Ernst's Cichlid Buffer Calculator

General
All inputs are done on the "Raw Water Input " tab.
Only cells with a yellow fill (
) are intended for user inputs - ALL OTHER CELL VALUES AR
Take some time to determine your local water supply parameters as accurately as possible. The calcu
(Contact your local water board for a water analysis report. If you are able to reasonably estimate some of the parameters then you are welco
The main function of this calculator is to adjust your local water conditions as accurately as possible to
Based on user inputs, the amount of minerals to be added is automatically calculated.
There are two separate procedures that may be followed for each biotope:
1
Using widely available items (Baking Soda, Epsom Salt and non-iodized Sodium Chloride) to
Using special salt compositions to more accurately mimic Lake Tanganyika conditions.
Using widely available items (Baking Soda, Epsom Salt and non-iodized Sodium Chloride) to
Using special salt compositions to more accurately mimic Lake Malawi conditions.
Rather than attempting to adjust your local water exactly to the lake conditions, attempt to promote stab
Note that all pH values are estimates. The % errors associated with these values are quoted where av
For those who are not chemists by heart, salt additions are also provided in
LL OTHER CELL VALUES ARE CALCULATED and should not be altered.
urately as possible. The calculations are only as accurate as the inputs received
me of the parameters then you are welcome to do so)
as accurately as possible to either Lake Tanganyika or Lake Malawi water conditions.
y calculated.
n-iodized Sodium Chloride) to achieve approximate Lake Tanganyika conditions.
ake Tanganyika conditions.
n-iodized Sodium Chloride) to achieve approximate Lake Malawi conditions.
ake Malawi conditions.
tions, attempt to promote stability in your aquarium in the long run.
e values are quoted where available.
ns are also provided in the measure of teaspoons to be added
Ernst Hannes Rachma
Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit
Raw Untreated Tap Water

26
78.8
82.629
Desired Water Temperature

Mg & Ca Hardness (as CaCO3 eq) mg/l
(General Hardness / Permanent Hardness) - Resulting from Ca2+ and Mg2+
4.630
8.263
5.119
(French Hardness) - Resulting from Ca2+ and Mg2+

(Carbonate Hardness/Temporary Hardness) - Resulting from HCO3- and CO32-
C
F
mg/l
dGH
TH / F
KH
Ionic Species
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Na+
HCO3- (estimate)
20.030
7.940
3.490
11.760
110.215
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
(estimate)
H2CO3 (estimate)
0.581
mg/l
2.214
mg/l
SO42-
16.640
12.860
0.490
mg/l
mg/l
4.190
188.196
0.000
8.050
91.363
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
22.240
mg/l
150
liters
CO32-
Cl
NO3SiO2
TDS (estimate)
H+
pH
Total Alkalinity as CaCO3
Total Inorganic Carbon Balance (min tolerance value of 1)
(Adjust as needed to display correct total alkalinity)

Total Aquarium Water Volume to be Treated
For Lake
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Tanganyika Water Conditions Either Follow Points 1 or 2 but not b
1. If you intend to use a mixture of Baking Soda, Epsom Salt and non-iodized Sodium
Add
52.776
grams
Add
Add
44.519
3.929
grams
grams
(The Sodium Chloride may be substituted with Marine Salt to ad
See below for details following the adjustmen

Treated Aquarium Water
11.35
17.59
20.03
37.21
3.49
Parameter
dGH
KH
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Lake Tanganiyka (average)

11.35
17.97
13.40
41.25
26.75
118.35
365.77
8.39
Na+
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
60.30
365.77
12.45
132.32
28.75
0.49
4.19
718.99
2.047E-09
8.69
SO42-
11.25
28.75
0.00
3.45
566.92
1.380E-09
8.86
ClNO3SiO2
TDS (est)
H+
pH
Total Alkalinity
as CaCO3
313.99
320.75
OR
2. If you intend to be more accurate then do the following:
Add
Add
Add
Add
Add
For Lake
6.653
52.776
19.573
0.000
0.000
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams
Malawi Water Conditions Either Follow Points 3 or 4 but not both:
3. If you intend to use a mixture of Baking Soda, Epsom Salt and non-iodized Sodium
Add
8.006
grams
Add
Add
0.000
0.000
grams
grams
(The Sodium Chloride may be substituted with Marine Salt to ad
See below for details following the adjustmen

Treated Aquarium Water
4.63
6.95
20.03
7.94
3.49
Parameter
dGH
KH
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Lake Malawi (average)

4.09
6.92
18.10
6.75
6.40
26.37
148.98
1.08
Na+
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
21.00
148.98
0.79
16.64
12.86
0.49
4.19
242.07
6.482E-09
8.19
SO42-
5.50
3.94
0.00
2.55
229.95
8.913E-09
8.05
ClNO3SiO2
TDS (est)
H+
pH
Total Alkalinity
as CaCO3
123.99
123.50
OR
4. If you intend to be more accurate then do the following:
Add
Add
Add
Add
Add
8.006
0.832
0.000
0.000
0.000
grams
grams
grams
grams
grams
Current Water Buffering Capacity

0.002
Ideal Buffering Range for Cichlids
0.0018
Total Carbon (mol/l)
0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
Poor
Buffering
Capacity
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
High
Buffering
Capacity
0.0002
0
4
10
11
pH
CO32HCO3H2CO3
Current System Balance
Follow Points 1 or 2 but not both:

Salt and non-iodized Sodium Chloride then do the following:
of
Baking Soda (NaHCO3)
(or
11.0
teaspoons)
of
of
Epsom Salt (MgSO4.7H2O)

non-iodized Sodium Chloride
(or
(or
9.3
0.8
teaspoons)
teaspoons)
e may be substituted with Marine Salt to add more trace minerals)
See below for details following the adjustment:

Lake Tanganiyka (average)
11.35
17.97
13.40
41.25
26.75
Ideal Value Reached

Ideal Value Reached
Over required value by 49.5%
Below required value by 9.8%
12
60.30
365.77
12.45

Ideal Value Reached
11.25
28.75
0.00
3.45
566.92
1.380E-09
8.86

Ideal Value Reached
Ideal Value Reached
320.75
Ideal Value Reached
OR
g:
of
of
of
of
of
KCl
NaHCO3
MgCl2
CaCl2
CaCl2
Check the spreadsheet

'Tanganyika Water Adjustment'
for resulting water parameters
following these additions
Points 3 or 4 but not both:

Salt and non-iodized Sodium Chloride then do the following:
of
Baking Soda (NaHCO3)
(or
1.7
teaspoons)
of
of
Epsom Salt (MgSO4.7H2O)

non-iodized Sodium Chloride
(or
(or
0.0
0.0
teaspoons)
teaspoons)
e may be substituted with Marine Salt to add more trace minerals)
See below for details following the adjustment:

Lake Malawi (average)
4.09
6.92
18.10
6.75
6.40
Over required value by

Ideal Value Reached
Below required value by
13.3%
10.7%
17.6%
45.5%
21.00
148.98
0.79

Ideal Value Reached
5.50
3.94
0.00
2.55
229.95
8.913E-09
8.05

Ideal Value Reached
123.50
Ideal Value Reached
OR
g:
of
of
of
of
of
NaHCO3
KCl
CaCl2
CaCl2
CaCl2
Check the spreadsheet

'Malawi Water Adjustment'
for resulting water parameters
following these additions
Temperature and Dissociation Constants

TWater
26
C
TWater
299.15 K
K0
0.032943059
K1
4.51116E-07
K2
4.77638E-11
Kw
1.09241E-14
KCa
3.26931E-09 (calcite)
KMg
0.0000068 at 25C
PCO2 =
0.00035 atm
TWater
78.8
Raw Water Composition

Mg & Ca
Hardness (as
CaCO3 eq)
4.630
8.263
5.119
82.629
mg/l
dGH (German Hardness / General Hardness / Permanent Hardness) - Resulting from Ca 2+ and Mg2+
TH / F (French Hardness) - Resulting from Ca2+ and Mg2+
KH (Carbonate Hardness/Temporary Hardness) - Resulting from HCO3- and CO32-
Ionic Species
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Na+
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
SO42ClNO3SiO2
TDS
H+
pH
mg/l
MW (g/mol)
20.030
7.940
3.490
11.760
110.215
0.581
2.214
16.640
12.860
0.490
4.190
188.196
0.000
8.050
40.0784
24.30506
39.09831
22.98976
61.01702
60.00907
62.03
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
60.08
Total Alkalinity as
CaCO3
91.363
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
(Adjust as
needed to
achieve desired
total alkalinity)
22.240
1.007947
mol/l
0.00049977
0.000326681
8.92622E-05
0.000511532
1.806E-03
9.68031E-06
3.569E-05
0.000173219
0.000362732
7.90259E-06
6.97403E-05
48.0316
35.4532
62.00501
meq/l
0.9995409
0.653361893
0.08926217
0.511532091
1.806303193
0.019360629
0.346438595
0.362731714
0.007902587
8.913E-09
1.816E-03
12.01078
Equivalent
Weight
(g/mol/eq)
20.0392
12.15253
39.09831
22.98976
61.01702
30.004535
1.825663822
0.00185167
Great Lake Parameters

