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by Narada Thera

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3

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usrf;jyKt&Sifem&'r[max&f (1898-1983)
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aumif;oljzpfonf/ a0g[m&aG;cs,fNyD; pepfwus EdIif;,SOf a[majymavh&Sdonf/ txl;ojzihf Ak'tbd"rm
udk oifjya[mMum;&m ausmfMum;onf/
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ausmf udkvHbdkuoD'&,fbk&m;&Sdcd;k ausmif; wnf&Sdonhf aumwa[e(Kotahena)&yfuGuf tv,ftvwf
vlwef;pm; rdzESpfyg;rS arG;zGm;onf/ odkY&mwGif oD&dvuFm vlrsKd;trsm;pku if;wdkY\ uav;i,frsm;udk c&pf
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&yfuGufvnf;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfyif zcif umavmedo aya&& (Kalonis Perera) rdcif ygbdvde a'
oDv0(Pabilina de Silva)wdkYu t&Sifjrwf\ i,frnfudk okreygv(Sumanapala) [ktrnfay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
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ausmif; ynmoif,lcJhNyD; ,if;aemuf wpf&yfuGufwnf;&Sd pdefYAifheuf'pfaumvdyfodkY 0ifa&mufonf/ ,if;
aumvdyf tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;ESihftwl c&pf,efusrf;pmrsm;udk oif,l&onf/ i,fq&mrsm;teuf uuf
ovpfbkef;awmfBuD; *sdrf;pf (1977 uG,fvGef)onf vli,fokreygv\ wnfNidrfrIudk ESpfoufNyD; kdrefuuf
ovpfbkef;BuD;jzpfapcsifcJhaMumif; od&onf/ odkY&mwGif okreygv\yg&rDum; *sdrf;pf\qEESifh ajymif;jyefjzpf
oGm;onfhjyif if;\ c&pf,efbmoma&;qdkif&m A[kokwonf taemufwdkif; Ak'omoemjyKaqmifGuf
aomtcg rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKcJhonf/
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xkdifq&mawmf t&Sif0Zd&PxHodkY wlawmifarmiftm; ac:aqmifoGm;avh&Sdonf/ t&Sif0Zd&Pr
ax&fum; oDvodumESihf tvGefjynhfpkHNyD; ygVd? ouwESihf oD[dkVfbmompmay uRrf;usifonhfjyif oD[dkVf
bmom uAsmq&mvnf;jzpfvsuf Ak'bmom r[kwfolrsm;yg av;pm;cH&onf/ okreygvonf y&reE
trnf&Sd we*FaEGausmif;vnf; wufcJhojzihf pdwfxJ Ak'omoemESifh eD;pyfaecJhvsuf &[ef;abmifodkY 0if
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uyif 0Zd&Prax&f\ nDwynfhjzpfol t&Sifygvdwrax&fxH ouwbmomudk avhvmcJhonf/
&[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf oD[dkVf,leDAmpDaumvdyfodkY 0ifa&mufNyD; ukd,fusifhw&m;? ,kwdaA'? 'eynm&yf
rsm;udk oif,lonf/ ,if;bmom&yftm;vkH;rSm aemiftcg if;\"r'lwc&D;twGuf tvGef tokH;0ifcJhonf/
&[ef;awmf em&'onf uG,fvGefol a'gufwm aya&&(Dr. Pereira) wnfaxmifcJhonfh ]Ak'Oy|mutzGJU}odkY
0ifa&mufNyD; ,if;tzGJUu usif;yonhf tywfpOf "romudpm aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odkY wuf<upGm yg0ifwufa&muf
cJhonf/,if;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rS omoemjyKvkyfief;twGuf rsKd;aph&cJhonf/
1929 ckESpf? touf 31 ESpftG,fwGif tdEd,EdkifiH? Am&mPoDNrdKUteD;&Sd rd*'g0kef aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;
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5

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tm&S omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;teuf tatmifjrifqkH;rSm tif'dkeD;&Sm;? eDaygESihf AD,uferfrsm;wGif jzpf
onf/ 1934 wGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;odkY<uNyD; aAma&mAka'gapwD tEk&m"NrdKU r[maAm"d yifyGm;udk pdkufysKd;EdkifcJh
onf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; yxrqkH; tajccscJhonhf ax&0g'&[ef;awmfvnf;jzpfonf/ 1959 ckESpf Ak'aeYwGif
wkwfvlrsKd; 2? tif'dkeD;&Sm; 2 ESifh AmvDuRef;om; 2 wdkYudk &[ef;jyKay;cJhonf/ ,if;aemuf tif'dkeD;&Sm;odkY
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bmomtxufwef;ausmif; trsm;tjym;zGifh vSpfay;EdkifcJhonf/
eDaygEdkifiHodkY 6 Budrf <ua&mufcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpfu <ua&mufaom c&D;pOfwGif eDayg&[ef;awmf
trdweE? oD[dkVfq&mawmf t&Sifyd,'DwdkYESihftwl eDaygrSxGufajy;aeMu&aom ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;
XmaeodkY jyefcGifhjyK&efESihf Ak'a eYudk jynfolYkH;ydwf&uftjzpf owfrSwfay;&efwdkYtwGuf eDaygbk&ifxH ta&;
qdkcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpfwGif "rkpdtrnf&Sd wkwf&[ef;awmfwpfyg;ESifhtwl wkwfjynfodkY ,Ofaus;rIudk,f
pm;vS,ftjzpf <ua&mufpOf Ak'"mwfawmfrsm;udk yihfaqmifoGm;cJhonf/ xdkc&D;pOf 0efBuD;csKyf csLtifvdkif;ESihf
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1956 ckESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiH? uifqifwef(Kensington)NrdKU&Sd qm qDa&vfa' Zkdifqm (Sir Cyril de Zoysa)
\ OD;aqmifrIjzihf vef'efAk'0d[m&zGifhyGJudk usif;ycJhonf/ qm qDa&;vf\ yifhzdwfrIaMumihf ,if; ausmif;zGifh
yGJodkY t&Sifem&' wufa&mufcJhonf/ ,if;0d[m&\ yxrqkH;aom ausmif;xkdifq&mawmftjzpf cefYtyfcH&
aomfvnf; Ak'"rjyefYyGm;a&;twGuf wpdkufrwfrwf aqmifGufvdkojzihf vef'efAk'0d[m& acw oDwif;okH;
cJhonf/ qGZfZmvefEdkifiH usif;yonhf bmomaygif;pkH uGefz&ihfodkY wufa&mufNyD; ]rsufarSmuf tajctae
tay: Ak'0g'tjrif(The Buddhist View of the Contemporary Situation)}acgif;pOfjzihf yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJhonf/
qGD'ifvnf; Ak'bmomtzGJUwpfckzGJUpnfhvsuf tjyefwGif tD*spf? *&dESihf a&mrNrdKUrsm;odkY vnfywfcJhonf/
xdkYjyif MopaMw;vsESihf tmz&duwdkufrS wefZef;eD;,m;EdkifiHodkYvnf; <ua&mufcJhonf/
tar&duefEdkifiH&Sd oD&dvuFmoHtrwfEiS hf jrefrmoHtrwf OD;0if;wdkYu 0g&SifwefwGif 0gqdkoDwif;okH;&ef
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1966? 'DZifbm 21 &ufaeYxkwf? oD[dkVfaeYpOfowif;pm (Ceylon Daily News - 21.12.1966) odkY t&Sif
em&' rax&fu atmufygtwdkif; ajymjycJhonf/
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wJhvlawG trsm;tjym; awGUygw,f/ zefqif;&Sif xm0&bk&m;udk ,kHwJhvlawGudkawmh olwdkYtaeeJY
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t&Sifjrwfonf Buddhism in a Nutshell tjyif A Manual of Abhidhamma (tbd"rwo*F[t*Fvdyfbm
omjyef)? The Buddha and his teachings, A Manual of Buddhism paomudk,fwdkifa&;usrf;pmrsm;ESihf The
Dhammapada ESihf The Dighajanu Sutts, Mangala Sutta paom okweftwdktxGmrsm;udkvnf; t*Fvdyfbmom
jyefqdkcJhonf/ Buddhism in a Nutshell rSm bmomrsm;pGmjzihf jyefqdkxkwfa0jcif;cH&onf/
1983 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm 2 &ufaeY? oufawmf 86 odum 46 t&wGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiH? udkvHbdkNrdKU
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touf ESpfq,ftG,fwGif {&m0wDwdkif;? vyGwmNrdKU &[ef;jzpfonf/ &[ef;'um
'umrrsm;rSm OD;usifvIdif a':wifMunfrdom;pkjzpfonf/ 1980-84 ESpfrsm;wGif tif;pdefNrdKU?
atmifqef;awm&pmoifwdkuf (,ckaTjynfomNrdKU) pmayydkYcs&if; tjyifusL&Sifausmif;rsm;
ocsFm? ly? "mwk? t*Fvdyfponfudk avhvmNyD;aemuf 1985 ckESpfwGif wuodkvf0ifwef;
udk ajzqdkatmifjrifonf/
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&d,bGJUtwGuf oif,lonf/ 1992 wGif &efukefwuodkvfrS pmay;pm,lbDatbJGUESihf
1993 wGif EdkifiHawmfy&d,wrd S r[m"rmp&d,bGJUwdkYudk &&SdcJhonf/ r[m"rmp&d,bGJUt
wGuf ]0de,yd#umvmaom pHawmf0ifeDwduxmrsm;}usrf;pmudk a&;om;cJhonf/
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aus;Zl;&Sifq&mawmfrsm;rSm arG;&yfajrrS q&mawmfOD;*Erm? OD;ynmod&D? wef;vGJ-Gmr
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yg;ESpfyk'fudk jrefrmjyefqdkNyD; ]ax&0g'ESihfr[m,me} trnfjzihf xkwfa0cJhonf/
ou&mZf 2000-jynfhwGif aus;Zl;&Sif jynfwGif;jynfyomoemjyKtausmf tvdkawmf
jynfhq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; b'Et&d,0Ho\ apvTwfcsuft& jynfyodkY c&D;xGufcJh&onf/
ou&mZf 2001 wGif MopaMwvs&[ef;awmf tufpf "rdua&;om;onhf A Pilgrim's
Guide to The Buddha's India Middle Land Middle Way ? 2004 wGif a'gufwm
t&Sif"ryd,q&mawmfa&;om;aom Nibbna in Theravda Perspective usrf;? 2005 wGif
oD[dkVfq&mawmf t&Sifem&'r[max&f a&;om;onhf Buddha and his teachings usrf;pmrS
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b0u@opfzGifhNyD; jynfhpkHrIudk vdkvm;oljzpfrnfh ZmwfedrfhZmwfjrihf olawmfpif vlowform;[laom b0
tajctaewdkif;rS vltm;vkH;wdkYtwGuf atmifjrifrIESihf BuD;yGm;csrf;omrIwHcg;udk zGifhxm;aMumif; Ak'&Sifawmf
jrwfu >ruf[awmfrlonf/
trsKd;Zmwf tom;a&mif odkYr[kwf &mxl;wdkYudk cGJjcm;jcif;rjyKbJ Ak'& Sifawmfjrwfonf xdkufwefol trsKd;
om; trsKd;orD;ESpf&yfvkH;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDenf;usus zGJUpnf;xm;onhf oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfudk wnf
axmifcJhonf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf rdrd\wynhfrsm;tm; "r\aus;uRef jzpf&efa&m rdrdudk,fwdkif\ vuf
atmufcHjzpf&eftwGufyg wGef;tm;ray;bJ vkH;0 tawG;tjrif vGwfvyfrIudk ay;tyfcJhonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf udk,fawmfjrwf\ tm;ay;pum;rsm;jzihf rdom;pkESihfauGuGif;olrsm;tm; oufom&m
&apawmfrlcJhonf/ pGefYypfcH emrusef;olrsm;tm; jyKpkapmifha&SmihfcJhonf/ vspfvsLIcH&onfh qif;&Jolrsm;tm;
ulnDapmifha&SmihfcJhonf/ vrf;aysmufaeolrsm;tm; *kPfwufatmif aqmifGufay;NyD; &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefol
wdkY\ pm&dwysufjym;rIb0udk pifMu,faponf/ tm;i,folrsm;tm; tm;ay;NyD; uGJjym;aeolrsm;tm; nDGwf
aponf? rodrdkufrJolrsm;tm; todPfyGifhvif;aponf? eufeJonhft&mudk ajzqdk&Sif;vif;ay;onf? tod
10

