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Abstract:
Banks play an important role in development of Indian economy. After liberalization, the
banking industry under went major changes. The economic reforms totally have changed the
banking sector. RBI permitted new banks to be started in the private sector as per the
recommendation of Narasimham committee. The Indian banking industry was dominated by
public sector banks. But now the situations have changed. New generation banks with used of
technology and professional management has gained a reasonable position in the banking
industry. In this paper we look at the type of banks , their role and functioning , Establishment
and Role of India‟s Central Bank - RBI and the recent banking reforms .
We perform a comparative data analysis between GDP and total advances & deposits .
We also check whether the Credit Deposit Ratio has any relationship with the GDP . We then
perform a regression analysis to check whether there is any relationship between GDP and Bank
lending interest rates. We also compare the Flow of credit to Agricultural Sector with the Growth
of Agriculture Sector. We conclude the analysis by an overview and analysis of the sectorial
deployment of gross bank credit over the last two financial years.
Index
Title Page
1. Introduction 3
1.1. Motivation 3
1.2. Hypothesis 4
1.3. What is a Bank 4
1.4 Functions of a Bank 4
1.5. Types of Banks 6
1.6. Banking Sector in India 7
2.0 Role of Banks 8
2.1. Role of Banks in Indian Economy 9
2.2. Role of Central Bank (RBI) 9
2.3. Evolution of Indian Banking 10
2.4. Narasimham Committee Banking Reforms 10
2.5. Performance of Indian Banking Sector Post Reforms 12
3.0. Methodology 15
3.1. Data Analysis 15
3.2. Remarks 25
3.3. The challenges Ahead 26
3.4. Conclusion 26
References 27
Acknowledgement 28
1. Introduction
Banks over the years, have become a significant aspect of an economy. With the ongoing
financial depression, the position of banks have become all the more important in the course of
working of the money market and hence the economy of a nation. The banking sector forming a
portion of the financial sector primarily works as a financial intermediary generating money
supply. From the different macro economic models , banks have been found to be a part of the
supply side of the economy . However, over time banks have transformed from merely money
generating organizations to a multi tasking entity. In this paper, we shall deal with the role of
banks in the context of the world economy as well as the Indian economy . The first section will
illustrate the functions of a bank along with its classification. In the second section, we shall
discuss the role of a banks as a major component of the service sector rendering to the economy
as a whole. In the third section, we would like to empirically validate our hypothesis with a
comprehensive data analysis.
1.1 Motivation
The recession in the US market and the global meltdown termed as Global recession have
engulfed complete world economy with a varying degree of recessional impact. World over the
impact has diversified and its impact can be observed from the very fact of falling Stock market,
recession in jobs availability and companies following downsizing in the existing available staff
and cutting down of the perks and salary corrections.
Various steps taken by RBI to curb the present recession in the economy and counter act the
prevailing situation. The sudden drying-up of capital inflows from the FDI which were invested
in Indian stock markets for greater returns visualizing the Potential Higher Returns flying back is
continuing to challenge liquidity management. At the heart of the current liquidity tightening is
the balance of payments deficit, and this NRI deposit move should help in some small way.
To curb the liquidity crises the RBI will continue to initiate liquidity measures as long as the
current unusually tight domestic liquidity environment prevails. The current step to curb these
being lowering of interest rates and reduction of PLR . The BOP- Balance of Payment deficit – at
a time when domestic credit demand is very high – is resulting in a vicious loop of reduced
access to liquidity, slowing growth, and increased risk-aversion in the financial system.
In present situation down fall in one sector one day leads to a negative impact on the other sector
thus all together everyone feel the impact of the Financial crises with the result of the current
recession which started in US and slowly and gradually due to linked global world have
impacted everyone.
Solution for the problem still remain at the top of the mind of every one, still everyone facing the
impact of recession but how long is the major question which is of great importance.