Chemical Compound
Raw Water
Min
Sum of Cations (meq/l)
2.254
1.04
Sum of Anions (meq/l)
2.543
1.08
11.760
10.40
Na (mg/l)
Lake Victoria
Average (Avg - Raw Water)
1.125 -1.129
1.425 -1.118
11.950 0.190
K+ (mg/l)
3.490
3.70
3.950 0.460
20.030
5.00
10.000 -10.030
7.940
1.59
4.795 -3.145
1.826
0.25
0.890 -0.936
Cl (mg/l)
12.860
3.90
5.450 -7.410
SO42-
16.640
2.30
2.300 -14.340
Ca
2+
Mg
(mg/l)
2+
(mg/l)
HCO3- +
CO32-
(meq/l)
(mg/l)
SiO2 (mg/l)
4.190
3.00
11.500 7.310
NO3- (g/l)
0.490
11.00
20.000 19.510
3.00
8.000 8.000
47.00
57.000 57.000
91.363
12.50
44.500 -46.863
110.215
15.06
53.613 -56.602
0.581
0.09
0.317 -0.264
PO43-
(g/l)
Total P (g/l)
Alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/l)
HCO3- (mg/l)
CO32-
(mg/l)
0.000
pH
8.050
TDS
7.943E-09 -9.692E-10
8.00
103.039
Ionic Species
mg/l
MW (g/mol)
HCO3- (est)
4.963
61.01702
CO32-
0.029
60.00907
0.089
62.03
12.011
(est)
H2CO3 (est)
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
Fraction HCO3Fraction
Ionic Difference (Raw Water vs Great Lakes)
Ionic Species
MW (g/mol)
40.0784
Ca2+
2+
24.30506
Mg
39.09831
K+
22.98976
Na+
61.01702
HCO3 (est)
8.100 0.050
177.375
CO32-
0.9881167
0.0118833
Normalised
10
10
2
1
1.423576082
1
mol/l
Over max limit
over ave limit
1.17652E-05
8.26455E-06
10
Over max limit
CO32- (est)
60.00907
10
Over max limit
SO42-
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
10
10
Over max limit

Over max limit
Cl
NO3SiO2
60.08
CaCl2
Solubility @ 20C
Ca
2+
745 g/l
Ca
KCl
344 g/l
Mg2+
+
4
3
38.07249375
14.72205004
0.000314652
0.000121671
MgSO4
255 g/l
NaHCO3
96 g/l
NaCl
332 g/l
Mg
K
Na+
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
SO42Cl
NO3SiO2
Na
HCO3
SO4
Cl
Cl
Cl
MW (g/mol)
Ion
Na
Lake Victoria
2+
10
Cl-
2
10
Cl
SO42-
HCO3
1
10
Cl
CaCl2
110.98
Ca
KCl
MgSO4
74.5513
120.366
0
0
NaHCO3
84.007
84.007
Na+
NaCl
MgCl2
58.44
95.211
0
0
Na
Mg
K2CO3
138.205
K+
CO32-
CaCl2
20
12
20
0.67
0.00
0.00
11
11
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
12
0.00
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
CaCl2
10.000
2.259
10.000
Over max limit

1.17652E-05
over ave limit
NaCl
MgCl2
1.714
2.159
10.000
8.26455E-06
8.26455E-06
over ave limit
K2CO3
1.684
1.17652E-05
Mg
2+
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaHCO3
Ion
mol
8.26455E-06
Cl
mg
0.694279975
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
0
0
0
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
84.007
0
0
K2CO3
138.205
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
salt added
Ionic Species
Mg
40.0784
2+
24.30506
39.09831
Na
22.98976
HCO3- (est)
61.01702
CO32- (est)
60.00907
SO42-
96.0632
Cl
35.4532
NO3-
62.00501
SiO2
60.08
mol
mol
2+
MW (g/mol)
Ca2+
84.007
CaCl2
Ca
0
Cl
0
KCl
K+
0
MgSO4
Mg2+
0
NaHCO3
Na+
8.26455E-06
Cl0
SO420
HCO38.26455E-06
NaCl
Na+
0
Cl0
MgCl2
Mg
0
K2CO3
K+
0
2+
Cl
0
CO320

Lake Victoria
Chemical Compound
Raw Water

Na+ (mg/l)
K+ (mg/l)
Ca2+ (mg/l)
Mg2+ (mg/l)
HCO3- + CO32- (meq/l)
2.254
2.543
11.760
3.490
20.030
7.940
Min
1.04
1.08
10.40
3.70
5.00
1.59
Cl- (mg/l)
SO42- (mg/l)
12.860
16.640
3.90
2.30
SiO2 (mg/l)
4.190
3.00
11.500 7.310
NO3- (g/l)
0.490
11.00
20.000 19.510
PO43-
0.000
(g/l)
1.125
1.425
11.950
3.950
10.000
4.795
-1.129
-1.118
0.000
0.460
-10.030
-3.145
5.450 -7.410
2.300 -14.340
Total P (g/l)
0.000
91.363
3.00
47.00
12.50
8.000 8.000
57.000 57.000
44.500 -46.863
HCO3- (mg/l)
110.215
15.06
53.613 -57.107
0.581
0.000
8.050
0.09
0.317 -0.264
7.943E-09 -9.692E-10
8.100 0.050
CO32+
H
pH
(mg/l)
8.00
Ionic Species
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
mg/l
4.963
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
0.029
60.00907
0.089
62.03
12.011

Ionic Species
MW (g/mol)
40.0784
Ca2+
2+
24.30506
Mg
39.09831
K+
22.98976
Na+
61.01702
HCO3 (est)
Fraction HCO3-
0.9881167
Fraction CO32-
0.0118833
Normalised
10
10
1
10
1.423576082
mol/l
Over max limit
over ave limit
1.17652E-05
over ave limit
10
Over max limit
CO32- (est)
60.00907
10
Over max limit
SO42-
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
10
10
Over max limit

Over max limit
Cl
NO3SiO2
60.08
CaCl2
Solubility @ 20C
Ca
2+
745 g/l
Ca
KCl
344 g/l
Mg2+
3
2
38.07249375
14.72205004
0.000314652
0.000121671
MgSO4
255 g/l
NaHCO3
96 g/l
NaCl
332 g/l
Na
HCO3
Na
Mg
Na+
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
SO42Cl
NO3SiO2
SO4
Cl
Cl
Cl
MW (g/mol)
Ion
Lake Victoria
2+
CaCl2
110.98
Ca
10
Cl-
KCl
MgSO4
74.5513
120.366
0
0
K+
1
10
Cl2SO4
NaHCO3
84.007
84.007
Na+
10
HCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
58.44
95.211
0
0
Na+
Cl-
Mg2+
10
10
K2CO3
138.205
CO32-
20
11
20
0.67
0.00
0.00
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.00
Mg
2+
CaCl2
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
Cl-
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
CaCl2
10.000
2.159
10.000
Over max limit

1.17652E-05
over ave limit
NaCl
MgCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
K2CO3
1.584
1.17652E-05
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
mol
1.17652E-05
KCl
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
0
74.5513
0
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
0
0
0
K2CO3
138.205
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
salt added
Ionic Species
Mg
2+
K+
Na
40.0784
24.30506
39.09831
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
SO42-
22.98976
61.01702
60.00907
96.0632
Cl
35.4532
NO3-
62.00501
SiO2
60.08
74.5513
mol
mol
2+
MW (g/mol)
Ca2+
mg
0.877112029
CaCl2
Ca
0
Cl0
KCl
K+
1.17652E-05
MgSO4
Mg2+
0
NaHCO3
Na+
0
Cl1.17652E-05
SO420
HCO30
NaCl
Na
0
Cl
0
MgCl2
Mg2+
0
Cl0
K2CO3
K
0
2-
CO3
0

Lake Victoria
Chemical Compound
Na+ (mg/l)
K+ (mg/l)
Raw Water
2.254
2.543
11.760
3.490
Min
1.04
1.08
10.40
3.70

1.125
1.425
11.950
3.950
-1.129
-1.118
0.000
0.000
Ca2+ (mg/l)
Mg2+ (mg/l)
20.030
7.940
5.00
1.59
10.000 -10.030
4.795 -3.145
Cl- (mg/l)
SO42- (mg/l)
12.860
16.640
3.90
2.30
5.450 -7.827
2.300 -14.340
SiO2 (mg/l)
4.190
3.00
11.500 7.310
NO3- (g/l)
0.490
11.00
20.000 19.510
PO43-
0.000
(g/l)
Total P (g/l)
0.000
91.363
3.00
47.00
12.50
8.000 8.000
57.000 57.000
44.500 -46.863
HCO3- (mg/l)
110.215
15.06
53.613 -57.107
0.581
0.000
8.050
0.09
0.317 -0.264
7.943E-09 -9.692E-10
8.100 0.050
CO32+
(mg/l)
H
pH
8.00
Ionic Species
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance

