDE&GJ:-:>D:cZf7&CLKf7 S = U I =NF7]9IGR[W7x7&C<a'=
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:cZMKM7]GJ9I:>>GJCD:cZfGR:[W7 S = U I AcKf7&CDE&GJ:eZf7U:>ESKMG y: Im[S] = U Isen( ) = Q [= F7x9IGJ[W7]7UCG<aZb=
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n=1

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1
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4A

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E&A>9IY`J7~}~A[W7xE>= :D>= ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7x:c`HKM7UZMC@Y: 7&`YZMGJCDE&GHYGJA-[W7xNzD@7UZMATNMGJE&GHTC=W_a`DZMAWES7b[WGJ9eGJ7&CLKfAINMzY7U`H7]GJ9eD`HGRE&:>ZPKMZf7UNPD:TNAL2N !
ZMGJ9I7&ZD:TNNA !
?BATCDNMGJNKM77UC[W7&KM7&Zf9IGHC@:cZ7U`@[W7bNM:>ZMZfA>`J`JA'[W7`R:'N7UZMGJ7[W7XYATzYZMGJ7&Z[W7`R:]zY7UCTKf;7 N7b:'[W7\Kf7&CDNMGJ>CA%E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7 =>ATZ7}~7&9IY`J[A !
k

ug (t) = Ug0 +

2Ugn sen(nw0 t + n )

(f uente de tensi n)

n=1

ig (t) = Ig0 +

2Ign sen(nw0 t + n )

(f uente de corriente)

n=1

8:7UESz@:>ESGJ>Ce9%zD7UNKMZ:LzY7P72FGRNKM7PzYCD:xE&A>9I@ATCY7&CLKf7P[Y7PE&A>CLKMGJCFzD:'zYCD:xE&A>9IA>CY7UCTKf7\[W7\:c`HKM7&ZfCD:]ESATCy:>ZMGJATN:cZf9I>CYGRESALN&=
WGWKM7UCY7&9IATNzDCD:wzY7&CLKM7[Y7BKf7&CDNMGJ>Cy`R:]N7UZMGJ7[Y7PXDA>zYZfGJ7&ZYzY7b[W7PZM7UYZf7UNM7&CLKf:>ZfNM7BE&A>9IAwzDCIE&A>Cy}~zDCTKfA[Y7PzY7&CLKM7bN[W7PKM7UCDNMGHTC
NM7&CDA>GR[Y:c`J7UN E&A>CY7bEKf:T[Y:>Nu7UC'N7UZMGJ79-Q>N[W7a`R:\ESA>CLKfGHCFzD:+=b?:T[Y:BzY7&CLKM7aKMGJ7&CY7NMz]YZfA>YGR:P:c9IY`JG KfzD[]Zf7UE&zY7&CDE&GJ:D=0FG>KM7&CD7&9IATN
zDCD:]zY7UCTKf7[W7E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7T`J:xNM7&ZfGH7[Y7XYA>zDZMGJ7&ZYzD7U[W7Zf7&DZM7bN7UCTK:cZN7ESAT9eAxzDCIE&A>Cy}~zDCTKfA'[W7PzY7UCTKf7UNBESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7\N7UCYA>GR[Y:c`J7UN
E&A>CY7bEK:>[Y:TNP7&C<D:cZ:c`J7&`JGA 9-Q>NP`R:-[W7xESA>CLKfGHCFzD+: =@?:>[D:%zD7&CLKM7]KfGH7UCY7'Nz<YZfA>YGR:I:c9IY`JG KfzD[<-Zf7UESzD7&CDE&GJ:D=
W7&>zDCD[WAID:>NM[
A!
_`DN7U>zYC@[WAD:TNA7UN[W7&KM7UZM9IGJCD:cZ`R:Zf7UNMYzY7bN~Ks: E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7UN8xKM7UCDNGJA>CD7UN7&Ce7&`WESGJZESzYGHKMA D:>Zf:E&:T[Y:\Kf&Zf9IGHCYA]7UC%`R:wNM7&ZfGH7P[W7
XDA>zYZfGJ7&Zb>:cY`JGRE&:cC@[WA]7&`YKf7&ATZM7U9I:][W7NMzY7&Zf@ALNGRESGJ>C3= 6:]Zf7UNMYzY7bN~K::]`R:xESAT9I@ATCY7&CLKM7[Y7ESATCTKfGHCFzD: "C u$vYNM7[W7&KM7&Zf9IGHC@:cZQ
NMzDNKMGHKMzYT7&CD[YAKfAF[D:>N8GHCD[YzDEK:cCDE&GJ:TNA>ZESATZKfAWESGJZfE&zYG KfATNwKfAW[WATN`JATNESA>C@[W7&CDNf:>[YA>Zf7UN A>ZESGJZESzYGHKMALN8:>OYGH7UZKfATNU0= 68:Zf7UNMYzY7UNKf:
:`R:E&A>9I@ATCY7&CLKf7[W7]ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7:c`HKM7&ZfCD:N7A>OWKfGH7UCY79e7b[WGR:cCLKM7`J:TNaKfUE&CYGJEU:>NPESAT9IY`H7}:>NU= 6:'Zf7U[N7Zf7&YZf7UNM7&CLKf:'9e7b[WGR:cCLKM7
NMzGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:IESAT9eD`H7}:%Kf7&CYGJ7&C@[WA-7&C ESzD7&CLKf:e7&9` :>`HATZ\[W7x`J:Zf7UE&zY7&CDE&GJ:D=
687&ZES7UZ\D:>NM[A !
WGHTzYGH7UCD[WA7&`FYZfGHC@ESGJYGHA[W7PNzY7&ZfATNMGJE&GHTCbNMzY9-:c9IALNKfAF[D:>N8`J:TNZf7UNMYzY7bN~K:>NGJCD[WG FGJ[YzD:c`J7UNU=_aCzDC%7&`J7&9I7UCTKfAw[W7&KM7UZM9IGJCD:>[WA
NM7]KM7UCD[WZQITzD7`R:-ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7-KM7UCDNMGHTCKf7&CD[WZQcC`R:INGJ>zYGJ7&CLKf7wATZM9-[: !
6

u(t) = Ucc +

2Un sen(nw0 t + n )

n=1

i(t) = Icc +

A>KM7&C@ESGR:I9e7b[WGR:5:>`HATZM7bN7
1@EU:>ES7bN

n=1

2In sen(nw0 t + n )

 a&8DwqwFw~]8&\\BIP ~&l8we~
^TV
WGKM7&CD7&9IATNLzY7e[Y7SKM7UZM9IGJCD:cZ7&`ay:c`JA>Z7
1E&:X/e[W7ezYCD:<ESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7'AzDCD:Kf7&CDNMGJ>CE&A>9IYzY7bN~K:[W7I:cZf9I>CYGRESALN&DKM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN
LzYY7 !
ief
uef

=
=

1
T

1
T

1
T

i2 dt =

u2 dt =

0
T
0

(Icc )2 + (I1 )2 + ...(In )2

(Ucc )2 + (U1 )2 + ...(Un )2

68:'AcKf7&CDE&GJ:%9e7b[WGR:NM7&ZfJ5
: ESATZMZf7UNMA>CD[W7w:'`R:%NMzY9-:%[W7w`J:TNAcKf7&CDE&GJ:TN9I7U[YGJ:TNB[W7E&:T[Y:%:>ZM9I>CDGJE&A%ESATZMZf7UNM@ATCD[WGJ7&CLKM7:Nz
Kf7&CDNMGJ>CESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7TLZf7UNM7UEKfGly:>9e7UCLKM7
!

P =

1
T

p(t)dt =
0

u(t)i(t)dt = Ucc Icc +

0

n=1

Un In cos(n n )

_C7U`EU:>NMA[W7e:cCD:>`HG/U:>Z`JA<LzY7eNzDE&7U[W77&CzYCD:ZM7bNGRN~Kf7&CDE&GJ:DYKf7&CD[WZf7&9IALNwLzY7G,K#w z9 KCNMA>C `J:<ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7%LzY7eESGJZfE&zY`J:

A>Z7&`J`J:DW`J:Kf7&CDNMGHTC NAT@ATZK:>[YG: "z u$ZG SY`J:eAcKf7&CDE&GJ:e9I7U[WGR:IA-:>ESKMG :KfGH7UCY7x@ATZ\
7 WYZf7UNMGHTC
P = R(ief )2 =

_}~7&9IY`JA

(uef )2
R

 a&8DwqwFw~]8&\\BIP ~&l8we~
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PwP
>. Lw ~P
uU9
k8J 
8>T n"  bN >   >T8U" ILFc&y>" >
68:IE&:cZ:>ESKM7UZMRN~KfGJEU:'9-Q>NPDZM7b[WA>9IGJCD:cCLKM7][W7]`R:Zf7UNMYzY7bN~K:%7UCZf7UE&zY7&C@ESGR:e[Y7zDCE&GHZESzDG KfAeLzYG /UQTNNM7U:e7U` YGJE&AIYZMATCFzYCDESGR:>[YA
A7&`YGRESA<ZM7bNATCD:cCLKM:
7 LzY7IN7eZf7&YZf7UNM7&CLKf:@ATZ]NMz:>9IY`HGHKMz@[EU:cZ:>EKf7&ZfJNKMGRE&:D=D_a`aE&A>CDE&7&WKfA[W7IZf7UNMA>CD:>CDESGR:NM7e:>Y`JGJEU:7&C
y:>ZMGR:>NaQ>ZM7b:>N[W7`R:xESGJ7&C@ESGR:]e[W7\`R:xGJCY>7UCYGJ7&ZfJ:D=c67UCYGH7UCD[WAx7UCESzY7UCTK:]`J:x[Y