1.2 Hypothesis
In this research paper , I am trying to give an overview of the whole banking sector in India and
the kind of financial functions they perform which help in the growth of the economic growth
and progress of the country . I have tried to look for relationship if any between GDP and the
following : Total advances/Total deposits , Credit Deposit Ratio , Lending interest rates , and the
sectors in India which got more advances from the banks over the last 3 years .
A bank is a financial institution where an individual can deposit money. Banks provide a system
for easily transferring money from one person or business to another. Using banks and the many
services they offer saves an incredible amount of time, and ensures that the funds of micro as
well as macroeconomic agents "pass hands" in a legal and structured manner. There are also
other types of financial institutions that operate just like banks.
Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949 defines Banking as "accepting, for the purpose of
lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or
otherwise and withdraw able by cheques, draft, order or otherwise". Deriving from this
definition and viewed solely from the point of view of the customers, Banks essentially
perform the following functions :
In addition to providing a safe custodian of money, banks also loan money to businesses and
consumers. A large portion of a bank's business is lending. How do banks get the money they
loan? The money comes from depositors who intend to save a portion of their wealth. Banks
acting as intermediaries, use these deposits as loans to prospective borrowers.
The objective of commercial banks like any other organization is profit maximisation. This profit
generally originates from the interest differential between borrowers and lenders. In the present
day, however, the banking operation has extended much beyond simple lending exercise. So
there are other different channels of profit ensuing from other investment programmes as well.
However, it should be mentioned in this context that the entire deposit held by a bank cannot be
given as loans as the Central Bank retains a portion of this money in the form of cash-reserve for
unforeseen circumstances.
Banks create money in the economy by making loans. The amount of money that banks can
lend is directly affected by the reserve requirement set by the Federal Reserve. The reserve
requirement is currently 3 percent to 10 percent of a bank's total deposits. This amount can be
held either in cash on hand or in the bank's reserve account with the Fed. To see how this affects
the economy, think about it like this. When a bank gets a deposit of $100, assuming a reserve
requirement of 10 percent, the bank can then lend out $90. That $90 goes back into the economy,
purchasing goods or services, and usually ends up deposited in another bank. That bank can then
lend out $81 of that $90 deposit, and that $81 goes into the economy to purchase goods or
services and ultimately is deposited into another bank that proceeds to lend out a percentage of it.
In this way, money grows and flows throughout the community in a much greater amount than
physically exists. That $100 makes a much larger ripple in the economy than you may realize!
Commercial Banks : A commercial Bank performs all kinds of banking functions such as
accepting deposits, advancing loans, credit creation & agency functions. They generally advance
short term loans to their customers, in some cases they may give medium term loans also
Industrial Banks : Ordinarily , the industrial banks perform three main functions : Firstly ,
Acceptance of Long term deposits : Since the industrial bank give long term loans , they cannot
accept short term deposits from the public . Secondly, Meeting the credit requirements of
companies : Firstly the industries require to purchase land to erect buildings and purchase heavy
machinery . Secondly the industries require short term loans to buy raw materials & to make
payment of wages to workers . Thirdly it does some Other Functions - The industrial banks
tender advice to big industrial firms regarding the sale & purchase of shares & debentures
Agricultural Banks : As the commercial & the industrial Banks are not in a position to meet the
credit requirements of agriculture , there arises the need for setting up special types of banks to
finance agriculture. Firstly, the farmers require short term loans to buy seeds, fertilizers, ploughs
and other inputs . Secondly, the farmers require long term loans to purchase land, to effect
permanent improvements on the land to buy equipment & to provide for irrigation works .
Foreign Exchange Banks : Their main functions is to make international payments through the
purchase and sale of exchange bills . As is well known , the exporters of a country prefer to
receive the payment for their exports in their own currency . Hence their arises the problem of
converting the currency of one country into the currency of another . The foreign exchange banks
try to solve this problem . These banks specialize in financing foreign trade .
a. State Bank of India and its associate banks called the State Bank Group
b. 20 nationalized banks
c. Regional rural banks mainly sponsored by public sector banks
Co-operative Sector
The co-operative sector is very much useful for rural people. The co-operative banking sector is
divided into the following categories.