Ionic Species
MW (g/mol)
40.0784
Ca2+
2+
24.30506
Mg
39.09831
K+
22.98976
Na+
61.01702
HCO3 (est)
CO32-
mg/l
4.963
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
0.029
60.00907
0.089
62.03
12.011
0.9881167
0.0118833
10
10
10
10
mol/l
Over max limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
Normalised
10
Over max limit
CO32- (est)
60.00907
10
Over max limit
SO42-
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
10
10
Over max limit

Over max limit
Cl
NO3SiO2
60.08
CaCl2
Solubility @ 20C
Ca2+
745 g/l
Ca
KCl
344 g/l
Mg2+
+
38.07249375
14.72205004
0.000314652
0.000121671
MgSO4
255 g/l
NaHCO3
96 g/l
NaCl
332 g/l
Na
HCO3
Na
Mg
K
Na
2
1
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
SO42-
SO4
ClNO3SiO2
Cl
Cl
Cl
MW (g/mol)
Ion
Lake Victoria
2+
10
Cl-
10
10
ClSO42-
10
HCO3
10
10
Cl
K+
10
CO32-
CaCl2
20
20
20
0.67
0.00
0.00
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
20
0.00
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
CaCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
NaCl
MgCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
K2CO3
10.000
over ave limit
CaCl2
110.98
Ca
KCl
MgSO4
74.5513
120.366
0
0
K+
Mg
NaHCO3
84.007
84.007
Na
NaCl
MgCl2
58.44
95.211
0
0
Na
Mg
K2CO3
138.205
2+
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
CaCl2
Cl
mol
mg
0
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
110.98
0
0
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
0
0
0
K2CO3
138.205
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
salt added
Ionic Species
MW (g/mol)
110.98
mol
2+
CaCl2
Ca
mol
-
Cl
Ca2+
40.0784
Mg2+
24.30506
K+
39.09831
Na+
22.98976
HCO3- (est)
61.01702
CO32SO42-
60.00907
(est)
CaCl2
35.4532
NO3-
62.00501
SiO2
60.08
MgSO4
Mg
0
NaHCO3
Na
0
Cl0
SO420
HCO30
NaCl
Na+
0
Cl0
MgCl2
Mg
0
K2CO3
K
0
KCl
2+
96.0632
Cl
0
K+
0
2+
Cl
0
CO320

Lake Victoria
1.125 -1.129
1.425 -1.118
11.950 0.000
3.950 0.000
10.000 -10.030
4.795 -3.145
Chemical Compound
Raw Water

Na+ (mg/l)
K+ (mg/l)
Ca2+ (mg/l)
Mg2+ (mg/l)
2.254
2.543
11.760
3.490
20.030
7.940
Min
1.04
1.08
10.40
3.70
5.00
1.59
Cl- (mg/l)
SO42- (mg/l)
12.860
16.640
3.90
2.30
SiO2 (mg/l)
4.190
3.00
11.500 7.310
NO3- (g/l)
PO43- (g/l)
0.490
11.00
20.000 19.510
0.000
Total P (g/l)
0.000
91.363
3.00
47.00
12.50
8.000 8.000
57.000 57.000
44.500 -46.863
HCO3- (mg/l)
110.215
15.06
53.613 -57.107
CO32- (mg/l)
0.581
0.000
8.050
0.09
0.317 -0.264
7.943E-09 -9.692E-10
8.100 0.050
H
pH
8.00
Ionic Species
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance

Ionic Species
MW (g/mol)
5.450 -7.827
2.300 -14.340
mg/l
4.963
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
0.029
60.00907
0.089
62.03
12.011
Fraction HCO3-
0.9881167
Fraction CO32-
0.0118833
Normalised
mol/l
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Na+
HCO3- (est)
40.0784
24.30506
39.09831
22.98976
61.01702
10
10
10
10
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
10
Over max limit
CO32SO42-
60.00907
10
Over max limit
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
10
10
Over max limit

Over max limit
(est)
Cl
NO3SiO2
60.08
CaCl2
Solubility @ 20C
Ca
2+
745 g/l
KCl
344 g/l
38.07249375
14.72205004
0.000314652
0.000121671
MgSO4
255 g/l
NaHCO3
96 g/l
NaCl
332 g/l
Na
HCO3
Na
Ca
Mg2+
Mg
Na
2
1
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
SO42Cl
NO3SiO2
SO4
Cl
Cl
Cl
MW (g/mol)
Ion
Lake Victoria
2+
CaCl2
110.98
Ca
10
Cl-
KCl
MgSO4
74.5513
120.366
0
0
K+
Mg2+
10
10
ClSO42-
NaHCO3
84.007
84.007
Na+
10
HCO3-
NaCl
MgCl2
58.44
95.211
0
0
Na+
Cl-
Mg2+
10
10
K2CO3
138.205
K+
10
CO32-
CaCl2
20
20
20
0.67
0.00
0.00
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
20
0.00
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
CaCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
Cl-
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
K2CO3
10.000
over ave limit
mol
mg
CaCl2
0
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
110.98
0
0
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
0
0
0
K2CO3
138.205
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
Ionic Species
MW (g/mol)
Ca2+
Mg
2+
K+
Na
40.0784
24.30506
39.09831
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
SO42-
22.98976
61.01702
60.00907
96.0632
Cl
35.4532
NO3-
62.00501
SiO2
60.08
110.98
salt added
mol
mol
CaCl2
Ca2+
0
Cl0
KCl
K+
0
MgSO4
Mg2+
0
NaHCO3
Na+
0
Cl0
SO420
HCO30
NaCl
Na+
0
Cl0
MgCl2
Mg2+
0
K2CO3
K+
0
Cl0
CO320

Chemical Compound
Raw Water

Na+ (mg/l)
K+ (mg/l)
Ca2+ (mg/l)
Mg2+ (mg/l)
2.254
2.543
11.760
3.490
20.030
7.940
Min
1.04
1.08
10.40
3.70
5.00
1.59
Cl- (mg/l)
SO42- (mg/l)
12.860
16.640
3.90
2.30
Lake Victoria
1.125 -1.129
1.425 -1.118
11.950 0.000
3.950 0.000
10.000 -10.030
4.795 -3.145
5.450 -7.827
2.300 -14.340
SiO2 (mg/l)
4.190
3.00
11.500 7.310
NO3- (g/l)
0.490
11.00
20.000 19.510
PO43-
0.000
(g/l)
Total P (g/l)
0.000
91.363
3.00
47.00
12.50
8.000 8.000
57.000 57.000
44.500 -46.863
HCO3- (mg/l)
110.215
15.06
53.613 -57.107
0.581
0.000
8.050
0.09
0.317 -0.264
7.943E-09 -9.692E-10
8.100 0.050
CO32+
(mg/l)
H
pH
8.00
Ionic Species
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance

Ionic Species
MW (g/mol)
40.0784
Ca2+
2+
24.30506
Mg
39.09831
K+
22.98976
Na+
61.01702
HCO3 (est)
CO32-
mg/l
4.963
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
0.029
60.00907
0.089
62.03
12.011
0.9881167
0.0118833
10
10
10
10
mol/l
Over max limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
Normalised
10
Over max limit
CO32- (est)
60.00907
10
Over max limit
SO42-
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
10
10
Over max limit