7 1DCYGRESGJ>C[Y7PzYCDESGJ>C[Y7\KMZ:cCDN7&Zf7&C@ESGR:YcESz@:cCD[WA
7U`[W7&CYAT9IGHCD:T[WA>Z][W7UNKf: ;=KqKMGJ7&CD7e[WALNZ:cRES7bNwE&A>9IY`J7~}:TNwE&A>Cy}~zYL:>[Y:TN&@AWESzYZfZM7%`J:ZM7bNATCD:cCDE&GJ:D[= NKf:7UNw`R:EU:czDNf:[W7
LzY7`R:'7&CD7&Zf>R:':c`J9-:>ES7UCD:>[D:xATNfESGJ`H7[W7zYCD:xATZM9-::'AcKfZf:D=W?BATCDNKMGHKMzYT77&`7UCY>9I7&CDALzY7@7UZM9IGHKM7`R:e[WGJNfESZfGJ9eGJCD:TESGJ>C[W7
Zf7UE&zY7&C@ESGR:7UC`R:>NwZM7b[W7UN][W7IESAT9%zYCDGJEU:>ESGJA>CD7UNU"= 68:Zf7UNMA>CD:>CDESGR:NM7DZM7bN7UCTK:7UC4E&zD:c`RLzYGH7UZE&GHZESzDG KfA<LzY7KMGJ7&CY7-:>`9I7UCYATN
zDCD:IGHC@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:ezYC<E&A>CD[Y7&CDNf:>[WATZU=
6ATNeESGJZfE&zYGHKMATN%ZM7bNATCD:cCLKf7UNxZf7UNMzY`HKf:c
C 'YKMGJ`H7bN%D:>Zf: E&A>CDNKMZfzYGJFZ 1D`HKMZfATNUDzY7UNeNz@N'zYC@ESGJA>CY7bN[W7KMZ:cCDN7&Zf7&C@ESGR:YzY7U[Y7&C NM7&Z
:>` K:c9I7&CLKf7'N7U`H7bEKMG y:>NP7UCZf7UE&zY7&CDE&GJ:TN&[= W7xzWKMGJ`HG /U:>C7&C<9%zDED:TN\:cY`JGRE&:>E&GHATCY7UNUWESAT9eAI`R:>N\[W7'NM7&`J7UEUESGJA>CD:>ZB`R:>NP7U9IGJNMA>Z:>N7&C
`JATNZf7UE&7&WKfA>Zf7UN[Y7Z:>[WGJAKf7&`J27 FGRNGJ>C= F7I[W7&O7&CKM7UCY7&Z]7UCESzD7&CLKf:D@`R:>NATNMGHOY`J7UNNMA>OYZf7SKf7&CDNMGHATCY7UNwLzY7e:>D:cZf7UE&7&C|7UC `JATN
NMGRN~Kf7&9-:>N\[W7xAcKf7&CDE&GJ:DY[W7&ODGJ[WA:e`R:e
7 WGJNKM7UCDESGR:I[W7'ESGJZESzYGHKMALNBZf7UNMA>C@:cCLKM7bN&=
68:ZM7bNATCD:cC@ESGR:AWESzYZfZf7IE&zD:cC@[WA7UCzYC[WGHA>`JAD`J:KM7UCDNMGHTC4NMA>A>ZMKf:T[Y:`J:E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7I:cO@NATZMOYGR[Y:T;
N :c9OD:>N]NM7&CYATGJ[Y:>`H7bjN 
7bN~KQcC7&C:>NM7>=
k8J  Q
 bN > 7bTy@

X GHTzYZf:ed@=H;Y!WZM7bNATCD:cCDE&GJ:N7UZMGJ7
WGESATCDNGR[W7UZf:>9eALNazYCESGJZESzYGHKMASZ6?NM7&ZfGH7TL`R:GH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:I[W7]7&CLKMZ:>[Y:tGJ9I@7b[Y:cCDE&GJ:I[W7KfY72T7&CYGJCNB7&C<7&`[WAT9IGHCYGJA-[W7]`J:
Zf7UE&zY7&C@ESGR:7bN
Z(w) =

U
1
1
= R + jwL +
= R + j(wL
)
I
jwC
wC

68:'Zf7UNMA>CD:>CDESGR:7UNzYCD:%E&A>CD[YGJE&GHTC-7&CzYCESGJZfE&zYG Kfs
A Z6? 7UC7&`uESz@:c`D`R:>NZM7b:>ESKf:cC@ESGR:>NGJCD[WzDESKMGy:'IE&:c@:>ESGHKMGy:'NMA>C[W7wGHTzD:c`
9-:>>CYGHKMzD[Y@ATZ\`HA-E&zD:c`[D:cC<`HzYL:cZ\:ezYCD:IGJ9I@7b[Y:cCDE&GJ:eYzDZf:>9e7UCLKM7]ZM7bNGRNKMG:D=
ATZ\`HAIK:cCLKMAID:TESGJ7&CD[WAILzY7x`R:@:cZMKM7]GH9-:>>GJCD:cZfGJ:e[W7]`R:IGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:I[W7x7&CLKMZ:>[D:NM7U:eCFzY`R:YFKM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN\LzY7Y!

Im(Z(w)) = wL

1
=0
wC

1
LC

2 LC

_`9y:c`JA>Z\[W7HK"TzD7'NM:cKMGRN~:TES77UNKf:-ESATCD[WGRESGJ>CZM7bESGJO@7x7U` CYA>9OYZM7x[W7xDzY`JNf:>E&GHTC[W7xZf7UNMA>C@:cCDE&GJ:DF[Y7wATZM9-:ILzY7
w0 =

f0 =

cKf7UNM7'TzD77UCZM7bNATCD:cCDE&GJ:[!
;T
= 6:GJ9I@7b[Y:cC@ESGR:7UNxYzDZf:>9e7UCLKM7-Zf7UNMGJNKMGy:Y A>Z'`JA|LzY7 Z = R =_aCA>KMZ:>N]D:>`J:>OYZ:>NU `J: E&A>9%ODGHCD:TESGJ>C6?:>ESK'D:
ESAT9IAezDCE&A>ZMKMAWESGJZESzYGHKMA@LKMAW[Y:e`J:eKf7&CDNMGJ>C[W7x`J:e7UCTKfZf:T[Y:eE&:c7]7UC<`R:eZM7bNGRNKM7&C@ESGR: U = U =
VY
= 6:wKf7&CDNMGHTC7UC`R:7&CLKMZ:>[D:w%`J:]ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7PN7P7UCDESzY7UCLKMZ:cC%7UCe:>NM7>c[W7P9IAW[WAxTzD77U`W:>ESKMATZ[Y7\@A>KM7&C@ESGR:w7bNzYCYGHKf:>ZMGJAD=
^D
= 6:IE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7]:cO@NATZMOYGR[Y:7UNP9-)Q WGJ9-:7UC`J:IESATCD[WGRESGJ>C[W7]ZM7bNATCD:cC@ESGR:Y=
d@
= 6:wKf7&CDNMGHTCeLzY7\NMA>A>ZMKf:>C%`R:wGJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:'7&`YE&A>CD[Y7&CDNf:>[WAT(Z LzY7PKMGJ7&CY7UCzDCI[Y7UN:>NM7[W7x; v YzY7U[Y7&C-N7UZ9%zDEYA
9-:>ATZM7bNBLzY7x`R:KM7&C@NGJ>C[W7x`R:%zD7&CLKM7TY7&C`R:eE&A>CD[YGJE&GHTC<[W7xZf7UNMA>C@:cCDE&GJ:D=
\

U Lwo = jwo L

U
= jQo U = U Cwo
R

a&8DwqwFw~]8&\\BIP ~&l8we~

NM7`J7'[W7UCYA>9IGJCD::>EKfA>Z[W7xNMA>OYZf7SKf7&CDNMGJ>C=
Q

^cd

X GHTzYZ:%d@= V!WZM7bNYzD7UNKf:7&C<ZM7bESzY7UCDESGR:
68:eZM7bNYzD7UNKf:e7&C<Zf7UESzD7&CDE&GJ:G`R:-ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7]:cODNMA>ZfOYGR[Y:%A>Z\7U`ESGJZfE&zYGHKMA+7bN2!
|I| = I = q

U
R2 + (wL

8:e@A>KM7&C@ESGR:-:>EKfGly:I[WGRNGJD:T[Y:e7&C<7&`E&GHZESzYGHKMAeKfGH7UCY7x@ATZy:c`JA>Z
6

1 2
wC )

P = RI 2

_C4E&A>CD[WGRESGJ>C4[W7eZM7bNATCD:cCDE&GJ:D@`R:<ESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7%7bNw9-QXFGJ9-:Yu `R:AcKf7&CDE&GJ:<:>ESKMG:<[WGRNGJD:T[Y:7bNK:c9OYGHUC 9-Q)WGJ9-:Y A>Z]`HA

LzY7
P (w0 ) = RIw2 0 =

_C5ESGJ7&ZMKf:TN'ESATCD[WGRESGJA>CY7bN'ESATZMZf7UNMA>CD[WGJ7&CLKf7UN':|[YATNxYzD`JNf:>E&GHATCY7UN
9-XQ FGJ9I[A *W7bN~KfAe7b2N !
8:e@A>KM7&C@ESGR:>N:>ODNATZMODGJ[Y:TN@:cZ:
6

P (w1 ) = P (w2 ) =

w1 , y w 2

NMA>C

P (w1 ) = P (w2 ) = R

U2
R

w1 , w2

`R: @A>KM7UCDESGR:|[WGRNGJD:T[Y: 7UN%`J:|9eGHKf:T[ [W7U`y:c`JA>Z

U2
R2 + (wL

w2

dD=V3
S=vw7UNM7~}:cC@[W
A Kx


1 2
wC )

`8GJ>z@:c`R:cZ\`R:>N[WALN\7UE&zD:>E&GHATCY7UN\:>CLKM7&ZfGJA>Zf7UNH =H;x<dD=VSN7'KMGJ7&CY7%LzY7'E&zY9IY`JGHZTzD75
R = wL
ATOWKM7UCY7&9IALN2!

w1

dD=J;

2
RIwo
U2
=
2
2R

1
wC

r
R
1
R
=
+ ( )2 +
2L
2L
LC
r
R
1
R
=
+ ( )2 +
2L
2L
LC

_BN\@ALNGJOY`J7xZM7U`J:TESGJA>CD:>ZB`R:>NPDzY`JNf:>E&GHATCY7UNP[W7xAcKf7&CDE&GJ:e9IGHKf:>[E&A>C<`J:eYzY`RNf:>ESGJ>C<Zf7UNMA>CD:>CTKf7
w0 =

w1 w2

`JALzY79%zY7bN~KfZf:|LzY7`J: YzY`RNM:TESGJ>C[W7Zf7UNMA>C@:cCDE&GJ:7bN'`R: 9I7U[WGR:|T7&A>9I&KMZfGJEU: [W7`R:>N'DzY`JNf:>E&GHATCY7UN[W7AcKf7&CDE&GJ:|9eGHKf:T[ =

\cKf7UNM7eLzY7e7&C>7&CD7&Z:c`
CYA<NMA>CNGJ9ISKMZfGRE&:>N:c`JZf7U[W7b[WA>Z][W7e`J:YzY`RNM:TESGJ>C [W7IZf7UNMA>CD:>CDESGR: w [Y7&OYGR[WA:LzY7e`J:
Zf7UNMYzY7bN~K:e7&C<ZM7bESzY7UCDESGR:wCYA-7UN\wNMGH9I&KMZfGJEU:Y=
zYCDLzY7]`R:e:>` KfzYZ:%[W7]`R:%Zf7UNMYzY7bN~K:'7&CZf7UESzD7&CDE&GJ:7UNKfQe[W7SKf7&Zf9IGHCD:T[Y:@AT%
Z Z'W7&` :cCDEDAe[W7`R:9IGRN9-:e[W7&7&C@[W7x[W7]AcKMZfATN
:TEKfA>Zf7UNU=%_a`a:>CDEYA[W7`R:ESzYjZ y:[Y7eZf7UNMYzY7bN~K:Y [W7UCYA>9IGJCD:>[WA:cC@EYA<[Y7eO@:cCD[YG: LzY7eNM7-[W
7 1@CY7-ESA>9IA`J:[WGH7&Zf7&CDE&GJ:
7UCLKMZf7`R:>N\[YATNPYzY`RNf:>ESGJA>CD7UN\[W7xAcKf7&CDE&GJ:e9IG K:>[
1

_}~7&9IY`JAD=

B = w 2 w1

 a&8DwqwFw~]8&\\BIP ~&l8we~
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X GHTzYZf7d@= ^[!ZM7bNATCD:cCDE&GJ:%D:cZ:c`J7&`JA
WGE&A>CDNMGR[W7&Z:c9IATNPzDC ESGJZfE&zYGHKMA5Z6? D:cZ:c`J7&`JAD@`J::>[W9IGHKf:cC@ESGR:[W7'7UCLKMZ:>[Y:UGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:[Y7%CYATZKfA>CNP7UC|7&`[WAT9eGJCYGJA[W7
`R:eZf7UESzD7&CDE&GJ:e7UN
Y (w) =

I
1
1
1
1
=
+ jwC +
=
+ j(wC
)
U
R
jwL
R
wL

68:'Zf7UNMA>CD:>CDESGR:7UNzYCD:%E&A>CD[YGJE&GHTC-7&CzYCESGJZfE&zYG Kfs
A Z6? 7UC7&`uESz@:c`D`R:>NZM7b:>ESKf:cC@ESGR:>NGJCD[WzDESKMGy:'IE&:c@:>ESGHKMGy:'NMA>C[W7wGHTzD:c`
9-:>>CYGHKMzD[Y@ATZ\`HA-E&zD:c`[D:cC<`HzYL:cZ\:ezYCD:-:T[W9IG K:cCDE&GJ:eYzYZ:c9I7UCTKf7]ZM7bNGRN~KfGly:D=
ATZ\`HAIK:cCLKMAID:TESGJ7&CD[WAILzY7x`R:@:cZMKM7]GH9-:>>GJCD:cZfGJ:e[W7]`R:IGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:I[W7x7&CLKMZ:>[D:NM7U:eCFzY`R:YFKM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN\LzY7Y!

