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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION COMPONENTS OF THE SUBSTATION SITE SELECTION AND LAYOUT OF 110KV SUBSTATION AN OVERVIEW OF PUNNAPRA SUBSTATION FUNCTIONING OF THE SUBSTATION OPERATIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT LIGHTNING ARRESTOR WAVE TRAP CAPACITOR BANK ISOLATOR EARTHING SYSTEMS RELAYS BATTERY AND BATTERY CHARGER BUSBAR 3 4 6 7 9 10 13 16 17 18 19 20 32 35 37
CIRCUIT BREAKERS POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF TRANSFORMER5 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER REFERENCE
38 44 46 52 56 59 70 72
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project; however, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Fr.Cyriac Kochupurayil , Principal and Lizz Joseph, H.O.D of Electrical and Electronics department of Carmel this industrial visit. Polytechnic College, Punnapra for providing me an opportunity to conduct I am extremely thankful & indebted to the numerous 110kV substation
respective departments thus helping me to gain an overall idea about the each of them.
working of organization. I am highly thankful for the support and guidance of I am highly indebted to my project guide, Mr. ( Executive Engineer), Mr. (Assistant Executive engineer) , Mr .. (Assistant Engineer), Mr. (Station Engineer) for giving me their valuable their control instruments and their testing.
time and helping me to grasp various concepts of switchyard equipments and I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents, classmates & my the completion of this report.
friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in Last but not the least, thanks goes to the Almighty, who has been always the savior and who is leading everyone to the enlightening of knowledge and wisdom. Name S5 Electrical Carmel Polytechnic College
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INTRODUCTION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipments, and transformers. Substations are of different types. A transmission substation connects two or more transmission system to the distribution system of an area. seventeen 220 KV substations. transmission lines and a distribution substation transfers power from the In Kerala, the major substations include one 400 KV sub-station, and
Polytechnic College, Alappuzha gives a chance to their students to spend two weeks in industrial companies. This training gives the student the opportunity to see what they have studied and how to deal with practical life. My training program was in the period from 6th May 2013 to 20th May 2013 at 110kV substation, Punnapra.
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. The places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the
electric power is produced at the power station, which are located at favorable consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many some characteristics (e.g. Voltage, AC to DC frequency, power factor etc) of
places in the line of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation up to high voltage of transmission of electric power. Similarly near the This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.
for example, generation voltage (11kV/6.6kV) at the power station is stepped consumers localities, the voltage may have to step down to utilization level.
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A substation may include transformers to include voltage levels between high transmission voltage levels and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmissions.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system
became a grid. As central generation station became larger, smaller generation a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of the power station. Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipments, and transformers. Devices such as capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.
plants were converted distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from
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A: Primary power line's side B: Secondary power line's side 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Primary power lines Ground wire Overhead lines Potential or Voltage transformer Disconnect switch Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer 8. Lightning arrestor 9. Main transformer 10.Control building 11.Security fence 12.Secondary power lines
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expansion. Set back distances from various roads such as National highways, state highways should be observed as per regulations in force. While selecting the land for the substation, preference is to be given to government land over private land. The land should not have water logging problem. Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach termination of high voltage overhead transmission lines
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110kV SIDE
BUS I INCOMING LINE PLPU NO I BUS II PLPU NO:II
OUTGOING LINE
66kV SIDE
BUS I INCOMING LINE 63 MVA I BUS II 63 MVA II
OUTGOING LINE
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OPERATIONS IN GENERAL
The following operating instructions may be strictly followed for the smooth operation of the substation: 1. The operator, taking over the shift charge shall record the time of taking over the duty with name and signature. He / She shall also record the name of shift assistant in the diary and log book. 2. Handover the charge with clear explanation in brief regarding the substation and feeders such as PW/IC/NBC in force, trouble noted in any of the equipments etc. Handing over time and dated signature
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with the name of the relieving operator should invariably be recorded. 3. An operator should primarily check protective and alarm circuits of the individual feeders and also the control supply system including the battery system. Then the overall inspection of the control room and yard equipments should be conducted. Check and confirm the reliability of emergency lights and accessibility of fire fighting equipments. 4. Read carefully previous operations and make a thorough picture regarding the substation feeder positions. Record all entries with time and sequence of operations performed. The tripping and any major events requiring special attentions should be recorded in red ink and scheduled interruptions like switch off and permit to work should be recorded in green ink. 5. Message book and phone call register are to be maintained by the operator on duty. Phone message received and transmitted shall be recorded with date and time and confirm the authenticity of the person at the other end. Confirm that the messages are communicated to the right person to whom it is intended and act according to the seriousness of the matter contained therein. 6. Visit the yard frequently and watch the various equipments and their functions carefully.
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7. 8.
Promptly record hourly and half hourly readings with utmost care. The operator on duty shall see that the substation equipments and panels in the control room are kept clean.
9.
Station clock timings should be checked and corrected if necessary at 3pm on every day, with 220kV substation Kalamassery.
10.
Check the specific gravity and the cell voltage of the pilot cells of the station battery and record them in the log sheet by the 1st shift assistant operator every day.
11. 12.
Take suitable steps to avoid overloading of equipments and feeders. Maintain the system voltage within the statutory limits with appropriate tab selections as far as possible.
13.
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INCOMING FEEDERS
If the incoming feeders are tripped on over current relay, reduce the load on the transformer by switching off outgoing feeders from the transformer. Reset the relay and charge the incoming feeder. Then charge the incoming feeder one by one. If the incomer is again tripped, the outgoing feeder last charged may be kept open and other feeders charged suspecting fault on the particular feeder. The load on the transformer may closely be watched and if found exceeding the admissible limit, the distribution authorities may be directed to limit the current.