Over max limit
Cl
NO3SiO2
60.08
CaCl2
Solubility @ 20C
Ca2+
745 g/l
Ca
KCl
344 g/l
Mg2+
38.07249375
14.72205004
0.000314652
0.000121671
MgSO4
255 g/l
NaHCO3
96 g/l
NaCl
332 g/l
Na
HCO3
Na
Mg
Na
2
1
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
SO42-
Cl
NO3SiO2
Ion
SO4
Cl
MW (g/mol)
Cl
Cl
Lake Victoria
CaCl2
110.98
Ca2+
10
Cl-
KCl
MgSO4
74.5513
120.366
0
0
K+
Cl-
Mg2+
10
10
SO42-
NaHCO3
84.007
84.007
Na
10
HCO3-
NaCl
MgCl2
58.44
95.211
0
0
Na+
Cl-
Mg2+
10
10
K2CO3
138.205
10
CO3
20
20
20
0.67
0.00
0.00
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
20
0.00
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
CaCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
NaCl
MgCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
K2CO3
10.000
over ave limit
mol
mg
CaCl2
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
CaCl2
Cl2-
0
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
110.98
0
0
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
0
0
0
K2CO3
138.205
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
Ionic Species
Ca2+
Mg
2+
K+
Na
MW (g/mol)
40.0784
24.30506
39.09831
HCO3- (est)
22.98976
61.01702
110.98
salt added
mol
mol
CaCl2
Ca2+
0
Cl0
KCl
K+
0
Cl0
SO420
MgSO4
Mg
0
2+
CO32- (est)
60.00907
SO42-
96.0632
Cl
35.4532
NO3-
62.00501
SiO2
60.08
NaHCO3
Na
0
HCO3
0
NaCl
Na+
0
Cl0
MgCl2
Mg
0
K2CO3
K
0
2+
Cl
0
CO320
TWater
TWater
0.037109032
K1
4.25566E-07
K2
4.35936E-11
Kw
7.80214E-15
KCa
3.45401E-09 (calcite)
KMg
0.0000068 at 25C
PCO2 =
0.00035 atm
70.97
F
Average Municipal Water
Mg & Ca
Hardness (as
CaCO3 eq)
4.661
8.318
0.000
2-
mg/l as CaCO3
50.021
32.697
4.467
25.599
90.394185
0.968878
17.337
18.152
0.395
83.18
TH / F (French Hardness) - Resulting from Ca2+ and Mg2+

KH (Carbonate Hardness/Temporary Hardness) - Resulting from HCO3- and CO32-
mg/l
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Na+
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
20.03
7.94
3.49
11.76
SO42ClNO3SiO2
16.64
12.86
0.49
4.19
161.55
H+
pH
mg/l
dGH (German Hardness / General Hardness / Permanent Hardness) - Resulting from Ca 2+ and M
Ionic Species
TDS
8.05
Total Alkalinity
as CaCO3
91.363

8.50327E+12
294.80 K
K0
TWater
g from Ca 2+ and Mg2+
O3
Average Municipal Water

21.65
C
91.35
22.240
e Victoria
Lake Malawi
(Avg - Raw Water)
Average
Lake Tangan
Max
Min
Max
Min
1.21
2.45
2.450
0.196
2.45
7.30
1.77
1.08
1.425
-1.118
1.77
7.25
13.50
21.00
21.000
9.240
21.00
57.00
4.20
6.40
6.400
2.910
6.40
15.00
16.40
18.100
-1.930
19.80
9.20
8.00
4.70
6.750
-1.190
8.80
39.20
1.53
2.36
2.470
0.644
2.58
6.02
7.00
3.57
3.935
-8.925
4.30
20.90
2.30
5.50
5.500
-11.140
5.50
7.20
20.00
1.10
2.550
-1.640
4.00
0.30
0.000
-0.490
18.500
18.500
30.00
7.00
0.000
0.000
29.00
13.00
7.00
67.00
18.00
76.50
118.00
123.500
32.137
129.00
301.00
92.17
142.35
148.983
38.768
155.62
343.25
0.55
0.75
0.785
0.204
0.82
11.68
8.913E-09
8.80
7.50
251.711
207.669
mol/l
0.000
229.954
8.60
8.66
252.239
513.428
mg/l
MW (g/mol)
8.13E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.956
61.01702
8.12E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.891E-07 CO32- (est)
0.026
60.00907
4.353E-07 CO32- (est)
1.432E-06 H2CO3 (est)
0.100
62.03
1.605E-06 H2CO3 (est)
12.011
8.326E-05
By how much?
66.87%
Ionic Species
8.050
0.000E+00
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
mol/l
8.326E-05
Ionic Species
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
Fraction HCO3-
0.9893953
Fraction HCO3-
Fraction CO32-
0.0106047
Fraction CO32-
By how much?
9.75%
21.85806539
118.0359368
mol/l
Over max limit
over ave limit
7.44278E-05
0.000401918
to be added
to be added
10
4
3
5
186.5955064
0.000635367
to be added
3.40505E-06
to be added
Normalised
to be added
to be added
10
10
2
3
61.41%
48.41%
623.48%
105.86%
10
10
Over max limit 202.55%

10
2
to be added
to be added
10
10
Over max limit No Nitrates

10
10
g/l
MgCl2
543 g/l
K2CO3
1120 g/l
Mg
K
0.351841831
NaHCO3
0.164961183
MgSO4
0.026192603
NaCl
CO3
Cl
e Victoria
Lake Malawi
2+
10
Ca
K
10
10
Mg
10
Na+
10
10
Na
Mg
10
1.06
1.06
6.23
Ca
10
10
Mg
Na+
Na
Mg
Cl
SO42-
HCO3
3
10
Cl
Cl
10
10
K+
CO32-
K+
CaCl2
20
12
20
0.10
0.00
0.00
2.08
2.08
2.03
CaCl2
7
13
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.08
2.08
0.00
0.00
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
Salt
CaCl2
2+
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
0.48
10
Cl
2+
2
10
0.61
1.06
1.06
10
Lake Tangan
-
Negative Ion
Salt
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
KCl
MgSO4
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
10.000
3.276
10.000
Over max limit

7.44278E-05
over ave limit
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
0.000401918
0.000401918
over ave limit
0.000635367
Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
7.44278E-05
3.40505E-06
K2CO3
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
0.700
3.376
10.000
Over max limit
K2CO3
0.300
NaHCO3
mol
0.000635367
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
2+
mg
53.37525207
KCl
MgSO4
NaCl
MgCl2
KCl
Ion
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
0
0
0
84.007
0
0
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
K2CO3
138.205
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
KCl
MgSO4
NaCl
MgCl2
MW (g/mol):
salt added
84.007
MW (g/mol):
mol
salt added
mol
2+
CaCl2
Ca
0
Cl
0
KCl
K+
0
MgSO4
Mg2+
0
NaHCO3
Na+
0.000635367
Cl0
SO420
HCO30.000635367
NaCl
Na+
0
Cl0
MgCl2
Mg
0
K2CO3
K+
0
2+
e Victoria
CaCl2
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
Cl
0
CO320
MgCl2
K2CO3
Lake Malawi
Max
1.21
1.77
13.50
4.20
15.00
8.00
Min
2.45
1.08
21.00
6.40
16.40
4.70
7.00
2.30
3.57
5.50
20.00
1.10
Average
Min
7.30
7.25
57.00
18.00
9.20
39.20
3.935 -8.925
5.500 -11.140
4.30
5.50
20.90
7.20
2.550 -1.640
4.00
0.30
0.196
-1.118
-5.367
2.910
-1.930
-1.190
0.000 -0.490
13.00
67.00
76.50
92.17
0.55
0.75
8.80
7.50
7.00
30.00
7.00
118.00
18.500 18.500
0.000 0.000
123.500 32.137
129.00
301.00
142.35
148.983 0.000
155.62
343.25
0.785 0.204
8.913E-09 8.913E-09
8.050 -0.750
0.82
11.68
8.60
8.66
mg/l
4.956
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
0.026
60.00907
0.100
62.03
mol/l
Ionic Species
8.12E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.353E-07 CO32- (est)
1.605E-06 H2CO3 (est)
12.011
mol/l
Ionic Species
8.13E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.891E-07 CO32- (est)
1.432E-06 H2CO3 (est)
8.326E-05
Max
2.45
1.77
21.00
6.40
19.80
8.80
2.450
1.425
21.000
6.400
18.100
6.750
29.00
(Avg - Raw Water)
Lake Tangan
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
8.326E-05
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
By how much?
66.87%
to be added
CO32-
0.9893953
Fraction HCO3-
0.0106047
Fraction CO32-
Normalised
10
10
2
10
21.85806539
mol/l
Over max limit
over ave limit
7.44278E-05
Over max limit
By how much?
9.75%
10
2
10
3
to be added
25.56%
61.96%
10
48.41%
over ave limit
623.48%
105.86%
10
10

10
10
to be added
to be added
10
10

10
10
3.40505E-06
4
to be added
g/l
MgCl2
543 g/l
K2CO3
1120 g/l
Mg
0.351841831
NaHCO3
0.164961183
MgSO4
K
#VALUE!
NaCl
CO3
Cl
e Victoria
Lake Malawi
10
2+
Ca
10
10
Mg
10
10
10
Mg2+
10
1.06
1.06
6.23
CaCl2
0.62
1.06
1.06
0.48
10
Lake Tangan
-
10
Ca
K+
Cl
2+
2
10
Cl
2SO4
10
10
Mg
Na+
10
HCO3
10
Na+
Na+
10
10
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
10
10
Mg2+
CO32-
20
12
20
0.10
0.00
0.00
2.08
2.08
2.03
CaCl2
20
20
20
0.26
0.26
0.00
0.00
2.08
2.08
0.00
0.00
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
Negative Ion
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
Salt
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
10.000
3.276
10.000
Over max limit

7.44278E-05
over ave limit
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
Over max limit

