PERSONAL PRONOUNS

I eu
You você
He ele
GRAMMAR She
It
ela
ele/ela para objetos e animais.
We nós
You vocês
They eles/elas
DON’T FORGET:

 O pronome pessoal “I” (eu) é sempre escrito com letra (i) maiúscula, não importando sua posição na
frase (início, meio ou fim).
 O pronome “you” é tanto usado para a segunda pessoa do singular (você ou tu) como para a segunda
pessoa do plural (vocês ou vós). O contexto e, principalmente, o substantivo (singular ou plural) indicará
a pessoa correta. Ex: You are a doctor. – You are doctors.
 “They” é usado para pessoas e objetos no plural.
 O “it” é usado apenas para se referir a animais, objetos, e coisas em geral.
 Em inglês não há omissão de sujeito como acontece em português. No caso de sujeito inexistente,
oculto ou indeterminado usa-se it, we or they. Ex:
Falamos português no Brasil. Chove muito no verão.
We speak Portuguese in Brazil. It rains a lot in the summer.

SINGULAR PLURAL

SUBJECT + BE + NOUN SUBJECT + BE + NOUN

I am a student. We are students.

E
R B TO B VE
VE ATI You are a student. You are students.
F F IRM
(A )
John is a student. John and Lia are students.
He is a student. They are students.

Mary is a student. Roses are flowers.

She is a student. They are flowers.

The rose is a flower.

It is a flower.
1) Complete the sentences with am, is, or are.
Ex: We are friends.
a) I .................... a student. f) They ........................ lawyers.
b) Peter ................. a doctor. g) You .............. tired.
c) He .................. happy. h) I ................ single.
d) Linda .................... a teacher. i) You ........................ businessmen.
e) May and Andrew ................. married. j) You and Jack ................... classmates.

CONTRACTIONS WITH BE
AM I + am = I’m I’m a teacher.
he + is = he’s He’s a doctor.
O sinal (‘) chama-se apostrofe.
IS she + is = she’s She’s a little girl.
it + is = it’s It’s a rose.
You’re a student. As “contractions” são permitidas
you + are = you’re You’re students. apenas em situações mais informais,

ARE como bilhetes, mensagens a amigos,

etc. Porém, é muito comum na fala,
we + are = we’re We’re brothers.
pois ajuda na velocidade.
they + are = they’re They’re sisters.

2) Replace the subjects for the pronouns (you, he, she, it, we, they) and rewrite the sentences using
contractions.
Ex: Marianne is a student. – She ‘s a student.
a) Luke is my brother. .........................................................................................
b) Kelly is in m class. .........................................................................................
c) Judy and Jill are my friends. .........................................................................................
d) My sister is 11 years old. .........................................................................................
e) My mother and I are in the park. .........................................................................................
f) You and Celina are classmates. .........................................................................................
g) The cat is clean. ..........................................................................................
h) Martin and you are in the bank. ..........................................................................................
i) Martha is my aunt. ..........................................................................................
j) Your hands are dirty. ..........................................................................................
k) Mary and John are students. ..........................................................................................
l) My brother and my sister are with my mother. .....................................................................................
m) My dogs are in the backyard. ..........................................................................................................
n) Lucy and I are teachers. .........................................................................................................
o) Your dog and my parrot are friends. .........................................................................................................
VERB TO BE (NEGATIVE)
FULL FORM CONTRACTION FORM
 I am not a teacher. I’m not a teacher.
You are not in room 13. You aren’t in room 13.
She is not Marianne She isn’t Marianne
He is not Nick. He isn’t Nick.
It is not a schoobag. It isn’t a schoobag.
We are not students. We aren’t students.
You are not at home. You aren’t at home.
They are not actors They aren’t actors

VERB TO BE (INTERROGATIVE
Am I Brazilian?
Are you Russian?
Is he/she/it Peruvian?
Are we American?
Are you British?
Are they Argentinian?

3) Complete with am, is or are:

a. My first name ____ Jennifer. f. My teacher ___ Brazilian.
b. We ____ brothers. g. He ___ a police officer.
c. My mom and I ____ friends. h. Alice and Lanna ___ in room 14.
d. Hello. I ___ Anna. i. It ___ my little cat.
e. Antonio and Juan ___ at home. k. How old ___ you?

4) In your notebook, change these sentences in affirmative (+), negative (-) or interrogative (?).
Ex: Is New York the capital of USA?(-) New York isn’t the capital of USA.

a. I’m British. (-) h. Is Diego here? (+)

b. He isn’t Paul. (?) i. His father isn’t lazy. (+)
c. The teacher is here. (-) j. Are they Japanese? (-)
d. Are you from Italy? (+) k. My father is forty-four years old. (-)
e. My name is Nick. (-) l. I am studying now. (-)
f. It’s not my diary. (?) m. Is Lorraine in the class? (+)
g. London is a famous city. (?) n. The dictionary isn’t on the table. (?)

