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Communication Systems
• Basic structure
• Information sources
•Message signal m(t) is the information source to be
sent
•Possible information sources include voice, music,
images, video, and data, which are baseband signals
•Baseband signals have power concentrated near DC
Transmitter
• Transmission media:
– Wireline (twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optics)
– Wireless (indoor/air, outdoor/air, underwater,
space)
• Propagating signals experience a gradual
degradation over distance
• Boosting improves signal and reduces
noise, e.g. repeaters
•
Wireline Channel Impairments
Attenuation: linear distortion that is dependent on the
frequency response of the channel.
• Spreading: the finite extent of each transmitted pulse
increases, i.e. pulse widens due to
– Transmit pulse length T s
– Channel impulse response length T h
– Resulting waveform due to convolution has duration T s
+Th
• Phase jitter: the same sinusoid experiences different
phase shifts in the channel
• Additive noise: arises from many sources in the
transmitter, channel, and receiver
Wireless Channel Impairments
Definitions:
• Baseband
– A baseband waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero
for frequencies in the vicinity of the origin (i.e., f = 0) and negligible
elsewhere.
• Bandpass
– A bandpass waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero
for frequencies in some band concentrated about a frequency f =
± fc , where fc>>0. fc is called the “carrier frequency “.
• Modulation
– Modulation is the process of imparting the source information
onto a bandpass signal with a carrier frequency fc by the
introduction of amplitude or phase perturbations or both.
The bandpass signal is called the modulated signal s(t), and
The baseband source signal is called the modulating signal m(t).
REPRESENTATION OF MODULATED SIGNALS
Modulation is the process of encoding the source information m(t)
(modulating signal) into a bandpass signal s(t) (modulated Signal)
Modulated signal is just a special application of the bandpass representation.
Modulated signal is given by: {
s ( t ) = Re g (t )e jωct }
where ω c = 2πf c
The complex envelope g(t) is a function of the modulating signal & is given by:
g (t ) = g [ m(t )]
g [ ⋅] - performs a mapping operation on m( t )
0.5
m(t)
0
0.5
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
t
v(t) (solid) |g(t)| (dotted)
2
1
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
t
s (t ) = Ac [1 + m(t )] cos ωc t
Generation of AM
Definition: Amount of Modulation
Amax − Ac
The percentage of positive × 100 = max[ m(t )] × 100
modulation on an AM signal is Ac
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
t
v(t)
4
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
t
Normalized Average Power of AM signals
The normalized average power of the AM signal is
1 1 2
s (t) = g ( t ) = Ac [1 + m( t ) ]
2 2 2
2 2
1 2
[
= Ac 1 + 2m( t ) + m 2 ( t )
2
]
1 2 1 2 2
= Ac + Ac m( t ) + Ac m ( t )
2
2 2
If the modulation contains no dc level, then m(t ) = 0
1 2 1 2 2
s (t)
2
= Ac + Ac m ( t )
2 2
Discrete
Sideband power
carrier power
Peak Envelope Power (PEP)
• Another type of power rating, called the peak envelope power (PEP),
is useful for transmitter specification.
• Definition:
The peak envelope power (PEP) is the average power that
would be obtained if |g(t)| were to be held constant at its peak
value.
• THEOREM.
The normalized PEP is given by
Ac2
PPEP = {1 + max[ m( t ) ]} 2
2
• PEP is useful for specifying the power capability of AM, SSB, and
television transmitters.