Over max limit
over ave limit
over ave limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
7.44278E-05
3.40505E-06
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit
K2CO3
0.300
mol
7.44278E-05
KCl
Ion
mg
5.548686964
NaCl
MgCl2
NaHCO3
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
KCl
MgSO4
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
0
74.5513
0
0
0
0
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
K2CO3
138.205
K2CO3
74.5513
MW (g/mol):
mol
salt added
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
salt added
mol
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaCl
MgCl2
CaCl2
Ca
0
Cl
0
KCl
K+
7.44278E-05
MgSO4
Mg2+
0
NaHCO3
Na+
0
Cl7.44278E-05
SO420
HCO30
NaCl
Na
0
Cl
0
NaCl
MgCl2
Mg2+
0
Cl0
MgCl2
K2CO3
K
0
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
2-
e Victoria
CaCl2
CO3
0
K2CO3
Lake Malawi
Max
1.21
1.77
13.50
4.20
Min
2.45
1.08
21.00
6.40
Average
2.450
1.425
21.000
6.400
(Avg - Raw Water)

0.196
-1.118
-5.367
0.000
Lake Tangan
Max
2.45
1.77
21.00
6.40
Min
7.30
7.25
57.00
18.00
15.00
8.00
16.40
4.70
7.00
2.30
3.57
5.50
20.00
1.10
18.100 -1.930
6.750 -1.190
29.00
92.17
0.55
0.75
8.80
7.50
7.00
3.935 -11.564
5.500 -11.140
4.30
5.50
20.90
7.20
2.550 -1.640
4.00
0.30
30.00
7.00
118.00
18.500 18.500
0.000 0.000
123.500 32.137
129.00
301.00
142.35
148.983 0.000
155.62
343.25
0.785 0.204
8.913E-09 8.913E-09
8.050 -0.750
0.82
11.68
8.60
8.66
mg/l
4.956
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
0.026
60.00907
0.100
62.03
mol/l
Ionic Species
8.12E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.353E-07 CO32- (est)
1.605E-06 H2CO3 (est)
12.011
mol/l
Ionic Species
8.13E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.891E-07 CO32- (est)
1.432E-06 H2CO3 (est)
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
By how much?
66.87%
9.20
39.20
0.000 -0.490
13.00
67.00
76.50
8.326E-05
19.80
8.80
CO32-
8.326E-05
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
0.9893953
Fraction HCO3-
0.0106047
Fraction CO32-
Normalised
10
10
10
10
mol/l
By how much?
over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
10
2
10
10
over ave limit
10
61.96%
10
48.41%
623.48%
111.82%
10
10

10
10
to be added
to be added
10
10

10
10
3.40505E-06
to be added
g/l
MgCl2
543 g/l
K2CO3
1120 g/l
Mg
#VALUE!
NaHCO3
0.164961183
MgSO4
K
#VALUE!
CO3
NaCl
Cl
e Victoria
Lake Malawi
2+
10
Ca
K
10
10
Mg
10
Na
10
10
Na
Mg
10
1.12
1.12
6.23
10
Ca
K+
Cl
2+
10
10
Cl
SO42-
10
10
Mg2+
10
HCO3
10
Na
10
10
Cl
Na
Cl
10
10
Mg
K+
10
CO32-
K+
CaCl2
20
20
20
0.10
0.00
0.00
2.69
2.69
2.03
CaCl2
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.69
2.69
11
0.00
0.00
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
2+
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
0.62
1.12
1.12
10
Lake Tangan
-
+
+
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
0.48
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
Negative Ion
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
Salt
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
over ave limit
3.40505E-06
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit
K2CO3
1.100
CaCl2
mol
0
Ion
mg
0
NaCl
MgCl2
MgCl2
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
KCl
MgSO4
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
110.98
0
0
0
0
0
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
K2CO3
138.205
K2CO3
110.98
MW (g/mol):
mol
salt added
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
salt added
mol
2+
CaCl2
Ca
KCl
MgSO4
NaCl
MgCl2
Cl
CaCl2
CaCl2
K+
0
MgSO4
Mg
0
NaHCO3
Na
0
Cl0
SO420
HCO30
NaCl
Na+
0
Cl0
MgCl2
Mg
0
K2CO3
K
0
KCl
2+
2+
e Victoria
Max
1.21
1.77
13.50
4.20
15.00
8.00
Min
2.45
1.08
21.00
6.40
16.40
4.70
7.00
2.30
3.57
5.50
20.00
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
Lake Malawi
(Avg - Raw Water)
Average
2.450 0.196
1.425 -1.118
21.000 -5.367
6.400 0.000
18.100 -1.930
6.750 -1.190
MgCl2
K2CO3
Lake Tangan
Max
2.45
1.77
21.00
6.40
19.80
8.80
Min
7.30
7.25
57.00
18.00
9.20
39.20
3.935 -11.564
5.500 -11.140
4.30
5.50
20.90
7.20
1.10
2.550 -1.640
4.00
0.30
7.00
30.00
7.00
129.00
301.00
29.00
0.000 -0.490
13.00
67.00
76.50
118.00
18.500 18.500
0.000 0.000
123.500 32.137
92.17
142.35
148.983 0.000
0.55
0.75
8.80
7.50
mol/l
Ionic Species
8.13E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.891E-07 CO32- (est)
1.432E-06 H2CO3 (est)
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
By how much?
KCl
Cl
0
CO320
8.326E-05
CaCl2
CO32-
155.62
343.25
0.785 0.204
8.913E-09 8.913E-09
8.050 -0.750
0.82
11.68
8.60
8.66
mg/l
4.956
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
0.026
60.00907
0.100
62.03
mol/l
Ionic Species
8.12E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.353E-07 CO32- (est)
1.605E-06 H2CO3 (est)
12.011
8.326E-05
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
0.9893953
Fraction HCO3-
0.0106047
Fraction CO32-
Normalised
mol/l
By how much?
66.87%
10
10
10
10

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
10
10
10
10
61.96%
10
over ave limit
10
48.41%
623.48%
111.82%
10
10

3.40505E-06
to be added
10
10
to be added
to be added
10
10

10
10
g/l
MgCl2
543 g/l
K2CO3
1120 g/l
Mg
#VALUE!
NaHCO3
#VALUE!
MgSO4
#VALUE!
NaCl
CO3
Cl
e Victoria
Lake Malawi
10
10
10
2+
Ca
K
10
Lake Tangan
-
10
Ca
K+
Cl
2+
Mg2+
10
10
Cl
SO42-
10
10
Mg2+
10
Na+
10
HCO3-
10
Na+
10
10
Na+
10
10
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
10
10
Mg2+
K+
CaCl2
Mg2+
10
K+
10
CO32-
1.12
1.12
6.23
CaCl2
20
20
20
0.10
0.00
0.00
2.69
2.69
2.03
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.69
2.69
11
0.00
0.00
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
0.62
1.12
1.12
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
0.48
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
Negative Ion
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
Salt
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
KCl
MgSO4
KCl
MgSO4
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit
K2CO3
1.100
over ave limit
3.40505E-06
K2CO3
mol
mg
0
CaCl2
0
Ion
CaCl2
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
NaCl
MgCl2
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
110.98
0
0
0
0
0
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
K2CO3
138.205
K2CO3
110.98
MW (g/mol):
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
KCl
MgSO4
NaCl
MgCl2
salt added
mol
mol
salt added
CaCl2
Ca2+
0
Cl0
CaCl2
KCl
K+
0
MgSO4
Mg2+
0
NaHCO3
Na+
0
Cl0
SO420
HCO30
NaCl
Na+
0
Cl0
MgCl2
Mg2+
0
K2CO3
K+
0
Cl0
CO320
e Victoria
Max
1.21
1.77
13.50
4.20
15.00
8.00
Min
2.45
1.08
21.00
6.40
16.40
4.70
7.00
2.30
3.57
5.50
Lake Malawi
(Avg - Raw Water)
Average
2.450 0.196
1.425 -1.118
21.000 -5.367
6.400 0.000
18.100 -1.930
6.750 -1.190
3.935 -11.564
5.500 -11.140
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
Lake Tangan
Max
2.45
1.77
21.00
6.40
19.80
8.80
Min
7.30
7.25
57.00
18.00
9.20
39.20
4.30
5.50
20.90
7.20
e Victoria
20.00
1.10
2.550 -1.640
29.00
13.00
67.00
76.50
92.17
0.55
0.75
8.80
7.50
7.00
30.00
7.00
118.00
129.00
301.00
142.35
148.983 0.000
155.62
343.25
0.785 0.204
8.913E-09 8.913E-09
8.050 -0.750
0.82
11.68
8.60
8.66
mg/l
4.956
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
0.026
60.00907
0.100
62.03
mol/l
Ionic Species
8.12E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.353E-07 CO32- (est)
1.605E-06 H2CO3 (est)
12.011
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
By how much?
66.87%
0.30
18.500 18.500
0.000 0.000
123.500 32.137
mol/l
Ionic Species
8.13E-05 HCO3- (est)
4.891E-07 CO32- (est)
1.432E-06 H2CO3 (est)
8.326E-05
4.00
0.000 -0.490
CO32-
8.326E-05
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
0.9893953
Fraction HCO3-
0.0106047
Fraction CO32-
Normalised
10
10
10
10
mol/l
By how much?
over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
10
10
10
10
over ave limit
10
61.96%
10
48.41%
623.48%
111.82%
10
10

