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Definition

Communication is a symbolic process in which people create shared meanings. (From Lustig, Myron W., and Jolene Koester. Intercultural Competence. 2 . Ed.
nd

New York: Harper-Collins, 1966. P.29)

Definition

Definition
Communication is ..the process by which a person, group, or organization (the sender) transmits some type of information (the message to another person, group, or organization (the receiver).

Definition
Communication is ..a process of interrelated elements working together to achieve a desired outcome or goal.

Definition
Communication isthe exchange of information between a sender and receiver and the inference of meaning between the individuals involved

From these definitions, we can see that


1. 2. 3. 4. Communication is symbolic. Communication is a process. Communication involves shared meanings. Communication aims at understanding of a message.

Basic Nature Specific facts, data, statements, figures, units of a larger knowledge structure.

Examples

Reports of observations of phenomena; a weather report; computer data file; bank balance, indexes; home addresses; names; labels; phone numbers; email addresses; names, labels, phone numbers, radio and TV newscasts; newspaper wire reports
Sender is assumed by the receiver to be an accurate source. Sender may be an information broker, such as a newspaper, library, banks, telephone hotline. Reward can be mainly money; sender can be in the information business Receiver is assumed to have a use for the information getting it will be gratifying, sometimes economically so. Successful receivers will know where to get information. Information can satisfy a surveillance need.

Notes on Sender

Notes on Receivers

Basic Nature Any communication that is attention-arousing and immediately gratifying, mainly in a pleasurable way. Examples Jokes; an absorbing motion picture where the story line is less important than audience enjoyment; escape reading; prime-time TV shows that are mainly arousal(junk food TV); computer games. Senders often are professionals who create entertainment for payment. Interpersonal communication, entertainment may be used to break the ice or simply as a means of interpersonal enjoyment. In large-group communication, entertainment may be used to get initial attention. Receivers often expect immediate gratifications, having paid money for them. If a part of a serious communication, the receiver sometimes appreciates entertainment to less tension. Entertainment offers immediate pleasure and sometimes outright escape.

Notes on Sender

Notes on Receivers

Basic Nature Messages that teach basic skills, understandings, and insights. Goes beyond facts to generations Examples School lectures, textbooks, self-help books and articles; educational computer programs; school in general; parent and child interactions; or simply learning from experience. Management partly involves instruction. Sender is assumed to know the topic, often to be an expert. Gratification motivation is often economic (the sender is a professional). Personal examples are parents, supervisors, managers, usual authority figures. Receiver is assumed to need the knowledge or know-how. May often purchase it. Sometimes is not gratified until a sense of understanding is gained. The receiver may hold the sender responsible for accuracy. With understanding comes gratification. This can include social or cultural understanding.

Notes on Sender

Notes on Receivers

Basic Nature Messages aimed at influencing belief or behavior. May include many combinations of other communication functions. The key material of persuasion is an appeal to personal motives. But motives may differ widely between sender and receiver. Examples Most advertising; important interpersonal communication; political speeches; sales pitches; arguments; debates; inspirational editorials or speeches. Sender seeks gratification in the attitudes or behavior of another; must anticipate motivational strategies, be skilled in audience or personal research. Receiver may not be aware of being persuaded. Has many alternatives for reactions but may not use them. Gratifications will come only from satisfaction of this persons own motives. Receivers may carry out the prescribed behavior and gratify the persuader but not feel gratified themselves.

Notes on Sender Notes on Receivers

Basic Nature Messages provide shared experience and knowledge; create a base for community Examples Town newspapers; community radio; national media; mass media

Notes on Sender

News reporters, broadcasters; might not be thinking how their work creates a common identity among the audience. The importance of mass media in binding people into nationhood is clear in every revolution and coup d'tat: the leaders try to take over national media systems right away.
Reading a newspaper, and listening to the radio give the audience a common basis of information; thus contributing to social cohesion

Notes on Receivers

Barriers Communication
Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties. Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents. Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions. Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings.

Barriers Communication
Some common barriers to effective communication include: The use of jargon, over-complicated or unfamiliar terms. Emotional barriers and taboos. Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. Differences in perception and viewpoint.