Capital Formation: The rate of saving is generally low in an underdeveloped economy due to
the existence of deep-rooted poverty among the people . Even the potential savings of the
country cannot be realized due to lack of adequate banking facilities in the country . To mobilize
dormant savings and to make them available to the entrepreneurs for productive purposes , the
development of a sound system of commercial banking is essential for a developing economy .
Finance for Priority Sectors : The commercial banks in underdeveloped countries generally
hesitate in extending financial accommodation to such sectors as agriculture and small scale
industries , on account of the risks involved there in . They mostly extend credit to trade and
commerce where the risk involved is far less .But for the development of these countries it is
essential that the banks take risk in extending credit facilities to the priority sectors , such as
agriculture and small scale industries .
Provision for Medium and Long term Finance : The commercial banks in underdeveloped
countries invariably give loans and advances for a short period of time . They generally hesitate
to extend medium and long term loans to businessmen. As is well known , the new business need
medium and long term loans for their proper establishment . The commercial banks should ,
therefore , change their policies in favor of granting medium and long term accommodation to
business and industry .
Cheap Money Policy : The commercial banks in an underdeveloped economy should follow
cheap money policy to stimulate economic activity or to meet the threat of business recession. In
fact , cheap money policy is the only policy which can help promote the economic growth of an
underdeveloped country . It is heartening to note that recently the commercial banks have
reduced their lending interest rates considerably .
Need for a Sound Banking System : A sound system of commercial banking is an essential
prerequisite for the economic development of a backward country .
An important landmark in the development of banking sector in recent years has been the
initiation if reforms following the recommendations of the first Narasimham Committee on
Financial System. In reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of these banks , the Committee
suggested several measures to transform the Indian banking sector from a highly regulated to a
more market oriented system and to enable it to compete effectively in an increasingly globalised
environment . Many of the recommendations of the Committee especially those pertaining to
Interest rate , an institution of prudential regulation and transparent accounting norms were in
line with banking policy reforms implemented by a host of developing countries since 1970‟s .
Notwithstanding the positive role played by the banking sector since nationalization in
institutionalizing savings and becoming a source of credit to the small borrower , the cumulative
effect of excessive focus on quantitative achievement and social obligations took a toll on
profitability and efficiency . Rates of return became low by international standards , the capital
base was eroded, NPS‟s were on the rise, and customer service was below expectation . These
conditions led to gradual liberalization of banking sector operations since the mid 1980‟s and
culminated in the initiation of fundamental banking sector reforms of 1992 with the acceptance
of key recommendations of the Narasimham Committee .
Enhancement of Capital Base of Bank : The committee recommended that the banks should
be allowed to raise fresh capital from the public . Mutual Funds , profitable public sector units
and employees can also subscribe to these issues .
The first step was taken in October 1994 , when rates were deregulated for advances more than 2
lakh . In April 1998, under new regulations interest on credit limits up to Rs 25,000 was
prescribed at 12% and for credit limit between Rs 25,000 and Rs 2 lakh , the rate was not to
exceed 13.5% per annum .
Cut in SLR , CRR : The committee recommended bringing down the SLR of banks in a phased
manner period of five years . It also recommended reducing of CRR from its present high level .
Trends in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) 1991-92 to 1997-98
Source : RBI , Annual Report, Various issues and RBI Credit Policy October 97, April 98
The committee favoured of putting on end to dual control over banks by RBI and Banking
division. It suggested that RBI should be the primary agency for regulations . Supervisory
functions over banks and financial institutions should be given to a new quasi autonomous body
under RBI .
Foreign banks should be subject to same requirements as applicable to Indian banks . They
should be permitted to open offices in India as branches or as subsidiaries .
A special tribunal should be set up to speed up the process of recovery of overdue loans .
An asset reconstruction fund should be set up to speed up the process of recovery of overdue
loans.