10
10
to be added
to be added
10
10

10
10
3.40505E-06
to be added
g/l
MgCl2
543 g/l
K2CO3
1120 g/l
Mg
#VALUE!
NaHCO3
#VALUE!
MgSO4
#VALUE!
NaCl
CO3
Cl
Lake Malawi
Lake Tangan
10
Ca2+
10
Cl-
10
Ca2+
10
10
K+
ClSO42-
10
10
K+
Mg2+
10
10
Mg2+
10
Na
10
HCO3-
10
Na
10
10
Na+
Cl-
10
10
Na+
Mg2+
10
10
Mg2+
10
10
CO3
1.12
1.12
6.23
CaCl2
20
20
20
0.10
0.00
0.00
2.69
2.69
2.03
CaCl2
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.69
2.69
11
0.00
0.00
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
0.62
1.12
1.12
Cl2-
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
0.48
NaCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
Negative Ion
Salt
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
Salt
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
CaCl2
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
3.40505E-06
K2CO3
KCl
MgSO4
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit
K2CO3
1.100
over ave limit
mol
mg
0
CaCl2
0
Ion
NaCl
MgCl2
CaCl2
Ion
MW (g/mol)
CaCl2
KCl
MgSO4
CaCl2
110.98
74.5513
120.366
110.98
0
0
0
0
0
NaHCO3
NaCl
MgCl2
84.007
58.44
95.211
K2CO3
138.205
K2CO3
110.98
MW (g/mol):
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
MW (g/mol):
KCl
MgSO4
NaCl
MgCl2
salt added
mol
mol
salt added
CaCl2
Ca2+
0
Cl0
CaCl2
KCl
K+
0
Cl0
SO420
MgSO4
Mg
0
2+
KCl
MgSO4
NaHCO3
Na
0
HCO3
0
NaHCO3
NaCl
Na+
0
Cl0
NaCl
MgCl2
Mg
0
K2CO3
K
0
2+
Cl
0
CO320
MgCl2
K2CO3
/ Permanent Hardness) - Resulting from Ca 2+ and Mg2+
Ca2+ and Mg2+
ss) - Resulting from HCO3- and CO32-
Lake Tanganyika
(Avg - Raw Water)
Average
Max
7.380 5.126
7.46
7.480 4.937
7.71
60.300 48.540
63.60
Mg
MgSO4
MW
24.30506
120.366
26.750 23.260
35.50
13.400 -6.630
17.60
41.250 33.310
43.30
6.415 4.589
Na
K
22.98976
39.09831
6.81
NaHCO3
HCO3-
84.007
61.01702
28.750 15.890
36.60
Cl-
35.4532
11.250 -5.390
15.30
3.450 -0.740
6.60
0.000 -0.490
7.000 7.000
7.00
Total monovalent
Cations
320.750 229.387
340.50
365.769 255.554
388.29
Total monovalent
Anions
12.447 11.866
13.21
0.000 0.000
1.380E-09 -7.532E-09
8.860 0.810
9.06
566.917
620.405
mg/l
MW (g/mol)
4.896
61.01702
mol/l
8.02E-05
0.167
60.00907
2.776E-06
0.015
62.03
2.455E-07
12.011
8.326E-05
Mg
MgSO4
Na
K
NaHCO3
HCO3ClMgSO4.7H2O
MW
24.30506
120.366
22.98976
39.09831
84.007
61.01702
35.4532
246.473
0.9352755
0.0647245
6.930734843
3.008521181
10.67742878
mol/l
Over max limit
0.001370497
0.000594911
0.002111375
By how much?
37.67%
to be added
to be added
to be added
21.18036037
0.004188244
to be added
0.000197742
to be added
Normalised
2.266573492

0.000448196 to be added
over ave limit
MW
HCO3-
Na+
84.007
0.004188244
0.004188244
Mg2+
SO42-
0.001370497
0.001370497
120.366
Total monovalent
Cations
Total monovalent
Anions
NaCl
58.44
58.44
Na+
0.000448196
Cl0.000448196
Lake Tanganyika
10
Cl-
3
4
Cl
SO42-
HCO3
2
10
6
5
4
Cl
Cl
2
2
CO32-
12
5
14
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
11
7
6
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
1.577
0.500
1.752
Over max limit

0.000594911
0.001370497
0.000448196
0.000448196
Over max limit
1.100
0.700
0.600
0.002111375
0.002111375
0.001370497
0.004188244
0.000448196
0.000448196
0.400
0.000594911
0.000197742
mol
0.000594911
mg
44.3513604
MW (g/mol)
110.98
74.5513
120.366
0
74.5513
0
84.007
58.44
95.211
0
0
0
138.205
74.5513
mol
mol
2+
Ca
0
Cl
0
K+
0.000594911
Na+
0
Cl0.000594911
SO420
HCO30
Na+
0
Cl0
Mg2+
0
Mg
0
2+
K+
0
Cl
0
CO320
Lake Tanganyika
Average
(Avg - Raw Water)

5.126
4.937
48.540
0.000
-6.630
33.310
Max
7.46
7.71
63.60
35.50
17.60
43.30
28.750 -5.201
11.250 -5.390
36.60
15.30
3.450 -0.740
6.60
7.380
7.480
60.300
26.750
13.400
41.250
0.000 -0.490
7.000 7.000
0.000 0.000
320.750 14.863
7.00
340.50
365.769 255.554
388.29
12.447 11.866
1.380E-09 1.380E-09
8.860 0.260
13.21
mg/l
4.896
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
mol/l
8.02E-05
0.167
60.00907
2.776E-06
0.015
62.03
2.455E-07
12.011
9.06
8.326E-05
0.9352755
0.0647245
By how much?
37.67%
to be added
10.67742878
mol/l
Over max limit
0.001370497
over ave limit
0.002111375
21.18036037
0.004188244
to be added
0.000197742
to be added
Normalised
6.930734843
to be added

over ave limit
over ave limit
MW
HCO3-
Na+
84.007
0.004188244
0.004188244
Mg2+
SO42-
120.366
0.001370497
0.001370497
58.44
Na+
over ave limit
Clover ave limit
Lake Tanganyika
10
Cl-
10
10
2
Cl
2SO4
10
10
HCO3
3
2
Cl
Cl
10
10
10
CO32-
20
20
12
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
7
13
12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.00
0.00
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
10.000
10.000
1.552
Over max limit

over ave limit
0.001370497
over ave limit

over ave limit
Over max limit
0.700
1.300
1.200
0.002111375
0.002111375
0.001370497
0.004188244
over ave limit
over ave limit
1.100
over ave limit
0.000197742
mol
0.004188244
mg
351.8418311
MW (g/mol)
110.98
74.5513
120.366
0
0
0
84.007
58.44
95.211
84.007
0
0
138.205
0
84.007
mol
2+
Ca
0
K+
0
Mg2+
0
Na+
0.004188244
+
mol
Cl0
Cl0
SO420
HCO30.004188244
-
Na
0
Cl
0
Mg2+
0
Cl0
K
0
2-
CO3
0
Lake Tanganyika
Average
7.380
7.480
60.300
26.750
(Avg - Raw Water)

5.126
4.937
-47.747
0.000
Max
7.46
7.71
63.60
35.50
13.400 -6.630
41.250 33.310
17.60
43.30
28.750 -5.201
11.250 -5.390
36.60
15.30
3.450 -0.740
6.60
0.000 -0.490
7.000 7.000
0.000 0.000
320.750 14.863
7.00
340.50
365.769 0.000
388.29
12.447 11.866
1.380E-09 1.380E-09
8.860 0.260
13.21
mg/l
4.896
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
mol/l
8.02E-05
0.167
60.00907
2.776E-06
0.015
62.03
2.455E-07
12.011
9.06
8.326E-05
0.9352755
0.0647245
Normalised
6.930734843
mol/l
Over max limit
0.001370497
over ave limit
Over max limit
By how much?
37.67%
to be added
75.07%
over ave limit

