LGW 2 e Chapter 6 Figur LGW2EChapter6figures - Es

Chapter 6 Medium Access Control Protocols and Local Area Networks
Chapter Figures
3 2 1 4
Shared multiple access medium
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Communication Networks
Figure 6.1
Medium sharing techniques
Static channelization
Dynamic medium access control
Scheduling
Random access
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.2
Satellite channel
= fin = fout
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.3
Inbound line
Host computer
Outbound line
Stations
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.4
(a)
(b)
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.5
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.6
Distance d meters tprop = d / seconds

A transmits A at t = 0 B transmits before t = tprop B and detects collision shortly B thereafter
A
A detects collision at A t = 2 tprop
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.7
E[T]/X
Transfer delay 1 Load

Leon-Garcia/Widjaja Communication Networks
max
Figure 6.8
E[T]/X
a > a
a Transfer Delay
1 max Load
Figure 6.9
max
First transmission t0-X t0 t0+X
Retransmission t t0+X+2tprop t0+X+2tprop + B
Vulnerable period
Time-out Backoff period B
Retransmission if necessary
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.10
0.4 0.35 0.3
0.368
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0.5 1 2 4 0.01563 0.03125 0.0625 0.125 0.25
Ge-G
0.184
Ge-2G
8
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.11
kX
(k+1)X
t0 +X+2tprop
t t0 +X+2tprop+ B Retransmission if necessary
Vulnerable period
Backoff period Time-out
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.12
Station A begins transmission at t=0 Station A captures channel at t=tprop
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.13
Sensing
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.14
0.6 0.5
0.53
1-Persistent CSMA
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.45 0.16
0.01
0.1
0.5
16
32
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.13
0.25
64
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.15 part 1
S Non-Persistent CSMA
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.5 1 2 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.13 0.25
0.81
0.01
0.51
0.14
0.1
16
32
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
64
Figure 6.15 part 2
A begins to transmit at A t=0
B B
A
A detects collision at A t= 2 tprop-
B begins to transmit at t = tprop- ; B detects collision at t = tprop
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.16
(a)
Busy
Contention
Busy
Idle
Contention
Busy
Time
(b)
Pmax
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.17
1 0.8 0.6
CSMA/CD 1-P CSMA Non-P CSMA
max
Slotted ALOHA
0.4
ALOHA
0.2 0 0.01 0.1 1
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.18
Reservation interval
Data transmissions
d Cycle n
d Cycle (n + 1)
Time
1 2
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.19
(a) r 3 5 r 3 5 r 3 5 8 r 3 5 8 r 3 t
(b)
8 r 3 5 r 3 5 r 3 5 8 r 3 5 8 r 3
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.20
(a) Central controller (b) Central controller
Shared inbound line Outbound line
(c)
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.21
Polling messages
4 5
Packet transmissions
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.22
Listen mode Input from ring Output to ring
Transmit mode
Delay
Delay To device From device
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.23
a) dd d d d
b) d dd d d
c)
d d d d d
Busy token
Free token
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.24
1.2
Maximum throughput
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
Single packet operation M = 10 M = 50
M = 50 Multiple token operation M = 10
Single token operation
4.4 4.8
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.25
30
E[T]/X
M=16
20 10 0 0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6
M=8 M=4 M=2 M=1
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
0 .7
Figure 6.26
Frequency
1 W 2 M1 M
Guard bands
Time
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.27
Frequency
Guard time
...
Time One cycle
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.28
Transmitter from one user Binary information