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fault or heavy fluctuations in the supply system, flashing the cubicle are noted, the feeder may be declared as faulty after confirming that the fault exists on the feeder beyond the outdoor isolation point by isolating the AB switch and charging the cable portion from the control room. Inform the distribution section to rectify the fault. If a feeder trips on OC relay, only three test charging may be attempted. Avoid further test charging until confirmation from distribution authority is received that the load on the feeder has been reduced.
AUXILIARY FEEDER
The method in the case of other outgoing feeder may be adopted in this case also. But as the station supply is taken from the beach feeder, when the feeder is faulty, open the AB switch in the 11kV outdoor structure and charge the breaker for taking the auxiliary supply, inform the matter to distribution section.
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LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
Whenever an incoming comes to a substation, initially the line is connected lightning arrester seems like a set of insulators connected together through a lightning arrester. This is for the protection of the station. Generally a
with a ring in the top. This ring is grading rings is that in case of
called grading ring. The purpose of heavy voltage surges the charge is distributed uniformly through the ring and then the discharge occurs. An ammeter is connected with the it. The ammeter is reset. The current passing through it. maximum current passed through ammeter in the arrester carrying the topmost conductor will have maximum
middle of 1970s. The typical lightning arrestors also known as surge resistors
have a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge or the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to the earth.
switching surge travels down the power system to the arrestor, the current from
SPECIFICATION
METOVAR META OXIDE SURGE ARRESTOR
Rated voltage Rated frequency Long duration discharge Discharge current Max continuous operating voltage Pressure relief current Type 96kV 50Hz Class 3 10kA 81kV 40kA Metovar
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WAVE TRAP
Wave trap is also known as line trap. It is an instrument used for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its shape is like that of a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments in the substation. The wave trap traps the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom / tele protection panel in substation control room through the coupling capacitor and LMU. This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for the communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. Line signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom / teleprotection panel in the substation control room. The wave trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of the signals to the substation bus bars. If they were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective or probably impossible.
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CAPACITOR BANK
A capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used to correct or counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor lag or phase shifts inherent in alternating current (AC) electrical power supplies. The energy storing characteristic of capacitors is known as capacitance and is expressed or measured by the unit farads. This is usually a known, fixed value for each individual capacitor which allows for considerable flexibility in a wide range of uses such as restricting DC current while allowing AC current to pass, output smoothing in DC power supplies, and in the construction of resonant circuits used in radio tuning. These characteristics also allow capacitors to be used in a group or capacitor bank to absorb and correct AC power supply faults. The use of a capacitor bank to correct AC power supply anomalies is typically found in heavy industrial environments that feature working loads made up of electric motors and transformers. This type of working load is problematic from a power supply perspective as electric motors and transformers represent inductive loads, which cause a phenomenon known as phase shift or power factor lag in the power supply. The presence of this undesirable phenomenon can cause serious losses in terms of overall system efficiency with an associated increase in the cost of supplying the power. The use of a capacitor bank in the power supply system effectively cancels out or counteracts these phase shift issues, making the power supply far more efficient and cost effective. The installation of a capacitor bank is also one of the cheapest methods of correcting power lag problems and maintaining a power factor capacitor bank is simple and cost effective. In Punnapra Substation, capacitor bank is rated for 123kV, 25 MVR consisting of 42 units of 10.14kV, 596.23 kVAR internal fuse capacitor units arranged in double star configuration.
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ISOLATOR
In order to disconnect a part of system for maintenance and repair, isolators are used. It is a knife switch designed to open a circuit under no load. If isolators are is a possibility of occurrence of a spark at the isolator contacts. After repair, first isolators are closed and then Circuit Breaker. There are two types of isolators-
to be opened, the Circuit Breaker connected must be opened first. Otherwise there
Line isolators and Bus isolators. For bus isolators, there is no earth switch. During maintenance works the line isolator contacts are opened, so that the three phases of earthing arms. trip simultaneously. For the ease of earthing, dead weights are provided at the end
SPECIFICATION
Current Max Design Voltage Impulse Withstand Voltage 800A 125kV 550kV
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EARTHING SYSTEMS
In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electrical potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply, and regulations can vary considerably among countries. Most electrical systems connect one supply conductor to earth (ground). If a fault
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within an electrical device connects a "hot" (unearthed) supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while electrically connected to the earth (e.g., by standing on it, or touching an earthed sink) will complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock. The sole purpose of substation grounding/earthing is to protect the equipment from surges and lightning strikes and to protect the operating persons in the points of transformers and generators to ground and also for connecting the substation. The substation earthing system is necessary for connecting neutral non current carrying metal parts such as structures, overhead shielding wires, tanks, frames, etc to earth. Earthing of surge arresters is through the earthing system. The function of substation earthing system is to provide a grounding mat below the earth surface in and around the substation which will have ensure that
uniformly zero potential with respect to ground and lower earth resistance to
To provide discharge path for lightning over voltages coming via rodgaps, surge arresters, and shielding wires etc. . To ensure safety of the operating staff by limiting voltage gradient at ground level in the substation To provide low resistance path to the earthing switch earthed terminals, so as to discharge the trapped charge (Due to charging currents even earth prior to maintenance and repairs. the line is dead still charge remains which causes dangerous shocks) to
Earth Resistance Earth Resistance is the resistance offered by the earth electrode to the flow of current in to the ground. To provide a sufficiently low resistance path to the earth to minimize the rise in earth potential with respect to a remote earth not receive a dangerous shock during an earth fault. Each structure,
fault. Persons touching any of the non current carrying grounded parts shall
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transformer tank, body of equipment, etc, should be connected to earthing mat by their own earth connection.