Im(Y (w)) = wC

1
=0
wL

1
LC

2 LC

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w0 =

f0 =

cKf7UNM7'TzD77UCZM7bNATCD:cCDE&GJ:[!
;T
= 6:-:T[W9IG K:cCDE&GJ:I7bN\YzYZ:c9I7UCTKf7xZM7bNGRNKMG:DYA>Z`JALzY7 Y = 1/R =_aC|AcKfZf:TNPD:c`R:cODZf:TN&W`R:-ESAT9%OYGJCD:>E&GHTCG6? :>EKj'D:
ESAT9IAezDCE&GHZESzDG KfAI:>OYGJ7&ZMKMADFKMAW[Y:e`J:IE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7][W7x7UCTKfZf:T[Y:eESGJZfE&zY`J:eA>Z\`R:eZM7bNGRN~Kf7&CDE&GJ:G I = I =
VY
= 6:wKf7&CDNMGHTC7UC`R:7&CLKMZ:>[D:'`R:]ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7PN7P7&C@ESzY7UCTKfZf:>C7UC%:TN7T>[W7\9IAW[WAxLzY7P7&`F:>ESKMATZa[W7P@A>KM7&C@ESGR:w7bNzYCYGHKf:>ZMGJAD=
^D
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d@
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I Lwo =
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RI
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jwo L

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I
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1

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WL (t)

WC (t)

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1
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2
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WL (t) + WC (t) = CU 2

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C@:>[Y:I7bN~KfZM7U`H`R:8-S=u?:T[Y:zY7&CLKM7x7bN~KQ-eESAT,CY7UeESKf, :>e[D:7UCLKMZf7zDCD:e:>NM7:DYODEP7&`8ES7&CLKfZMA-[W7'7bN~KfZM7U`H`R:CNS=68:>NKM7UCDNMGHATCY7UN
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?Bz@:cCD[WAI`R:>NzY7UCLKM7UNNATC7bTzDGH`JGHODZf:T[Y:>NUWNH7 T7&ZfG 1@EU:LzY7 e (t) + e (t) + e (t) = 0 E + E + E = 0
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7!
a

U ab
U bc

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U ab

U bc

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3E a 130
3E b 130
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U ab ,

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?BATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7][W7]:>NM37 !WA>C<`J:TN\TzD7]E&GHZESzD`J:>CA>Z\`R:>NKfZM7bNzY7&CLKM7bN\E&A>GJCDESGR[W7UC<E&A>C<`J:I[W7x`JHCD7U:Y=


U ab

U bc

U ca

3E a 1 30
3E b 1 30
3E c 1 30

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U ab ,

U bc = U ab 1120 ,

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?Bz@:cCD[WAI`R:>NKf7&CDNMGHATCY7UN\[Y7]:>NM7<[W7]`HJCY7b:-NATC7bTzDGH`JGHODZf:T[Y:>NULKMGJ7&CY7UC<`R:e9IGJNM9-:9-:>>CYGHKMzD[D[W7]A>Zf9-:LzY7]Kf7&CD[YZM7U9eALN2!
Ea = E b = E c = U F

Uab = Ubc = Uca = UL

Secuencia directa :

UL =

Secuencia inversa :

UL =

3U F 1ej 6

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U ab ,

dT^
U bc ,

est n equilibradas

U ca

Q
687&C@NGJA>CY7bN\[W7]:>NM73!{FATC`J:TN\TzD7]NMA>A>ZMKf:>C`R:>NKfZM7bNPGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:>NU=B?BA>GJCDESGR[W7UC<E&A>C<`J:TNKM7&C@NGJA>CY7bN\[W7x`JHCY7b:Y=
?BATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7][W7]:>NM73!WA>C<`J:TN\TzD7]E&GHZESzD`J:>CA>Z\`R:>NKfZM7bNPGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:>NU=
U bc = U ab 1 120

U ab

I ab =

U ab
Z4

I bc = I ab 1 120

I ab

U ca = U ab 1 + 120

I bc =

U bc
Z4

I ca =

est n equilibradas

U ca
Z4

I ca = I ab 1 + 120

est n equilibradas

?BATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7][W7x`JHCY7b:!FATC`R:>N\LzY7'E&GHZESzD`J:>CA>Z\`R:>NKMZf7UN:TN7bN&=
Ia
Ib
Ic

Ia

= I ab I ca =

= I bc I ab =

= I ca I bc =

I b = I a 1 120

3I ab 1 30

3I bc 1 30

3I ca 1 30

I c = I a 1 + 120

W7xYzY7U[Y7&CZM7U`J:TESGJA>CD:>ZB`R:>N\E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7UNP[W7x`JHCY7b:IESA>C<`R:>N\ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7bN[Y7w:TN7Y!

est n equilibradas

Ia = I b = I c = I L

IL =

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Iab = Ibc = Ica = IF

3I F 1ej 6

XGJ>zYZ: = _NKMZf7&`J`J:A_NKMZf7&`J`R:
_{FGRNKM7xzYC ES7UCLKMZfAI[Y77bN~KfZM7U`H`R:,=
WzY@ATCYT:>9IATN\LzY7]`J:TN\ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7UNB:TN7TYTzD7'NATC`R:>N\LzY7xESGJZESzY`R:cC<@ATZ\`J:TNKMZf7UNPGJ9I@7b[Y:cCDE&GJ:TN&W7bN~KQcC<7ULzYGJ`HGJOYZ:>[Y:TN&=
Q
I
I = I 1 120
I = I 1 + 120
est n equilibradas
a

 wwBgL F|wP~F&\\
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Ia =

U aO0
ZY

Ib =

U bO0
ZY

Ic =

687&C@NGJA>CY7bN\[W7]:>NM73!{FATC`J:TN\TzD7]NMA>A>ZMKf:>C`R:>NKfZM7bNPGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:>NU=
U aO0 = Z Y I a

U aO0 ,

687&C@NGJA>CY7bN\[W7x`JHCY7b:!

U bO0 ,

U ab = U aO0 U bO ,
U ab =

3U aO0 130

U bO0 = Z Y I b

U cO0

U cO0 = Z Y I c

est n equilibradas

U bc = U bO0 U cO ,

U bc = U ab 1 120

U cO0
ZY

U ca = U cO0 U aO0

U ca = U ab 1 + 120

W7xYzY7U[Y7&CZM7U`J:TESGJA>CD:>ZB`R:>NKf7&CDNMGJA>CY7bN\[W7x`HJCY7b:eE&A>C<`J:TNKM7UCDNGJA>CD7UN\[W7]:TN7Y!


UaO = UbO = UcO = UF

UL =

Uab = Ubc = Uca = UL

3U F 1ej 6

est n equilibradas

d>d

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?BATCDNMGJ[W7UZM7U9IATN]zYCNMGJNKM7U9I:<KfZMGHQ>NMGRESA ESATCzYC@:<zY7&CLKM77&C7UNKMZf7&`J`J: zY7&CLKM7ZM7b:c8` zDCD: E&:>ZML:7UC47bN~KfZM7U`H`R:< d YGJ`JATNx[W7
E&A>CY27 WGHTC ESA>C<GJ9e7U[D:cCDE&GJ+: =

XGJ>zYZ: = _NKMZf7&`J`J:A_NKMZf7&`J`R:
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=
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6:TNKMZf7UNzY7UCLKM7UNNATC7bTzDGH`JGHODZf:T[Y:>N  E E = E 1 120 E = E 1120 S=
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=
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=
Z
\A>Zf9-:c`J9e7UCLKM7I`J:TNxGJ9e7U[D:cCDE&GJ:TN
NMA>C9%zD|@7bLzY7&D:TNx7&CE&A>9ID:cZ:>E&GHTCE&A>C Z =?BAT9IA<`R:>N'GH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:>N
Z , y Z
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Z ,Z ,Z
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[YG 7UZM7UCDESGR:I[W7x@A>KM7UCDESGR:c`7UCLKMZf7`JATN\E&7&CLKMZfATNP[W7]7bN~KfZM7U`H`R:e7UNPCFzY`R: U = 0 =
3D:cZMKMGJZ'[W77bN~Kf7-ZM7bNzY`HKf:T[WA N7[Y7U[WzDE&7LzY7-`J:GJ9I@7b[Y:cC@ESGR: [W7&`aCD7&zWKfZMA
CYA|NMA>A>ZMKf:KM7UCDNMGHTC4`J: E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7eLzY7
E&GHZESzD`J:-A>Z7&`J`J:-7bNCFzY`RU:  I = 0=w?BAT9IA7&CLKMZf7x`JATNE&7&CLKMZfATN[W7'7UNKMZf7&`J`R:IZCYAD:[WGH7&Zf7&CDE&GJ:-[W7@A>KM7UCDESGR:c`DAW[WZM7U9IATN
zDCYGHZf`JAe7UC<E&A>ZMKMAWESGJZESzYGHKMA@=?:T[Y:ezYCD:I[W7]`J:TNGH9I7U[Y:>CDESGR:>N Z NAT@ATZK:cC`R:KM7UCDNGJ>C[W7]`R:%zD7&CLKM7xESATZMZf7UNMA>CD[WGJ7&CLKf7:eNz
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 wwBgL F|wP~F&\\
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Zf7U[YzDES7x:zYC ESGJZfE&zYG KfA9IATCYAcQTNGRESA7ULzYG :>`H7UCLKM7>W7U`ESzD:>`N7UZMR:%E&A>CDNMGR[W7&Z:cZBKMAW[WALNP`HALNB7U`H7U9I7&CLKMALNB27 WGJNKM7UCTKf7UNP7UC`R:':TNH7 
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D:>ZKfGHZx[W7U`aESGJZfE&zYGHKMA<7ULzYG :>`H7UCLKM7e9eATCYAcQTNGRESA@ N7IE&:>`JE&zY`J:>C `R:>N]ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7bNw[W7e`JHCY7b
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E
(corriente de l nea)
I =
a

ZG + ZL + ZC

U a0 O 0 = I A Z C

(tensi n f ase carga)

ALN~Kf7&ZfGHATZM9I7&CLKf7NM7'E&:>`JE&zY`J:>ZMR:cC`J:TNKM7&C@NGJA>CY7bN\[W7x`JHCY7b:ezWKMGJ`HG/U:>CD[WA-`R:>NP7bESzD:TESGJA>CY7bN2!
U aO0 = E a I A Z G