1
0.000197742
to be added

over ave limit
over ave limit
MW
HCO3
Na+
84.007
over ave limit
over ave limit
Mg
2+
2-
SO4
120.366
0.001370497
0.001370497
58.44
Na+
over ave limit
Clover ave limit
Lake Tanganyika
10
Cl-
10
10
2
Cl
SO42-
10
10
10
HCO3
10
10
2
Cl
Cl
10
10
10
CO32-
20
20
12
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
20
20
12
0.75
0.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.00
0.00
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
10.000
10.000
1.552
Over max limit

over ave limit
0.001370497
over ave limit

over ave limit
Over max limit
10.000
10.000
1.200
Over max limit

Over max limit
0.001370497
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
1.100
over ave limit
0.000197742
mol
0.001370497
mg
130.4863436
MW (g/mol)
110.98
74.5513
120.366
0
0
0
84.007
58.44
95.211
0
0
95.211
138.205
0
95.211
mol
2+
Ca
mol
-
Cl
K+
0
Na
0
Cl0
SO420
HCO30
Na+
0
Cl0
Mg
0
2+
2+
Mg
0.001370497
+
K
0
Cl
0.002740993
CO320
Lake Tanganyika
(Avg - Raw Water)
Average
7.380 5.126
7.480 4.937
60.300 -47.747
26.750 0.000
13.400 -6.630
41.250 0.000
Max
7.46
7.71
63.60
35.50
17.60
43.30
28.750 -102.378
11.250 -5.390
36.60
15.30
3.450 -0.740
6.60
0.000 -0.490
7.000 7.000
0.000 0.000
320.750 14.863
7.00
340.50
365.769 0.000
388.29
12.447 11.866
1.380E-09 1.380E-09
8.860 0.260
13.21
mg/l
4.896
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
mol/l
8.02E-05
0.167
60.00907
2.776E-06
0.015
62.03
2.455E-07
12.011
9.06
8.326E-05
0.9352755
0.0647245
Normalised
mol/l
By how much?

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
1
0.000197742
to be added

over ave limit
+
MW
HCO3-
Na
84.007
over ave limit
over ave limit
Mg2+
SO42-
120.366
over ave limit
over ave limit
58.44
Na+
Over max limit
ClOver max limit
Lake Tanganyika
10
Cl-
10
10
10
Cl
SO42-
10
10
10
HCO3-
10
10
10
Cl
Cl
10
10
10
CO32-
20
20
20
0.38
0.00
0.00
2.80
2.80
0.35
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.80
2.80
11
0.00
0.00
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
Over max limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
10.000
10.000
10.000
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit

Over max limit
Over max limit
1.100
over ave limit
0.000197742
mol
mg
0
0
MW (g/mol)
110.98
74.5513
120.366
110.98
0
0
84.007
58.44
95.211
0
0
0
138.205
0
110.98
mol
mol
Ca2+
0
Cl0
K+
0
Na+
0
Cl0
SO420
HCO30
Na+
0
Cl0
Mg2+
0
Cl0
CO320
Mg2+
0
K+
0
Lake Tanganyika
(Avg - Raw Water)
Average
7.380 5.126
7.480 4.937
60.300 -47.747
26.750 0.000
13.400 -6.630
41.250 0.000
Max
7.46
7.71
63.60
35.50
17.60
43.30
28.750 -102.378
11.250 -5.390
36.60
15.30
3.450 -0.740
6.60
0.000 -0.490
7.000 7.000
0.000 0.000
320.750 14.863
7.00
340.50
365.769 0.000
388.29
12.447 11.866
1.380E-09 1.380E-09
8.860 0.260
13.21
mg/l
4.896
MW (g/mol)
61.01702
mol/l
8.02E-05
0.167
60.00907
2.776E-06
0.015
62.03
2.455E-07
12.011
9.06
8.326E-05
0.9352755
0.0647245
Normalised
mol/l
By how much?
over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit
0.000197742
to be added

over ave limit
over ave limit
-
MW
HCO3
Na
84.007
over ave limit
over ave limit
Mg2+
SO42-
120.366
over ave limit
over ave limit
58.44
Na
over ave limit
Lake Tanganyika
Cl
over ave limit
10
Cl-
10
10
10
10
10
Cl
SO42HCO3-
10
10
10
Cl
Cl
2-
10
10
10
10
CO3
20
20
20
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
20
20
20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
11
0.00
0.00
Score
Positive Ion
Negative Ion
10.000
10.000
10.000
Over max limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit

over ave limit
Over max limit
10.000
10.000
10.000
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
over ave limit

over ave limit
over ave limit
1.100
over ave limit
0.000197742
mol
mg
0
0
MW (g/mol)
110.98
74.5513
120.366
110.98
0
0
84.007
58.44
95.211
0
0
0
138.205
0
110.98
mol
mol
Ca2+
0
Cl0
K+
0
Cl0
SO420
Mg
0
2+
Na
0
HCO3
0
Na+
0
Cl0
Mg
0
2+
K
0
Cl
0
CO320
Difference in Raw Water and Great

Lake Water
Victoria
mg/l
-9.26085
-45.8625
Malawi
mg/l
Tanganyika
mg/l
-2.36683 29.26731707
-11.7213 144.9405962
0.190
0.460
9.240
2.910
48.540
23.260
-77.9289 53.37525 351.8418311

-56.602
38.768
255.554
-7.410
-8.925
15.890
mmol/l
mmol/l
mmol/l
0.02003
0.476346 2.706285427
-0.20901
-0.25174
Victoria
0.448196496
Malawi
Tanganyika
0 29.26731707
0 144.9405962
9.24
48.54
0
0
0.19
0.46
2.91
23.26
0 53.37525 351.8418311
0 38.76818 255.5541805
0
0
15.89
0
0 296.7942589
mmol/l
0.02003
0
0.02003
mmol/l
mmol/l
-0.15902 -1.481958779
0
0.448196496
0 0.448196496

8.50327E+12
Accurate Lake Tanganyika Water Adjustment

Addition 1
Addition 2
Addition 3
Addition 4
Addition 5
Salt
mg/l
mol/l
KCl
44.3514 0.0005949
NaHCO3 351.842 0.0041882
MgCl2 130.486 0.0013705
CaCl2
0
0
CaCl2
0
0
Mg & Ca Hardness
219.200 mg/l
(as CaCO3 eq)
12.282 dGH (German Hardness / General Hardness / Permanent Hardness) - Resulting from Ca 2+ and Mg2+
21.920 TH / F (French Hardness) - Resulting from Ca2+ and Mg2+
217.592 KH (Carbonate Hardness/Temporary Hardness) - Resulting from HCO 3 and CO3
Equivalent
mg/l as
MW
Ionic Species
mg/l
mol/l
meq/l
Weight
CaCO3
(g/mol)
(g/mol/eq)
20.030
40.0784
0.00049977
20.0392
0.999541
50.021
Ca2+
41.250
24.30506 0.001697177
12.15253
3.394355
169.866
Mg2+
26.750
39.09831 0.000684173
39.09831
0.684173
34.239
K+
+
108.047 22.98976 0.004699776
22.98976
4.699776
235.194
Na
365.769 61.01702
5.995E-03 61.01702
5.994547 299.989631
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
SO42Cl
NO3SiO2
TDS
H+
pH (estimate)
Total Alkalinity as
CaCO3
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
8.393
60.00907
0.000139869
1.687
62.03
16.640
131.128
0.490
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
0.000173219
0.003698635
7.90259E-06
4.190
722.688
0.000
8.689
60.08
6.97403E-05
1.007947
2.047E-09
2.02% error
313.989
6.134E-03
72.544
12.01078
30.004535
0.279738
13.999135
48.0316
35.4532
62.00501
0.346439
3.698635
0.007903
17.337
185.094
0.395
6.274285
313.989
2.720E-05
6.04E-03
72.544
ardness) - Resulting from Ca 2+ and Mg2+
from HCO 3- and CO32-
Comparison with Lake

Tanganyika after adjustment
Over Max Limit by
Ideal Value
Ideal Value
Over Max Limit by
Ideal Value
Ideal Value
13.81%
Over Max Limit by

Over Max Limit by
Over Max Limit by
Over Ave Limit by
Over Max Limit by
8.76%
258.27%
Ideal Value
Ideal Value
69.88%
21.45%
16.49%
Accurate Lake Malawi Water Adjustment