ynm enf;yg;olrsm;tm; vrf;Tefay;onf? atmufajcrSyk*Kdvfrsm;tm; `rSihfwifay;onf? jrifhjrwfolrsm;tm;

ydkrdk usufoa&&Sdaponf/ qif;&Jcsrf;om olawmfpif vlrdkufr[l &Sifawmfjrwftm; xyfwlnDrQ cspfjrwfEdk;Mu
onf/ tmPmxefjyif;ol ajzmifhrwfol bk&ifrif;rsm;? xif&Sm;rxif&Sm; rif;nDrif;om;rsm;ESihf txufwef;vTm
rsm;? &ufa&mol uyfap;ESJol oef;<u,folaX;rsm;? rmeaxmifvTm;ol ESdrfhcsol ynm&Sifrsm;? ckdukd;&mrJh olqif;
&Jrsm;? atmufwef;usol trIdufykHwGif &SmazGpm;aomuf&olrsm;? aumufuspfol vlowform;rsm;? txif
ao;cH&ol jynhfwefqmrsm;? ,if;odkYaom yk*Kdvftm;vkH;onf Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ ynm ukPm (jy|mef;onhf)
pum;vkH; rsm;aMumifh tusKd;jzpfxGef;Muonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ jrifhjrwfonhf pHerlonf ow0gtm;vkH;tzdkY tm;wufzG,f taMumif;w&m;wpf&yfjzpf
onf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ wnfNidrfat;csrf;aom oGifjyifonf MunfnKdolyk*Kdvfrsm;\tjrifwGif pdwfouf
om&m&aponhf kyfykHwpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf onf;cHa&;w&m;awmftm; vltm;
vkH;u azmfrjyEdkifaom aysmfTifrIjzihf BudKqdkcJhMuNyD; ,if;onf Mum;emcGifh vdkufemusihfokH;cGifh&SdcJholwkdif;tm;
xm0& tusKd;jzpfxGef;apcJhonf/
Ak'"r xdk;azmuf xGef;awmufcJhonhf ae&mwkdif;wGif ,if;("r)onf toD;oD;aom vlrsKd;rsm;\ pkduf
vuPmtay: ckdifNrJonhf pGJrufzG,fxif[yfrIwpf&yfudk xm;ypfcJhonf/ Ak'bmomEdkifiHtm;vkH;\ ,Ofaus;rI
zGHUNzdK; wdk;wufjcif;rSm t"dutm;jzihf Ak'\txufwef;usaom tqkH;trrsm;aMumifhjzpf&onf/ trSefaomf
oD[dkVf? jrefrm? ,dk;',m;? uarm'D;,m;? AD,uferf? avm? eDayg? wdAuf? wkyf? rGef*dkvD;,m;? udk&D;,m;?
*syefponfuJhodkYaom Ak'bmomEdkifiHtm;vkH;onf Ak'0g'wnf;[laom ykcuftwGif; BuD;jyif;cJhMuonf/
jrifhjrwfonfh q&mt&Sif y&dedAmefpHvGefcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfvGefcJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; &Sifawmf
jrwf\ tEIdif;rJh ESpfvdkzG,fvuPmonf &Sifawmfjrwftm; odvmoltm;vkH;tay: BuD;rm;onhf vTrf;rdk;rIwpf
&yfudk jzpfay:apcJhonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ oHrPdpdwf"mwf? eufeJonhf ynm? teEarwm? r[mukPm? udk,fusKd;rJhaqmifGuf
rI? ordkif;wGif&pfonhf r[mbdedure (avmuDpnf;pdrfudk pGefYvTwfrI)? tvkH;pHk pifMu,frI? qGJaqmifonhf Oy"d
kyf? "rjyefYyGm;&ef aqmifGufcJhonfh pHjyenf;pepfESihf &Sifawmfjrwf\ tqkH;pGef atmifjrifrI tvkH;pkHaom
tcsufrsm;onf urmhvlOD;a& ig;ykHwpfykHcefYrQtm; &Sifawmfjrwftm; rdrdwdYk\ bmomw&m;qdkif&m q&mt&Sif
tjzpf 0rf;ompGm vufcH&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftm; awmufajymifonhf axmremay;jcif;jyKvsuf oD&d&m"u&pf&Sem (Sri Radhakrishna)
u odkYazmfjyonf ]Ak'a*gwrESifhpyfvQif uREkfyfwdkYrSm awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIESihf vlom;rsKd;EG,fESihfqdkifonhf
b0tay: MoZmvTrf;rdk;oavmuf rnfolESihfrqdk (,SOfvQif) 'kwd,ae&mwGifr&Sdol? if;\ vTrf;rdk;rIonf
tjcm;rnfolxufrqdk us,fjyefYeufIdif;rI ,kwfavsmhjcif;r&SdbJ bmomw&m;tpOftvmwpf&yfudk wnf
axmifoltjzpf tm;vkH;\ av;pm;dkaorIudkcH&ol ta&SUwdkif;rS ynm&Sdwpfql &&SdMujcif;jzpf\/ Ak'&Sifawmf
jrwfum; urmhtawG;tac:ordkif;\ ykdifqdkifjcif;udk cH&ol? &nfrGefonhf vlom;tm;vkH;\ trsm;qdkiftarG
tESpfjzpfacs\/ taMumif;rl todynm*kPf&Sdef? udk,fusifhw&m;a&;&mjyif;jyrIESihf pdwyf dkif;b0 xdk;xGif;odjrifrI
wdkYjzihf qkH;jzwfcH&ygrl Ak'onf ordkif;wGif tBuD;jrwfqkH; yk*Kdvfrsm;teuf wpfqljzpf&onfrSm oHo,jzpf
zG,f rvdkaomaMumihfwnf;}/
tdyfcsf *sD 0Jvf (H.G. Wells)u ]orkdif;wGif tBuD;jrwfqkH; yk*KdvfokH;a,muf} (The Three Greatest Men in
History)usrf; odkYa&;onf ]Ak'tm; kd;om;aom ukdif;Idif;aom wpfudk,fwnf;aeaom Pftvif;
twGuf BudK;yrf;aeaom vlom;wpfa,muf? xif&Sm;onhf vlYom;Oy"dkyf&Sdoltjzpf &Sif;vif;pGm awGU&NyD;
pdwful;,Of ewfa'0gtjzpf rawGU&acs/ Ak'onf vlom;tm;vkH;ESihfqdkifaom udk,fusifw
h &m;a&;&m w&m;"r
udkvnf; vlom;wdkYtm; ay;tyfcJh\/ uREkfyfwdkY\ taumif;qkH;aom acwfopf tawG;tjrifrsm;onf Ak'\
"rESihf teD;pyfqkH; vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sd\/ Ak'u qif;&J'kutm;vkH;ESihf rauseyfrItm;vkH;onf wpfudk,f
aumif;qefrIaMumihf jzpf&aMumif; a[mMum;cJh\/ vlom;wpfOD;onf wnfNidrfrI jzpfrvmEdik frDwGif if;\
tmkHw&m;rsm;twGif; odkYr[kwf if;udk,fwdkiftwGif; touf&Sif&rIudk &yfpJ&rnfjzpf\/ ,if;aemuf vlom;
onf BuD;jrwfoltjzpfodkY a&muf&Sd\/ Ak'onf c&pfray:rD ESpfaygif; 500 cefYuyif rwljcm;em;onhf a0g[m
&jzihf vlom;wdkYtm; ukd,fusKd;pGefYrIw&m;udk a[mMum;wdkufwGef;awmfrlcJh\/ tjcm;wpfenf;qdk&rl Ak'onf
uREkfyfwdkYESihf uREkfyfwdkY\vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESihf ydkrdkeD;pyfcJh\/ Ak'onf uREfkyfwdkY\ wpfudk,fa& ta&;ygrIESihf
11

