3.2.3.1.

Cu to c bn ca CT - Scanner Trong CT Scanner vn c bng pht quang tuyn X nhng ghi nhn chm tia l sau khi xuyn qua c th bnh nhn, ngi ta dng b cm bin in t ( Electronic Detector ). N c nhy ln hn phim X quang gp hng trm ln. Ngi ta c th dung nhiu b cm bin ny sp xp lin kt vi nhau. Cc my CT Scanner hin i c nhiu cm bin in t c sp xp vng trong thu nhn tn hiu t 360* l ra t pha bnh nhn. Sau khi chm tia X i qua bnh nhn, n tc ng vo b cm bin in t, tn hiu c truyn v h thng thu nhn d kin (Data Accquisition System: DAT) m ha v truyn vo my vi tnh( Computer ). l thng tin v hp th ca t chc m chm tia X i qua. Tuy nhin, hnh nh ca 1 ln hp th nh vy khng to nn cu trc ca vt cht. V vy, tia X phi dch chuyn vng quanh bnh nhn v mi v tr ca chm tia, mt m s v gim tuyn tnh (Linear Attennuation) c ghi vo b nh. Khi chuyn ng qut (to scan) kt thc, b nh ghi c mt s ln nhng s o tng ng vi nhng g khc nhau trong mt phng qut. Nh my vi tnh, cc s liu th hin bng cc con s. T cc s o , my vi tnh li ti to nn hnh nh cu trc ca lp ct, th hin trn mn hnh (Monitor). Cn ch rng cng nh my vi tnh, cc s o tng ng vi cc mt phng trn hoc di mt phng quan tm c kh b (substraction). dy ca mt phng quan tm ty thuc tng loi my. Nh vy, my CT Scanner c bng pht tia X, b cm bin in t thu nhn chm tia X sau khi b hp th v my vi tnh lm chc nng thu thp v bin i d liu, ct b d liu khng cn thit v ti to hnh nh lp ct. 3.2.3.2. Nguyn l cu to hnh nh theo ma trn (matrix): Hiu n gin ra, ma trn y l mt tp hp s cphn b trn mt cu trc gm cc dy v ct. Mi nh vy l mt n v ca ma trn v c gi l n v th tch c bn (Volume Element) hay l Voxel. Chiu cao ca mi Voxel ph thuc vo chiu dy lp ct (t 1 : 10mm). T mi Voxel s to ra mt n v nh c bn (Picture Element) gi l pixel. Tng cc nh c bn to ra mt quang nh. Cc Voxel c mt hay t trng quang tuyn (Radiologic Density) khc nhau v to ra cc Pixel c m nht khc nhau. Cu trc hp th tia X cng nhiu th mt quang tuyn cng cao. Chnh v vy, ngi Php gi k thut ny l chp ct lp theo t trng (Tomo-densitometrie). Ngi ta o t trng ny bng n v Hounsfield. Ma trn ti to cng ln th cho nh cng chi tit. Thng thng, ngi ta dung cc ma trn sau y: 252x252, 340x340, 512x512 v th h my mi nht (th h 4) c ma trn 1024x1024, tc l chia mt lt ct quan

st ra 1048575 Voxel, ngha l mi chiu ca lt ct ch bng phn tram ca mm. Trong khm xt hang ngy, dung loi ma trn 340x340 l , nhng mun khm nhng chi tit nh trong tai, trong no th dng ma trn ln hn. 3.2.3.3. Quan st hnh nh CT Scanner Nh tnh u vit ca my vi tnh, c th chia c th con ngi ra 2000:4000 mc khc nhau v t trng quang tuyn, t cu trc kh (phi) n cu trc c, rn (xng). Nhng mt thng khng th phn bit c s khc nhau nh vy v en trng. V vy, ngi ta dng phng php m ca s gn vi bc thang xm trn mn hnh quan st. Mi ca s c xc nh bng mt im gia (Center or Never) v rng m ca s (width) theo gii n v Hounsfield. Nu ca s m ht c, xng s xut hin bng hnh nh trng, cn phi (kh) th cho mu en, cu trc dch cho mu xm nh trn X quang thng. Nhng nu chn im gia mi ca s l s o t trng trung bnh ca mt cu trc cn khm xt, n cho ta nhng hnh nh trng ri t iu chnh rng thch hp cho cu trc. T trng c gi tr trn di gi tr gia ca ca s s cho mu en. Nh th l ta a en trng v gi tr hp, chnh lch t, thch hp vi kh nng phn bit ca mt ngi. T ta c th c hnh nh cc ni khc nhau trong c th bng cch chn ca s v t trng quang tuyn Hounsfield thch hp. l ngha ln lao ca thang o Hounsfield. Trn phim X quang thng, cc thng tin cn l sng, ti ca phim hoc mn hnh, cn trong CT Scanner l ton b thng tin v t trng quang tuyn, c lu gi trong b nh ca my vi tnh. Ngi ta thng chp theo cc mt phng ct ngang c th (thng gc vi ct sng). Tuy nhin, nhng mt ct ngang ny thng lin tip nhau nn my tnh c kh nng rp cc mt ct ny li to ra hnh nh ca mt thng ng dc (sagittal) hoc mt ng ngang (frontal) ta quan tm. Thng thng, hnh nh thng ng khng r nt bng cc hnh ct ngang. phn gii (Resolution) ca hnh nh ph thuc vo chiu dy v khong cch gia cc mt ct theo trc ngang, tc l ph thuc vo gi tr ma trn nu trn. Ngy nay cn c my chp xon c (Helical hay Spiral). Lc ny bng pht tia X v b cm bin quay lin tc, cn bnh nhn c chuyn ng dn vo khoang my. Do , s qut v to nh s l mt ng xon c lin tc. nh ca n c phn gii cao hn. My CT Scanner c A.M Cormack (ngi Anh) pht minh nm 1971 v c hon thin dn. Pht minh ny c tm quan trng ngang vi pht minh tia X nn nm 1979, Cormack v Hounsfield c nhn gii Nobel v y hc. Vi nhng my lc u, mun c mt quang nh phi mt n hai ngy. Ngy nay, vi my hin i, thi gian ch ko di t 1/10 n 3/10 giy. Ngy nay, phi hp nhiu k thut khc nhau bng X quang can thip, tng tng phn bng thuc cn quang, dung

bng tia X tng sang, truyn hnh, chp ct lp v k thut s, ngnh chun on hnh nh bng tia X mang li g tr to ln cho chun on bnh.