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It provides a way of
understanding the person as
a holistic being
temperature)
Developmental Stressor
Situational Stressor
Stress and Adaptation
COPING- a problem
solving process that the
person uses to manage
the stresses or events
with which he/she is
presented.
Stress and Adaptation
3. External
4. Developmental
5. Situational
Stress Characteristics
It is a universal
phenomenon.
It is an individual
experience.
It provides stimulus
dimension of life.
Effects of Stress on the Body
Physical- affects
physiologic homeostasis
Emotional- affects feeling
towards self
Intellectual- influences
perception and problem
solving abilities
Social – can alter
relationships with others
Spiritual- affects one’s
Effects of Stress on the
BodyCVD
• Coronary
Metabolic
Disorders artery disease
• Essential
• Hyper/hypo hypertension
thyroidism • CHF
• Diabetes GIT disorders
Cancer • Constipation
Accident • Diarrhea
proneness • Duodenal ulcer
Skin disorders • Anorexia
• Eczema nervosa
• Pruritus • Obesity
• Urticaria • Ulcerative
colitis
• Psoriasis Menstrual
Respiratory irregularities
disorders Musculoskeletal
• Asthma disorders
• Hay fever • RA
• LBP
GENERAL THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS
FOR UNDERSTANDING STRESS
Stress can be defined differently
by the three models
STIMULUS
RESPONSE
TRANSACTION
Stress as a Stimulus
When viewed as a stimulus,
stress is defined as an event
or set of events causing a
disrupted response (Lyon
and Werner, 1987)
Life events or circumstances
causing a disrupted
response on an individual
Stress as a Transaction
Syndrome
General Adaptation Syndrome
Physiologic responses of the whole
body to stressors
Involves the Autonomic Nervous
System, and Endocrine System
Occurs with the release of adaptive
hormones and subsequent changes
in the WHOLE body
General Adaptation
Syndrome
Three stages adaptation to stress for both GAS/LAS:
Stressor
Alarm reaction
Counter-
Shock phase shock
Phase
Epinephrine Cortisone
Normal
Stages of resistance state
Stages of exhaustion
Rest Death
General Adaptation Syndrome
I. ALARM REACTION
Initial reaction of the body; “ fight OR
flight” responses
Mobilizing of the defense mechanisms
of the body and mind to cope with
stressors.
SHOCK PHASE- the autonomic nervous
system reacts; release of Epinephrine
and Cortisol
COUNTERSHOCK PHASE- reversal of
the changes produced in the shock
phase
General Adaptation Syndrome
II. STAGE OF RESISTANCE:
The BODY stabilizes, hormonal levels
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal gland
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Gland
Hormonal
Adrenal
Changes
Cortex
MINERALOCORTIAdrenal
COIDS Medulla
• Aldosterone
NOREPINEPHRINE
• Na+ retention
• Peripheral
• WATER vasoconstriction
retention • Decreased blood to
• Protein kidney
anabolism • Increased renin
GLUCOCORTIC (angiotensin)
OIDS EPINEPHRINE
• Cortisol • Tachycardia
• (Anti- • Increased myocardial
inflammatory) activity
• Increased Bronchial
• Protein dilatation
catabolism • Increased Blood
Local Adaptation Syndrome
Localized responses to stress
Ex. Wound healing, blood
clotting, vision, response to
pressure
Adaptive: a stressor is necessary to
stimulate it
Short- term
Restorative: assist in homeostasis
Local Adaptation Syndrome
Reflex Pain response:
Localized response of the CNS to pain
Psychological
Cognitive
Verbal-Motor
Physiological Indicators
Dilated pupils
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia, tachypnea,
HYPERTENSION, increased blood flow to
the muscles
Increased blood clotting
Bronchodilation
Skin pallor
Water retention, Sodium retention
Oliguria
Dry mouth, decrease peristalsis
Hyperglycemia
Remember these Physiologic Manifestations
of Stress
BP increases due to
vasoconstriction of vessels in
blood reservoir (skin, kidneys,
lungs), due to secretion of renin,
Angiotensin I and II
Increased rate/depth of
respiration with dilation of
bronchioles, promoting
hyperventilation and increased
oxygen uptake
Remember these Physiologic Manifestations
of Stress