AM – Modulation Efficiency
Definition : The modulation efficiency is the percentage of the total power of
the modulated signal that conveys information.
m2 (t)
Modulation Efficiency: E= × 100
1+ m (t) 2
Ac
S( f ) = [δ ( f − f c ) + M ( f − f c ) + δ ( f + f c ) + M ( f + f c ) ]
2
Carrier line spectral Translated version of
component message signal
Example : Power of an AM signal
The FCC rates AM broadcast band transmitters by their average carrier power; this rating
system is common in other AM audio applications as well. Suppose that a 5000-W AM
transmitter is connected to a 50 ohm load;
1 Ac2
then the constant Ac is given by = 5,000 ⇒ Ac = 707 V No modulation
2 50
If the transmitter is then 100% modulated by a 1000-Hz test tone , the total
(carrier + sideband) average power will be
1 1 2 2 1 Ac2
s (t)
2
= Ac2 +
2 2
Ac m ( t ) = 1.5
2 50
= (1.5) × ( 5000) = 7,500W
The peak voltage (100% modulation) is (2)(707) = 1414 V across the 50 ohm load.
The peak envelope power (PEP) is
1 Ac2
4 = ( 4 ) × ( 5000) = 20,000W
2 50
The modulation efficiency would be 33% since <m2(t)>=1/2
Generation of AM Waves
Accos(2πfct+φ)
m(t) s(t)
+ Squarer
or Switch BPF
Double sideband with carrier Signal
Disadvantage of DSB/WC
– Transmitting extra power
– Disaster for power-hungry cell phones
Advantages of DSB/WC:
– Very simple demodulation circuit
– Important in early to mid 1900’s
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier
1 2 1 2 2
s2 (t) =
Ac + Ac m ( t )
Power in a AM signal is2 given by
2
Discrete carrier power Sideband power
Discrete carrier power can be eliminated (Suppressing carrier )if m(t) is
assumed to have a zero DC level
Then s (t ) = Ac m(t ) cos ωc t
Spectrum Power
1 2 2
A
S ( f ) = c [ M ( f − fc ) + M ( f + fc )] s2 (t ) = Ac m ( t )
2 2
m2 ( t )
Since no power is wasted in carrier the efficiency is E= × 100 = 100%
m (t)
2
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
• Remove inefficient constant term
• Modulated signal is s(t)=Ac m(t) cos(2πfct)
• Generated by a Product modulator/ Balanced
Modulator
m(t)
AM
Modulator
+
Accos(2πfct) + s(t)
-
AM
Modulator
-m(t)
DSBSC Disadvantage:
• Disadvantage:
– Less information about the carrier will be
delivered to the receiver.
– Needs a coherent carrier detector at receiver
Single sideband: Single Sideband Signal
• The DSBSC signal also contains the same information twice in the two sidebands
LSSB
USSB
Single Sideband Signal
x(t) (solid) y(t) (dotted) |g(t)| (dashed)
1
0.8 1
0.6 0.5
cos(wc*t)
0.4 0
0.2 0.5
0 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
t
0.2 UPPER SSB
1
0.4
0.5
0.6
v(t)
0
0.8
0.5
1 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
t t
SSB - Power
The normalized average power of the SSB signal
Generalized Transmitters
– Transmitters generate the modulated signal at the carrier
frequency fc , from the modulating signal m(t).
– Any type of modulated signal could be represented by
(t ) = Ac [1of
where the samplitude +m signal ωc t information.
carries
(t )] cos
s (t ) = Ac cos[ωc t +θ( t )]
s ( t ) = Ac cos[ω c t + θ ( t ) ]
Angle Modulation: Basic Definitions
Angle Modulation Analysis
Example: Sinusoidal Modulating
Signal
Spectrum of Angle-Modulated Signal
β
Bessel functions of the first kind
Spectrum: Examples
Carson’s rule
Although the sidebands of an FM signal extend to infinity, it has
been found experimentally that signal distortion is negligible for a
bandlimited FM signal if 98% of the signal power is transmitted.
(1+β)fm
Carson’s rule
Therefore the bandwidth required is given by
BT = 2( β + 1) B
β – phase modulation index/ frequency
modulation index
B – bandwidth of the modulating signal
For sinusoidal modulation B = fm
Carson’s rule : Bandwidth of an FM signal is given by
BT = 2( β + 1) f m
Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated
Signal
Narrowband Angle Modulation
Wideband Angle Modulation
• Modulation index is high
• The signal bandwidth is:
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