Grounding system in a electrical system is designed to achieve low earth resistance and also to achieve safe Step Potential and Touch Potential. Step Potential: Step potential is the potential difference between the feet of a person standing on the floor of the substation, with 0.5 m spacing between the feet (one step), through the flow of earth fault current through the grounding system. Touch Potential: Touch potential is a potential difference between the fingers of raised hand touching the faulted structure and the feet of the person standing on the substation floor. The person should not get a shock even if the grounded small.
structure is carrying fault current, i.e, The Touch Potential should be very
Types of Grounding: 1. Un earthed Systems: It is used no more. The neutral is not connected to the earth, also called as insulated neutral system.
The neutral is directly connected to the earth without any impedance between neutral and ground.
3. Resistance grounding:
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Resistance is connected between the neutral and the ground. 4. Reactance grounding: Reactance is connected between the neutral and ground. 5. Resonant Grounding: An adjustable reactor of correctly selected value to compensate the capacitive Arc Suppression Coil or Earth Fault Neutralizer
earth current is connected between the neutral and the earth. The coil is called
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These types of earth pit are generally filled with alternate layer of charcoal & salt or earth reactivation compound.
Generally for plate type earthing normal Practice is to use Cast iron plate of size 600 mm x600 mm x12 mm. OR Galvanized iron plate of size 600 mm x600 mm x6 mm. OR
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Plate burred at the depth of 8 feet in the vertical position and GI strip of size 50 mmx6 mm bolted with the plate is brought up to the ground level.
These types of earth pit are generally filled with alternate layer of charcoal & salt up to 4 feet from the bottom of the pit. MAT EARTHING
Design of earth mat Before designing the earthmat, it is necessary to determine the soil resistivity of the area in which H.V.substation is to be located. Depending up On the types of soil. Further, their resistivity depth depending upon the type of soil, moisture content and temperature etc., at affects the flow of various depths which current due to the fact that the earth fault current is likely to take its path through various layers.
Excavation on earth for a normal earth Pit size is 1.5M X 1.5M X 3.0 M. Use 500 mm X 500 mm X 10 mm GI Plate or Bigger Size for more Contact of Earth and reduce Earth Resistance.
Make a mixture of Wood Coal Powder Salt & Sand all in equal part rust proves for GI Plate for long life.
Wood Coal Powder use as good conductor of electricity, anti corrosive, The purpose of coal and salt is to keep wet the soil permanently.
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The salt percolates and coal absorbs water keeping the soil wet. that the pit soil will be wet.
Care should always be taken by watering the earth pits in summer so Coal is made of carbon which is good conductor minimizing the earth resistant. Salt use as electrolyte to form conductivity between GI Plate Coal and Earth with humidity. Sand has used to form porosity to cycle water & humidity around the mixture. Put GI Plate (EARTH PLATE) of size 500 mm X 500 mm X 10 mm in the mid of mixture. Use Double GI Strip size 30 mm X 10 mm to connect GI Plate to System Earthling. It will be better to use GI Pipe of size 2.5 diameter with a Flange on the top of GI Pipe to cover GI Strip from EARTH PLATE to Top Flange. Cover Top of GI pipe with a T joint to avoid jamming of pipe with dust & mud and also use water time to time through this pipe to bottom of earth plate.
Maintain less than one Ohm Resistance from EARTH PIT conductor to a distance of 15 Meters around the EARTH PIT with another conductor dip on the Earth at least 500 mm deep.
Check Voltage between Earth Pit conductors to Neutral of Mains Supply 220V AC 50 Hz it should be less than 2.0 Volts.
It varies from soil to soil. It depends on the physical composition of the soil, moisture, dissolved salts, grain size and distribution, seasonal variation,
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current magnitude etc. In depends on the composition of soil, Moisture current magnitude. (2) Soil Condition
content, Dissolved salts, grain size and its distribution, seasonal variation,
Different soil conditions give different soil resistivity. Most of the soils are very poor conductors of electricity when they are completely dry. Soil resistivity is measured in ohm-meters or ohm-cm.
Soil plays a significant role in determining the performance of Electrode. Soil with low resistivity is highly corrosive. If soil is dry then soil resistivity value will be very high. If soil resistivity is high, earth resistance of electrode will also be high. (3) Moisture Moisture has a great influence on resistivity value of soil. The resistivity of a of the water itself. Conduction of electricity in soil is through water.
soil can be determined by the quantity of water held by the soil and resistivity
The resistance drops quickly to a more or less steady minimum value of about 15% moisture. And further increase of moisture level in soil will have little effect on soil resistivity. In many locations water table goes down in dry earth pit to maintain moisture in dry weather conditions. Moisture significantly influences soil resistivity (4) Dissolved salts Pure water is poor conductor of electricity. Resistivity of soil depends on dissolved in it.
resistivity of water which in turn depends on the amount and nature of salts
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Small quantity of salts in water reduces soil resistivity by 80%. common salt is most effective in improving conductivity of soil. But it corrodes metal and hence discouraged.
(5) Climate Condition Increase or decrease of moisture content determines the increase or decrease of soil resistivity.
Thus in dry whether resistivity will be very high and in monsoon months the resistivity will be low.
(6) Physical Composition Different soil composition gives different average resistivity. Based on the type of soil, the resistivity of clay soil may be in the range of 4 150 ohm-meter, whereas for rocky or gravel soils, the same may be well above 1000 ohmmeter.
(7) Location of Earth Pit The location also contributes to resistivity to a great extent. In a sloping
landscape, or in a land with made up of soil, or areas which are hilly, rocky or sandy, water runs off and in dry weather conditions water table goes down very fast. In such situation Back fill Compound will not be able to attract moisture, as the soil around the pit would be dry.
The earth pits located in such areas must be watered at frequent intervals, particularly during dry weather conditions.
Though back fill compound retains moisture under normal conditions, it gives off moisture during dry weather to the dry soil around the electrode, and in naturally not well drained. the process loses moisture over a period of time. Therefore, choose a site that is
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Grain size, its distribution and closeness of packing are also contributory
factors, since they control the manner in which the moisture is held in the soil. Effect of seasonal variation on soil resistivity: Increase or decrease of moisture content in soil determines decrease or increase of soil resistivity. Thus in dry weather resistivity will be very high and during rainy season the resistivity will be low.