We now look into the different aspects of bank performance which have been targeted by the
reforms. These are :
1. Deposit mobilization
2. Portfolio Choice
3. Competition
4. Profitability
5. Efficiency
6. Capital Adequacy
7. NPA‟s
Deposit Mobilization : Estimates of trends in real deposit growth post reforms reveal that the rate
of growth has fluctuated, slackening between 1994-5 and 1995-6 but picking up during 1996-7 .
In a nutshell , the present banking scenario with respect to deposits and advances can be
observed from the following table :
Year % Increase in Deposits % Increase in Advances % Growth in GDP
1999- 19.23 31.5 9.59
00
2000- 17.2 30.93 7.53
01
2001- 14.26 23.6 7.8
02
2002- 13.02 15.12 10.94
03
2003- 16.47 16.93 13.6
04
2004- 39.96 30.99 13.88
05
2005- 9.11 32.3 15.15
06
2006- 23.88 30.93 14.47
07
Source : RBI Trend and progress of banking in India various issues
Bank credit consists of food and non food credit and bank investments comprise of investment in
Government securities, bonds, debentures , shares issued by public sector undertakings and
private corporate sector and commercial paper . The rate of growth on non food credit between
1995-96 and 1996-07 was a negative 0.7 compared to a growth rate off 11.6% between 1994-95
and 1995-96 . A comparison of growth Rate on investment in government securities in real terms
over the pre-reform and post-reform years does not reveal substantial differences .
Competition :
With the entry of new private banks , the market shares of public sector banks have
declined by close to 4% points from around 90% in 1991-92 to around 85% in 1995-96 . This
kind of competition has led to adoption of newer banking practices like ATM , Online
transactions and others to fit in the global competitive market .
Profitability :
Estimates for 1996-97 show public sector banks turning a net profit of 30.95 billion
wiping out the loss of 3.71 billion in 1995-96 .
Efficiency :
An increase in competitive pressures is expected to improve efficiency levels. However
in this regard , there has been marginal improvement except the state bank group and old
domestic private banks .
Capital Adequacy :
In 1996-97 , out of the 27 public sector banks, 25 have attained the BIS norm of an 8%
risk waited capital to asset ratio .
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.997954
R Square 0.995912
Adjusted R
Square 0.994549
Standard
Error 672.8468
Observatio
ns 9
ANOVA
Significanc
df SS MS F eF
6.62E+0 3.31E+0 730.832
Regression 2 8 8 9 6.83E-08
271633 452722.
Residual 6 7 8
6.64E+0
Total 8 8
The analysis shows up a P-Stat value of 0.002 for Variable 2 which in this case is the total
advances by banks . Therefore as per the hypothesis , the dependent variable GDP depends
positively with the independent variable – Total Advances . However the values for deposits are
not significant as t <3 and P stat value is greater than 0.005 .
Avg Credit-Deposit Ratio 2003-2007
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Andaman…
Madhya…
Dadra and…
Arunachal…
Andhra…
Himachal…
Jammu and…
Bihar
Haryana
Manipur
Punjab
Gujrat
Sikkim
Chandigarh
Jharkhand
Tripura
Orissa
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Delhi
Nagaland
Uttaranchal
Tamil Nadu
Goa
Lakhshadeep
Meghalaya
Chhatisgarh
Kerala
Pondicherry
Assam
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
180
160
140
120
100
80
60 2003-04
40
20 2004-05
0
2005-06
2006-07
A state wise comparison of the credits and deposits in India . It shows a few states having a high
CDR ratio . We assume that this higher CDR is because of the progressing industrial growth in
those states which otherwise can also be correlated to the economic growth of these states .