tusdK;aqmifGufrIwGif c&pfawmfxuf ydkrdk&Sif;vif;NyD; xm0&wnfNrJolyk*Kdvfjzpfoavm[laom tcsufESifh

ywfoufrl (c&pfawmfxuf) oHo,jzpfp&m ydkenf;\}/
pdefY [Dav&D (St. Hilaire) u ]Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf a[mMum;awmfrlonhf udk,fusifhw&m;tm;vkH;\ NyD;jynfhpkH
aom ykHpHjzpfonhf &Sifawmfjrwf\b0onf ,if;udk,fusifhw&m;tay: pGef;xif;rIr&Sdacs}[k rSwfcsufjyKonf/
azmhpfAdk;vf (Fausboll)u ]Ak'&SifawmfjrwftaMumif; uREfkyfod&av &Sifawmfjrwftay: MunfnKdav
jzpfyg\}[k qdkonf/
&Sifawmfjrwf\ usKd;EGHol wynfhwpfa,uftaejzihrf l ]&SifawmfjrwftaMumif; uREfkyfod&av &Sifawmf
jrwftay: MunfnKd&av? &Sifawmfjrwftay: MunfnKd&av &SifawmfjrwftaMumif; uREfkyfod&av jzpfyg\}
[k qdkrnfjzpfonf/

tcef; 2
jrwf"r
"r(Ak'0g')onf 'e(awG;ac:ajrmjrifrI)avm/
,kHMunfudk;uG,folrsm;xHrS rsufuef;,kHMunfrIudk rawmif;qdkrl? w&m;ao avSeH"m;xpf0g'udk ra[mMum;
bJ t,lonf; bmoma&;tpDt&ifESihf tcrf;tem;rsm;udk tm;ray;aomfvnf; pifMu,fpGm aexdkifawG;ac:
jcif;tm;jzihf tjrwfqkH;todynmESihf udavomtm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufrIudk &&Sd&ef wynfhwpfa,muftm;
vrf;Tefonhf enf;vrf;aumif;udk axmufcHvsuf? Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom &efvdkrkef;xm;rI
rygonfh udk,fusifhw&m;ESihf 'eqdkif&menf;pepfudk "r[kac:NyD; Ak'0g'tjzpf xif;&Sm;pGm odrSwfMuonf/
r[mukPm&if Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAmefpHawmfrlNyDjzpfaomfvnf; vlom;wdkYtwGuf &Sifawmfjrwf t
jynfhtpkHxm;ypfcJhonfh jrwf"ronfum; rl&if;twdkif; pifMu,fpGm wnf&SdqJjzpfonf/
jrwfAk'onf rdrda[mMum;csufrsm;tm; a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; jrwfAk'\ xif&Sm;
onhf wynhfom0urrsm;u ,if;wdkYudk EIwf&tm*kHaqmif xdef;odrf;cJhMuNyD; aemifvmaemifom; tpOf
tquf EIwftm;jzihf qihfurf;cJhMuonf/
Ak'y&dedAmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD "rESihf0de,udk uRrf;usifawmfrlMuaom &[Emig;&mwdkYonf &Sif
awmfjrwfa[mMum;awmfrlonhftwkdif; wdkufqdkifSdEIdif; yxroH*g,emwifcJhMuonf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfa[m
Mum;awmfrlcJhaom w&m;"rtm;vkH;udk Mum;em&ef tcGifhxl;&&SdawmfrlcJhaom t&SiftmeEmu "rudkGwfMum;cJh
NyD;? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif t&SifOygvdrax&fu 0de,udk GwfqdkcJhonf/
,aeYacwfykHpHjzihf (awGU&Sd&onhf) yd#uwfokH;ykHudk azmfjyyg &[Emrax&fBuD;rsm; pkpnf; pDpOfxm;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
bmomw&m;udkif;Idif;onhf oD&dvuFmbk&if 0*grPdrif;vufxuftwGif; bDpD 83 wGif Ak'0g'ordkif;
wGif yxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuftu&mwifcJhonf/
Ak' (a[mMum;aom) w&m;"rrsm;\ tESpfom&rsm;yg0ifonfh twGJaygif; rsm;pGm&Sdonfh yd#uwfokH;ykH
um; ormusrf;pm\ q,fhwpfqcefY&Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;&onf/ yd#uwfokH;ykHESihf ormusrf;pmwdkYtMum; odom
xif&Sm;onhf jcm;em;csufum; yd#uwfokH;ykHrSm ormusrf;pmuJhodkY (wjznf;jznf; jznfhpGufa&;om;rIjzifh) wdk;
yGm;vmonhf usrf;pm r[kwfjcif;jzpfonf/
12

pum;vkH;t"dym,f aumuf,lrIt& wdyd#u jcif;awmif; okH;ckyg0ifonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm pnf;rsOf;jcif;

awmif; (0de,yd#u)? a'oemjcif;awmif; (okwyd#u)ESihf tqifhjrifha'oemjcif;awmif; (tbd"ryd#u)wdkY
jzpfonf/
a&S;tusqkH; ordkif;0iftzGJUtpnf; (oHCm)\ ta&;ygonhft&mtjzpf ,lqtyfonhf 0de,yd#uonf
tajctae jzpfay:vmwdkif; bduK bduKeDwdkY tem*wfwGif vkdufemusifhokH;&ef Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf ynwfawmf
rlcJhaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;ESihf t"du ywfoufonf/ 0de,yd#u Ak'omoem wjznf;jznf; wdk;wufjzpf
xGef;vmykHtaMumif;udk tao;pdwfazmfjyonf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ b0ESihf omoemjyKrSwfwrf;udkvnf; (,if;
) azmfjyxm;onf/ 0de,yd#uonf ta&;ygNyD; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onhf a&S;acwforkdif;? tdEd,,Of
aus;rI? tEkynm? odyHponftaMumif;t&mtcsdKUudk oG,f0kdufaomtm;jzihf azmfjyonf/
,if;yd#u atmufygtwdkif; usrf;aygif; ig;usrf;yg0ifonf
1) yg&mZduygVd *ku (BuD;av;) odumyk'frsm;
2) ygpdwd,ygVd v[ku (ayghao;) odumyk'frsm;
,if;ESpfusrf;udk 0db*F [kac:onf
3) r[m0*ygVd r[m0g (tceff;BuD;)ygVdawmf
4) plV0*ygVd plV0g (tcef;i,f) ygVdawmf
,if;ESpfusrf;udk cEu [kac:onf
5) y&d0g&ygVd y&d0g (tjcHt&H) ygVdawmf
okwyd#uwGif t"dutm;jzihf Ak'& Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwdkif rsm;pGmaomtaMumif;t&mtm;avsmfpGm a[m
Mum;awmfrlaom okwefrsm;yg0ifonf/ xdkYjyif t&Sifom&dykw&m? t&SiftmeEmESihf t&Sifr[marm*vmef
ponfuJhodkYaom Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ xif&Sm;onhf wynhfom0ursm; a[mMum;onhf okweftenf;tusOf;
vnf; ,if; yg&Sdonf/ taMumif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd; yk*KdvftoD;oD;wdkY\ pdkfuftaxGaxGESifh oifhawmfap&ef
a[mMum;awmfrlonhf a'oemawmfrsm;jzihf yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;aomaMumihf ,if;okwyd#uonf aq;Tef;
usrf;ESihf yrmwlvSonf/ okwefa'oemawmfrsm; a&SUaemufrnDouJhodkYxif&aom a[mawmfrlcsuftcsKdU
yg&Sdaumif; yg&SdEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYrSm Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftaejzihf tcgumvtvdkuf taMumif;
t&myg &nfG,fcsufESihfnDap&ef a[mMum;awmfrlojzihf rSm;,Gif;pGm t"dym,faumuf,lrI rjyKoihfacs/
Oyrmtaejzihfjy&rl tw0dnmOfaumifESihf ,if;tvm;wlar;cGef;tm; (pkHprf;vdkolu rodrdkufrJpGm ar;jref;
orI jyKkHrQwGif) rajzMum;bJ qdwfNidrfpGm aeawmfrlvdrhfrnf odkYr[kwf ar;jref;olonf pdwftm;xufoefonhf
trSefwu,f w&m;&SmazGoljzpfaMumif; odawmfrlygu tao;pdwf ajzMum;awmfrlvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ a'oem
awmftrsm;pkudk t"dutm;jzihf bduKwdkY\ tpD;tyGm;twGuf &nfG,fNyD; tusihfjrwf(jA[p&d,)ESihf ,if;udk
zGifhqdka[mMum;csufrsm;ESihf ywfoufMuonf/ okwyd#u tdrfaeol vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ kyfydkif;a&m ukd,f
usifhw&m;t&yg wdk;wufrIwdkYESihf ywfoufonfh tjcm;rsm;pGmaom a'oemawmfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/
yd#uudk edum,f odkYr[kwf tpktaygif; ig;rsKd;jzihf cGJjcm;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm
1) 'DCedum, (okwef&Snfrsm;aygif;csKyf)
2) rZdred,m, (rwdkr&Snfokwefrsm;aygif;csKyf)
3) oH,kwedum, (wlnD&mpkaygif; a'oemaygif;csKyf)
4) t*Fkw&edum, (eHygwfpOfwln&D m a'oemaygif;csKyf)
5) ck'uedum, (okwefwdkrsm;aygif;csKyf) wdkYjzpfonf/
trSwfig; edum,fudk atmufygtwdkif; q,hfokH;usrf; cGJjcm;onf
1)ck'uygX (wdkonhf ygVdawmfrsm;)
2) "ry' (opm"rvrf;pOf)
3) O'ge (0rf;ajrmufpGm >rufqdkcsufrsm;)
4) wd0kwu (]odkYMum;emcJh&\}jzihf tpjyKaom a'oemawmfrsm;)
5) okwedygw (a'oemawmfaygif;csKyf)
6) 0drme0wK (Adrmef&Sifrsm;0wK)
7) ayw0wK (Nydwm0wK)
8) ax&*gxm (rax&fwdkY\a[mMum;csufrsm;)
13