(9) Effect of current magnitude Soil resistivity in the vicinity of ground electrode may be affected by current flowing from the electrode into the surrounding soil.
The thermal characteristics and the moisture content of the soil will determine if a current of a given magnitude and duration will cause significant drying and thus increase the effect of soil resistivity (10) Area Available Single electrode rod or strip or plate will not achieve the desired resistance alone.
If a number of electrodes could be installed and interconnected the desired resistance could be achieved. The distance between the electrodes must be equal to the driven depth to avoid overlapping of area of influence. Each electrode, therefore, must be outside the resistance area of the other. (11) Obstructions The soil may look good on the surface but there may be obstructions below a like concrete structure near about the pits will affect resistivity. If the earth pits are close by, the resistance value will be high. (12) Current Magnitude
few feet like virgin rock. In that event resistivity will be affected. Obstructions
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A current of significant magnitude and duration will cause significant drying condition in soil and thus increase the soil resistivity.
Parts to be Earthed
Transformer tank
Method of Connection
Connect the earthing bolt on transformer tank to the station earth
Connect the earthing bolt on the frame and the operating mechanism of Circuit breaker to earthing system
Surge arrestor Support of bushing insulators, lightning arrestors, fuse, etc. Potential transformer
Device flange or base plate Connect the earthing bolt of the device to the station earthing system Potential Transformer tank, LV neutral Connect the transformer earthing bolt to earthing system. Connect LV neutral of phase lead to case with flexible copper conductor
Isolator
Weld the isolator base frame, connect it to the bolt on the operating mechanism, base plate and station earth.
Current transformer
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RELAYS
Relays are one of the most important parts of substation. The function of a relay is mainly incorporated in the control panel section of the substation. A protective relay is mainly incorporated in the control panel section of the substation. A
protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the CB to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. The relay detects the abnormal condition such as voltage, current, frequency, phase angle and temperature. The substation has control panels for its incoming as well as outgoing feeders and each control panel has various relays. The different types of relays which are used here are Distance protection relay Auto reclose relay Synchronizing relay Differential relay Over current relay Earth fault relay Auxiliary relay
It is a special type of relay used to know at which place the line has failed. zones. The relay will indicate the rough
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which the breaking has occurred. The connection to the main relay is made panel has 2 types of distance protection relays.
Auto Reclose Relay
through an auxiliary relay. This relay is very helpful in remote areas. The control
Auto reclose relay is of mechanical type. It helps in speedier tripping and making up of the connection after fault rectification.
Synchronizing Relay
Advantages of bus couplers can be obtained only if the voltage and frequency of constantly comparing the two voltages and frequency and thereby initiating the tripping mechanism at time of fault. The synchroscope aids it.
Differential Relay
the bus bars to be coupled are the same. Synchronized relay does the function of
The relay is activated at difference in current flowing through the relay. In case of equipments like CT the relay is connected in between the equipments. In normal conditions the is the same as the current through the relay equipment current but
the line enclosed ten there through the relay at the fault side above that which is on the other side. This activates the relay, tripping occurs.
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The relay activates when current exceeds the permissible limits. It will be
connected to the circuit breaker in case of any fault due to over current. The relay is always given to the relay as it should trip even if there is an interruption in the power supply.
acts and activates the circuit to the breaker hence tripping the breaker. DC supply
It will be activated when there is any fault in the earthing of the equipment. It is also connected to circuit breaker to help tripping the circuit. The main applications of this relay are in control, alarm, indication and other auxiliary
duties in AC or DC systems. CAA & VAA relays are current and voltage operated respectively. These relays are attracted in a armature units of compact design supplied with reset contacts. Standard contacts are of silver or copper alloys. magnetic blow type contacts are used. They use the magnetic field of a small
When it is necessary to break heavy or highly inductive DC loads, heavy duty permanent magnet to force the arc onto the arcing horns away from the contact tips. The new control panel uses automatic semaphore (mimic) indicators for better control.
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mode. Battery is regularly checked in the substation to check the acidity of Electrolyte. A hydrometer is used to measure the same. To measure the voltage there is the centre zero voltmeter.
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BUSBAR
The lines operating at the same voltage is directly connected to a common electrical component called busbar. Busbar is of Cu or Al and is rectangular in substation are connected to the busbar.
Single busbar with sectionalisation
cross-section. Conductor used is moose. The incoming and outgoing lines in the
In this, busbar is divided into sections and load is equally distributed on all sections. The advantage of this arrangement is as follows: 1. If fault occurs in bar, that section canbe isolated any section of the bus
maintenance of any
Buses are coupled by means of two isolators and a coupler 1. Load division is better. 2. Even if one bus fails the other bus can supply the load.