UL =
U ab =
U a 0 b0 =

3U aO0 130

3U a0 O0 130

(tensi n f ase f uente real)

3U F 1ej 6

(secuencia directa)

U bc = U ab 1 120

U ca = U ab 1 + 120

U b0 c0 = U a0 b0 1 120

U c0 a0 = U a0 b0 1 + 120

(f uente)
(carga)

_}~7&9IY`JAD=
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! Z
Y

Z4
3

ab

Impedancias f uente estrella

F.e.m. f uente estrella

E A0
E B0
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Z G0 =

bc

ca

ZG
3

ab 1 30
=
3
= E A0 1 120
= E A0 1 + 120

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`JJCY7U:DDLzY7xNzY9IGJCYGRN~KfZf:>ZMGR:%`R:zY7&CLKf7x7&C7UNKMZf7&`J`J: I = 3I 1e 
!4
&

I1
I2
I3

j
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I
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3
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=

= I 1 1 + 120

8%N+ n" 4 4  =:[

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k

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L: N7b: ESATCY7UESKf:>[D:7&C7UNKMZf7&`J`J:A 7UC 4 `R:>N%ESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7UN][W7`JJCY7U:|NMA>C7bTzDGH`JGHODZf:T[Y:>SN [W7GJ>zD:>`a9-:c>CDG KfzD[44[W7bN~:TNM:T[Y:>N
;XV v ="6:c9OYGJ&C AWESzYZfZM7`JA9IGJNM9IA ESA>C `R:>NIKf7&CDNMGJA>CY7bN[W7 `JHCY7b:Y= _aClE&:>9%OYGJA7&C`JATN-E&GHZESzYGHKMALN[W7bN7bTzDGH`JGHODZf:T[WATNICYA
AWE&zYZMZf7%7bN~KfADu[W7A>Zf9I:LzY7%CYA<N7YzY7b[W7&CZM7U`J:TESGJA>CD:>Z`J:TNwE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7UN[Y7%`JHCY7b:E&A>C|`R:>N[W7%:>NM7[W7A>Zf9-:IKf:>CNM7&CDE&GH`J`J:

SYCYG`R:>NKf7&CDNMGJA>CY7bN\[W7x`HJCY7b:eE&A>C<`J:TN\[W7]:>NMS
7  U = U 3 130 S=
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?BATCDNMGJ[W7UZf:>9IATN8zYCD:wzY7&CLKf7ESA>CD7UEK:>[Y:w7&Ce7UNKMZf7&`J`R:wE&A>C%CD7&zWKfZMA@yA>Zf9-:>[Y:w@ATZKMZf7UN8zY7UCTKf7UNGR[W7U:>`H7bN e (t), y e (t)S=

B_ N~K: zY7UCTKf7:c`JGJ9e7UCLKf:zYC E&GHZESzDG KfAKMZfG QTNGRESA|E&A>CY7bEKf:T[WA|: `R:<zY7&CLKf79I7U[WGR:cCLKf7d YGJ`HALN5`R:>N'KMZf7UN]e:T(t),
N7bNx47&`CD7&zWKfZMA=
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A>Z7&`ESGJZESzYGHKMA@YN7UZMR:e`J:INMzY9IGHCYGRNKMZ:>[Y:@ATZ\`J:TNKMZf7UNzY7UCLKM7UNESA>CD7UEK:>[Y:TN7&C7UNKMZf7&`J`J:[!
a

p(t) = ea (t)ia (t) + eb (t)ib (t) + ec (t)ic (t)

@:cZMKMGJZ[W7':>LzYW`J:eAcKf7&CDE&GJ:I:>ESKMGy:YYZf7U:TEKMGy:YWESAT9IY`H7}:e:c@:cZf7&CLKM7TFNM7&ZfR:cC>!


= Ea Ia cos(E a I a ) + Eb Ib cos(E b I b ) + Ec Ic cos(E c I c )

Q = Ea Ia sen(E a I a ) + Eb Ib sen(E b I b ) + Ec Ic sen(E c I c )

S

=J;

 

= E a I a + E b I b + E c I c = P + jQ
p
= |S| = P 2 + Q2

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2
ZfGJ7&CLKM7bNe[Y7`JHCD7U: `J:4[W7U`CD7&zWKfZMA i (t), i (t), i (t), i (t)= AW[WZf7&9IATNINMzDNKMGHKMzYGJZIzYCYA[W7`JATNIE&GHZESzYGHKMALNKMZfG QTNGRESALN&
A>Ze7~}~7U9IY`HA7&`\ESGJZESzYGHKMAUA>ZI^ zY7UCTKf7UNeESATCY7UESKf:>[D:>N'7UC 7UNKMZf7&`J`R:|ESATC CY7&zYKMZfA ESzYL:>N'KM7&C@NGJA>CY7bNNM7U:>CYZf7UESGRNf:c9I7&CLKM7

=ev7I7bN~K:9-:cCY7UZf:@AW[WZf7&9IALNEU:c`RESzY`R:cZ`R:AcKf7&CDE&GJ:<NzD9eGJCYGRN~KfZf:T[Y:A>Z]`R:>N^zD7&CLKM7bS
N A<`J:
NMuzY9IGJ(t),
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an

an

bn

bn

cn

cn

s[U

%y>bV"T


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N ESGJZfE&zYGHKM5A @AESGJZESzYGHKMSA ESATCY7UESKf:T[WATN:-KMZ:: >UN[W7^-DGH`JATN`R:>N\KfZM7bN\:TN7bNjS=_aC|`JATN
Kf7&Zf9IGHCD:>`H7bN][W7e:>9%OATNESGJZfE&zYGHKMATNwKf7&CD[WZf7&9IALNzYC@:>NwKM7UCDNGJA>CD7UN|ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7UNw[W7e`HJCY7U: U , U , U
=
AW[WZfJ:>9IATN<ESA>CDAFE&GJ[D:>N`R:>NKf7&CDNMGHATCY7UN<[W74`HJCY7b: NMzDN~KfG KfzYGJZ<7U`xESGJZfE&zYG KfA A>Z<zYCD: zY7UCTKf7 ATZM9-:T[Y:A>Z<KMIZf7UN, IzY,7&CLIKf7UN
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NMzY9IGJCYGJNKMZ:cZfR:%`R:>NP9IGRN9-:>N\E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7UNP[W7x`JHCY7b:Y=
ab

bc

ca

?BAT9IAINM7'ESzD9eD`H7xLzY7
U ab + U bc + U ca = 0

Kf7&CD[YZM7U9eALNBLzY7ESATCYAWESGJ7&CD[WA%7&`":>`HATZ[W7[WATNU>Kf7&CD[YZM7U9eALN7U`Ny:>`HATZB[W7w`J:]Kf7&ZES7UZf:D=vw77bN~K:'9-:cCY7UZf:]7U`E&GHZESzDG KfAsL@AW[WZfJ:
NM7&ZxNMzDNKMGHKMzYGR[WA@ATZ]zYCD:zY7&CLKM7-E&A>C 1DTzYZ:>[Y:-A>Zx[WALNwzY7&CLKM7b-N 'YCYGRE&:>9e7UCLKM7>=%ATZ]7~}~7&9IY`JAD7UNfESA>T7&9IATN
= FG

7U`ESGJZfE&zYG KftA u`JA<NMzDNKMGHKMzYGJ9IATNw@ATZx[WATNzY7&CLKf7UNx[W7KM7UCDNGJ>CESA>CD7UEK:>[Y:TN7UCLKMZf7 U zYCD: AcKMZ:7UCLKMZf;7 U"y?wU ESzYL:>N
Kf7&CDNMGJA>CY7bN%NM7U:cCYZf7UE&GJNf:c9I7UCTKf7 U y U 7U`BESGJZESzYGHKMUA ]7UNKf:cZQ :c`JGJ9e7UCLKf:>[YA|ESA>C`R:>N%9eGRNM9I:TN]KM7UCDNMGHATCY7UN[W7`JHCY7b:
:>ODNMA>ZfO@7UZfQ`J:TNP9IGJNM9-:>N\ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7bN[Y7`JJCY7U:D=
ab

ab

bc

8:e@A>KM7&C@ESGR:-:cODNMA>ZfOYGR[Y:%A>Z\7U`ESGJZfE&zYGHKMAPN7UZfQe`R:INzY9IGJCYGRN~KfZf:T[Y:%A>Z\`R:>N\[YATNzY7UCTKf7UN0!
6

p(t) = uab (t)ia (t) + ubc (t)(ic (t)) = uab (t)ia (t) ubc (t)ic (t)

bc

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p(t) = ubc (t)ib (t) uca (t)ia (t)

p(t) = uca (t)ic (t) uab (t)ib (t)

@:cZMKMGJZ[W7':>LzYW`J:eAcKf7&CDE&GJ:I:>ESKMGy:YYZf7U:TEKMGy:YWESAT9IY`H7}:e:c@:cZf7&CLKM7TFNM7&ZfR:cCzWKMGJ`JGl/b:cCD[WA-`R:eYZfGH9I7&Z:eA>uESGJ>CN
!


P = Uab Ia cos(U ab I a ) Ubc Ic cos(U bc I c )

Q = Uab Ia sen(U ab I a ) Ubc Ic sen(U bc I c )
S

= U ab I a U bc I c
p
= |S| = P 2 + Q2

Jlk8Qp@U>FBYb8|Ty>bNI 8)">

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b 'T8U kV8" >

?BAT9IA%7UNKf:>9IATNa7UCzYC<ESGJZfE&zYGHKMA%7bLzYGH`JGJOYZf:T[WAxKf7&CD[WZf7&9IALNBLzY7TL`R:>NaKM7UCDNGJA>CD7UNB7&CLKMZf7:TN7w-CY7&zWKfZMAeNATC-7ULzYGJ`HGJOYZ:>[Y:TN&=aNM
9IGRN9IAIK:c9%ODGHUC<NMA>C<7ULzYGJ`HGJOYZ:>[Y:TN`J:TN\ESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7UNP[W7x`JHCD7U: !

U an ,

_CTKfA>CDE&7UN\`R:e@A>KM7UCDESGR:I:>EKfGly:INM7&ZfJ:[!