R1 bps W1 Hz
R >> R1bps W >> W1 Hz
Digital modulation
Radio antenna
Unique user binary random sequence
Signal and residual interference
Signals from all transmitters
Digital demodulation
Correlate to user binary random sequence
Binary information
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.29
g0 R0 R1
g2 R2
g3 output
g(x) = x3 + x2 + 1
The coefficients of a primitive generator polynomial determine the feedback taps
Time R0 R1 R2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 6 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 Sequence repeats from here onwards
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.30
Frequency Code 1 Code M
Time
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.31
Channel 1: 110 -> +1+1+1 -> (-1,-1,-1,-1),(-1,-1,-1,-1),(+1,+1,+1,+1) Channel 2: 010 -> -1+1-1 -> (+1,-1,+1,-1),(-1,+1,-1,+1),(+1,-1,+1,-1) Channel 3: 001 -> -1-1+1 -> (+1,+1,-1,-1),(+1,+1,-1,-1),(-1,-1,+1,+1) Sum Signal: (+1,-1,-1,-3),(-1,+1,-3,-1),(+1,-1,+3,+1)
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Sum Signal
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.32
Sum Signal: Channel 2 Sequence: Correlator Output: Integrated Output: Binary Output:
(+1,-1,-1,-3),(-1,+1,-3,-1),(+1,-1,+3,+1) (-1,+1,-1,+1),(-1,+1,-1,+1),(-1,+1,-1,+1) (-1,-1,+1,-3),(+1,+1,+3,-1),(-1,-1,-3,+1) -4, +4, -4 0, 1, 0
Sum Signal
Channel 2 Sequence
Correlator Output
+4 Integrator Output -4
-4
Figure 6.33
W1=
W2=
0 0 0 1
W4=
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
W8=
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.34
(a)
825 MHz
B
845 MHz 870 MHz
B
Frequency
890 MHz
(b)
A
824 MHz
AB
849 MHz
A
869 MHz
A B
Frequency
894 MHz
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.35
Base to mobile
3 Time
Mobile to base
3 40 ms
4 Time
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.36
(a)
Existing services 890 MHz
Initial GSM 915 MHz
Existing services 935 MHz
Initial GSM 960 MHz
905 MHz
950 MHz
(b)
Traffic Channels #0-11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Slow Associated Control Channel Traffic Channels #13-24 Slow Associated Control Channel
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 multiframe = 26 frames 120 ms long
1 TDMA frame = 8 slots 1 slot = 114 data bits / 156.25 bits total
Figure 6.37
(a)
Walsh channel j sequence 9600 bps Error coding, 19,200 sym/s repetition, User info interleaving 19200 sym/s User mask (ESN) Long code generator Decimator 1.2288 Mcps
I short code spreading sequence
baseband filter baseband filter

Q short code spreading sequence
I(t) Q(t)
(b)
Walsh channel 0 sequence Pilot channel all 1s
I short code spreading sequence

I(t) Q(t)
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.38
I short code spreading sequence 307,200 sym/s
9600 bps Error coding, repetition, User info interleaving
1/2 chip delay
I(t) Q(t)
D
User mask (ESN)
Long code generator
1.2288 Mcps
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.39
(a)
Our frame arrives and finds two frames in queue First frame transmitted 0 3 Second frame transmitted 6
Our frame finishes transmission
(b)
Our frame arrives and finds two frames in queue
Our frame finishes transmission
0 1 First frame transmitted

Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
3 4 Second frame transmitted

Figure 6.40
10
20 18 16
.5 0
a = X
E[T]/X
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.41
50
wait
40 30 20 10 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
10 1 0 0.1
Average AVG WAIT
0.5 RHO
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.42
50
Average AVG WAIT wait
40 30 20 10 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 RHO
10
0, 0.1
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.43
50
10
Average AVG WAITwait
40 30 20 10 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
1 0.1
0.4
0.5 RHO
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.44
(a)
(b)
Ethernet Processor
RAM
ROM RAM
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.45
Network layer
Network layer
LLC
802.2 Logical link control Data link layer 802.11 802.3 802.5 CSMA-CD Token Ring Wireless LAN Other LANs
MAC
Physical layer
Various physical layers
Physical layer
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
IEEE 802
OSI
Figure 6.46
Unreliable Datagram Service
MAC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
PHY
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.47
A LLC
Reliable frame service LLC
C LLC
MAC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
PHY
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.48
1 byte Destination SAP Address
1 Source SAP Address
1 or 2 bytes Control Information
Destination SAP Address I/G 1 7 bits C/R 1
Source SAP Address
7 bits
I/G = Individual or group address C/R = Command or response frame
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.49
IP Packet LLC LLC PDU Header
IP
Data
MAC Header
FCS
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.50
CSMA-CD
a = .2
Avg. Transfer Delay 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.3
a = .1
a = .01
0.6
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.36
0.42
0.48
0.54
0.66
0.72
0.78
0.84
0.9
Load
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
0.96
Figure 6.51
802.3 MAC Frame