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CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breakers have an in built fixed electric current load capacity which when breached causes automatic circuit shutdown. It basically detects the fault condition like a short or over load in the circuit, interrupts the continuity, and immediately stops the current flow. This safety feature makes insulation of a circuit breaker and essential part in an electric circuit. Overloading in an electrical circuit occurs when the wires are forced to carry and conduct an
electric charge more than their capacity. This causes the wires to heat up and two points in the circuit having different potential accidentally come in may result in excessive heating, circuit damage, explosion or even fire. consequences of wire overloading and accidental short-circuiting. CIRCUIT BREAKING MECHANISM Generally, a circuit breaker panel consists of a switch and a moving,
results in insulation breakdown and an electric fire. Short circuit occurs when contact. This causes unwanted current flow from one node to another which Therefore, circuit breakers are used to protect the circuit from unwanted
conductive contact plate which moves with the switch. When the switch is on an ON position, the contact plate touches a stationary plate which is connected to the circuit so that the electric current can flow. But when the switch is in the OFF position, due to the overloading or short circuit, the and he electric current ceases to flow. Though most circuit breaker has contact plate moves away from the stationary plate and the circuit gets opened common features in their operation, the mechanism may vary substantially as per the voltage class, current rating and type. In low voltage circuit breakers, whereas in those meant for large currents or high voltages, special pilot employing trip opening mechanism. when a fault condition is detected, it is rectified within the breaker enclosure, devices like relays are arranged to sense the fault current and rectify it by
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pressure goes below this a rotary compressor is automatically activated. Pressure of SF6 is
continuously monitored. SF6 being costly, is filled separately in each after each operation. Operation CB. The gas can be reconditioned mechanism is through air, which is
SPECIFICATION OF SF6 CB
Rated voltage Normal current Frequency Lightning impulse withstand voltage Duration of short circuit First pole to clear factor Short Circuit Breaker Current (Symmetrical) Short Circuit Breaker Current (Asymmetrical) Short circuit making current Operating Sequence SF6 gas pressure at 20C (abs) Total mass of SF6 gas (Kg)
145kV 3150A 50Hz 650kV 3s 1.5 40kA 44.8kA 100kAp 0-0.3s-CO-3min-CO 0.74mpa 12
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the arc interrupting device is insulating material which as system. This chamber is
a whole is at live potential of called arcing chamber or interrupting pot. The gas arcing chamber depends upon the current to be interrupted. Higher the pressure developed in the
current to be interrupted causes larger the gas pressure developed inside the the arc chamber for mechanical stresses. With use of better insulating
chamber, hence better the arc quenching. But this put a limit on the design of materials for the arcing chambers such as glass fibre, reinforced synthetic fault levels of the system.
resin etc, the minimum oil circuit breaker are able to meet easily the increased
Working Principle or arc quenching in minimum oil circuit breaker In a minimum oil circuit breaker, the arc drawn across the current carrying
contacts is contained inside the arcing chamber. Hence the hydrogen bubble
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formed by the vaporized oil is trapped inside the chamber. As the contacts
continue to move, after its certain travel an exit vent becomes available for
exhausting the trapped hydrogen gas. There are two different types of arcing
chamber is available in terms of venting are provided in the arcing chambers. Hydrogen), produced due to vaporization of oil and decomposition of oil during arc, will sweep the arc in axial or longitudinal direction.
One is axial venting and other is radial venting. In axial venting, gases (mostly
SPECIFICATION OF MOCB
Rated voltage Normal current Frequency Lightning impulse withstand voltage Rated breaking capacity Short time current Operating duty Total weight of oil Quantity of oil
66kV 800A 50Hz 350kV 1500mVA @ 66kV 13.1kA for 3sec 0-0.38-CO standard BSS 1050kg 150ltr
medium voltage application. For higher voltage Vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening and closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take place in a vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum interrupter. The arranged ceramic insulators. The vacuum pressure inside a vacuum interrupter is normally maintained at 10 6 bar.
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The material used for current carrying contacts plays an important role in the make VCB contacts. Vacuum interrupter technology was first introduced in the year of 1960. But still it is a developing technology. As time goes on, the to different technical developments in this field of engineering. The contact geometry is also improving with time, from butt contact of early days it
performance of the vacuum circuit breaker. CuCr is the most ideal material to
size of the vacuum interrupter is being reducing from its early 1960s size due
gradually changes to spiral shape, cup shape and axial magnetic field contact. The vacuum circuit breaker is today recognized as most reliable current maintenance compared to other circuit breaker technologies. interruption technology for medium voltage system. It requires minimum
contact gap, low contact mass and no compression of medium the drive energy contact areas are just being separated to each other, they do not be separated instantly, contact area on the contact face is being reduced and ultimately comes to a point and then they are finally de-touched. Although this happens contacts in a vacuum, the current through the contacts concentrated on that the metal on the contact surface is easily vaporized due to that hot spot and create a conducting media for arc path. Then the arc will be initiated and continued until the next current zero. At current zero this vacuum arc is
in a fraction of micro second but it is the fact. At this instant of de-touching of last contact point on the contact surface and makes a hot spot. As it is vacuum,
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surface. At this point, the contacts are already separated hence there is no
question of re-vaporization of contact surface, for next cycle of current. That means, the arc cannot be re-established again. In this way vacuum circuit breaker prevents the reestablishment of arc by producing high dielectric strength in the contact gap after current zero.
There are two types of arc shapes. For interrupting current up to 10kA, the arc remains diffused and the form of vapour discharge and cover the entire contact surface. Above 10kA the diffused arc is constricted considerably by its own magnetic field and it contracts. The phenomenon gives rise over heating of contact at its centre. In order to prevent this, the design of the contacts
should be such that the arc does not remain stationary but keeps travelling by its own magnetic field. Specially designed contact shape of vacuum circuit breaker make the constricted stationary arc travel along the surface of the contacts, thereby causing minimum and uniform contact erosion.
SPECIFICATION OF VCB
Rated voltage Rated current Breaking capacity Making capacity Short time current
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Using PLCC it is possible to make to the CT, PT, and CB etc. which will make the job easier. In this
type of communication, there will be no interference from outside. be used to link the dispatched also to the head office. Microwave communication can
centre within the substation and 9505 power line carrier terminals are intended for the transmission of speed, telemetering, teleprinting, telecontrol, teleindication & teleprotections signals in the carrier frequency range between 50Hz to 500 kHz over the following communication media with suitable line equipment.