Ia ,

U bn = U an 1 120 ,
I b = I a 1 120 ,

U cn = U an 1120

I c = I a 1120

P = Uan Ia cos(U an I a ) + Ubn Ib cos(U bn I b ) + Ucn Ic cos(U cn I c ) =

= 3Uan Ia cos = 3Ubn Ib cos = 3Ucn Ic cos

MN GJ7&CD[WA 7&`[W7bN~:TN7]7UCTKfZM7]`R:KM7&C@NGJ>CE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7 =
?BAT9IA'KMAW[Y:TN`J:TNaKf7&CDNMGHATCY7UN[W7:>NM7KfGH7UCY7&CGHTzD:c`9-:c>CDG KfzD[
GJ>z@:c` 9-:cTCYG KfzD[ I = I = I = I WKM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN\LzY7

U an

I a

Uan = Ubn = Ucn = UF

F-`J:TNBE&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7UN[Y7`JHCY7b:'KfGH7UCY7&C

P = 3UF IL cos

(4 hilos)

vw7xGJ>zD:>`uA>Zf9I:DFKM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN\LzY7]`R:I@A>KM7&C@ESGR:Zf7U:TEKfGly:YWE&A>9IY`J7~}:I:>D:cZ:c7UCTKf7NMA>C
Q = 3UF IL sen
S = 3U an I a
S = 3UF IL

(4 hilos)

?BAT9IA7UCzYCNMGJNKM7U9I:%KMZfGHQ>NMGJE&A7bTzDGH`JGHODZf:T[WAe:deYGH`JATNUW`R:'Kf7&CDNMGHATCY7UNP[W7]`JHCD7U:7UNKfQcC<Zf7&`R:>ESGJA>C@:>[Y:TNESATC`R:>NBKM7UCDNMGHATCY7UNP[W7
:TN7TWKM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN\LzY7
U ab =

3Uan 1 30

U bc = U ab 1 120

U ca = U ab 1 + 120

Uab = Ubc = Uca = UL

P = 3UF IL cos = 3UL IL cos

Q = 3UFpIL sen = 3U
L IL sen
2
2
S= P
+ Q = 3UL IL
S = 3UL IL

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K:c9OYGHUC NATC7bTzDGH`JGHODZf:T[Y:>N`R:>N\ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7bN[Y7`JJCY7U:[!
U BN = U AN 1 120 ,

U AN ,

IA ,

I B = I A 1 120 ,

U CN = U AN 1120

I C = I A 1120

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AB

BC

CA

F uente estrella

U AN
U BN
U CN 0

AB

=
1 30
3
= E AN 1 120
= E AN 1 + 120

7bN~K:cZfJ:>9IATNAcKfZf:.>70/7UCI7&`YE&:TNAI;Tc@7UZMAxE&A>Ce`J:]Nf:c`>7U[D:>[%[Y7TzD77U`YYGJ`HA]CY7UzWKMZfA]CYAx7
WGRN~Kf7>c7&ZfAxNGWzDCIE&7&CLKMZfAx[W7P7UNKMZf7&`J`J:
7UC`J:zY7UCTKf7  \$N= \[Y7&9-Q>NP`R:zY7&CLKM7'NM7&ZfR:%7bTzDGH`JGHODZf:T[Y: U = U = U = U
68:e@A>KM7&C@ESGR:-:>EKflG y:DWZM7b:>EKflG y:DF:>D:cZf7&CLKf7ESA>9IY`J7~}:INM7&ZfJ:>C
AN

Y[ A>CD[W7 =
_}~7&9IY`JATNU=

BN

CN

P = 3UF IL cos = 3UL IL cos

Q = 3UFpIL sen = 3U
L IL sen
2
2
S= P
+ Q = 3UL IL
S = 3UL IL
U an

I a

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I

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687&C@[WZM7U9IATN\LzY7 E&A>CDNMGR[W7&Z:c9IATNESGJZESzYGHKM;A qA,-
!

p(t)
=
+
+

uan
(t)ia (t) + ubn(t)ib (t) + ucn (t)ic (t)
2UF cos(wt)2IF cos(wt )+

2U
cos(wt
120 ) 2IF cos(wt 120 )+
F
2UF cos(wt + 120) 2IF cos(wt + 120 )

7UNMzY` K:-LzY7]`J:eAcKM7UCDESGR:IGJCDN~K:cCLKfQ>CY7U:%KMGJ7&CD7xzYC:>`HATZ\TzD7'ESA>GJCDE&GJ[W7xE&A>C<`J:eAcKM7UCDESGR:-:>ESKMGy:!
Z

awwBgL F|wP~F&\\

p(t) = P = 3UF IF cos

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@:>ES7wESA>CI7U`YKMGJ7&9IAD=_NzYCD:xZX: /U>CeGH9IA>ZMKf:cCLKf7D:cZ:zWKMGJ`JlG /b:cZzDCNGRN~Kf7&9-:KMZfGHQ>NMGJE&A'ESA>CI7U` 1DC[W7>7&CD7&Z:cZKMZ:cCDNM9IG KfGHZ
AcKf7&CDE&GJ:-:e`R:>N\EU:cZfT:>NUF[W7&OYGR[WA:ILzY7]YZfAF[YzDES7]zYCD:eKfZf:>CDNM9eGRNMGHTC[W7xAcKf7&CDE&GJ:ezYCYGHA>Zf9-:Y=
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FGJOYZ:>ESGJA>CD7UNU=
&CD:NM7&TzYCD[Y
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EU:cCLKMGR[Y:T[[W7xESATCD[WzDESKMATZM7bNBLzY7]`JATN9IA>CYA>Q>NMGJE&ATNa@:cZ:%`R:%9IGRN9-:%KM7UCDNGJ>C[W7`HJCY7b: U -`R:%9IGRN9-:e@A>KM7UCDESGR::>ODNMA>ZfOYGJ[D:
=?BA>9ID:cZf7&9IALN%7bN~KfATNIE&:TNALN&NMzYA>CYGJ7&C@[WATzD7<:>9%OATNIESATCD[WzDESKMA>Zf7UNINMA>C [W7&`\9IGRN9IA9-:yKM7UZMGR:cH` 7UNI[W7UE&GHZbBE&A>C `J:
P
9IGRN9-:ZM7bNGRN~KflG FGR[Y:>[  [W7e`R:-9IGJNM9-:`JA>CYTG KfzD[ `LzY7`J:TNwEU:cZfT:>N:cODNMA>ZfO@7UC `J:9eGRNM9I:@A>KM7UCDESGR:<KMGJ7&CD7&C|7U`9IGRN9IA
:TEKfA>Z[W7xAcKf7&CDE&GJ:D=
L

:>Zf:x7U`NMGRN~Kf7&9-:'9IA>CDAcQ>NMGRESA%[W7[WATNBESATCD[WzDESKMA>Zf7UNU I
7bN

= P/(UL cos)

Pmo = 2Rmo IL2 = 2Rmo

W[W79I:>CY7&Z:xLzY7`R:'&Z[WGR[Y:'7UC`JATNESA>C@[WzDEKfA>Zf7UN

P2
UL2 cos2 ()

_C'7&`>EU:>NMA[W7&`LNGRNKM7&9-:KfZMGHQ>NMGJE&A\[W7KMZf7UNESA>C@[WzDEKfA>Zf7UNu`R:ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7[W7`JHCD7U:\7bN I
68:>NP&Z[WGR[Y:>NP7UC<`JATNKfZM7bN\ESATCD[WzDESKMA>Zf7UN7bN
Ptr = 3Rtr Ia2 = 3Rtr

P2
3UL2 cos2 ()

68:>N%7UESz@:>ESGJA>CD7UNx9zY7UNKMZ:cC LzY7@:cZ:`J: 9IGRN9-:|KM7&C@NGJ>C [W7`HJCY7U:

E&zY9IY`J7'TzD7

?BAT9IA

2
Rmo = l/(rmo
)

2
Rtr = l/(rtr
)

D[WATCD[W7

= Rtr
UL

= Ia = Ib = Ic = PL /( 3UL cos())

P2
UL2 cos2 ()

`J: 9IGRN9-: AcKf7&CDE&GJ: KMAcK:c`B7&CLKMZf7&L:>[Y:

PL

N7

2Rmo
Pmo
=
Ptr
Rtr
rmo

rtr

NMA>C<`HALNPZf:T[WGHALNP[W7x`HALN\ESATCD[WzDESKMA>Zf7UNUWN7-T7&ZfG 1@EU:LzY7

2r2
Pmo
= 2 tr
Ptr
rmo

WG`R:9eGRNM9I:&Z[WGR[Y: [W7AcKf7&CDE&GJ: NM7IKMAT`H7UZf:<7UC :c9%OATNxNMGRN~Kf7&9-:Y7&CLKMATCDES7bN

Zf7ULzY7UZMGR[WAe7&C :c9O@ALN\NGRNKM7&9-:e7UN

r2 = 2r02

=t68:YZMAT@ATZfE&GHTC4[Y7-9I:cKM7UZMGR:c`

2
2
2rmo
2
2(rmo
l)
M aterial para monof sico
=
= (2) = 1, 33
=
2
2
M aterial para trif sico
3(rtr l)
3rtr
3

_BN'[W7UE&GHZbzYCNMGJNKM7U9-:9IATCYAcQTNGRESA<zWKMGJ`JGl/b:zDC^T^
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6`H0
7 y:cZf7&9IATNP:IE&:>O@AI7&`:>CDQc`JGRNGRNP[W7&`Zf&TGH9I7UCKMZ:cC@NGHKMATZMGJAe[Y7`JATN\E&GHZESzDG KfATNP:cY`JGRE&:cC@[WA7U`9ISKfAF[YAI[Y7`JATNP`RX: /UATNODQTNGRESALNBA
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7 1@E&GH7UCTKf7UNPESATCDNKf:cCLKf7UNUL[WATCD[W7]`R:>NBGHCDE&>TCYG K:>N
NM7&ZQcC4ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7UNwA<KM7UCDNGJA>CD7UN]N7U3 'YC47&`9I&KMAW[WA [W7-:cCDQ>`HGRNMGJN7&`J7&TGJ[YAD= 68:NMA>`JzDE&GHTC7bN~KQATZM9-:>[D:A>Zx[WALN]D:cZMKM7b2N !`J:
NMA>`JzDE&GHTC'[W7a`R:\7UE&zD:>E&GHTCDA>9IA>T&CY7b:PwzYC@:NAT`Hz@ESGJ>C]D:cZMKMGRESzD`J:>Z[W7`R:P7UE&zD:>E&GHTC'ESAT9eD`H7&Kf:Y=_aC'7&`FNMGJNKM7U9I:\[Y77UE&zD:>E&GHATCY7UN
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7 WGJNKM7UCDESGR:%[W7zY7&CLKf7UNB
7 FKM7UZMCD:TjN S= 6:'NMA>`JzDESGJ>C-@:cZMKMGRESzY`R:cZB7UNB`J:%ZM7bNYzD7UNKf:x7UC7&`ZMU>GJ9I7&C7&Zf9-:cCY7UCTKf7>L-N7[W7&CYAT9IGHCD:
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f (t) = ax(t) + b

dx(t)
dt

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o 
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+
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 JQ
 
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 wwBL5\BF'8B@1wwF&\P~B\~x&\\9w\\&\\
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LzY7
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6

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(R + LD)i = 0

=F68:NMA>`JzDESGJ>C7UN][W7KMGJ@A72FA>CD7&CDE&GJ:>`

ilibre = ke L t

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6

if orzada = E/R

687&C@[WZM7U9IATNP7&CLKfA>CDE&7UN\LzY7

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i(t) = ke L t +

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8:eZM7bNYzD7UNKf:IESAT9eD`H7&Kf:e7UN

E
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k=

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E Rt E
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=
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R
R
R
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68:>NKf7&CDNMGHATCY7UNKfZf:>CDNMG KfA>ZfGJ:TNB7UC`R:IZf7UNMGJNKM7UCDESGR:%`J:IGJCD[WzDESKf:>CDESGR:INATC

uR
uL

= E Ee L t
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6

PR
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zDCKfZf:>CDNMG KfA>ZfGHAeCFzY27 TAINM7KMAT9I:ezYCCFzY07 >AeA>ZfGHT7&C[W7KMGJ7&9I@A t = t t = F7KMGJ7&CD7'TzD7 i(0 ) = =
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2

