Filtra'onLecture1

CH2040MechanicalOpera'ons BasavarajM.Gurappa Departmentofchemicalengineering IITMadras

Filtra'on
Filtra'onisaprocessofremovalofsolidpar'clesfromauid bypassingtheuidthroughalteringmedium,orseptum,on whichthesolidsaredeposited. Industrial ltra'on range from simple straining to highly complexsepara'ons

Solid Fluid Both

Valuableproduct ofltra'on

Think of examples for each

Neither

Classica'onoflters
Inanylter,uidsowthroughaltermediumbyvirtueofa pressuredieren'alacrossthemedium.
UpstreamPressure>atm Upstream

FilterMedium

FilterMedium
Downstream

DownstreamPressure=atm

UpstreamPressure=atm

Pressure above atmosphere is developed by several means by a pump or blower, centrifugalforceorbygravityforceac'ngona columnofliquid

FilterMedium
DownstreamVacuum

Mechanismsofltra'on
Cakelters

Clarifying

Crossowlters

Mechanismsofltra'on
Cake lters separate rela'vely large amounts ofsolidsascakeofcrystalsorsludge.OVenthey have provisions for washing cake or removing some of the liquid from the solids before discharge. Clarifyinglterstheseltersremovesmallamounts of solids to produce a clean gas or sparkling clear liquids. Most solids are trapped inside lter medium. Suchltersdierfromscreensinthattheporesofthe lter medium are much larger than size of the par'clestoberemoved Cross ow lters feed suspension ows under pressure at a fairly high velocity across the lter medium.Highliquidvelocitykeepsthelayerofsolids from building up. Filter medium used generally is ceramic,polymerormetalwithporessmallenoughto excludemostofthesuspendedpar'cles.Someofthe liquidpassesthroughtheltermedium,leavingmore concentratedsuspensionbehind

FilterMedia
Theltermediumormembraneinanyltermustmeetthefollowing requirements 1. It must retain the solids to be ltered, giving a reasonably clear ltrate. 2. Itmustnotplugorblind 3. It must be resistant chemically and strong enough physically to withstandprocesscondi'ons 4. Itmustpermitthecakeformedtodischargecleanlyandcompletely 5. Itmustnotbeprohibi'velyexpensive

FilterAids
Slimyorverynesolidsthatformadenseimpermeablecakequicklypluganyltermediumthat is ne enough to retain them. In prac'ce, to lter such materials, porosity of the cake is increasedtopermitthepassageoftheliquidatareasonablerate.Thisisdonebyaddinglter aidssuchaspuriedwoodcellulose,inertporoussolids,diatomaceoussilicatotheslurrybefore ltra'on. Another way of using a lter aid is by precoaCng, that is, deposi'ng a layer of it on the lter mediumbeforeltra'on.

Principlesofcakeltra'on
Filtra'onisaspecialcaseofowthroughpackedbeds. Inconven'onalpackedbeds,resistancetoowareconstant. Inltra'ontheowresistancesincreasewith'meastheltermedium becomescloggedoraltercakebuildsup.Thereforeequa'onsrela'ng ow rates and pressure drops in packed beds have to be modied to allowforthischange.

ErgunEqua'on
P 150V0 (1 ) 1.75 V (1 ) = 2 2 + 3 L s Dp s Dp 3
2 2 0

KozenyCarman

BurkePlummer

Principlesofcakeltra'on
Filtra'onisaspecialcaseofowthroughpackedbeds. Inconven'onalpackedbeds,resistancetoowareconstant. Inltra'ontheowresistancesincreasewith'meastheltermedium becomescloggedoraltercakebuildsup.Thereforeequa'onsrela'ng ow rates and pressure drops in packed beds have to be modied to allowforthischange.

ErgunEqua'on

LaminarFlow
2

TurbulentFlow
2 0

P 150V0 (1 ) 1.75 V (1 ) = 2 2 + 3 L s Dp s Dp 3
KozenyCarman BurkePlummer

Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons

P 150V0 (1 )2 = 2 2 L s Dp 3
KozenyCarman for PACKED BEDS HagenPoiseuilleforPressure drivenowthoughpipes

P 32V0 = L D2

Solids/Par'cles

Channelsforliquidow

Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons

Solids/Par'cles Channelsforliquidow

Deq
Totalsurfaceareaofnparallelchannels

n Deq L

Totalvolumeofsolids(orpar'cles) Numberofpar'cles Volumeofonepar'cle

S0 L (1 )

S0 L (1 ) vp

Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons Deq

Totalsurfaceareaofnparallelchannels

n Deq L

Totalvolumeofsolids(orpar'cles) Numberofpar'cles Volumeofonepar'cle

S0 L (1 )

S0 L (1 ) vp

Totalsurfaceareaavailablefornchannels

S0 L (1 ) sp vp

Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons Deq

Totalsurfaceareaofnparallelchannels

n Deq L

Total surface area available for channels

S0 L (1 ) sp n vp

6 = vp s Dp
6 n Deq L = S0 L (1 ) s Dp

sp

Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons 6 Deq n Deq L = S0 L (1 ) (1) D

s p

VoidVolumeinthebed=Totalvolumeofnchannels

D2 eq S0 L = n L 4
Using(1)and(2)

(2)

2 Deq = s D p 3 (1 )

Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons 2

Deq = 3 s Dp (1 )
P 32V = 2 L Deq
HagenPoiseuilleforPressuredrivenow thoughpipes Thepressuredropdependsonaveragevelocity

V0 V=

V0

istheemptytowerorsupercialvelocity

Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons

P 32V = 2 L Deq
P 32V0 (1 )2 = 4 2 2 3 L s Dp 9 Pipesarenotstraightbuttortuous

P 32V0 (1 )2 = 1 3 4 2 2 L s Dp 9

Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons

2 P 32V0 (1 ) = 1 3 4 2 2 L s Dp 9

P 72 1V0 (1 )2 = 2 3 L 2 D s p P 150V0 (1 ) = 2 2 L s Dp 3
2

1 = 2.1

Flow through packed beds Turbulent ow condi'ons

P 1.75 V (1 ) = L s Dp 3
2 0 2 P 2 f V 0 = L Deq

BurkePlummerforPACKED BEDS Pressuredropowthough pipesturbulentow