9) ax&D*gxm (ax&DwdkY\a[mMum;csufrsm;)
10) Zmwu (Zmwfawmfrsm;)
11) eda'o (zGihfqdkcsufrsm;)
12) y#dord'gr* (xdk;xGif;odjrifaMumif;vrf;pOf)
13) ty'ge (&[EmwdkY\taMumif;)
14) Ak'0Ho (Ak'\taMumif;)
15) p&d,myd#u (ukd,fusihfw&m; xkH;enf;rsm;)
tbd"rmyd#u wdkawmif;jywfom;NyD; ydkrdkdk;&Sif;onhf okwef a'oemawmfrsm;ESihfEIdif;pmrl trSefyif Ak'
"r\eufeJaom tawG;tjrifrsm;yg0ifojzihf yd#uonf yd#uwfokH;ykHteuf ta&;tygqkH;ESihf pdwf0ifpm;
zG,ftaumif;qkH; jzpfonf/
okwyd#u a0g[m&a'oemudk awGU&NyD; tbd"ryd#uwGif y&rwa'oemudk awGU&onf/
ynm&Sifwpfa,muftzdkY tbd"ryd#uonf tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom vrf;Tef? pdwfydkif;b0 wdk;wufNyD;olrsm;
tzdkY todynmqdkif&m ukoa&; wpf&yf? okawoDynm&Sifrsm;tzdkY 'etm[m&wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ pdwfudk
t"dym,fzGifhqdkonf/ awG;odcsufrsm;udk t"dutm;jzihf udk,fusifhw&m;IaxmihfrS cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm trsKd;tpm;
cGJjcm;onf/ apwodufrsm;udk a&wGufjyonf/ pdwfwpfrsKd;pD zGJUpnf;ykHudk tao;pdwfazmfjyonf/ awG;odrIrsm;
jzpfay:vmykHudk ca&aphwGif;us azmfjyonf/ vltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;aomfvnf; 0dok'd(pifMu,frI)ESihf ywfoufrI
r&Sdaom roufqdkifonhf jyemrsm;udk wrifoufouf ab;z,fxm;cJhonf/
kyftaMumif;udk tusOf;rQ aqG;aEG;onf? kyfw&m;\ tajccHzGJUpnf;ykH? kyfw&m;\ t&nftaoG;? kyf
w&m;\ &if;jrpfrsm;ESihf kyfESifhpdwfwdkY\ qufEG,frIwdkYudk &Sif;jyonf/
tbd"rmonf ow0gqdkonfudk jzpfay:apaom tajccHESpfckjzpfonhf pdwfESihfkyfwdkYudk t&Sdtwdkif;
em;vnfEdkifap&ef pkHprf;avhvmonf/ xdktajccHrsm;tay: t&if;wnf 'e (awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI) wpf&yf
wdk;wufNyD;jzpfonf/ xdk'eudk tajcjyKvsuf edAmef[laom tEdryef;wdkifudk xdk;xGif;odjrif&ef ukd,fusifh
w&m;a&;&m pepfwpfcktjzpfodkY wdk;wufajymif;vJcJhonf/
tbd"rm ckepfusrf;&Sdonf
1) "ro*FPD ("rudk tkyfpkcGJjcif;)
2) 0db*F (cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmonhf usrf;)
3) uxm0wK (tacstwifaqG;aEG;csuf rSwfpkrsm;)
4) yk*vynwd (yk*KdvftoD;oD;udk azmfjyjcif;)
5) "mwkuxm ("mwftaMumif;aqG;aEGcsuf)
6) ,ru (tpkHtpkHaomusrf;)
7) y|me (aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOfjyusrf;)
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf omrefyk*Kdvfrsm;twGufa&m ynmwwfyk*Kdvfrsm;twGufyg "rudka[mMum;jcif;
jzpf yd#uwfokH;ykHwGif uav;i,frsm;twGuf EkdYcsKdudk&EdkifNyD; vlBuD;rsm;twGuf tom;udk &&SdEdkifonf/
,if;ygVdawmfusrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onhf w&m;jrwfum; opmw&m; vufawGUtcsufrsm;ESihf ywfouf
vsuf ,aeY eufeJaomtrSefw&m;tjzpf vufcHEdkifNyD; reufjzef pGefYypf&onfomjzpfaom tqdktrdefY (oD
tdk&D)rsm; 'ersm;ESihf oufqdkifjcif;r&Sdacs/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf uREkfyfwdkYtm; xl;jcm;tHhMozG,f 'e
qdkif&m oDtdk&Drsm;udk ay;tyfcJhjcif;r[kwfonfomru topfjzpfonhf kyfoyd H,lqcsufwpf&yfudk pGefYpm;azmf
xkwfcJhonfvnf; r[kwfacs/ &Sifawmfjrwfonf uREfkyfwdkY\ 0drkwd(vGwfajrmufrI)ESihf ywfoufoaGU tZw
A[d'wdkY &Sdonhfw&m;udk &Sif;jyNyD; tEIdif;rJh vGwfajrmufrIvrf;pOfudkom vkH;0a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ odkY&m
wGif trSwfrxifyif Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf acwfodyHrsm;pGmESihf 'eynm&Sifrsm;pGmwdkY\ a&S;ajy;jzpfcJhonf/
Idyifa[mif0g(Schopenhauer)u if;\ ]qEESihftawG;urm} (World as Will and Idea)trnf&Sd pm;tkyf
taemufwdkif;Iaxmihfjzihf 'kuopmESihf ,if;\taMumif;w&m;udk wifjycJhonf/ pyDEdkZm(Spinoza)url xm0&
tppftrSefw&m;wpfck wnf&SdrIudk rjiif;aomfvnf; xm0&wnfNrJaom t&mtm;vkH; ajymif;vJrIobm0&Sd
aMumif; ,lqcJhonf/ if;\t,ltqt&rl ]ajymif;vJrIr&Sd cPoabm(vnf;)r[kwfbJ rajymif;rvJ
tNrJ&SdNyD; xm0pOfwnfwHhaom todynmtmkHwpfckudk &SmazGawGU&Sdjcif;jzihf} aomuudk vGefajrmufEdkifonf/
Amuav(Berkely)url rcGJjcrf;Edkifawmhonhf tufwrf(tEkjrL)qdkaomt&monf 'ee,fvGef pdwful;jzihf
14

awG;awmrIwpf&yfjzpfaMumif; oufaojycJhonf/ [sKrf;(Hume)url pdwftaMumif;udk rqkwfrepf cGJjcrf;pdwf

jzmNyD;aemuf odpdwfwGif rwnfNrJonhf pdwf\tajctae(apwoduf)rsm; yg0ifaMumif; aumufcsufcscJh
onf/ Am*fqef(Bergson)onf ajymif;vJrI"rudk axmufcHcJhonf/ ygarmu *sdrf;pf (Prof. James)um; pdwfjzpf
pOfwpf&yfudk TefjycJhonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 2500-ausmftcsdefu **Fgjrpf0Srf;a'owGif oDwif;okH;aexkdif
pOftwGif; ,if;azmfjyNyD; tNrJr&Sdjcif;(tedp)? qif;&Jjcif;('ku)ESihf igaumifudk,faumifr&Sd twrJh (tew)
[laom"rudk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf rdrdodNyD;w&m;"rtm;vkH;udk a[mawmfrrlcJhaMumif; em;vnfoihfonf/ tcgwpf
yg; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf awmwef;wpfckudk jzwfoef;pOf opfGufvufwpfqkyfpmrQudk aumuf,lawmfrlNyD;
]bduKwdkY? igbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlNyD;aomt&monf igbk&m;\vufawmf&Sdaom opfGufESifhwlay\/ igbk
&m; a[mMum;awmfrrl&ao;aomt&monf awmwef;twGi;f &Sd opfGufrsm;ta&twGufESihf yrmwlay\} [k
rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf vlenf;pkESihfywfoufaom"r vlrsm;ESihfywfoufaom"r[k cGJjcm;jcif;rjyKbJ vl
om;\ pifMu,frItwGuf vkH;0vdktyfonf[k &Sifawmfjrwf,lqonfudkom a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ Ak'onf
rdrd\ omoemjyKvkyfief;ESihf rqkdifonfh ar;cGef;rsm;ESihfywfoufrl wrifrifoufouf EIwfqdwfaecJhonf/
Ak'0g'onf odyHynmESihf vdkufavsmnDaxG&SdonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkaomfvnf; odyHonf kyfydkif;
qdkif&m trSefw&m;rsm;ESihf t"duywfoufNyD; Ak'0g'rl ukd,fusifhw&m;ESihf pdwfydkif;b0trSefw&m;rsm;udk zGifh
qdkaomaMumihf ,if;wdkYudk rsOf;NydKif w&m;"rrsm;tjzpf rSwf,loihfonf/ ,if;(Ak'0g'ESifhodyHynm) "r toD;
oD;\ t"du&nfG,fcsufrSm jcm;em;onf/
Ak'a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom "rum; usrf;pmtkyfrsm;wGif odrf;qnf;xm;kHrQr[kwfouJhodkY ordkif; odkYr
[kwf pmayIaxmifhrS avhvm&rnfh bmom&yfwpfckvnf; r[kwfacs/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;ESihf qefYusifvsuf "rudk
vufawGUtm;xkwfjcif;r&SdbJ trSefw&m;udk em;vnfEdkifrnfr[kwfaomaMumihf "r[lonfum; oif,l&rnhf
t&mjzpfNyD; wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ aeYpOfb0usifhxkH;taejzihf usihfMuH&rnhfw&m; jzpfonf/ "r[lonf oif,l&
rnfht&m xdkxuf usihfMuH&rnfht&m xdkxuf xdk;xGif;odjrif&rnfht&mjzpfNyD; tvsiftjref xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;
rSm "r\yef;wdkifjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf arG;aoork'&m (oHo&m)rS vGwfajrmufrIrSm "r\ t"du &nfG,fcsuf
jzpfaMumif; qdkvkdvsuf "r[lonfudk azmifESihfOyrmjyKonf/
odkYjzpf Ak'0g'onf todynmudkcspfjcif; todynmudk&mS azGjcif;rQ r[kwfaomaMumifh Ak'0g'tm;
'eynmoufouf wpfcktaejzihf twdtusrac:Edkifacs/ Ak'0g'onf 'eynm&yfwpfckESihf tvGefeD;
pyfEdkifaomfvnf; ,if;onf tvGefYtvGef em;vnfEdkifaom t&mjzpfonf/
'eynm&yfonf A[kokwtMum;tjrifESifh t"duoufqdkifNyD; vufawGUusihfokH;rIESihf rywfoufbJ&Sd
vsuf Ak'0g'rlum; usihfokH;jcif;ESihf xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;wdkYudk txl;jyKonf/