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E RL t E
e
+
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= E Ee L t

di
di
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dt
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L3
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= Ee L t = uL3 + uL12 = L

i =
i1

i2

Z t
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1
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R
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1
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0
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= ((R1 + R2 )LD + R1 R2 )i1

0 = ((R1 + R2 )LD + R1 R2 )i2

i1
i2

= i1libre + i1f orzada

= i2libre + i2f orzada

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i1f orzada
i2f orzada

_`Zf&>GJ9I7&C`HGJOYZf7]KMGJ7&CY7xA>Z\72FDZM7bNGJ>C

i1libre
i2libre

E
R1
= 0

= k1 e

(R

R1 R2
1 +R2 )L

= k2 e

R1 R2
(R +R
1
2 )L

Y[ 7&OYGR[WA:e7&`Zf&TGH9I7UC7UN[W7]YZMGJ9I7&Z\ATZf[W7UC`J:eZ:c/wATOWKM7UCYGR[Y:I7UN
=
YA>Z:|NM7[W7UO@7UC [W7SKf7&Zf9IGHCD:>Z%`R:>N'E&A>CDNKf:>CLKM7UN
= :>Zf:7U`H`JADNM7[W7UO@7KM7&CD7&Z%DZM7bN7UCTKf7`R:|ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7-GJCYGJE&GJ:>`BLzY7
72WGJNKMR:e7&C`J:eGJCD[WzDESKf:>CDESGR:Y=F7'E&zY9IY`J7]LzY7Y! k k
R1 R2
(R1 +R2 )L

i1 (0+ ) = 0

WzDN~KfG KfzY>7UCD[WA-7bN~Kf7$y:>`HATZ\7&C<`J:TNP7UESz@:>ESGJA>CD7UN\[WGH7&Zf7&CDE&GJ:>`H7bN7&C7&`GJCDNKf:>CTKf7


t = 0+

DNM7xESzY9IY`J7'LzY73!

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E
E

W7xA>OWKfGH7UCY7&C`JATN%y:c`JA>Zf7UN0!

di1
di1
)0+ + R1 i2 (0+ ) = L(
)0+ + R1 i2 (0+ )
dt
dt
= R1 i1 (0+ ) + (R1 + R2 )i2 (0+ ) = (R1 + R2 )i2 (0+ )
= R1 i1 (0+ ) + L(

i1 (0+ )

= 0

i2 (0+ )

E
R1 + R 2

8:>N\E&A>CDNKf:>CTKf7UN k k YNM7'E&:>`JE&zY`J:>C<:eD:>ZKfGHZ\[W7x`R:>N\NMGJ>zYGJ7&CLKM7bNP7
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6

E
+ k1
R1
E
= k2
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i1 (0+ ) = 0 =
i2 (0+ ) =

8:>NP72FDZM7bNGJA>CY7bNP[W7x`J:TN\ESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7UNPNMA>C>!
6

i1

i2

R1 R2
E
t

(1 e (R1 +R2 )L )
R1
R1 R2
E

t
e (R1 +R2 )L
R1 + R 2

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k

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7UC7&`GJCDNKf:cCLKf7wK
u$vYYE&A>CDNMGJ[Y7&Z:cCD[WAILzY7]`J:IGJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:e7UNKfQI[W7bNMEU:cZfT:>[D:Y=
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N!

1
= iL + iR = iL (0+ ) +
L

8:e7UESz@:>ESGJ>C<7UN\[Y7xYZMGJ9I7&Z\ATZf[W7UCW`R:-NAT`Hz@ESGJ>C[Y7&` KfGHA

udt +
0+

u = ulibre + uf orzada

_`Zf&>GJ9I7&C@7UZM9-:cCD7&CLKM7ESGJZfE&zYG KfAI7&CESA>CLKfGHCFzD:+aKfGH7UCY7xA>Z\7
WYZf7UNMGJ>C
_`Zf&>GJ9I7&C`HGJOYZf7]KMA>9-:eA>Z\7
WYZf7UNMGJ>C

uf orzada = 0

ulibre = ke L t

u
1
1
=(
+ )u
R
LD R

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u(0+ ) = k

:>Zf:'EU:c`RESzY`R:cZB7&`"y:c`JA>ZB[Y7`R:xKM7UCDNMGHTC7&C t = 0 WN7:cCD:>`HG/U:x`R:x7bESzD:TESGJ>C-GJCYGJE&GJ:>`@7UC7&`uGJCDNKf:cCLKf7:cCLKM7UZMGJA>ZbTE&A>CDNMGR[W7&Z:cCD[YA
LzY7x`R:IESATZMZfGH7UCLKM7GHCYGRESGR:c`@ATZ\`J:eGJCD[WzDESKf:cC@ESGR:7bNPCFzY`J:
+

I = iL (0+ ) + iR (0+ ) = 0 +

ATZ\`HAIK:cCLKMA

k = RI

W`J:KM7UCDNMGHTCKfA>9-:e@ATZ\7
WYZf7UNMGHTC

u(0+ )
R

u = RIe L t

8:>N\E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKM7bN7&C7&`E&GHZESzYGHKMA-NMA>C
6

iR
iL

R
u
= Ie L t
R
Z t
R
1
udt = I Ie L t
= 0+
L 0+

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XGJ>zYZ:

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: 1D>zYZ: =%FzYA>CYGJ7&CD[YATzD7'N7x7UCDESzY7UCLKMZ:7UC ZMU>GJ9I7&C<@7UZM9-:cCD7&CLKM7TY`J:TNESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7bNLzY7'E&GHZESzD`J:>C
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i2

2E
R
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A>Z`J:TNBGJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:>NUY7bN\[W7UE&GHZ!

i1 (0 ) = 2E
R 6= i1 (0+ ) = i2 (0+ )
E
i2 (0 ) = R 6= i2 (0+ ) = i1 (0+ )

:>Zf::cCD:>`HG/U:>Z8`JAxLzY7\NzDE&7U[W77&Ce7UNKM7PYZfAWES7bNAwKMZ:cCDNMGHKMA>ZfGJADzWKMGJ`JGl/b:cZf7&9IATNA>ZESAT9eAW[WGR[Y:T['`R:68Z:cCDNA>Zf9-:>[Y:[Y7%68:cY`R:>E&7>
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XGJ>zYZ:

W7U:I7&`8ESGJZfE&zYG KfA-[W7x`J
: 1DTzYZ: = F7'NMzY@ATCY7'LzY7x7&C7U` GHCDNKf:>CLKM7]CK u$vINM7xD:>Nf:e7&` GJCLKM7&ZfZfzYWKMATZ:e`J:IATNMGJE&GHTC;T={CLKM7bN[W7
E&7&ZfZf:>Z7U` GHCLKM7UZMZfzYWKfA>ZbT`R:%E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7wLzY7]ESGJZfE&zY`J:%@ATZP`J:GHC@[WzDEK:cCDE&GJ:%7UNCFzY`R:t i(0 ) = 0S=a68:xzY7UCLKM7]7&C7&`uGHC@N~K:cCLKM7][W7
E&GH7UZMZf7>FKfGH7UCY7xA>Z\
7 WYZf7UNMGJ>C e(t) = 2Esen(wt + )
&CD.
: >27 /ES7UZMZ:>[WA7&`FGHCLKf7&ZfZMzYYKMA>Zb: y:c9IATN::>CD:c`JlG /b:cZ87&`WESGJZfE&zYGHKMAw:D:cZMKMGJZ[W7&`FGJCDN~K:cCLKM7BKCu$vD=Y`HGRE&:>CD[WAw`J:3/&ATNUbKM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN
LzY7

e = Ri + L

di
= (R + LD)i
dt

8:eZM7bNYzD7UNKf:NMA>`JzDESGJ>C"7bN2! i = i + i
_`ZMU>GJ9e7UC `JGHODZM7e7UN`R:NMA>`JzDESGJ>C4[W7e`J:7UE&zD:>E&GHTC YAT9eAT>UCY7U: (R + LD)i = 0 =F68:NMA>`JzDESGJ>C7UN][W7KMGJ@A72FA>CD7&CDE&GJ:>`
[Y7UESZf7UE&GH7UCLKM7>Y[Y7x`J:A>Zf9-: i = ke =
68:NAT`HzDE&GHTC ATZ /b:>[Y:7UN]7U
` y:c`JA>Z'[W7I`R:<E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7> 9%z@EYA<KMGJ7&9I@A|[Y7UNMYzYUNx[Y7TzD7e7U`GHCLKf7&ZfZMzYYKMA>Z'NM7ID:ES7UZMZ:>[WA@ 7UN
[Y7UESGJZbY7&` Zf&TGH9I7&C<7&Zf9I:>CY7&CLKf7 N7'[Y7&O7':cCD:>`HG /U:>ZB7UC<7U`[WAT9eGJCYGJA-ESA>9IY`J7~}~A=A>Z\`JAeKf:>CTKfAD
6

libre

libre

687&C@[WZM7U9IATNP7&CLKfA>CDE&7UN\LzY7

f orzada

R
Lt

if orzada = p

R2

2E

+ (wL)2

i(t) = ke L t + p

R2

?BAT9IAKf7&CY7U9IATNPzYCD:IGJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:YYNM7'ESzD9eD`H7xLzY7

sen(wt + arctan(wL/R))

2E

+ (wL)2

sen(wt + arctan(wL/R))

i(0 ) = i(0+ ) = 0

W@ATZ\`HAeKf:>CLKMADYNMzDNKMGHKMzYT7&CD[YAIKM7&C@[WZM7U9IATN

8:eZM7bNYzD7UNKf:IESAT9eD`H7&Kf:e7UN
6

2E
k = p
sen( arctan(wL/R))
2
R + (wL)2

2E

i(t) = p
sen( arctan(wL/R))e
R2 + (wL)2

R
Lt

+p

R2

2E

+ (wL)2

sen(wt + arctan(wL/R))

lk8Q
 &)UU@8 Ty>bNS
<a:>9IATNI::cCD:>`HG/U:>Z%7&`\Zf&TGH9I7UC KMZ:cC@NGHKMATZMGJA [W7 ESGJZESzYGHKMALNeLzY7ESATCLKM7&CDT:cC zYCYAAy:>ZMGJATNeESATCD[W7&C@NM:T[WA>Zf7UN%7&C ESGJZfE&zYG KfATN
:>`HGJ9I7&CLKf:T[WATN\E&A>CzY7&CLKf7UN[W7xE&A>CLKMGJCFzD:eAI[Y7]KMGJ@ANM7&CYATGJ[D:c`=
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Y
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W7U:7&`ESGJZESzYGHKMAI[W7`Js
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K u$vNM7D:>Nf:'7U`ESA>CD9%zWK:>[WATZ:`J:ATNMGJE&GHTC ;>=CTKf7UNP[W7
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&CD.
: >27 /ES7UZMZ:>[WA7&`FGHCLKf7&ZfZMzYYKMA>Zb: y:c9IATN::>CD:c`JlG /b:cZ87&`WESGJZfE&zYGHKMAw:D:cZMKMGJZ[W7&`FGJCDN~K:cCLKM7BCK u$vD= Y`HGRE&:>CD[WAw`J3: /&ATNUbKM7UCD[WZf7&9IATN
LzY7


E = Ri + uC (0+ ) +

1
C

idt = (R +
0+

1
)i
CD

awwBL5\BF'8B@1wwF&\P~B\~x&\\9w\\&\\

XGJ>zYZ:

8:eZM7bNYzD7UNKf:NMA>`JzDESGJ>C"7bN2! i = i + i
_`@Zf&TGH9I7&CI`JGHODZM77bN`R:'NAT`Hz@ESGJ>C-[W7`R:x7UE&zD:>E&GHTCIYA>9IA>T&CY7b: (R + 1/(CD))i = 0 =6:xNMA>`JzDESGJ>CI7UNB[W7\KfGHA'7
WA>CY7UCDESGR:c`
[Y7UESZf7UE&GH7UCLKM7>Y[Y7x`J:A>Zf9-: i = ke =
68:NAT`HzDE&GHTC ATZ /b:>[Y:7UN]7U
` y:c`JA>Z'[W7I`R:<E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7> 9%z@EYA<KMGJ7&9I@A|[Y7UNMYzYUNx[Y7TzD7e7U`GHCLKf7&ZfZMzYYKMA>Z'NM7ID:ES7UZMZ:>[WA@ 7UN
[Y7UESGJZbY7&` Zf&TGH9I7&C<7&Zf9I:>CY7&CLKf7>=A>Z\`JAIKf:cCLKfAD i
=
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687&C@[WZM7U9IATNP7&CLKfA>CDE&7UN\LzY7
6

libre

libre

f orzada

1
RC
t

f orzada

i(t) = ke RC t

:>Zf:E&:c`RESzD`J:>Z`R:E&A>CDNKf:>CTKf7 MuLKM7&C@[WZM7U9IATNTzD7[W7&KM7UZM9IGJCD:cZ7&O` y:c`JA>Z[W7 ) WD:>Zf:'`HAIESzD:>`@zYKMGJ`HG/U:>ZM7U9eALN`R:%E&A>CD[YGJE&GHTC

GJCYGRESGR:c`[W7&`E&A>CD[W7UCDNf:>[WATZ0*@7UN[W7UE&GHZbNMz Kf7&CDNMGHTC|GJCYGJE&GJ:>`=-F7[Y7&O7eE&zY9IY`Hi(0
GJZ]TzD7 u (0 ) = u (0 ) = 0 `R:-Kf7&CDNMGHTC|CYA
EU:c9OYGJ:eOYZfzDNfE&:>9e7UCLKM7 SW@ATZ\`HAeK:cCLKMA@YNzDNKMGHKMzD>7&C@[WAeKM7&C@[WZM7U9IATN
+

E = uC (0+ ) + Ri(0+ ) = Ri(0+ )

8:eZM7bNYzD7UNKf:IESAT9eD`H7&Kf:e7UN
6

i(t) =

E 1 t
E t
e RC = e
R
R

68: 7UE&zD:>E&GHTC:cCLKM7UZMGJA>ZxZf7&YZf7UNM7&CLK:zYC [W7UE&ZM7bESGJ9IGH7UCTKfA 7
WA>CY7UCDESGR:c`=6: Z:cYGR[W70/ESA>C LzY7[WGJNM9IGHCFzYT7-`J: ESA>ZfZfGH7UCTKf7N7

72WYZM7bNM:7&CKMUZM9IGJCYATNP[W7]`R:E&A>CDNKf:>CTKf7w[W7KfGH7U9eA =F7A>O@N7UZy:eTzD7E&zD:cCLKMAe9I7&CYALNPN7b:'7&` y:>`HATZ[W7]`R:E&A>CDNKf:>CLKM7
9-QTNZQcYGR[Y:>9e7UCLKM7w[YGJNM9IGHCFzYT7`R:%ESATZMZfGJ7&CLKM7T= &C<ESGJZfE&zYGHKMAE&A>CzDCD:%E&A>CDNKf:>CTKf7w[W7KMGJ7&9IA7ULzY7UD:'YZfA)>AWEU:]zYCD:'ZQcDGJ[Y:
Zf7UNMYzY7bN~K:'7UC`JAeLzY7:c`RE&:c[C /U:'7U`uZMU>GJ9e7UC7&Zf9I:>CY7&CLKf7ZQcYGR[Y:c9I7UCTKf73*F7&CKf:>CTKfALzY7zYCE&GHZESzDG KfAESATCzYC@:%ESATCDNKf:cCLKf7w[W7
KfGH7U9I@A>Z:cCD[W7'[D:IzYCD:-Zf7UNMYzY7bN~K:I`H7UCTK:-A>ZTzD7x`H`J27 y:-9-Q>NKMGJ7&9IAD:cZ:-:c`RE&:>C /U:>Z\7&`87UNKf:>[YA@7UZM9-:>CY7&CLKM7T=P:>Zf:ILzY7
zDCE&GHZESzDG KfAI:>`JEU:cCDE&7]7&` Zf&>GJ9I7&C<@7UZM9-:>CY7&CLKM7TW7UN\CD7UES7bNM:>ZMGJALzY7]KfZf:>CDNfESzYZfZf:%zYC<KMGJ7&9IA[W7 5 =
68:>NKf7&CDNMGHATCY7UNKfZf:>CDNMG KfA>ZfGJ:TNB7UC`R:IZf7UNMGJNKM7UCDESGR:%7&`E&A>CD[W7UCDNf:>[WATZPNMA>C

uR
uC

Ee RC t
Z
1 t
1
= 0+
idt = E Ee RC t
C 0+
=

8:>NPAcKf7&CDE&GJ:TN\:cODNMA>ZfOYGR[Y:>N7&C<`R:IZM7bNGRN~Kf7&CDE&GJ:E&A>CD[Y7&CDNf:>[WATZB`J:INMzY9IGHCDGJNKMZ:>[Y:A>Z`R:zY7&CLKM7bN\NATC
6

PR
PC
PE

E 2 2R t
e L
R
2R
E2 R t
= uC i =
(e L e L t )
R
E2 R t
e L
= Ei =
R
= uR i =

WzY@ATCYT:>9IATN'LzY7-D: KMZ:cCDNfESzYZfZfGJ[WA<zYCKfGH7U9eA
NMz 1@E&GH7UCLKM7&9I7UCTKf7>Z:cC@[W7ID:cZ::c`RE&:cC[/U:cZx7U`Zf&TGH9I7&C7&Zf9-:cCY7UCTKf7>
GJCDNKf:>CTKf77&C7U`BESz@:c`a7U`ESATCY9%zWK:>[WATZxD:>Nf::`J:tATNMGRESGJ>C VW=F7>7UZMGl1@EU:<LzY7 u (t ) = u (t ) = E =|?BzD:cCD[YA|N7
:>CD:c`JG /U:ezYC<KMZ:cCDNMGHKMA>ZfGJA%CFzY27 TA-N7KMAT9-:zDC<CFzY07 >AIA>ZfGJ>7&C<[W7KMGJ7&9IA t = t t =F7]KfGH7UCY7'LzY7 U (o ) = E =
2

2+

 wwBL5\BF'8B@1wwF&\P~B\~x&\\9w\\&\\
a
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0 = Ri + uC (0+ ) +

8:INAT`HzDE&GHTC7bN

1
C

t0

idt0 = (R +
0+

1
)i
CD

R 0

i(t0 ) = ke L t

[YA>CD[W7'NM7xESzY9IY`J7'LzY7

0 = Ri(0+ ) + uC (0+ ) = Ri(0+ ) + E

ATZ\`HAIK:cCLKMA

k=
i(t0 ) =

E
R

E 1 t0
e RC
R

W7A>O@N7UZ y:LzY7B7&`FESA>C@[W7&CDNf:>[YA>Z Kf7&CYR:PKM7UCDNMGHTC'GHCDGJE&GJ:>`7UN[W7bESGJZUbKM7UCYR:zYCD:7&CY7UZMTJ:\:>`H9-:TES7&C@:>[Y:\[W7y:c`JA>Z

<LzY7x:I9e7b[WGR[Y:ITzD7xD:>Nf:%7U` KMGJ7&9IAN7x[WGRNMGHD:e7UC<`R:eZM7bNGRNKM7&C@ESGR:Y=
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XGJ>zYZ:

1
2
2 C(E)

}~zY`HGJATNU

W7U:7U`ESGJZfE&zYG KfA[W7e`J
: 1D>zDZf: =]?BzD:>CD[WA
7 WGJNKM7UUC y:cZfGHALNE&A>CD[W7UCDNf:>[WATZM7bN\7&C|7U`9eGRNM9eA<ESGJZfE&zYGHKMADuNM7%GJCTKf7&CLKf::>NMAWESGR:cZf`J:TN
NMG7bN\ATNMGHOY`J7>=_aC 7U`8ESGJZESzYGHKMA:TNAWESGR:cC@[WAI`J:TNPKMZf7UN\GJCD[Wz@EKf:>CDESGR:>NZM7bNzY`HKf:I7U`8E&GHZESzYGHKMA[Y7x`J:1@>zYZ: @[YA>CD[W7x7U`9y:c`JA>Z[Y7&`
E&A>CD[Y7&CDNf:>[WATZ?7bN C =
D[WA>C@[W7 C = C + C =
WG8ES7UZMZ:c9IALNB7U`GJCLKM7&ZfZfzYWKMATZ\7UN\7U`GJCDN~K:cCLKM7]

K u$vY@`JATNE&A>CD[W7UCDNf:>[WATZM7bNB7bN~K:cOD:>CKfAW[WATN[Y7UNfE&:cZfT:T[WATNBKf7&CD[WZf7&9IALN\TzD7'`J:
E&A>ZfZMGJ7&CLKf7wG KfGH7UCY7xA>Z\
7 WYZf7UNMGJ>C
C12 C3
C12 +C3

12

i(t) =

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E 1 t
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1

ilibre = k1 e1 t + k2 e2 t

`R:-ESz@:c`[W7bE&:c7]NM7':>E&7&ZE&::-ES7&ZfAI:9I7b[WGJ[D:-TzD77U` KMGJ7&9IA:czY9I7UCTK:Y=
bc) UT9 f

?BATCDNMGJ[WUZM7bN7]LzY7x`R:Z:c /]7UN\[WATOY`J7<[WH7 y:c`JA>Z = {= 68:INAT`HzDE&GHTC`JGHODZM7]KfGH7UCY7x`J:ATZM9-:
R
2L

ilibre = k1 et + k2 tet

`R:-ESz@:c`[W7bE&:c7]NM7':>E&7&ZE&::-ES7&ZfAI:9I7b[WGJ[D:-TzD77U` KMGJ7&9IA:czY9I7UCTK:Y=
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?BATCDNMGJ[WUZM7bN7]LzY7x`R:>NPZ:cRES7UNPNMA>C + jw jw {= 6:INMA>`JzDESGJ>C<`JGHOYZf7KMGJ7&CY7x`R:eA>Zf9-:
ilibre = et (k1 cos(wt) + k2 sen(wt)) = et (Asen(wt + B))

`R:-ESz@:c`[W7bE&:c7]72FA>CD7&CDE&GJ:>`H9I7&CLKf7>W7&ZfAINMz<CD:yKfzYZf:>`H70/U:7UN\ALNME&GH`R:yKfA>ZfGJ:D=
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uC (0+ ) = uC (0 ) = 0

E = Ri(0+) + L(

ATZ\`HAIK:cCLKMA@

di
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i(0+) = 0
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1

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1
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u
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u = ulibre + uf orzada

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1
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I=