7 Preamble Synch 1 SD Start frame Single address Group address 0 1 Local address Global address 6 Destination address 6 Source address 2 Length Information Pad 4 FCS
64 - 1518 bytes
0 1
Destination address is either single address or group address (broadcast = 111...111)
Addresses are defined on local or universal basis 246 possible global addresses
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.52
Ethernet frame
7 Preamble Synch 1 SD Start frame 6 Destination address 6 Source address 2 Type Information 4 FCS
64 - 1518 bytes
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.53
ORG
3
Type
2
SNAP PDU
SNAP Header
Information
LLC PDU
AA AA 03
1 1 1
802.3 Frame
MAC Header
FCS
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.54
(a)
transceivers
(b)
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.55
Single collision domain
(a)
z z z
(b)
High-Speed backplane or interconnection fabric

z z z z
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.56
Server farm
Server Server Server
Switch/router
Gigabit Ethernet links Gigabit Ethernet links Switch/router
Server
Ethernet switch 100 Mbps links Hub 10 Mbps links
Server
Server
Department A
Department B
Department C
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.57
Wiring Center E B D
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.58
(a)
Low Latency Ring A
t = 0, A begins frame (b) High Latency Ring A
t = 90, return of first bit A
t = 400, transmit t = 490, reinsert token last bit A A
t = 0, A begins frame t = 400, last bit of t = 840, return of t = 1240, reinsert frame enters ring token first bit
Figure 6.59
(a)
Low Latency Ring A
t = 0, A begins frame (b) High Latency Ring A
t = 90, return t = 210, return of t = 400, last bit enters of first bit ring, reinsert token header A A A
t = 0, A begins frame t = 400, transmit last bit

Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
t = 840, arrival first frame bit
t = 960, reinsert Figure 6.60 token
Token frame format Data frame format

1 SD 1 AC 1 FC 6 Destination address 6 Source address 0 0
SD
AC
ED
1 FS
Information FCS ED
Starting delimiter Access control Frame control Ending delimiter Frame status
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
J K 0 J K 0 PPP T M
J, K nondata symbols (line code) PPP=priority; T=token bit M=monitor bit; RRR=reservation FF = frame type ZZZZZZ = control bits I = intermediate-frame bit E = error-detection bit A = address-recognized bit xx = undefined C = frame-copied bit
Figure 6.61
RRR
FF
Z Z Z Z Z Z
J K 1 J K 1 I
xx
x x
C
D
Figure 6.62
Token Frame Format
PRE
SD
FC
ED
Data Frame Format

8 1 1 FC 6 Destination Address 6 Source Address 4 1 1 FS
PRE SD Preamble Frame control
Information FCS ED
CLFFZZZZ
C = synch/asynch L = address length (16 or 48 bits) FF = LLC/MAC control/reserved frame type
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.63
(a)
Data Frame
A transmits data frame B (b) A Data Frame B
C senses medium, station A is hidden from C
Data Frame C C transmits data frame & collides with A at B
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.64
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.65
Server
Portal Distribution System
Gateway to Portal the Internet
AP1 AP2
A1
B1
BSS A
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
A2
B2
BSS B
Figure 6.66
2 Frame Control
2 Duration/ ID
MAC header (bytes) 6 6 Address 1 Address 2
6 Address 3
2 Sequence control
6 Address 4
0-2312 Frame body
4 CRC
2 Protocol version
2
Type
4
Subtype
To From More Pwr More Retry WEP Rsvd DS DS frag mgt data
To From DS DS 0 0 1 1
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
0 1 0 1
Address 1 Destination address Destination address BSSID Receiver address
Address 2 Source address BSSID
Address 3 BSSID
Address 4 N/A N/A N/A Source address
Meaning
Data frame from station to station within a BSS Data frame exiting the DS Data frame destined for the DS WDS frame being distributed from AP to AP
Figure 6.67
Source address Source Destination address address Transmitter Destination address address
Contention-free service Point coordination function
Contention service
MAC
Distribution coordination function (CSMA-CA)
Physical
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.68
DIFS PIFS Busy medium SIFS
Contention window
DIFS
Next frame
Time
Wait for reattempt time
Defer access
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.69
(a)
RTS
A requests to send
B C
(b) A
CTS
CTS C
B announces A ok to send (c) Data Frame A sends