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Model 9505 PLCC It provides single or twin channel voice grade for the transmission of speech or audio tones over high volume transmission lines. The transmitted audio tones can be used for telemetering supervisory control, protective relaying, data or other purposes. When used for data only, each channel carries onto base rates. typically 2450-based telegraphed channels or a small no of channels at high
Principle
AF signals are converted into IF signals using IF carriers of 5.12MHz generated in the system using a crystal oscillator. The required IF signals are filtered out using IO pole crystal filter to a final mixer stage. The carrier required for final mixing is derived from a VCO. The section works on PLL principle and can be steps of 0.5 kHz. Programming can be achieved by simple strapping. programmed to oscillate so as to give HF output in the range of 50-500 kHz in
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laminations are insulated from each other by a light coat of core plate varnish or an oxide layer on the surface. The thickness of lamination varies from .35mm for 50Hz to .5mm for 25Hz. In addition to eddy current loss hysteresis loss occurs in the core as it is subjected to alternate magnetization and demagnetization. Hysteresis loss depends on area of hysteresis loop of the core material. Special silicon steel
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having a steel content of 4-5% is used for the lamination. The core loss can be minimized by employing laminations of special steel sheet having high silicon content. CRGO silicon steel laminations are used for the construction of transformer core. Each lamination is insulated from its neighbors by a thin no conducting layer of insulation (paper insulation).
Windings
The conduction material used for the winding depends upon the application, but in all cases the individual turns must be electrically insulated from each other so that the current travels throughout every turns. For small power and signal transformers, in which currents are low and the potential difference between adjacent turns are small, the coil are often wound from enamel magnet wire such as formvar wire. Larger power transformers operating at high voltages maybe wound with copper rectangular strip conductors insulated by oil impregnated paper and blocks of pressboard. The LV winding is placed on the inner side nearer to the core due to the advantages such as reducing the insulation between core and windings, easier in connecting tap changer to the HV winding.
Cooling
The main source of heat generation in transformer is its copper loss or I2R loss. Although there are other factors that contribute heat in transformer such as hysteresis & eddy current losses but contribution of I2R loss dominate them. If this heat is not dissipated properly, the temperature of the transformer will rise continually which may cause damages in paper insulation and liquid insulation medium of transformer. So it is essential to control the temperature within permissible limit to ensure the long life of transformer by reducing
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thermal degradation of its insulation system. Electrical Power transformer we use external transformer cooling system to accelerate the dissipation rate of heat of transformer. There are different transformer cooling methods available for transformer: AN- Air natural cooling AB- Air blast cooling ON - Oil immersed air natural cooling OB - Oil immersed air blast cooling OFN - Forced oil air natural cooling OFB - Forced oil air blast OFW - Forced oil air water cooled.
Terminals
Very small transformers will have wire leads connected directly to the ends of the coils, and brought to the base of the unit for circuit connection. Larger transformers may have heavy terminals, bus bars or high insulated bushings made of polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide careful control of electric field gradient without letting the transformer leak oil.
Conservator tank
Conservator tank consist of oil level which depends on the operation of the transformer. The oil expands in summer with increase in load and the oil level
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decreases with the load. Conservator is a small auxiliary oil tank that may be mounted above the transformer and connected to the main tank by a pipe. Its main function is to keep the main tank of the transformer completely filled with oil in all circumstances. When the oil in the tank contracts then the conservator gives the oil to maintain the oil level in the tank. When the oil in the tank expands then the conservator takes the oil.
Bushings
The bushings consist of a current carrying element in the form of a conducting rod. Up to 33kV ordinary porcelain insulators can be used, above this voltage ratings oil filled or capacitor type bushings are used.
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Bushing is very important to the overall transformer because without it, conduction would not be possible. The bushings are necessary to complete the conductive energy of the walls that are transferred within the transformer so that they can the move through the medium such as air and gas, including the grounding barriers that each unit is designed with. These are some figures of bushings.
Tappings
To enable transformers to supply a range of secondary voltages to different part of a circuit it is common for power transformers to have the tapped windings, i.e. windings split into various sections by using a number of connections brought out from a single winding, each one at a particular number of turns along the winding.
Buchholz Relay
minimize the propagation of any damage which might occur within oil-filled transformers, capacitors and reactors supplied with oil conservator. The relay is therefore particularly effective in case of: -circuited core laminations -down core bolt insulation The gas and oil actuated (Buchholz) relay is designed to detect faults as well to
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Furthermore the relay can prevent the development of conditions leading to a fault in the transformer, such as the falling of the oil level owing to leaks, or the ingress of air as a result of defects in the oil circulating system.
Serious faults: When a serious fault occurs in the transformer, the gas
generation is violent and causes the oil to rush through the connecting pipe to the conservator. In the relay this oil surge hits the flap fitted on the lower float (located in front of the hole for the oil passage) and causes the rotation of the float itself, thus operating the tripping switch and disconnecting the transformer. The float remains in the trip position even if the oil flow comes to a stop (the reset is done by means of the push-button). The tripping device is regulated in such a way that in transformers having forced oil cooling, the surges resulting from the starting of the oil circulating pump will not cause mal-operation of the relay. An oil leak in the transformer causes the oil level in the relay to fall, thus operating first the alarm (upper) float and then the tripping (lower) float. The ingress of air into the transformer, arising from defects in the oil circulating system or from other causes, operates the alarm float.
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CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS
Constructionally, the transformers are of two types, distinguished merely from each other by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are placed round the laminated core. The two types are known as 1. Core type transformers 2. Shell type transformers Another recent development is the Spiral core or wound core type
transformers. In the core type transformers, the windings surround a considerable part of the core whereas in shell type transformers, the core surrounds a considerable part of the windings.
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The coils used are form-wound and are of the cylindrical type. The general type transformers, a simple rectangular core is used with cylindrical coils
form of these coils may be circular or oval or rectangular. In small size corewhich are either circular or rectangular in form. But for large-size core-type
transformers, round or circular cylindrical coils are used which are so wound
as to fit over a cruciform core section. The circular cylindrical coils are used in
most of the core-type transformers because of their mechanical strength. Such from each other by paper, cloth, micarta board or cooling ducts.