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7 6:cD`J:TES7>Y[Y7&CYA>Kf:>[D:%A>Z%X #N @UNKf:I[Y:T[Y:e@AT0Z !
F (s) =

f (t)dt

[YA>CD[W7'NP7bN\zYCD:;y:cZfGR:cOY`J7E&A>9IY`J7~}:-[Y:T[Y:@ATZ s = + jw =
68:KfZf:>CDN~ATZM9-:T[Y:[W
7 68:cY`R:>E&7 7UNzYCD:KfZf:>CDN~ATZM9-:TESGJ>C GHCLKf7&>Z:c`w[W7 zYC@:zYCDE&GHTC KC[W7U`[YA>9IGHCDGHA [Y7&`wKMGJ7&9I@A :c`
[YA>9IGHCDGHA|[W7I`R:ZM7bESzY7UCDESGR:ESA>9IY`J7~}:DA [WA>9IGJCYGJA[Y7eN~8[Y:cCD[YAX%NjS=9%O@:>NzYCDE&GHATCY7UNK#SX%N#8A>Zf9-:cCzYCD:cZ
[Y7-KMZ:cCDNA>Zf9-:>[Y:TN&=I_ WGRN~Kf7&CK:cOY`R:>Nx7UC[WA>CD[Y7N7-7UCDESzY7UCLKMZ:cC47UNKMATN'D:cZf7UNx[W7IzDCDESGJA>CY7bN&G= 6:TNKMZ:cCDNA>Zf9-:>[Y:TN[Y7`J:
NMGJ>zYGJ7&CLKM7K:cOY`R:-NATC<NMz 1@E&GH7UCLKM7UNP@:cZ:%`JA-TzD7'N7]7&ZNGJ>zY7]7UC7bN~Kf7]KM7&9-:D=
  #K 
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s[sen]+w[cos]
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F (s) =

N (s)
D(s)

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72WD:cCDNMGJ>C<7&C<Zf:TE&E&GHATCY7UNPNMGH9IY`J7UNUWD:cZ:@ALN~Kf7&ZfGHATZM9I7&CLKf7ODzDNMEU:cZP7&`KM&Zf9IGHCDAe7UC`J:Kf:>OY`R:e[Y7]KMZ:cCDNA>Zf9-:>[Y:TN&=
:>Zf:-7U`H`JATNw[W7&O7&9IALNKf7&CY7UZwYZf7UNM7&CLKf7%LzY7%7U`[W7UCYA>9IGJCD:>[YA>Zw[Y7&O7&ZwKM7&CD7&Z9-:TA>ZTZf:T[WALzY7%7U`8CFzY9I7&Z:>[YA>Zb= 6:>NwZ:cRES7UN
[Y7&`D[W7UCYA>9IGJCD:>[YA>ZaNM7[W7&CYAT9IGHCD:>CA>`JATNYzY7b[W7\D:cO7&Z@AT`HALNNGJ9IY`H7bN Zf7U:>`H7bNA'ESA>9IY`J7~}~ALjN 8@AT`HALNZM7U@7&KMGR[WATN [WA>OY`J7UNU
KfZMGJY`J7UNUH=J=J= S=
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<a:>9IATN\:-NMzY@ATCY7&Z\LzY7x7U`[W7&CDA>9IGHC@:>[WATZBKfGH7UCY7 Zf:>JE&7UNPNMGH9IY`J7UF
N ^eZM7b:c`J7UN<VeESAT9IY`H7}:>#N {= F7b:YYA>Z\7}~7&9IY`J[A !
F (s) =

N (s)
s(s + a1 )(s + a2 )(s + + jw)(s + jw)

_CTKfA>CDE&7UN\Zf7&DZM7bN7UCTK:cZfJ:>9IATN:IX%N#7&C<Kf&Zf9eGJCYALN\[W7]Zf:TE&E&GHATCY7UNPNMGH9IY`J7UN0!
F (s) =

k2
k3
k4
k5
k1
+
+
+
+
s
s + a1
s + a2
(s + + jw) (s + jw)

 wwBL5\BF'8B@1wwF&\P~B\~x&\\9w\\&\\
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s+a

F (s)(s + a1 ) = [

k3
k4
k5
k1
+
+
+
](s + a1 ) + k2
s
s + a2
(s + + jw) (s + jw)

`NMzDN~KfG KfzYGJZD:cZ:7&`>y:c`JA>Z\[W7 s = a @TzD7U[Y:INM>`JA k .

ATZ8`JA\Kf:>CLKMADD:>Zf:[W7SKf7&Zf9eGJCD:>Z8E&:T[Y:\zYCDAw[W7B`HALNESAF721@ESGJ7&CLKM7bN&9zY` KfGHD`HGRE&:>9eALN`R:72FDZM7bNGJ>C'[W7X%N# A>Z7&`F[W7&CYAT9IGHCD:T[WA>Z
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7 WYZM7bNGJA>CD7U0N !


k1
k2

= [F (s)]s |s=0
= [F (s)](s + a1 ) |s=a1

k3
k4

= [F (s)](s + a2 ) |s=a2
= [F (s)](s + + jw) |s=jw

k5

= [F (s)](s + jw) |s=+jw

6ATNE&AL2
7 1@ESGJ7&CLKf7UN
NMA>CeZf7U:c`J7U%N Zf:TE&ESGJ>CINMGH9IY`J7ESATCZ:c/PZM7b:c`8=_CE&:c9OYGJAw`JATNE&AL721@ESGJ7&CLKf7UN k k >Zf7UNMzY`HKf:>C
E&A>9IY`J7~}~ALN&W<:>[W7Uk9I,QTkNPN,ATyC<kE&A>Cy}~zYL:>[WALN&W7bN\[W7UE&GHZb k = k = Ke =
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F (s) =

k1
k2
k3
Kej
Kej
+
+
+
+
s
s + a1
s + a2
(s + + jw) (s + jw)

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WYZf7UNf:>[D:'A>Z!
f (t) = k1 + k2 ea1 t + k3 ea2 t + 2Ket sen(wt )

O"?:>NMAI[Y7x@AT`HALNBZf7&7SKfGJ[YATNU=
?BATCDNMGJ[W7UZM7UZM7U9IATNPNAT`J:>9I7&CLKM7]LzY7x`HALNP@AT`HALNPN7b:cC<ZM7b:c`J7UNU=a68:zYCDESGJ>C X%N#BKMGJ7&CD7xC<A>`JATNZf7&7SKfGJ[WALN[W7-y:c`JA>Z
F (s) =

_`8ESAF721@ESGJ7&CLKM7
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[Y7x`J:eZ:c/

kn

an

kn
kn1
k2
k1
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+ ... +
+
n
n1
2
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(s + an )
(s + an )
(s + an )

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kn1

DNM7x9%zY`HKMGJY`JGJEU:X%N#P@ATZ

kn = F (s)(s + an )n |s=an
(s + an )n

kn1 =

[W7UZMGy:c9IATNPD:>Zf:e7U`HGJ9IGHCD:>Z k DNM7'NMzDN~KfG KfzY>7x@:cZ:7U`>y:c`JA>Z

n

d
[F (s)(s + an )n ] |s=an
ds

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Z

knm

1 dm
[F (s)(s + an )n ] |s=an
m! dsm

[YA>CD[W7x95u;T VYH=J=H= CA;>=

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: >07 /]A>OWKf7&CYGR[WATNP`JATN\E&AF7
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f (t) = k1 ea1 t + k2 tea1 t + ... +

kn
tn1 ea1 t
(n 1)

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^D=av7&KM7UZM9IGJCY7x`J:KfZf:>CDN~ATZM9-:T[Y:'GJC >7&ZNf:[W7x`R:INAT`Hz@ESGJ>C<[W7UNMYzYbNPA>OWKf7&CYL:e`J:INMA>`JzDESGJ>C<7&C<7&`[YA>9IGHCDGHA-[W7U` KMGJ7&9IAD=
6ATNPD:TNALN\Ve^eCYANATCCFzY0
7 >ALN&WNMA>`R:c9I7&CLKM77&`YZMGJ9I7&ZfAD=
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u(t) = Ri(t)

vw7SKf7&Zf9IGHCD:>CD[WA-`R:KMZ:cCDNA>Zf9-:>[Y:[W7F6:>Y`J:TES7TWA>OWKf7&CY7U9eALN

U (s) = RI(s)

:>Zf:ezYCD:eGJCD[WzDESKf:>CDESGR:

u(t) = L

?:>`JE&zY`R:cCD[WAI`R:KMZ:cCDNA>Zf9-:>[Y:e[W7H6:>Y`J:TES7

di(t)
dt

U (s) = L[sI(s) i(0 )] = sLI(s) Li(0 )

I(s) =

U (s) i(0 )
+
Ls
s

ATNP7bTzDGly:c`J7&CLKf7UNP7&C7U`[WA>9IGJCYGHA[Y7]NN7]9%zD7UNKMZ:cC<7&C<`J:;1DTzYZ:
6

:>Zf:ezYC ESATCD[W7UCDNM:T[WA>Z
i(t) = C

?:>`JE&zY`R:cCD[WAI`R:KMZ:cCDNA>Zf9-:>[Y:e[W7H6:>Y`J:TES7

du(t)
dt

I(s) = C[sU (s) u(0 )] = sCU (s) Cu(0 )

U (s) =

I(s) u(0 )
+
Cs
s

ATNP7bTzDGly:c`J7&CLKf7UNP7&C7U`[WA>9IGJCYGHA[Y7]NN7]9%zD7UNKMZ:cC<7&C<`J:;1DTzYZ:
6

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[YGJNM7&YA-:cCDQ>`HGRNGRNP[W7xZf7U[W7bN\[W7':>E&A>Y`R:c9IGJ7&CLKMA@F:TNE&A>9IAeD:cZ:e`J:TNBZf7U[Y7UN\[W7'[WGRNKMZfGHOYz@ESGJ>C[W7x@A>KM7UCDESGR:Y=
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1

u1
u2

= z11 i1 + z12 i2
= z21 i1 + z22 i2

i1
i2

= y11 u1 + y12 u2
= y21 u1 + y22 u2

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6

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[Y7'NM:>`HGR[Y:e7&CESGJZfE&zYGHKMA-:cOYGJ7&ZMKMAw=av7]K:c`9-:cCD7&Z:Y
1

z11 =
z21 =

u1
i1
u2
i1

|i2 =0
|i2 =0

z12 =
z22 =

u1
i2
u2
i2

|i1 =0
|i1 =0

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Nf:c`JGR[Y:e7&C ESATZKfAFE&GHZESzDG Kf+A =av7]K:c` 9-:cCY7UZf:D
B? z@:cCD[WA]Zf7UNMzY`HKf:]LzY7
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z12 = z21

>A

y11 =
y21 =
y12 = y21

i1
u1
i2
u1

|u2 =0
|u2 =0

y12 =
y22 =

i1
u2
i2
u2

i2 = 0

|u1 =0
|u1 =0

u2 = 0

DzY7&ZMKMA


DzY7&ZMKMA[W7


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:>ZfQ>9e7&KMZfATNYJOYZfGJ[WALNP

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:>ZfQ>9e7&KMZfATNP[W7]KfZf:>CDN9IGRNGJ>CGHCT7&ZNALN

u1

= h11 i1 + h12 u2

i2

= h21 i1 + h22 u2

i1
u2

= g11 u1 + g12 i2
= g21 u1 + g22 i2

u1
i1

u2
i2

= Au2 Bi2
= Cu2 Di2

= au1 bi1
= cu1 di1