Effective communication
Principles of effective communication Principle of clarity: the beginning of all communication is some message. The message must be as clear as possible. No ambiguity should creep into it. The message can be conveyed properly only if it has been clearly formulated in the mind of the communicator.

Effective communication
Principle of objective: the communicator must know clearly the purpose of communication before actually transmitting the message. The objective may be to obtain information, give information, initiate action, and change another persons attitude and so on. If the purpose of communication is clear it will help in the choice of mode of communication.

Effective communication
Principle of understanding the receiver:
understanding is the main aim of any communication. The communication must crate proper understanding in the mind of the receiver. Thus according to Killian, communication with an awareness of the total physical and human setting in which the information will be received. Picture the place of work; determine the receptivity and understanding levels of the receivers; be aware of social climate and customs; question the informations timeliness. Ask what, when and in what manner you would like to be communicated with if you were in the similar environment and position.

Effective communication
Principle of consistency: the message to be communicated should be consistent with plans, policies, programmes and goals of the enterprise. The message should not be conflicting with previous communications. It should not crate confusion and chaos in the organisation.

Effective communication
Principle of completeness: the message to be communicated must be adequate and complete, otherwise it will be misunderstood by the receiver. Inadequate communication delayed action, poor public relations affects the efficiency of the parties to communication.

Effective communication
Principle of feedback: this principle calls for communication a two-way process and providing opportunity for suggestion and criticism. Since the receiver is to accept and carry out the instructions, his reactions must be known to the sender of message. The latter must consider the suggestion and criticism of the receiver of information. But feedback principle is often given a back seat by most managers, which defeats the very purpose of

Effective communication
Principle of time: information should be communicated at the right time. The communicator must consider the timing of communication so that the desired response is created in the minds of the receivers.

At the organizational level


Following are the main communication barriers: Perceptual and Language Differences: Perception is generally how each individual interprets the world around him. All generally want to receive messages which are significant to them. But any message which is against their values is not accepted. A same event may be taken differently by different individuals. For example : A person is on leave for a month due to personal reasons (family member being critical). The HR Manager might be in confusion whether to retain that employee or not, the immediate manager might think of replacement because his teams productivity is being hampered, the family members might take him as an emotional support. The linguistic differences also lead to communication breakdown. Same word may mean different to different individuals. For example: consider a word value. What is the value of this Laptop? I value our relation? What is the value of learning technical skills? Value means different in different sentences. Communication breakdown occurs if there is wrong perception by the receiver.

At the organizational level


Information Overload: Managers are surrounded with a pool of information. It is essential to control this information flow else the information is likely to be misinterpreted or forgotten or overlooked. As a result communication is less effective. Inattention: At times we just not listen, but only hear. For example a traveler may pay attention to one NO PARKING sign, but if such sign is put all over the city, he no longer listens to it. Thus, repetitive messages should be ignored for effective communication. Similarly if a superior is engrossed in his paper work and his subordinate explains him his problem, the superior may not get what he is saying and it leads to disappointment of subordinate. Time Pressures: Often in organization the targets have to be achieved within a specified time period, the failure of which has adverse consequences. In a haste to meet deadlines, the formal channels of communication are shortened, or messages are partially given, i.e., not completely transferred. Thus sufficient time should be given for effective communication. Distraction/Noise: Communication is also affected a lot by noise to distractions. Physical distractions are also there such as, poor lightning, uncomfortable sitting, unhygienic room also affects communication in a meeting. Similarly use of loud speakers interferes with communication.

At the organizational level


Emotions: Emotional state at a particular point of time also affects communication. If the receiver feels that communicator is angry he interprets that the information being sent is very bad. While he takes it differently if the communicator is happy and jovial (in that case the message is interpreted to be good and interesting). Complexity in Organizational Structure: Greater the hierarchy in an organization (i.e. more the number of managerial levels), more is the chances of communication getting destroyed. Only the people at the top level can see the overall picture while the people at low level just have knowledge about their own area and a little knowledge about other areas. Poor retention: Human memory cannot function beyond a limit. One cant always retain what is being told specially if he is not interested or not attentive. This leads to communication breakdown.

Role and importance...

Deduction

Induction

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