15

tcef; 3
Ak'0g'onf zef;qif;&Sif xm0&bk&m;ocif A[dkjyK bmomw&m;avm/
Ak'0g'onf ]wef;cdk;&Sifwpfa,muftm; usKd;EGHopmcHjcif;jzihf ,kHMunf 0wfjyKqkawmif;onhf pepfr[kwf}ojzihf
trsm;em;vnfxm;onhf t"dym,fjzihf bmomw&m; (Religion)wpfckvnf; r[kwfacs/
Ak'0g'onf ,kHMunfudk;uG,folrsm;xHrS rsufuef;,kHMunfrIudk rawmif;qdkacs/ Ak'0g' ,kHMunfrIouf
oufudk cGmxkwfvsuf ygVdbmomjzihf o'g[kac:aom todynmtajccHonfh ,kHMunfrIjzihf tpm;xdk;onf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftay: wynfhom0uwpfa,mufxm;&Sdonhf ,kHMunfrIonf xif;&Sm;onhf aq;q&mwpf
a,muftay: vlemwpfa,mufuxm;&Sdonhf ,kHMunfcsufrsKd;? odkYr[kwf ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu rdrdq&m
tay:xm;&Sdonhf ,kHMunfcsufrsKd;jzpfonf/ Ak'0g'Dwpfa,mufonf Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftaejzihf 0drkwdvrf;pOfudk
&SmazGawGU&SdcJholwpfa,mufjzpf udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif; jzpfonf/
Ak'0g'Dwpfa,mufonf (Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu) &Sifawmfjrwf\ yk*Kdvfa&;pifMu,frIjzihf rdrdudk u,fwifvdrfh
rnf[laom arQmfvihfcsufjzihf Ak'tm; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfr[kwfacs/ Ak'onf ,if;odkYaom tmrcHcsufrsKd;
udk ray;acs/ Ak'\wef;cdk;pGrf;&nfonf tjcm;yk*Kdvfrsm;\ rpifMu,frIrsm;udk aq;aMumokwfoifypf&ef
r[kwfacs/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf tjcm;wpfa,muftm; pifMu,fatmifjzpfap npfEGrf;atmifjzpfap rjyK
vkyfEdkifacs/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf q&mt&Siftaejzihf uREkdyfwdkYudk oifMum;ay;aomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkY\ pifMu,frIt
wGufrl uREfkyfwdkYrSmom wdkufkduf wm0ef&Sdonf/
Ak'0g'Dwpfa,mufonf Ak'tm; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;jyKaomfvnf; rnfonhf udk,fhudk,fudk vufa`rSmuf
tIH;ay;rIrsKd;udkrS rvkyfacs/ Ak'\ wynfhom0ujzpfvmjcif;jzihf Ak'0g'Dwpfa,mufonf if;\vGwfvyfpGm
awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIudk rpGefYvTwfacs/ Ak'0g'Donf vGwfvyfonhf udk,fykdif pdwfqEudk avhusifhEdkifNyD; udk,fwdkif
Ak' jzpfvmEdkifonftxdyif rdrd\todPfudk wdk;wufatmif tm;xkwfEdkifonf/
Ak'0g'\ tprSwfrSm aMumif;usKd;qifjcifjcif; odkYr[kwf em;vnfjcif; odkYwnf;r[kwf tjcm;wpfrsdK;qdk&rl
orm'd|d (rSefaomtjrif) jzpfonf/
trSefw&m; &SmazGolrsm;tm; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu atmufygtwkdif; >rufMum;onf
]wpfqihfpum; Mum;kHrQjzihf (a&S;ya0oPDuyif ,if;udk Mum;zl;onf[k ,lqvsuf [kqdkvkdonf)
r,kHMunfMuESihf/ tpOftvmjzpfkHrQjzifh (bdk;pOfabmifquf pOfqufrsm;pGmu qif;oufvmonf[k
,lqvsuf [kqdkvdkonf) rnfonhft&mudkrQ vufrcHMuESihf/ oifwdkY\ usrf;*efESihf udkufnDkHrQjzifh
rnfonhft&mudkrQ vufrcHMuESihf/ rSef;qodkHrQjzihf rnfonhft&mudkrQ vufrcHMuESifh/ t"dym,f
16

zGifhqdkkHrQjzihf rnfonhft&mudkrQ vufrcHMuESihf/ taMumif;,kwdudk qifjcifkHjzihf rnfonhft&mudkrQ

vufrcHMuESihf/ rdrd\ BudKwifwGufqxm;onfh odjrifcsufESihf udkufnDaomaMumihfrQjzihfvnf; rnf
onhft&mudkrQ vufrcHMuESihf/ vufcHxkdufykH&onf[laom taMumif;aMumifhrQjzifhf (a[majymolu
vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpfykH&ojzihf if;\pum;udk vufcH oihfonf[k,lqvsuf[k qdkvkdonf) rnf
onhft&mudkrQ vufrcHMuESihf/ &aoh&[ef;yk*Kdvfum; uREfkyfwdkY av;pm;cH&oljzpf\ (,if;odkY ,lq
if;\pum;udk vufcHjcif;rSm rSefonf) [k,lqojzihf rnfonhft&mudk rQ vufrcHMuESihf/
]odkYwap xdkt&mrsm;um; 'kpdkufrI(tusifhqdk;) rsm;jzpfMu\? xdkw&m;rsm;um; tjypfwifxdkuf\? xkd
w&m;rsm;um; ynm&SdwdkY\ uJh&JUjcif;cH&\? xdkw&m;rsm;udk jyKrlaqmifGufrl ysufpD;jcif; pdwfqif;&Jjcif;
tusKd;udk&\[k oifwdkYudk,fwdkif odjrifaomtcg ,if;w&m;wdkYudk oif wu,fyif jiif;y,fyg/
]xdkt&mrsm;um; okpdkufrIrsm;jzpfMu\? xdkw&m;rsm;um; tjypfuif;\? xkdw&m;rsm;um; ynm&SdwdkY
csD;rGrf;jcif;cH&\? xdkw&m;rsm;udk jyKrlaqmifGufrl aumif;jcif; aysmfTif;jcif; tusKd;udk&\[k oifwdkY
udk,fwdkif odjrifaomtcg ,if;w&m;wdkYudk vdkufemusihfokH; aexkdifyg}/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ azmjfyyg pdwftm;xufoefaponhf pum;awmfrsm;um; ,if;pum;vkH;wdkY\ rlvcGef
tm;ESihf vef;qef;rIudk (,aeYwdkif) xdef;odrf;xm;qJjzpfonf/
Ak'0g' rsufuef;,kHMunfrIr&Sdaomfvnf; wpfpkHwpfa,muftaejzihf Ak'0g' kyfwkqif;wkudk;uG,frI
r&Sdbl;avm[k apm'uwuf (ar;cGef;xkwf) Edkifonf/
Ak'0g'DwdkYonf avmuDtpD;tyGm; odkYr[kwf pdwfydkif;b0a&;&m Smwmaz;rIwdkYtwGuf arQmfvihfcsufjzihf
kyfwkqif;wkudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuonfr[kwfbJ ,if;kyfwkqif;wku udk,fpm;jyKonhft&m (oufawmf
xif&Sm;jrwfpGmbk&m;)udk tkdtaoay;Mujcif;om jzpfonf/
em;vnfol Ak'0g'Dwpfa,muftzdkY qif;wkawmftm; yef;rsm; tarT;wdkifrsm; ay;vylaZmfjcif;rSm
rdrdtae jzihf oufawmfxif&Sm; jrwfbk&m;\ a&SUawmfarSmuf &Sdaeonf[k rdrdudk,fudk cHpm;Edkifap&ef wrif
aqmifGufjcif; jzpfNyD; xdkrSwpfqifh Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ jrifhjrwfaom Oy"dkyfoGifrS pdwf"mwfcGeftm; &&Sdvsuf
Ak'\ tEIdif;rJh r[mukPmudk eufIdif;pGm cHpm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;Ak'0g'Donf Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ jrifhjrwf
onhf pHperludk vdkufem usifhokH;onf/
r[maAm"dyifvnf; aAm"dPf\ txdrf;trSwfyifjzpfonf/ ,if; jyifyudk;uG,fcH t&m0wKrsm;rSm
vkH;0r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaomt&mr[kwfaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;u wpfpkHwpfa,muf\ pdwftmkHudk wnfMunf
ap&ef &nfTef;ojzihf tokH;0ifygonf/ awG;awmqifjcifavh&Sdonhf ynm&Sifyk*Kdvfwpfa,muftzdkYrl rdrdtmkH
udk vG,fulpGm pl;pdkufEdkifNyD; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftm; tvG,fwul tmkHjyKEdkifojzihf ,if;t&mrsm;udk tokH;rjyK
bJaeEdkifonf/
uREkfyfwdkY\ yk*vduaumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGufESihf aus;Zl;wifonfhtaejzifh uREfkyfwdkYonf ,if;odkYaom
jyifyt&mrsm;tm; tdktaoay;Muaomfvnf; rdrdwynhfrsm;xHrS Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf arQmfvihfaomt&mrSm rdrd
\"rudk trSefwu,f vdkufemusihfokH;jcif;omjzpfvsuf (&Sifawmfjrwftm;) tvGefusKd;EGHdkaorI r[kwfacs/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu ]"rudk taumif;qkH; usihfokH;olonf ighbk&m;udk taumif;qkH; ylaZmfoljzpf\} ]"rudk jrif
aomolonf igbk&m;udk jrif\} [k a[mawmfrlonf/
odkYwap qif;wkawmfrsm;ESihf ywfouf aumifhudkifZmvif (Count Kaiserling) trnf&Sdyk*Kdvfu ]urm
ay: Ak'qif;wkawmfxuf ydkrdkcrf;em;onhf rnfonhft&mudkrQ rawGUzl;yg/ ,if;qif;wkawmfonf rsufpdjzifh
jrifEkdifaumif;aom e,fy,ftwGif; vkH;0OkH NyD;jynfhpkHonfh pdwfykdif;b0\ jy,k*fwpf&yfyifjzpf\} [k rSwf
csufjyKonf/
xdkYjyifvnf; Ak'0g' toem;cHrI odrYk [kwf olwpfyg;twGuf toem;cHay;aom qkawmif;rIrsm;r&Sdacs/
Ak'&SifawmfjrwfxH uREkfyfwdkY tmaygufatmif qkawmif;apumrl uREkfyfwdkY u,fwifcH&vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf if;xH qkawmif;olrsm;tm; rsufESmomay;rnf r[kwfacs/ wpfudk,fa& awmif;qkyef
jcif;rsm;tpm; rdrdudk,fudk xdef;odrf;jcif;? pdwf"mwfpifMu,fESihf aAm"dPfodkY OD;wnfEdkifaom ur|mef;bm0
emIrSwfjcif;rsm; &Sdonf/ ur|mef;bm0emIrSwfjcif;[lonf wdwfqdwpf Gm tawG;xJ epfarsmaejcif;vnf;
r[kwf? pdwfudk tmkHwpfckr&SdbJ Avmusif;xm;jcif;rsKd;vnf; r[kwfacs/ ,if;onf touf0if vIyf&Sm;onfh
tm;xkwf&jcif; wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf ESvkH;om;udka&m pdwfudkyg tm;aq;ozG,f tusKd;jyKonf/ Ak'&Sif
awmfjrwfonf qkawmif;jcif;rsm;\ tusKd;r&SdykHtaMumif;udk >ruf[awmfrlonfomru todPf aus;uRef
17