Addition 1
Addition 2
Addition 3
Addition 4
Addition 5
Salt
mg/l
mol/l
NaHCO3 53.3753 0.0006354
KCl
5.54869 7.443E-05
CaCl2
0
0
CaCl2
0
0
CaCl2
0
0
Mg & Ca Hardness
82.629 mg/l
(as CaCO3 eq)
Equivalent
mg/l as
MW
Ionic Species
mg/l
mol/l
meq/l
Weight
CaCO3
(g/mol)
(g/mol/eq)
2+
20.030
40.0784
0.00049977
20.0392
0.999541
50.021
Ca
2+
7.940
24.30506 0.000326681
12.15253
0.653362
32.697
Mg
6.400
39.09831 0.00016369
39.09831
0.16369
8.192
K+
+
26.367
22.98976
0.001146899
22.98976
1.146899
57.395
Na
148.983 61.01702
2.442E-03 61.01702
2.44167 122.190319
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
1.080
2.176
62.03
SO42-
16.640
15.499
0.490
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
0.000173219
0.000437159
7.90259E-06
4.190
247.619
0.000
8.188
60.08
6.97403E-05
1.007947
6.482E-09
0.31% error
123.991
2.460E-03
Cl
NO3SiO2
TDS
H+
pH (estimate)
Total Alkalinity as
CaCO3
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
29.871
60.00907
12.01078
1.79928E-05
30.004535
0.035986
1.800855
48.0316
35.4532
62.00501
0.346439
0.437159
0.007903
17.337
21.877
0.395
2.477656
123.991
3.508E-05
2.49E-03
29.871
Comparison with Lake Malawi

after adjustment
Over Max Limit by
Over Ave Limit by
Ideal Value
Over Max Limit by
Ideal Value
Over Max Limit by
1.16%
17.63%
Over Max Limit by

Over Max Limit by
Over Max Limit by
Over Max Limit by
Over Ave Limit by
202.55%
260.43%
Over Ave Limit by
1.72%
Ideal Value
25.56%
31.64%
4.75%
7.68%
Accurate Lake Victoria Water Adjustment

Addition 1
Addition 2
Addition 3
Addition 4
Addition 5
Salt
mg/l
mol/l
NaHCO3 0.69428 8.265E-06
KCl
0.87711 1.177E-05
CaCl2
0
0
CaCl2
0
0
CaCl2
0
0
Mg & Ca Hardness
82.629 mg/l
(as CaCO3 eq)
Equivalent
mg/l as
MW
Ionic Species
mg/l
mol/l
meq/l
Weight
CaCO3
(g/mol)
(g/mol/eq)
2+
20.030
40.0784
0.00049977
20.0392
0.999541
50.021
Ca
2+
7.940
24.30506 0.000326681
12.15253
0.653362
32.697
Mg
3.950
39.09831 0.000101027
39.09831
0.101027
5.056
K+
+
11.950
22.98976
0.000519797
22.98976
0.519797
26.013
Na
110.71952 61.01702
1.815E-03 61.01702
1.814568 90.807774
HCO3- (est)
CO32- (est)
H2CO3 (est)
0.586
2.214
62.03
SO42-
16.640
13.277
0.490
96.0632
35.4532
62.00501
0.000173219
0.000374497
7.90259E-06
4.190
189.773
0.000
8.052
60.08
6.97403E-05
1.007947
8.872E-09
0.00% error
91.786
1.824E-03
Cl
NO3SiO2
TDS
H+
pH (estimate)
Total Alkalinity as
CaCO3
Total Inorganic
Carbon Balance
22.339
60.00907
12.01078
9.76915E-06
30.004535
0.019538
0.977770
48.0316
35.4532
62.00501
0.346439
0.374497
0.007903
17.337
18.741
0.395
1.834106
91.786
3.569E-05
1.86E-03
22.339

Comparison with Victoria after

adjustment
Over Max Limit by
Over Ave Limit by
Ideal Value
Ideal Value
Over Max Limit by
Over Max Limit by
33.53%
65.59%
Over Max Limit by

Over Max Limit by
Ideal Value
Ideal Value
Over Ave Limit by
623.48%
89.67%
20.13%
7.56%
6.99%
Ideal Value
Over Max Limit by
19.98%
Water Chemistry of the African Great Lakes

Chemical Constituent
Electrical conductivity
(mho = microsiemens)
Total solids
(mg/L)
Total solids
(mg/L) average
Sum of cations
(meq/L)
Sum of anions
(meq/L)
Total hardness as
calcium carbonate
CaCO3 (mg/L)
Total calcium as
calcium carbonate
CaCO3 (mg/L)
Total magnesium as
calcium carbonate
CaCO3 (mg/L)
pH
Na (sodium)
(mg/L)
K (potassium)
(mg/L)
Ca (calcium)
(mg/L)
Mg (magnesium)
(mg/L)
Alkalinity as
calcium carbonate
CaCO3 (mg/L)
HCO3 + CO3 (bicarbonate,
carbonate) (meq/L)
Alkalinity as
HCO3 + CO3 (bicarbonate,
carbonate ions) (mg/L)
Cl (chloride)
(mg/L)
SO4 (sulfate) (mg/L)
(using ion-exchange resins)
SiO2 (dissolved silica)
(mg/L)
NO3 N (nitrate-nitrogen)
(g/L)
PO4 P (phosphate)
(g/L)
Total P (phosphorus)
(g/L)
L. Victoria
L. Malawi
91-145
210-220
76-118
58.24118.0
134.4140.0
1.04-1.21
2.45
1.08-1.77
2.5-2.59
19.12-70.83
60.58-85.60
12.50-37.50
41.0-49.0
6.625-33.33
8.0-8.8
19.58-36.60
8.5-8.6
10.4-13.5
21
3.7-4.2
6.4
15-May
16.4-20.7
1.59-8
4.7-8.8
12.5-76.5
118.0-129.0
0.25-1.53
2.36-2.58
7.62-46.66
71.98-78.69
3.9-7.0
3.57-4.3
3.9-7.0
3.57-4.3
2.3
5.5
20-Mar
1.1-4
29-Nov
13-Mar
<7-30
47-67
L. Tanganyika
606-620
460
387.84460.0
7.30-7.46
7.25-7.71
186.33-224.0
23.0-44.0
163.33-180.0
8.66-9.06*
57-63.6
18.0-35.5
9.2-17.6
39.2-43.3
301.0-340.5
6.02-6.81
183.61-207.7
20.9-36.6
20.9-36.6
7.2-15.3
0.3-6.6
below detection
limit
7
[21 (doubtful)]
The following sources were used in the creation of this spread sheet:
1
Smith, F. Plisnier P. 'A preliminary investigation of some chemical and physical profiles of Lake Tanganyika'.
Talling, J. F., Talling I. B., (1965) 'The Chemical Composition of African Lake Waters', Freshwater Biological Association ,
Oliver, M. K., (2009) 'What Is the Chemical Composition of Lake Malawi Water? How Does it Compare with Lakes Victoria
http://malawicichlids.com/mw01011.htm
4
Carbon dioxide in water equilibrium - Available from: http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kinzie/documents/470/CO2solubility.doc
9 Chemistry of Carbonic Acid in Water - Available from: http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/documents/global_cycle/vol%
e Tanganyika'.
water Biological Association , International Revue ges. Hydrobiology, Vol 50, Issue 3, p 421 - 463.
Compare with Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika?' available from
nts/470/CO2solubility.doc
ocuments/global_cycle/vol%20I/cht_i_09.pdf

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General

Only cells with a yellow fill (

) are intended for user inputs - ALL OTHER CELL VALUES AR

Based on user inputs, the amount of minerals to be added is automatically calculated.

LL OTHER CELL VALUES ARE CALCULATED and should not be altered.

me of the parameters then you are welcome to do so)

as accurately as possible to either Lake Tanganyika or Lake Malawi water conditions.

n-iodized Sodium Chloride) to achieve approximate Lake Tanganyika conditions.

ake Tanganyika conditions.

n-iodized Sodium Chloride) to achieve approximate Lake Malawi conditions.

ake Malawi conditions.

tions, attempt to promote stability in your aquarium in the long run.

e values are quoted where available.

ns are also provided in the measure of teaspoons to be added

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Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit

Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit

Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit

Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit

Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit

Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit

Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit

Ernst Hannes Rachmann Smit

Raw Untreated Tap Water

Desired Water Temperature

(French Hardness) - Resulting from Ca2+ and Mg2+

(Adjust as needed to display correct total alkalinity)

Tanganyika Water Conditions Either Follow Points 1 or 2 but not b

(The Sodium Chloride may be substituted with Marine Salt to ad

See below for details following the adjustmen

Lake Tanganiyka (average)

Malawi Water Conditions Either Follow Points 3 or 4 but not both:

(The Sodium Chloride may be substituted with Marine Salt to ad

See below for details following the adjustmen

Lake Malawi (average)

Current Water Buffering Capacity

Follow Points 1 or 2 but not both:

Baking Soda (NaHCO3)

Epsom Salt (MgSO4.7H2O)

e may be substituted with Marine Salt to add more trace minerals)

See below for details following the adjustment:

Ideal Value Reached

Over required value by 96.3%

Over required value by 1076.1%

Ideal Value Reached

Check the spreadsheet

Points 3 or 4 but not both:

Baking Soda (NaHCO3)

Epsom Salt (MgSO4.7H2O)

e may be substituted with Marine Salt to add more trace minerals)

See below for details following the adjustment:

Over required value by

Over required value by 25.6%

Over required value by 202.5%

Ideal Value Reached

Check the spreadsheet

Temperature and Dissociation Constants

Raw Water Composition