B C remains quiet
Figure 6.70
DIFS Data Source SIFS Destination ACK
DIFS NAV
Other
Defer Access
Wait for Reattempt Time
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.71
DIFS RTS Source SIFS Destination CTS SIFS SIFS Ack Data
DIFS NAV (RTS) Other NAV (CTS) NAV (Data)
Defer access
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.72
TBTT
Contention-free repetition interval

SIFS SIFS SIFS
D2+Ack+ Poll U1+ ACK U2+ ACK
SIFS
SIFS
CF End
B
PIFS
D1 + Poll
Contention period
Reset NAV NAV CF_Max_duration
D1, D2 = frame sent by point coordinator U1, U2 = frame sent by polled station TBTT = target beacon transmission time B = beacon frame
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.73
LLC PDU LLC MAC layer Physical layer convergence procedure PLCP PLCP preamble header PLCP PDU Physical medium dependent
MAC header
MAC SDU
CRC
Physical layer
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.74
80 bits Sync
16 Start frame delimiter
12 Length
4 Signaling
16 CRC
variable length Payload data
PLCP preamble
PLCP header
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.75
11-chip Barker sequence: +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 11 symbol times To transmit +1, send: +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 11 symbol times To transmit -1, send: +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1+1 +1 +1+1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1+1 -1 -1-1
11 symbol times
Figure 6.76
128 bits Sync
16 8 8 16 Start frame Signal Service Length delimiter PLCP Header
16 CRC
Variable length Payload data
PLCP Preamble
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.77
57 - 73 slots Sync
32
16
16 CRC
Variable length Payload data
Start frame Data delimiter rate
DC level Length adjust
PLCP preamble
PLCP header
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.78
S1
S2
S3
LAN1 Bridge
LAN2
S4
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
S5
S6
Figure 6.79
Network LLC MAC Physical MAC Physical Bridge MAC Physical
Network LLC MAC Physical
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.80
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
LAN1 Port 1 B1 Port 2
LAN3
Address Port
Address Port
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.81
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S1
S5
LAN3
Address Port
S1 1
Address Port
S1 1
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.82
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S3
S2
LAN3
Address Port
S1 S3 1 1
Address Port
S1 S3 1 1
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.83
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S4
S3
LAN1 B1 Port 1 Port 2
LAN3
Address Port S1 S3 S4 1 2 2
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.84
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S2
S1
LAN3
Address Port S1 S3 S4 S2 1 2 2 1
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.85
LAN1 (1) B1 (2) LAN2 (1) B4 (2) LAN3 (1) B5 (2) LAN4
Figure 6.86
(1) B2 (2) (1) B3 (2) (3)
LAN1 D (1) B1 D (2) LAN2 R (1) B4 (2) LAN3 R (1) B5 (2) LAN4 R (1) B2 (2) R (1) B3 D (2) (3) D
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.87
Routing control 2 bytes
Route 1 Route 2 designator designator 2 bytes 2 bytes
Route m designator 2 bytes
Routing Destination Source address address information
Data
FCS
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.88
S1
B1
LAN 2
B4
LAN 4
S2
LAN 1
B3
B5
B7
B2 LAN 3 B6 LAN 5
S3
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.89
B3 LAN1 B1 LAN2 B4
LAN3
B6
LAN5
LAN4
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.90
B2 LAN3
LAN1
B1 B1 B4 B4 B7 B1
LAN2 LAN1 LAN4 LAN2
B3 B4 B2 B5 B7 B1 B3 LAN4 B5 B7
B6
B3
LAN2
B5 LAN5 B4 B7 LAN4
LAN4
LAN1
B2 B3 B5 B6 B1 B3 B4 B2
LAN1
B2 B2 B5 B6 B1 B1 B4
LAN3 LAN1
LAN2 B3 B2 LAN3 LAN1 LAN2
LAN2 LAN1
B5
LAN3
B3 B6
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure 6.91
VLAN 1
VLAN 2
VLAN 3
S3
S6
S9 Floor n+1
Physical S2 S5 S8 partition
Floor n 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bridge or switch 7 8 9 Floor n-1 S1 S4 S7
Logical partition
Figure 6.92
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
LAN1 Port 1
B1
LAN2 Port 2 Port Port 1
B2
LAN3 Port 2 Port
Station
Station
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Figure for Problem 6.52
N/2
N/2+1
Bridge
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
LAN 2
B4
LAN 4
S1
LAN 1
B1 B3 B2
LAN 3
B6
B5
LAN 5
S2
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja
Switch 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
Switch 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Switch 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
Switch 3 1 2 3 4 5 6
VLAN1VLAN2
VLAN1VLAN2
VLAN1 VLAN2
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja

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LGW 2 e Chapter 6 Figur LGW2EChapter6figures - Es

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Chapter 6 Medium Access Control Protocols and Local Area Networks

Shared multiple access medium

Medium sharing techniques

Dynamic medium access control

Distance d meters tprop = d / seconds

Transfer delay 1 Load

First transmission t0-X t0 t0+X

Retransmission t t0+X+2tprop t0+X+2tprop + B

Time-out Backoff period B

0.4 0.35 0.3

t t0 +X+2tprop+ B Retransmission if necessary

Backoff period Time-out

Station A begins transmission at t=0 Station A captures channel at t=tprop

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Figure 6.15 part 1

Figure 6.15 part 2

A begins to transmit at A t=0

B begins to transmit at t = tprop- ; B detects collision at t = tprop

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

CSMA/CD 1-P CSMA Non-P CSMA

(a) Central controller (b) Central controller

Shared inbound line Outbound line

Listen mode Input from ring Output to ring

Delay To device From device

M = 50 Multiple token operation M = 10

Single token operation

M=8 M=4 M=2 M=1

Time One cycle

Transmitter from one user Binary information

R >> R1bps W >> W1 Hz

Unique user binary random sequence

Signal and residual interference

Signals from all transmitters

Correlate to user binary random sequence

The coefficients of a primitive generator polynomial determine the feedback taps

Time R0 R1 R2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 5 0 1 1 6 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 Sequence repeats from here onwards

Frequency Code 1 Code M

(+1,-1,-1,-3),(-1,+1,-3,-1),(+1,-1,+3,+1) (-1,+1,-1,+1),(-1,+1,-1,+1),(-1,+1,-1,+1) (-1,-1,+1,-3),(+1,+1,+3,-1),(-1,-1,-3,+1) -4, +4, -4 0, 1, 0

Existing services 890 MHz

Initial GSM 915 MHz

Existing services 935 MHz

Initial GSM 960 MHz

1 multiframe = 26 frames 120 ms long

I short code spreading sequence

baseband filter baseband filter

I short code spreading sequence

baseband filter baseband filter

I short code spreading sequence 307,200 sym/s

9600 bps Error coding, repetition, User info interleaving

1/2 chip delay

baseband filter baseband filter

User mask (ESN)

Long code generator

Our frame finishes transmission

Our frame arrives and finds two frames in queue

Our frame finishes transmission

0 1 First frame transmitted

3 4 Second frame transmitted

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

40 30 20 10 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Average AVG WAIT

Average AVG WAIT wait

40 30 20 10 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 RHO