jyKcH&jcif;tjzpf jypfwifIwfcsawmfrlonf/ Ak'0g'Dwpfa,mufonf u,fw,fcH&&ef qkawmif;jcif; rjyKoihf

aomfvnf; rdrdukd,fudk tm;ukd;vsuf rdrd\vGwfvyfrIudk &,latmifjrifoihfonf/
]qkawmif;rIrsm;onf bk&m;ocifESihf udk,fusKd;iJh aps;qpfrI[laom yk*vduqufoG,frItoGifudk aqmif
\/ ,if;onf avmuDa&;&nfG,fcsuf&Sd tmkHrsm;udk &SmazGNyD; twtjrifudk wdk;yGm;ap\/ tjcm; wpfzuf
wGif ur|mef;IrSwfjcif;um; rdrdudk,fudk ajymif;vJap\}[k oD&d&m"c&pf&Sem(Sri Radhakrishna)u qdkonf/
Ak'0g'wGif tjcm;tm;vkH;aom bmomw&m;rsm;rSmuJhodkY emcH&efESihfxdwfGHU&ef teEwefckd;&Sif xm0&bk
&m;wpfqlr&Sdacs/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf tvkH;pkHod ae&mtESHY&Sd pMu0Vmwefckd;&Sifudk r,kHMunfacs/ Ak'0g'
aumif;uifbkH(rSy*Kdvf)ESihfqufoG,rf Irsm; odkYr[kwf aumif;uifbkH(rSy*Kdvf)rsm;\ wrefawmfrsm; r&Sdacs/
odkYjzpf Ak'bmom0ifwpfa,mufonf vlom;wdkY\uHMurmudk csKyfudkifNyD; wrifoufouf qkvmbfESihf
jypf'Pfudkay;aom rnfonhftqifhjrifh wefcdk;tmPmudkrQ c,wkyf0yf rjyKacs/ Ak'0g'DwdkYonf aumif;uif
bkHrS xm0&yk*Kdvf\ zGifh[a[mMum;csufrsm;qdkonfudk r,kHMunfaomaMumihf Ak'0g'onf trSefw&m;tm;
vuf0g;BuD;tkyfxm;rIudk rawmif;qdkbJ tjcm;rnfonhf bmomw&m;udkrQ jypfwifa0zefjcif;rjyKacs/ odkYwap
Ak'0g'onf trSefwu,f udef;0yfaeonhf vlom;\ jzpfEdkifajcrsm;udk todtrSwfjyKNyD; aumif;uifbkH odkYr
[kwf awG;ac:ol w&m;a[mq&mrsm;tm; rDScdktm;xm;jcif;rjyKbJ rdrdudk,fwkdif tm;xkwfrIjzihf 'kurS vGwf
ajrmufrIudk &&SdEdkifaMumif; oifMum;onf/
odkYjzpfojzihf Ak'0g'tm; zefqif;&SiAf [djk yKbmomw&m;[k t"dym ,f&onfh Religion [k rqkdEdkifacs/ t
aMumif;rl Ak'0g'onf ,kHMunfrIESihf 0wfjyKudk;uG,frI pepfvnf;r[kwf? ]rdrdwdkY\ uHMurmtay: wefckd;tm
Pm vTrf;rdk;vsuf emcHjcif; tvkyftauR;jyKjcif;ESihf ylaZmfyojcif;wdkYjzifh ay;qyf&aom xm0&bk&m; odkYr
[kwf ewfbk&m;rsm; wnf&SdrItay: todtrSwfjyKjcif;tm; vlom;wdkYuTefjyonhf jyifyef;tjyKtrl odkYr[kwf
ykHpHwpfckvnf; r[kwfaomaMumihfwnf;}/
tu,f bmomw&m; Religion [laoma0g[m& ]jyifay:,Hxufydkrdkaom b0tawG;tjrifwpf&yfudk
&,lonhf oifMum;rIwpf&yf? jyifay:,Hb0rQomr[kwfbJ b0twGif;okyfudk aocsmaphikMunhfIonfh a[m
Mum;csufwpf&yf? twGif;usus vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdaom udk,fusihfw&m;vrf;Tefjzihf vlom;wdkYudk wefqmqif
ay;aom tqkH;trwpf&yf? ,if;udk rarhavsmholrsm;tm; MuHhMuHhcHZGJowdjzihfh b0udk&ifqdkifvsuf wnfNidrfpGm
udkifwG,f&ef pGrf;aqmifaponhf vrf;Tefcsufwpf&yf} odrkY [kwf b0'kursm;udk z,f&Sm;rnfh pepfwpfck[k
t"dym,f oufa&mufonfqdkvQif Ak'0g'onf bmomw&m;rsm; (Religions)xJrS bmomw&m; (Religion)
wpfck jzpfonfrSm aocsmygonf/

18

tcef; 4
Ak'0g'onf udk,fusihfw&m;a&;&m pepfwpfckavm/
Ak'0g' pifMu,frIESihf twr&Sdoabmxm;wGif NydKifbufrJh omvGefx;l uJonhf udk,fusihfw&m;qdkif&m xkH;
enf;wpf&yfyg&SdonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/ ,if;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf vrf;wpfoG,fESihf vl0wf
aMumifrsm;twGuf tjcm;vrf;wpfck jzpfonf/ odkYwap Ak'0g'onf omrefudk,fusifhw&m; tqkH;trxuf
rsm;pGmydkvGefonf/ pifMu,frIvrf;pOfwGif udk,fusihfw&m;onf tajccHtqifhrQESihf tqkH;owf&ef enf;vrf;
wpfckrQom jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;onf tqkH;pGefw&m;um; r[kwfacs/ ukd,fusihfw&m;onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyf
aomfvnf; ,if;w&m;rQjzihf rdrd\ 0drkwd (vGwfajrmufrI)udk &&Sd&ef rvkHavmufacs/ ,if;udk,fusihfw&m;udk
ynmjzihf xyfqihf&onf/ Ak'0g'\ tajccHrSm oDvjzpfNyD; ynmrSm ,if;\ yef;wdkifjzpfonf/
tajccHudk,fusifhw&m;udk apmihfxdef;&m Ak'0g'Dwpfa,mufonf rdrdwpfudk,fwnf;udkom pOf;pm;onf
r[kwfbJ wd&pmefrsm;tygt0if tjcm;yk*Kdvftm;vkH;udkyg xnhfoGif;pOfpm;&onf/ Ak'0g' ukd,fusihfoDv
udk rnfonhf oHo,jzpfzG,f xkwfazmfcsuftay:wGifrSvnf; wnfaqmufrxm;? (,if;onf) xl;jcm;aom
pdwf\ zefwD; wDxGifrIvnf;r[kwfbJ aMumif;usdK;pdppfonfh tcsufrsm;ESihf wpfudk,fa&tawGU tBuKHwGif
tajccHonhf ,kwd&SdNyD; vufawGUusaom usihfxkH;wpf&yfomjzpfonf/
Ak'0g'Dwpfa,muf\ rnfonhfpdkufykHoGif zefwD;rIwGifrqdk jyifywefcdk;&Sif tkyfpkwpfckck\ tcef;u@
ryg&SdaMumif; azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf/ Ak'0g' aumif;csD;ay;jcif; odkYr[kwf jypf'Pfay;jcif; r&Sdacs/ qif;&J'ku
ESifh aysmfTifrIrsm;rSm rdrdjyKrlzefwD;rIrsm;\ ra&SmifvTJEdkifaom tusKd;qufrsm;jzpfonf/ xm0&bk&m; (ay;tyf
onfh) aysmfTifrIESihf raysmfTifrIwdkYudk &,ljcif;ESihfywfoufonhf ar;cGef;rSm Ak'0g'Dwpfa,muf\ ESvkH;om;
ta&;rBuD;acs/ aumif;csD;ay;cH&&ef arQmfvifhcsufESihf jypf'Pfay;cH&&ef xdwfGUHrIwdkYonf aumif;rIudk jyKvkyf
&ef odkYr[kwf raumif;rIudk a&Smif&Sm;&ef if;(Ak'g0g'D)tzdkY rufvkH; rjzpfEdkifacs/ Ak'0g'Dwpfa,mufonf
tem*wftusKd;qufudk odaomfvnf; aAm"dPfwdk;wufrIudk wm;qD;aomaMumihf tukodkvfudk a&SmifMuOf
NyD; ,if;Pf\ taxmuftyHhjzpfaomaMumihf aumif;rIukodkvfudk jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ aumif;aomtvkyf
jzpfjcif;aMumihf ukodkvfudkjyKNyD; raumif;npfqdk;aomaMumihf tukodkvfudk a&Smif&Sm;ol tcsKdUvnf;&Sdonf/
rdrd\ pHjywynhfom;0ursm;xHrS Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf arQmfvihfcJhaom txl;tqifhjrifhoDvudk em;vnf&ef
"ry'? od*Fgavm0g'okwf? As*yZokwf? r*Fvokwf? arwokwf? y&mb0okwf? 0ovokwf? "rduokwf
ponfudk *kwpdkuf zwfIoifhonf/ ukd,fusihfw&m; oifMum;rIwpf&yftaejzihf Ak'0g'onf udk,fusihfw&m;
qkdif&m pepftm;vkH;xuf omvGefaomfvnf; oDv(udk,fusihfw&m;)onf Ak'0g'\ tprQomjzpfNyD; tqkH;
r[kwfacs/
19