Cylindrical coils are wound in helical layers with the different layers insulated Insulating cylinders of fuller board are used to separate the cylindrical windings from the core and from each other. Since the low voltage (LV) winding is easiest to insulate, it is placed nearest to the core.
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The coils are form-would but are multi-layer disc type usually wound in the
form of pancakes. The different layers of such multi-layer discs are insulated
from each other by paper. The complete winding consists of stacked discs with insulation space between the coilsthe spaces forming horizontal cooling and insulating ducts. A very commonly-used shell-type transformer is the one known as Berry Transformerso called after the name of its designer and is
cylindrical in form. The transformer core consists of laminations arranged in groups which radiate out from the centre. It may be pointed out that cores and coils of transformers must be provided with rigid mechanical bracing in order to prevent movement and possible insulation damage. Good bracing reduces vibration and the objectionable noisea humming soundduring operation. The spiralcore
continuous strip or ribbon of transformer steel wound in the form of a circular or elliptical cylinder. Such construction allows the core flux to follow the grain of the iron. Cold-rolled steel of high silicon content enables the designer to use considerably higher operating flux densities with lower loss per kg.
with special insulating oil. This oil has been highly developed and its function is two-fold. By circulation, it not only keeps the coils reasonably cool, but also provides the transformer with additional insulation not obtainable when the transformer is left in the air.
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In cases where a smooth tank surface does not provide sufficient cooling area, sides. Good transformer oil should be absolutely free from alkalies, sulphur and particularly from moisture. The presence of even an extremely small percentage of moisture in the oil is highly detrimental from the insulation
the sides of the tank are corrugated or provided with radiators mounted on the
viewpoint because it lowers the dielectric strength of the oil considerably. The importance of avoiding moisture in the transformer oil is clear from the fact that even an addition of 8 parts of water in 1,000,000 reduces the insulating tanks are sealed air-tight in smaller units. In the case of large-sized
quality of the oil to a value generally recognized as below standard. Hence, the transformers where complete air-tight construction is impossible, chambers known as breathers are provided to permit the oil inside the tank to expand and contract as its temperature increases or decreases. The atmospheric oil. Another thing to avoid in the oil is sledging which is simply the
moisture is entrapped in these breathers and is not allowed to pass on to the decomposition of oil with long and continued use. Sledging is caused
principally by exposure to oxygen during heating and results in the formation of large deposits of dark and heavy matter that eventually clogs the cooling ducts in the transformer.
No other feature in the construction of a transformer is given more attention and care than the insulating materials, because the life on the unit almost the insulating materials are selected on the basis of their high quality and ability to preserve high quality even after many years of normal use. solely depends on the quality, durability and handling of these materials. All
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SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS
The specification of the transformers installed at the Punnapra substation is as follows 63 MVA 110/66KV AUTO-TRANSFORMER Manufacturer: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Parameters When Installed When Installed with with ONAF ONAN
Rating of HV & LV (MVA) Rating of tertiary winding (unloaded) No load voltage - HV (kV) No load voltage - LV (kV) No load voltage TV (kV) Line current (HV) (A) Line current (LV) (A) Line current (TV) (A) No of phase Rated frequency Temperature rise in oil ( 0C) Temperature rise in winding
ONAF Oil Natural Air Forced Cooling ONAN Oil Natural Air Natural Cooling
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16 MVA 110/33KV TRANSFORMER Manufacturer: Transformers and Electricals Kerala (TELK) Parameters When Installed When Installed with with ONAN ONAF
No load voltage - HV (kV) No load voltage - LV (kV) Line current (HV) (A) Line current (LV) (A) No of phase Rated frequency Impedance voltage (working tap) Vector group Weight of core and winding (kg) Oil weight (kg) Total weight (kg) Oil volume (litres)
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10 MVA 66/11KV TRANSFORMER Manufacturer: Transformers and Electricals Kerala (TELK) Parameters When installed with ONAN
No load voltage - HV (kV) No load voltage - LV (kV) Line current (HV) (A) Line current (LV) (A) No phase Rated frequency Impedance voltage Vector group Mass of core and winding (kg) Mass of oil (kg) Total mass (kg) Volume of oil (liters)
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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Instrument transformers means current transformer & voltage transformer are used in electrical power system for stepping down currents and voltages of the system for metering and protection purpose. Actually relays and meters used for protection and metering, are not designed for high currents and voltages. High currents or voltages of electrical power system cannot be directly fed to relays and meters. CT steps down rated system current to 1 Amp or 5 Amp similarly voltage transformer steps down system voltages to 110V. The relays and meters are generally designed for 1 Amp, 5 Amp and 110V.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformer is used in electrical power system for stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are designed for low voltage. This is a simplest form of Potential Transformer Definition
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The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110V. In an ideal Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformer when rated burden connected across the secondary the ratio of primary and secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the turns ratio and furthermore the two terminal voltages are in precise phase opposite to each other. But in actual transformer there must be an error in the voltage ratio as well as in the phase angle between primary and secondary voltages. The errors in Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformer can best be explained by phasor diagram, and this is the main part of Potential Transformer theory.
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Is Secondary Current Es Secondary induced emf Vs Secondary terminal voltage Rs Secondary winding resistance Xs Secondary winding reactance Ip Primary current Ep Primary induced emf Vp Primary terminal voltage Rp Primary winding resistance Xp Primary winding reactance KT turns ratio = numbers of primary turns/number of secondary turns Io Excitation Current Im magnetizing component of Io Iw core loss component of Io m main flux phase angle error As in the case of Current Transformer and other purpose Electrical Power Transformer, total primary current Ip is the vector sum of excitation current
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and the electric current equal to reversal of secondary current multiplied by the ratio 1/KT Hence, Ip = Io + Is/KT If Vp is the system voltage applied to the primary of the PT then voltage drops due to resistance and reactance of primary winding due to primary current Ip will comes into picture. After subtracting this voltage drop from Vp, Ep will appear across the primary terminals. This Ep is equal to primary induced e.m.f. This primary e.m.f will transform to the secondary winding by mutual induction and transformed e.m.f is Es. Again this Es will be dropped by secondary winding resistance and reactance, and resultant will actually appear across the burden terminals and it is denoted as Vs So if system voltage is Vp, ideally Vp/KT should be the secondary voltage of PT, but in reality actual secondary voltage of PT is Vs.