2005-06 : State GDP v/s State Credit Deposit Ratio
State GDP 2005- Credit Deposit
06 Ratio
Maharashtra 4,324,130 75.9
Uttar Pradesh 2,737,850 42.2
Andhra Pradesh 2,691,730 83.3
Tamil Nadu 2,462,660 105.4
West Bengal 2,360,440 56.8
Gujarat 2,166,510 60.9
Karnataka 1,750,930 80.5
Kerala 1,327,390 57.5
Rajasthan 1,241,990 76.6
Madhya Pradesh 1,185,860 61.2
Punjab 1,047,050 49.7
Delhi 1,053,850 62.5
Haryana 1,006,760 63.2
Bihar 796,820 31.4
Orissa 714,280 74.7
Jharkhand 629,500 30.6
Assam 575,970 41.9
Chattisgarh 519,210 49.9
Jammu and Kashmir 242,650 50.9
Himachal Pradesh 254,350 50.9
Goa 124,000 30.3
Chandigarh Union Territory 98,720 97
Meghalaya 70,520 85.7
Tripura 66,010 29
Pondicherry Union Territory 64,570 43.9
Manipur 64,380 42.6
Nagaland 53,460 23.2
Arunachal Pradesh 22,620 30
Sikkim 20,400 29.3
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Territory 15,620 43.8
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territory 7,001 110.8
Lakshadweep Territory 1,909 23.7
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.374318148
R Square 0.140114076
Adjusted R Square 0.111451212
Standard Error 1008953.434
Observations 32
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 4.98E+12 4.98E+12 4.888349 0.034804
Residual 30 3.05E+13 1.02E+12
Total 31 3.55E+13
Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
Intercept -9680.041547 460124.9 -0.02104 0.983355 -949381 930020.4 -949381 930020.4
X Variable 1 16715.25724 7560.177 2.210961 0.034804 1275.316 32155.2 1275.316 32155.2
As per the analysis , the t-stat value is less than 3 , therefore the dependent variable (GDP)
depends positively and significantly with the independent variable – Credit Deposit Ratio .
20
15
INDIA lending rates
10
India Deposit rates
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1987 16.5
1988 7.359732163 16.5
1989 -2.500134416 16.5
1990 4.53595456 16.5
1991 -12.33135776 16.5
1992 -0.766594761 16.5
1993 -4.066628061 19
1994 11.0989261 19
1995 11.19853671 15
1996 0.761056423 16.5
1997 10.15718025 14.5
1998 -1.137626012 14
1999 4.998950927 13
2000 1.845055318 12
2001 0.563327469 11.5
2002 3.007238444 11.5
2003 14.01362491 10.75
2004 14.97676033 10.25
2005 15.16242242 10.25
2006 10.3708774 10.25
2007 23.49558366 11
Source : RBI Annual Report 2008
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.525583
R Square 0.598783
Adjusted R Square 0.577666
Standard Error 111.3628
Observations 20
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1 363.5838 363.5838 6.870023 0.017314
Residual 18 952.6183 52.92324
Total 19 1316.202
Coefficients
Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
Intercept 26.30944 8.052966 3.267049 0.004281 9.390781 43.22809 9.390781 43.22809
X Variable 1 -1.47134 0.561349 -2.62107 0.017314 -2.65069 -0.29199 -2.65069 -0.29199
A very significant causation was found between GDP and lending interest rates from the above
data . It can be inferred that : If rate of interest on advances increases, then the GDP of the
country also increases . The value of T is very significant with a value of -2.621.
2040
2030
2020
2010
India Deposit rates
2000 INDIA lending rates
GDP Growth Rate
1990
YEAR
1980
1970
1960
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Over the past 2 years , the CDR ratio has come down. Compared to 2005-06 , the 2007-08 CDR
is very less. There is a decreasing tendency of CDR as we go towards the end of the financial
year .
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.189136
R Square 0.035772
Adjusted R
Square -0.28564
Standard
Error 3.602555
Observation
s 5
ANOVA
Significanc
df SS MS F eF
1.44447 1.44447 0.11129
Regression 1 5 5 8 0.760628
Residual 3 38.9352 12.9784
40.3796
Total 4 8
From the regression analysis and the value of R Square , we can see that there is a minute
causation found between total credit given to agriculture sector and percentage growth of
agriculture production .