wpfzufwGif Ak'0g'onf 'w&m;wpfckr[kwfaomfvnf; tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl ,if;onf 'w&m;

rsm;teuf wpfckyifjzpfonf/
wpfzufwGif Ak'0g'onf zefqif;&Sifxm0&bk&m;A[dkjyK bmomw&m; (Religion) r[kwfaomfvnf;
tjcm;wpfzufwGif bmomw&m;rsm;teuf wpfckyifjzpfonf/
Ak'0g'onf 'ea&;&m pepfwpfckvnf;r[kwf bmoma&;0wfjyKqkawmif;onhf vrf;pOfwpf&yfvnf;
r[kwfacs/
Ak'0g'onf oHo,0g'vnf;r[kwf? avSeH"m;xpf w&mao0g'vnf; r[kwfacs/
,if;onf cEmudk,fudk SOf;qJonhf0g'r[kwfouJhodkY umr*kPftmkHudkom cHpm;vdkonhf,lqcsufvnf;
r[kwfacs/
,if;onf tqdk;jrif0g'r[kwfouJhodkY taumif;jrif0g'vnf;r[kwfacs/
,if;onf taMumif;rJh0g'r[kwfouJhodkY tusKd;rJh0g'vnf;r[kwfacs/
,if;onf rsufarSmufb0ESihfom vkH;0ywfoufonfr[kwfouJhodkY wrvGefb0ESihfcsnf; ywfoufonf
vnf; r[kwfacs/
,if;onf aAm"dPfudk&&Sd&ef wpfckwnf;aom vrf;pOfjzpfonf/
Ak'0g'\ rl&if;ygVda0g[m&rSm "rjzpfNyD; pmayenf;t& aqmifxm;jcif; xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;[k t"dym,f
&onf/ ,if;ygVda0g[m&\ t"dym,fudk twdtusay;Edkifonhf xyfwlnD t*Fvdyfa0g[m&r&Sdacs/
"r[lonf tppftrSef&Sd w&m;jzpfonf/ tppftrSefudk azmfjyonhf a[mMum;csufwpf&yfjzpfonf/ ,if;
onf 'kurSvGwfajrmufa&;enf;vrf;jzpfNyD; "rudk,fwkdifvnf; 0drkwdjzpfonf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf yGifhay:vm
onfjzpfap ryGihfay:onfjzpfap "rum; wnf&Sdaeonf/ ,if;onf aAm"dPfudk &&SdNyD;ol Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf
wpfql (udk,fwkdif) odjrifNyD;aemuf avmuvlom;taygif;tm; xkwfazmfa[mMum;rI rjyKrcsif; t0dZmtjrif
&Sdol vlom;wdkY(\ todPf) zkH;uG,fvsuf&Sdonf/
,if;"ronf rdrdrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom t&mr[kwfbJ rdrdESihfeD;uyfpGm qufEG,faeaomt&mom jzpf
onf/ odkYjzpf Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu atmufygtwdkif; a[mawmfrlonf
]rdrdudk,fudk uRef;uJhodkYjyK aexkdifMuavmh/ rdrdukd,fudk tm;ukd;&mjyK aexkdifMuavmh/ "rudk
uRef;uJh odkYjyKaexkdifMuavmh/ "rudk tm;udk;&mjyK aexkdifMuavmh/ tjyify tm;udk;&mudk r&Sm
MuESihf}/ (r[my&dedAmeokwf)/

20

tcef; 5
Ak'0g'\ xif&Sm;aom oGifjyifrsm;
Ak'0g'\ tajccHrSm 'ku (Ak'0g'\ b0wnf&Sda&; usKd;aMumif;jy &nfG,fcsuf)? ,if;\taMumif; wPSm?
,if;\ tqkH; (Ak'0g'\ aemufqkH;yef;wkdif edAmef) ESihf tv,ftvwfvrf;pOf (rZdry#dy'g) [laom opm
av;yg;w&m; jzpfonf/
'kuopm[lonf tb,fenf;/
]y#doaEae&jcif;onf 'kuwnf;? tdkrif;&ihfa&mf&jcif;onf 'kuwnf;? emrusef;jzpf&jcif;onf 'ku
wnf;? ao&jcif;onf 'kuwnf;? tvdkr&Sdaom t&mrsm;ESihf BuKHqkH&jcif;onf 'kuwnf;? tvdk&Sdaom t&m
rsm;ESihf vGJacsmf&jcif;onf 'kuwnf;? vdkcsifonfudk r&jcif;onf 'kuwnf;? tcsKyftm;jzihf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;
onf 'kuwnf;}/
'u\taMumif;opm [lonf tb,fenf;/
]b0BudrfBudrfjzpf&jcif;udk OD;wnfaponhf tvdk&rufpGJvrf;jcif;ESihfwuGjzpfaom? [dkb0onfb0wdkY ESpf
oufapwwfaom wPSmonf 'ku\taMumif;wnf;/ umr*kPftmkHrsm;udk wyfrufjcif; wPSm (umr
wPSm)? wnfNrJonhfb0udk wyfrufjcif; (ow'd|dESihfwuGjzpfaom) wPSm (b0wPSm) ESihf b0&yfpJrIudk
wyfrufjcif; (Oap''d|Ed SifhwuGjzpfaom) wPSm (0db0wPSm) onf ('ku\taMumif;wnf;)}/
'kueda&m"opm[lonf tb,fenf;/
],if;onf (&m*) t<uif;tusefr&Sdjcif;? azmfjyyg wPSm\ tvkH;pkH csKyfNidrf;jcif;? ,if;udk pGefYvTwfjcif;?
,if;udk uyfNidrIr&Sdjcif;? wPSmrS uif;a0;jcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;onf ('kueda&m"opwnf;)}/
'kueda&m"opmodkY a&mufaMumif; vrf;pOf[lonf tb,fenf;/
],if;um; rSefaomtjrif? rSefaomtMuHtpnf? rSefaompum;? rSefaomtvkyf? rSefaomoufarG;0rf;
ausmif;? rSefaomtm;xkwfrI? rSeaf omowd? rSefaomorm"d[laom (w&m;rsm;yg0ifonhf) jrihfjrwfaom
usifhpOf&Spfyg;jzpfonf}/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfrsm; yGifhawmfrlonfjzpfap yGifhawmfrrlonfjzpfap ,if;opmav;yg;w&m;rSm pMu0Vm
wnf&Sdaeonf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfrsm;um; ESpfy&dap'MumjrifhpGm wdrfjrKyfaeonhf ,if;opmw&m;av;yg;udk
azmfxkwfolrsm;om jzpfMuonf/
odyHenf;us t"dym,fzGifhqdkrI& "r[lonfudk aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOfe,
d m[k ac:Edkifonf/ taMumif;ESihf
tusKd;[laom ,if;w&m;ESpfyg;onf Ak'a[mMum;csuf wpfckvkH;udk NcKHikHrdonf/
21

yxr opmokH;yg;onf Ak'0g''eudk udk,fpm;jyKNyD; aemufqkH;opmw&m;rSm ,if;'eudktajccH