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The voltage applied to the primary of the potential transformer first drops due to internal impedance of primary. Then it appears across the primary winding and then transformed proportionally to its turns ratio, to secondary winding. This transformed voltage across secondary winding will again drops due to internal impedance of secondary, before appearing across burden terminals. This is the reason of errors in potential transformer.
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CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A CT is an instrument transformer in which the secondary current is substantially proportional to primary current and differs in phase from it by ideally zero degree.
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current passes through primary. So core of protection CT is so designed that it would not be saturated for long range of currents. If saturation of the core comes at lower level of primary current the proper reflection of primary current will not come to secondary, hence relays connected to the secondary may not function properly and protection system losses its reliability. One CT with current ratio 400/1A and its protection core is situated at 500A. If the primary current of the CT becomes 1000A the secondary current will still be 1.25A as because the secondary current will not increase after 1.25A because of saturation. If actuating current of the relay connected the secondary circuit of the CT is 1.5A, it will not be operated at all even fault level of the power circuit is 1000A. The degree of accuracy of a Protection CT may not be as fine as Metering CT but it is also expressed by CT Accuracy Class or simply Current Transformer Class or CT Class as in the case of Metering Current Transformer but in little bit different manner.
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system current and this primary current or system current transforms to the CT secondary, hence secondary current or burden current depends upon primary current of the current transformer. In a power transformer, if load is disconnected, there will be only magnetizing current flows in the primary. The primary of the power transformer takes But in case of CT, the primary is connected in series with power line. So current from the source proportional to the load connected with secondary. current through its primary is nothing but the current flows through that power line. The primary current of the CT, hence does not depend upon whether the load or burden is connected to the secondary or not or what is the impedance value of burden. Generally CT has very few turns in primary where as secondary turns are large in number. Say Np is number of turns in CT primary and Ip is the current through primary. Hence the primary AT is equal to NpIp AT. If number of turns in secondary and secondary current in that current
transformer are Ns and Is respectively then Secondary AT is equal to NsIs AT. In an ideal CT the primary AT is exactly is equal in magnitude to secondary AT. So from the above statement it is clear that if a CT has one turn in primary and 400 turns in secondary winding, if it has 400 A current in primary then it will have 1A in secondary burden.
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Is Secondary Current Es Secondary induced emf Ip primary Current Ep primary induced emf KT turns ratio = numbers of secondary turns/number of primary turns Io Excitation Current Im magnetizing component of Io Iw core loss component of Io m main flux. Let us take flux as reference. EMF Es and Ep lags behind the flux by 90o. The magnitude of the passers Es and Ep are proportional to secondary and primary
turns. The excitation current Io which is made up of two components Im and Iw. s. The secondary current is now transferred to the primary side by reversing Is and multiplied by the turns ratio KT. The total current flows through the primary Ip is then vector sum of KT Is and Io.
The secondary current Io lags behind the secondary induced emf Es by an angle
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From above phasor diagram it is clear that primary current Ip is not exactly equal to the secondary current multiplied by turns ratio, i.e. KTIs. This difference is due to the primary current is contributed by the core excitation called current error of CT or sometimes Ratio Error in Current Transformer.
actually transformed in CT. One part of the primary current is consumed for core excitation and remaining is
actually transformers with turns ratio of CT so there is error in current transformer means there are both Ratio Error in Current Transformer as well as a Phase Angle Error in Current Transformer.
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It is desirable to reduce these errors, for better performance. For achieving minimum error in current transformer, one can follow the following, 1) Using a core of high permeability and low hysteresis loss magnetic materials. 2) Keeping the rated burden to the nearer value of the actual burden. of the core, minimizing joint of the core.
3) Ensuring minimum length of flux path and increasing cross sectional area 4) Lowering the secondary internal impedance. SPECIFICATION OF 110KV FEEDER CURRENT TRANSFORMER High test system voltage Insulation Level Frequency Oil Quantity Weight 123kV 230/550kV 50Hz 80ltr 500kg
Core No Volt Ampere Accuracy Class ALF/ISF Current Ratio Short time current
2 Measuring 30 1 600-300/1 -
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CONCLUSION
Working at the 110kV substation, Punnapra as summer training was a very nice experience. I learned a lot about electrical substation system and the importance of substations in electrical generation, transmission and distribution. This industrial visit provided an insight on how substations about different substation equipments in detail. It has given us useful
work and thus helps in efficient transmission of electricity. We also studied information related to our course which cannot be visualized in lecture classes such as transformers which is as big as one-fourth of an average room, which we learnt about but never saw in the college labs. In the beginning of this visit the end I realised it was a very good experience which i would have regretted if I missed. Also the training was an opportunity for me to increase my personal relations both socially and professionally.
I was not aware about the merits we were going to receive from the visit but at
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REFERENCE
1. Handbook of Kerala State Electricity Board 2. Safety manual of Kerala State Electricity Board 3. Daily report diary of Punnapra substation 4. Equipment register of Punnapra substation 5. Operators Diary (KSEB) 6. Maintenance Book (KSEB Punnapra substation) 7. Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com) 8. Website of KSEB (www.kseb.in) 9. Electrical power system M Rajalingam 10. Principles of power system V K Mehta 11. Switch gear and protection Sunil S Rao 12. Electrical Technology Vol II Theraja 13. Electrical power system Uppal
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Thank you
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