5) Complete the sentences using is, isn’t, are or aren’t:

Ex: A ball is round
 a) The mouse ............. big. j) The sun ............. hot.
b) Lemons .............. green. k) Ice cream .................. sweet.
c) Bananas ........... yellow. l) Flowers ............ ugly.
d) A lemon .......... sweet. m) The donkeys ............. intelligent.
e) A diamond ................ cheap. n) Madonna .............. beautiful.
f) Apples ............ expensive. o) The day ................. cold.
g) My pen ........... heavy. p) My cell phone ........... black.
h) A turtle ............. slow. q) Apples ......... red.
i) The airplanes ............... fast. r) The sky ............... blue.

SINGULAR PLURAL
I have blue eyes. I
you
You have blue eyes. We have a car.
we have
AND they
HAVE R) He has blue eyes. You have a car.
E
HAS (T She has blue eyes. They have a car.
he
IT has blue eyes. she has
it

6) Complete the sentences with have or has:

a) I ................... a dictionary. e) Michely ............... two televisions.
b) We .................... grammar books. f) I ..................... a guitar.
c) Melissa ............... a green pen. g) You and Jonathan .................... blue eyes.
d) Bob .................... a notebook. h) Martin and Paty .................. a car.

POSSESSIVES – my, your, his, her, our, their Subject – Possessive

SINGULAR PLURAL
I – my
I have a book.  My book is red. you – your
We have cars.  Our cars are black.
You have a book.  Your book is red. he – his
Your cars are black.
He has a book.  His book is red. You have cars. 
she – her
Her books is red Their cars are black.
She has a book.  They have cars. it - its
Its ball is red
My cat has a ball.   we – our
they - their

7) Complete the phrases using have or has and my, your, his, her, our, their:
Ex: I have a hamster. My hamster is funny.
 a) Bob ............ a car. .............. cars is red.
b) Anne and Robert are married, they .............. a daughter. ............... name is Janne.
c) Kevin ............. a dog. ............. name is Ted.
d) Jenniffer ............. a motorcycle. ............. motorcycle is black.
e) Tom and Larry ................ a bike. ............. bike are green.
f) Bianca and I ............... computers. ............. computers are new.
g) Briam ........... a dog. .............. name is Zeus.
h) Karen ............ a little cat. ............. name is Bebel.
i) My husband and I .................. a son. ............ son is seven years old.
j) I ..................... a daughter. ............ name is Sophye.
k) Sue and Clark ............... two children. ............ names are Alex and Meg.
l) Billy ......... four dogs. ................. dogs are poodles.

Na língua inglesa temos três gêneros:

1. MASCULINO 2. FEMININO 3. NEUTRO

The groom is ready for the The bride is wering a beautiful This is my new shirt. Isn’t it cool?
wedding. He looks very elegant. white dress. She looks radiant.

ATENÇÃO:
 A maioria dos substantivos que se referem a pessoas tem a mesma forma para o masculino e
feminino. Traduza:
lawyer - ............................ child - ................................ doctor - .............................
teacher - ............................ driver - ............................... student - ............................
cook - ................................ parent - .............................. nurse - ................................

 Há substantivos que tem uma forma para o masculino e outra para o feminino. Exemplos:
father / mother - ............................................... king / queen - ...............................................
mom / dad - ..................................................... husband / wife - ............................................
brother / sister - .............................................. uncle / aunt - .................................................
son / daughter - ............................................... horse / mare - ................................................
bull / cow - ...................................................... waiter / waitress - ........................................

NÚMERO:
Singular/Plural
REGRA GERAL: Forma-se o plural acrescentando-se “s” ao substantivo. Ex:
week / weeks - ................................... egg / eggs - ...............................................
cup / cups - ........................................ house / houses - ........................................
kid / kids - .......................................... boy / boys - ...............................................
book / books - .................................... day / days - ................................................
car / cars - ........................................... key / keys - ................................................
dog / dogs - ........................................

 Para os substantivos que terminam em o, ch, s, ss, sh, e x acrescenta-se –es. Ex:
kiss / kisses - ............................................ watch / watches - ..................................
match / matches - .................................... dish / dishes - .........................................
bus / buses - ........................................... mango / mangoes - ................................
box / boxes - ......................................... tomato / tomatoes - ...............................

 Para os substantivos que terminam em ch com som de s, acrescenta-se apenas –s. Ex:
stomach / stomacks - ....................................... monarch / monarchs - .....................................