Sectorial Deployment of Gross Bank Credit
Items 2005-06 2006-07
Gross Bank Credit 38 27.6
Public Food Procurement Credit 1 14.3
Gross Non-Food Bank Credit 39.6 27.9
(A) Priority Sectors 36.1 24
Agriculture and allied activities 39.9 32.4
Small Scale Industry 22.7 28.4
Housing 47.5 21.5
Other Priority Sectors 30 10.4
(B) Medium and large industries 31.5 25.2
(C ) Wholesale Trade 25.4 25.1
(D) Other Sectors 58.2 36.5
Housing 19.2 32.5
Consumer Durables 20.9 28.9
Real Estate Loans 97.1 69.8
Loans to individuals 27.4 13.7
Source : Reserve Bank of India
Note : Data is provisional and accounts for 90% of bank credit of SCB's
The priority of giving credit in 2005-06 was more towards the Non food bank , Housing , Real
Estate , and agriculture and allied activities sector . However in 2006-07 , more priority credit
was given to Real Estate , Housing , agriculture and allied activities . Noticeable change was the
gap of the credit given to whole sale trade and medium and large industries was reduced from
2005-06 to 2006-07 . Also there was a significant decrease in the loans given to individuals . But
public food procurement credit increased drastically from 1 to 14%.
3.2 Remarks
As per the data analysis ,
The current global financial crisis is now the staple of front page news. Banks around the world,
including those in India, are in the forefront of managing the challenge of crisis resolution. Since
it is so topical, I would like to take this opportunity to share my perspective on the current global
turmoil, its impact on India, the outlook for the Indian economy and the challenges that lie ahead
for the Indian banking system, in particular.
The Indian banking system is not directly exposed to the sub-prime mortgage assets. It has very
limited indirect exposure to the US mortgage market, or to the failed institutions or stressed
assets. Indian banks, both in the public sector and in the private sector, are financially sound,
well capitalised and well regulated. The average capital to risk-weighted assets ratio (CRAR) for
the Indian banking system, as at end-March 2008, was 12.6 per cent, as against the regulatory
minimum of nine per cent and the Basel norm of eight per cent. Even so, India is experiencing
the knock-on effects of the global crisis, through the monetary, financial and real channels – all
of which are coming on top of the already expected cyclical moderation in growth. Our financial
markets – equity market, money market, forex market and credit market – have all come under
pressure mainly because of what we have begun to call 'the substitution effect' of : (i) drying up
of overseas financing for Indian banks and Indian corporates; (ii) constraints in raising funds in a
bearish domestic capital market; and (iii) decline in the internal accruals of the corporates. All
these factors added to the pressure on the domestic credit market.
Simultaneously, the reversal of capital flows, caused by the global de-leveraging process, has put
pressure on our forex market. The sharp fluctuation in the overnight money market rates in
October 2008 and the depreciation of the rupee reflected the combined impact of the global
credit crunch and the de-leveraging process underway.
3.3 The Challenges Ahead
Let me now turn to the major challenges facing the banking system in the country, particularly in
the wake of the global financial crisis.
3.4 Conclusion
Going forward, developments in the real economy, financial markets and global commodity
prices point to a period of moderation in growth with declining inflation. What is heartening
though is that the fundamentals of our economy continue to be strong. Once calm and
confidence are restored in the global markets, economic activity in India will recover sharply.
But a period of painful adjustment is inevitable. It is our collective challenge – for you, the
bankers, and for us at the RBI – to respond to this extraordinary situation effectively and return
India to its path of growth and poverty reduction.
References
Trend and Progress of Banking in India ( Different issues from 1990 – 2007)
www.IMF.org
www.RBI.org.in
www.wikipedia.org
www.Google.com
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to Prof. Tamal Datta Chaudhuri for giving me the project idea and guided me all
along with his suggestions. The Role of Banks is very apt in the current financial scenario .
I also extend my gratitude to Dr. Basudeb Sen for his expert consultation and for guiding me in
analyzing the data for this project .
I am also thankful to the institute for technical support and for providing the necessary
software‟s which helped me in data analysis.
Lastly I would also like to thank RBI Calcutta for providing me the necessary data for the
project, some of which was otherwise not available online .