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Communication is a symbolic process in which people create shared meanings. (From Lustig, Myron W., and Jolene Koester. Intercultural Competence. 2 . Ed.
nd
Definition
Definition
Communication is ..the process by which a person, group, or organization (the sender) transmits some type of information (the message to another person, group, or organization (the receiver).
Definition
Communication is ..a process of interrelated elements working together to achieve a desired outcome or goal.
Definition
Communication isthe exchange of information between a sender and receiver and the inference of meaning between the individuals involved
Basic Nature Specific facts, data, statements, figures, units of a larger knowledge structure.
Examples
Reports of observations of phenomena; a weather report; computer data file; bank balance, indexes; home addresses; names; labels; phone numbers; email addresses; names, labels, phone numbers, radio and TV newscasts; newspaper wire reports
Sender is assumed by the receiver to be an accurate source. Sender may be an information broker, such as a newspaper, library, banks, telephone hotline. Reward can be mainly money; sender can be in the information business Receiver is assumed to have a use for the information getting it will be gratifying, sometimes economically so. Successful receivers will know where to get information. Information can satisfy a surveillance need.
Notes on Sender
Notes on Receivers
Basic Nature Any communication that is attention-arousing and immediately gratifying, mainly in a pleasurable way. Examples Jokes; an absorbing motion picture where the story line is less important than audience enjoyment; escape reading; prime-time TV shows that are mainly arousal(junk food TV); computer games. Senders often are professionals who create entertainment for payment. Interpersonal communication, entertainment may be used to break the ice or simply as a means of interpersonal enjoyment. In large-group communication, entertainment may be used to get initial attention. Receivers often expect immediate gratifications, having paid money for them. If a part of a serious communication, the receiver sometimes appreciates entertainment to less tension. Entertainment offers immediate pleasure and sometimes outright escape.
Notes on Sender
Notes on Receivers
Basic Nature Messages that teach basic skills, understandings, and insights. Goes beyond facts to generations Examples School lectures, textbooks, self-help books and articles; educational computer programs; school in general; parent and child interactions; or simply learning from experience. Management partly involves instruction. Sender is assumed to know the topic, often to be an expert. Gratification motivation is often economic (the sender is a professional). Personal examples are parents, supervisors, managers, usual authority figures. Receiver is assumed to need the knowledge or know-how. May often purchase it. Sometimes is not gratified until a sense of understanding is gained. The receiver may hold the sender responsible for accuracy. With understanding comes gratification. This can include social or cultural understanding.
Notes on Sender
Notes on Receivers
Basic Nature Messages aimed at influencing belief or behavior. May include many combinations of other communication functions. The key material of persuasion is an appeal to personal motives. But motives may differ widely between sender and receiver. Examples Most advertising; important interpersonal communication; political speeches; sales pitches; arguments; debates; inspirational editorials or speeches. Sender seeks gratification in the attitudes or behavior of another; must anticipate motivational strategies, be skilled in audience or personal research. Receiver may not be aware of being persuaded. Has many alternatives for reactions but may not use them. Gratifications will come only from satisfaction of this persons own motives. Receivers may carry out the prescribed behavior and gratify the persuader but not feel gratified themselves.
Basic Nature Messages provide shared experience and knowledge; create a base for community Examples Town newspapers; community radio; national media; mass media
Notes on Sender
News reporters, broadcasters; might not be thinking how their work creates a common identity among the audience. The importance of mass media in binding people into nationhood is clear in every revolution and coup d'tat: the leaders try to take over national media systems right away.
Reading a newspaper, and listening to the radio give the audience a common basis of information; thus contributing to social cohesion
Notes on Receivers
Barriers Communication
Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties. Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents. Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions. Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings.
Barriers Communication
Some common barriers to effective communication include: The use of jargon, over-complicated or unfamiliar terms. Emotional barriers and taboos. Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. Differences in perception and viewpoint.
Effective communication
Principles of effective communication Principle of clarity: the beginning of all communication is some message. The message must be as clear as possible. No ambiguity should creep into it. The message can be conveyed properly only if it has been clearly formulated in the mind of the communicator.
Effective communication
Principle of objective: the communicator must know clearly the purpose of communication before actually transmitting the message. The objective may be to obtain information, give information, initiate action, and change another persons attitude and so on. If the purpose of communication is clear it will help in the choice of mode of communication.
Effective communication
Principle of understanding the receiver:
understanding is the main aim of any communication. The communication must crate proper understanding in the mind of the receiver. Thus according to Killian, communication with an awareness of the total physical and human setting in which the information will be received. Picture the place of work; determine the receptivity and understanding levels of the receivers; be aware of social climate and customs; question the informations timeliness. Ask what, when and in what manner you would like to be communicated with if you were in the similar environment and position.
Effective communication
Principle of consistency: the message to be communicated should be consistent with plans, policies, programmes and goals of the enterprise. The message should not be conflicting with previous communications. It should not crate confusion and chaos in the organisation.
Effective communication
Principle of completeness: the message to be communicated must be adequate and complete, otherwise it will be misunderstood by the receiver. Inadequate communication delayed action, poor public relations affects the efficiency of the parties to communication.
Effective communication
Principle of feedback: this principle calls for communication a two-way process and providing opportunity for suggestion and criticism. Since the receiver is to accept and carry out the instructions, his reactions must be known to the sender of message. The latter must consider the suggestion and criticism of the receiver of information. But feedback principle is often given a back seat by most managers, which defeats the very purpose of
Effective communication
Principle of time: information should be communicated at the right time. The communicator must consider the timing of communication so that the desired response is created in the minds of the receivers.
Deduction
Induction