 Muitos substantivos que terminam em f ou fe fazem o plural substituindo o fe por –ves. Ex:
knife / knives - ....................................... thief / thieves - ..........................................
leaf / leaves - ........................................... wife / wives - .............................................
life / lives - ............................................... wolf / wolves - ...........................................

 Há também aqueles substantivos que terminam em f, ff ou fe que fazem o plural apenas

acrescentando -s. Ex:
belief / beliefs - ..........................................
chef / chefs - ..............................................
cliff / cliffs - ...............................................
proof / proofs - ...........................................
puff / puffs - ................................................
roof / roofs - ................................................
safe / safes - .................................................
serf / serfs - ...................................................

 SUBSTANTIVOS DERIVADOS DO LATIM E DO GREGO

1. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em -us acrescenta-se –i ou -es:
alumnus / alumni = aluno(s)
cactus / cacti, cactuses = cacto(s)
calculus / calculi, calculuses = cálculo(s)
chorus / choruses = coro(s)
circus / circuses = circo(s)
colossus / colossi, colossuses = colosso(s)
focus / foci, focuses = foco(s)
fungus / fungi, funguses = fungo(s)
genius / genii, geniuses = génio(s)
locus / loci = localização, (-ões) num texto
minus / minuses = sinal (-is) menos (-)
nucleus / nuclei, nucleuses = núcleo(s)
prospectus / prospectuses = folheto(s)
radius / radii = raio(s)
stimulus / stimuli = estímulo(s)
stylus / styli, styluses = estilete(s)
terminus / termini, terminuses = estação
terminal, estações terminais

2. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em –um acrescenta-se -a ou -s:

aquarium / aquaria, aquariums = aquário(s)
colloquium / colloquia, colloquiums = colóquio(s)
curriculum / curricula = currículo(s)
datum / data = dado(s)
erratum / errata = errata
gymnasium / gymnasia, gymnasiums = ginásio(s)
maximum / maxima, maximums = máximo(s)
medium / media, mediums = meio(s)
millennium / millennia, millenniums =
milénio(s)
minimum / minima, minimums = mínimo(s)
planetarium / planetaria, planetariums =
planetário(s)
spectrum / spectra, spectrums = espectro(s)

3. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em -a acrescenta-se –ae ou -s:

alga / algae = alga(s) antenna / antennas = antena(s) (de rádio)
alumna / alumnae = aluna(s) formula / formulae, formulas = fórmula(s)
antenna / antennae = tentáculo(s) larva / larvae = larva(s)

4. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em –ex ou -ix acrescenta-se –es ou -ices:

appendix / appendixes = apêndice(s) index / indexes, indices = índice(s)
appendix / appendices = anexo(s) matrix / matrixes, matrices = matriz(es)
codex / codices = códice(s) vortex / vortexes, vortices = vórtice(s)

5. Substantivos de origem grega terminados em -is acrescenta-se -es:

axis / axes = eixo(s) diagnosis / diagnoses = diagnóstico(s)
basis / bases = base(s) hypothesis / hypotheses = hipótese(s)
crisis / crises = crise(s) thesis / theses = tese(s)

6. Substantivos de origem grega terminados em -on acrescenta-se -a, -s:

automaton / automata, automatons = autómato(s) ganglion / ganglia = gânglio(s)
criterion / criteria = critério(s) phenomenon / phenomena = fenómeno(s)
  Quando os substantivos terminam em consoante + -y, converte-se o -y em -i, e adiciona-se -es:
baby / babies - .......................................... cherry / cherries - ......................................
country / countries - ...................................

 Exceto os substantivos próprios, aos quais só se adiciona -s :

Kennedy / the Kennedys = (os) Kennedy(s) Kirkby / the Kirkbys = (os) Kirkby(s)

 Há também aquelas palavras que não seguem nenhuma regra e têm, portanto, uma forma própria
para o plural. Ex:
foot / feet - .............................................. mouse / mice - ...........................................
goose / geese - ........................................ tooth / teeth - .............................................
louse / lice - ............................................ woman / women - ......................................
man / men - .............................................. child / children - .........................................

8) Correct the mistakes in these sentences:

There are two mans waiting for you. ................................................................................................
We are going to supermarket to buy fishs. ...............................................................................................
I need some potatos. .................................................................................................
The childs are in the school. ...................................................................................................
The cherrys aren’t red.
...................................................................................................
The wolfs ate two sheeps. ....................................................................................................
He bought three loafs of bread.
...................................................................................................
You should brush your tooths every day. ..................................................................................................

O artigo indefinido tem duas formas (a and an ) e é usado apenas diante de substantivo no singular.
“A” é usado antes de palavras que começam com som de consoante ou de semiconsoante e “AN” é usado
antes de apalavras que começam com som de vogal. Exemplos:

a table - ....................................... a university - ..............................

an ungly dress - ........................... an apple - ....................................
a cat - .......................................... a lawyer - ....................................
an hour - ..................................... a week - ......................................
a maid - ...................................... an orange - ..................................
a year - ........................................ an umbrella - ..............................
an architect - ............................... a bag - ..........................................

9) Choose the correct alternative:

a) (A, AN) purple bird is fling. e) We are going to meet you in (a, an) hour.
b) He is (a, an) old man. f) It isn’t (a, an) good idea.
c) There is (a, an) child in my room. g) There is only (a, an) apple in the basket.
d) This is (a, an) hot day. h) He is (a, an) honest man.

O ARTIGO DEFINIDO É USADO:

 Antes de substantivos precedidos ou não por adjetivos. Ex:
the boy the bank
the sad boy the old bank
 Antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de famílias. Ex:
the violin the guitar
the Kennedys The Jacksons
 Antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas (plural), paises (plural), hotéis,
cinemas, teatros, trens e navios. Ex:
the Pacific the Amazon River the Hilton Hotel the Titanic
the Caribbean the United States the Himalayas the Atlantic

 Antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie. Ex:

the rich the poor the dead
 Antes de um substantivo único na espécie ou quando particularizado. Ex:
the Earth the Sun the Coliseum

“O ARTIGO DEFINIDO É OMITIDO”:

 Antes de nomes próprios, nomes de ciências e línguas. Ex:

Mary Bob Mathematics Spanish

 Antes de substantivos usados no sentido geral e de substantivos incontáveis. Ex:

honesty money man coffe

 Antes de promomes possessivos. Ex:

our car his house their children

 Antes de alguns substantivos como: home, church, school, hospital, bed, prison, quando forem usados
para seu propósito original. Ex:
 I went to church (to pray). I went to hospital (because I was sick).
I went to school (to study).

Um dos aspectos mais importantes para a aprendizagem de uma

língua estrangeira é o desenvolvimento do vocabulário. À medida que o
vocabulário vai sendo desenvolvido a construção de significado de
textos, tanto orais quanto escritos, vai se tornando uma tarefa cada
vez mais fácil. Portanto, aplique-se no estudo de novas palavras e

1) Translate the words:

Countries Places Foods and Drinks Greetings
Australia - hotel - coke - Hello -
Brazil - bank - soda - Hi -
Canada - restaurant - water - Good morning -
England - airport - coffee - Excuse - me -
Ireland - avenue - juice - Good afternoon -
New Zealand street - tea - Good night -
Scotland - theater - milk - Please -
South Africa park - café latte - Thank you -

The United States of service station espresso - Goodbye -

America - square - potatoes - Welcome -
office - bread - Thanks -
beach - fruit - Good evening -
Wales - downtown wine - Bye -
Poland - café - beer -
Peru - bar - ice cream -
Holland - train station hamburger -
Spain - parking lot - pizza -
France - hospital - soup -
Japan - museum - steak -
China - school - spaghetti -
Mexico - university - pie -
Italy - floor - rice -
Argentina - reception - salad -
Germany - church - sandwich -

2) Match the opposites:

1 hot ___________________ ( ) Far ___________________
2 Good ___________________ ( ) Raining ___________________
 3 Married ___________________
4 Strong ___________________
5 With ___________________
6 sunny___________________
7 Wet ___________________
8 Short ___________________
9 Fat ___________________
10 Comfortable ___________________
11 Clean ___________________
12 Dead ___________________
13 Easy ___________________
14 Near ___________________
15 Young ___________________
16 Light ___________________
17 Happy ___________________
18 Small ___________________
19 Morning ___________________
20 Above ___________________
3) What is the different word? Highlight it!
a) complete – circle – happy – underline
b) shy – funny – always – boring
c) hair – sunny – nose – eyes
d) see – listen – touch – hot
e) body – rain – snow – windy
f) Sunday – Friday – June – Wednesday
g) I – you – on – we
h) March – May – July – Saturday
From your teacher: Mayara C. P. Rocha
( ) Alive ___________________
( ) Dry ___________________
( ) Hard ___________________
( ) Old ___________________
( ) Night ___________________
( ) Cold ___________________
( ) Long ___________________
( ) Heavy _________________
( ) Big ___________________
( ) Weak ___________________
( ) Single ___________________
( ) Thin ___________________
( ) Dirty ___________________
( ) Sad ___________________
( ) Uncomfortable ________________
( ) Below ___________________
( ) Bad ___________________
( ) Without _________________
i) dress – eagle – bird – horse
j) sweater – eleven – tie – shorts
l) fly – flew – felt – flown
m) mother – aunt – father – soon
n) there – her – our – their
o) bag – flower – open – key
p) Greece – Spain – British – Sweden
o) apple – grape – juice - peach