onhf Ak'0g'udk,fusihfw&m;udk &nfTef;onf/ ,if;opavm;yg;vkH;rSm cEmudk,fudkom trDStcdkjyKonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu odkYa[mawmfrlonf ]onm 0dnPfESihfwuGaom wpfvHrQaom cEmudk,fyif
avmu? avmu\taMumif;&if;? avmu\tqkH;? avmu\tqkH;odkY oGm;aomvrf;pOfwdkYudk igbk&m;a[m
Mum;awmfrl\}/ ae&m avmu[laom a0g[m&onf 'ku[k t"dym,foufa&mufonf/
Ak'0g'onf 'kur@Kdif wnf&Sdonf/ ,if;odkYqkdojzihf Ak'0g'tm; tqdk;jrif0g'[k t"dym,fouf
a&mufjcif; r&Sdacs/ Ak'0g'onf tqdk;jrif0g'r[kwfouJhodkY vkH;0taumif;jrif0g'vnf;r[kwfacs/ odkYwap
,if;ESihfqefYusifvsuf ,if;0g'ESpf&yf\ tv,ftvwf,lqcsuf wnf&Sdaom trSefw&m;udk a[mMum;
onf/ tu,f Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf 'kuqkH;&modkYa&mufaMumif;enf;vrf;udk rwdkufwGef;bJ 'kuopmudkom
&Sif;jycJhonfqdkvQif Ak'0g'tm; tqdk;jrif0g'[kac:qdkjcif; oihfjrwfzG,f&Sdonf/ Ak'& Sifawmfjrwfonf 'ku
\ ed,mrtrSefudk odjrifawmfrlNyD; avmu\ ,if;qif;&JrIobm0twGuf aq;enf;udk xkwfazmfcJhonf/ Ak'
&Sifawmfjrwftvdkt& tjrihfqkH; odomxif&Sm;onhf aysmfTifrIrSm 'kuvkH;0csKyfqkH;&m edAmefjzpfonf/
NAdwdoQpG,fpkHusrf; ]raumif;jrif0g'}acgif;pOfaqmif;yg;a&;q&mu atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyonf ]tqdk;
jrif0g'onf b0\tokH;rusrIoabmxm;? vlUrIb0udprsm;wGif emusifrIESihf raumif;rIvTrf;rdk;onf[laom
rIef0g;onfh a,bk,stawG;tjrifudk azmfjyonf/ Ak'\ rl&if;w&m;"ronf trSefpifppf taemufwdkif;rS
rnfonhftaumif;jrif0g'rsKd;uJhodkYrqdk taumif;jrifonhf 0g'rsKd;jzpfonf/ Ak'0g'tm; raumif;jrif0g'[k
ac:qdkjcif;rSm aysmfTifrI[lonf yk*Kdvfow0g (wpfudk,fa& t&nftaoG;)r&SdbJ rjzpfEdkif[laom 0daoo
vuPm&Sdonhf taemufwdik ;f tajccH (,lqcsuf)udk tokH;jyKjcif;rQomjzpfonf/ ppfrSefaom Ak'0g'Dwpf
a,mufonf xm0& okccsrf;omudk pdwftm;xufoefpGm awmihfwonf}/
omreftm;jzihf tmkHig;yg; umr*kPfw&m;rsm;udk cHpm;rIrSm tjrihfqkH;jzpfNyD; (,if;onf) omrefvlom;
tzdkY wpfckwnf;aom aysmfTifrIjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom rwnfNrJonhf kyfydkif;aysmfTifrrI sm;tay: arQmfvihfjcif;?
auseyfESpfoufjcif;ESihf jynfawG;Munhfjcif;wdkY cPyef;tm;jzihf aysmfTifrIwpfrsKd;&SdonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f
rvdkaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYrSm rm,m(vSnfhpm;rI)jzpfNyD; tckduftwHhomjzpfonf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf tvdkt& wyf
rufpGJvrf;rI r&Sdjcif;onf ydkrdkBu;D jrwfonhf aysmfTifrIjzpfonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf 'kuqif;&JrIudk tqufrjywf pOf;pm;awG;awmae&efESifh raysmfTifp&m 0rf;enf;
aMuuGJzG,f b0wpfckjzihf aexkdifoGm;&ef rdrd\wynfhom0ursm;tm; rarQmfvifhfacs/ yDwd (Tifvef;ESpfouf
jcif;)onf aAm"dPf (udk&&Sd&ef) tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfjzpfojzihf xm0pOf aysmf&Tifwuf<uae&ef wynhfrsm;
tm; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
aysmfTifrItppftrSefudk tZwoPmef awGU&NyD; <u,f0jcif;? omorD;rsm;? csD;usL;axmremjyKjcif;rsm;
ESihf usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufjcif;rsm;[laom a0g[m&rsm;jzihf t"dym,frzGifhqdkEdkifacs/ tu,f ,if;odkYaom ydkif
qdkifrIrsm;udk rSm;,Gif;pGm okH;pGJbdrl odkYr[kwf twif;t"r rrSefruef ravsmfruef &&SdcJhrl okdYr[kwf
wyfrufpGJvrfrIjzihf IjrifcJhrl ,if;wdkYonf ykdifqdkifolrsm;tzdkY emusifrIESihf 'ku\t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpfvdrfhrnf/
'ku\ ,kwdudk&Sm&ef BudK;pm;rnhftpm; Ak'0g'onf 'kuudk t&Sdtwdik f;trSef[k rSwf,lvsuf ,if;udk
z,f&Sm;rnfh taMumif;w&m;udk &SmazGonf/ wPSm&SdoaGU 'kuwnf&Sdonf/ r*if;&Spfyg;vrf;pOfudk avQmuf
vSrf;NyD; oEdokcedAmefudk &&Sifjcif;jzihfomvQif ,if;wPSmudk t<uif;rJh z,f&Sm;Edkifonf/
opav;yg;w&m;udk awGUBuKHod&SdrIjzihf rSefuefaMumif; oufaojyEkdifonf/ odkYjzpf Ak'"ronf rawGU
jriftyfaomt&mtm; aMumufGHUrItay: tajcrcHbJ uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkif prf;oyfEdkifNyD; awGUBuKHod&SdrIjzihf t
wnfjyKEkdifaom ckdifrmonhf tcsufrsm;ay:wGif tajccHonf/ odkYjzpf Ak'0g'onf aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfNyD;
twdtusqdkaomf vufawGUusonf/
,if;odkY aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfNyD; vufawGUusaom pepfwpfck rodEdkifaomt&mrsm; odkYr[kwf oufqdkif
&m(txl;)yk*Kdvfrsm;om em;vnfEdkifaom w&m;"rrsm; r&SdEdkifacs/ xdkYaMumifh Ak'0g' rsufuef;,kHMunfrIr&Sd/
rsufuef;,kHMunfrIr&dSaom 0g'wpf&yf rnfonhf tusyfudkifjcif;? uGyfrsufjcif; odkYr[kwf t,lonf;jcif;rsKd;
rS r&SdEdkifacs/ Ak'0g'\ wpfckwnf;aom ,kHMunfudk;pm;cH&rIrSm ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmihif g;&mausmf Nidrf;csrf;onhf
c&D;pOf wpfavQmufwGif Ak'[laom trnfemrjzihf aoG;ajrruscJhjcif;? (Ak')"rjyefYyGm;a&twGuf rnfonhf
tmPm&Sif bk&if{u&mZfrS if;\ xefjyif;onhf oefvsufudk tokH;rjyKcJhjcif;ESihf twif;t"r odkYr[kwf
rvkyfrae& zdtm;ay;onhf enf;vrf;rsm;jzihf bmomul;ajymif;atmif aqmifGufrIr&SdcJhjcif;wdkYjzpfaMumif; qdk
22

&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYwap Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf urmay:wGifay:xGef;cJhonhf yxrqkH;ESihf tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom

omomemjyKyk*Kdvfjzpfonf/
tJvfa'gpf [yfpav (Aldous Huxley)trnf&Sdyk*Kdvfu odkYa&;onf ]urmhbmomw&m; tm;vkH;teuf
Ak'0g'wpfckonfom owfjzwfESdyfpufjcif;? tjypf&Smjcif;? 0g'rwlolrsm;udk uGyfrsufjcif;rsm;r&SdbJ ,if;\vrf;
pOfudk aqmifGufcJh\}/
ynm&Sif &yfq,fvf (Lord Russell)url odkYrSwfcsufjyKonf ]bmomw&m;BuD;rsm;\ orkdif;wGif Ak'0g'
udkESpf uREkfyf ouf\/ txl;ojzihf ,if;\ a&S;tusqkH; ykHpHrsm;udk ESpfouf\/ taMumif;rl ,if; (Ak'0g')
bmoma&; owfjzwfESdyfpufrI r&Sdoavmuf enf;yg;aomaMumihf jzpf\}/
2
Ak'0g'trnfjzihf [dkufygwD,m (Hypatia) trnf&Sd trsKd;orD;\aoG;jzihf &J&JeDaom,Zfpif odkYr[kwf
3
t&Sifvwfvwf rD;IdUowfcH&onhf AlEdk (Bruno) wpfa,muf r&Sdacs/
Ak'0g'onf pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIxuf qifjcifawG;ac:rIESihf ydkrdkywfoufonf/ Ak'0g'onf Munfkdo'g&Sdol
rsm;\ ta&twGuf rsm;jcif;xuf udk,fusihfw&m; tm;aumif;jcif;ESihf ydkrdkywfoufonf/
tcgwpfyg; ed*Pem#ykw (uacsonf\om; t0wfrpnf;onfh q&mBuD;)\ wynhfjzpfol Oygvd
onf Ak'xH csOf;uyfoGm;NyD; Ak'\
wynfhjzpfvdkaMumif; rdrdqEudk xyfcgxyfcg avQmufonftxd Ak'
a[mMum;aom w&m;"rudk ESpfoufoGm;cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu odkY owday;awmfrlonf ]tkd
Oygoum? trSefw&m;ESihf ywfoufvQif vkH;0OkH pkHprf; qifjcifrI jyKvkyfyg/ oifvdk xif&Sm;olwpfa,muf
tzdkY (a&S;OD;pGm) vkH;0OkH pkHprf;qifjcifrIjyKvkyfjcif;rSm aumif;rGefvS\}/
Ak'&SifawmfjrwfxHrS arQmfvihfrxm;bJ ,if; rdefY>rufrItay: tvGefESpfoufoGm;ol Oygvdol<u,fu
]t&Sifbk&m;? wynhfawmfonf tjcm;bmomw&m;wpfck\ wynhfjzpfcJhrl ,if;\aemufvkduf aemufygrsm;
onf uJhodkYaom oef;<u,folaX;wpfa,mufonf if;\ t,la[mif;udk pGefYNyD; if;wdkY\ t,l0g'tm;
vufcHcJhaMumif; pOfqufrjywf aMunmvsuf wynhfawmftm; vrf;ray:odkY ac:aqmifoGm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ odkY
&mwGif t&Sifbk&m;onf wynhfawmftm; aemufxyf avhvm&ef tMuHjyKwdkufwGef;ygonf/ t&Sifbk&m;\
wdkufwGef;csufudk ydkyifwynhfawmf ESpfoufvSygonf/ t&Sifbk&m;? ESpfBudrfajrmufvnf; wynhfawmfonf
Ak'? "rESihf oHCmtm; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfyg\bk&m;}/
Ak'0g'onf ,if;odkYaom vGwfvyfonhf pkHprf;rItESpfom&ESihf tvkH;pkHonfcHrIwdkYESihf Tef;a0aeonf/
,if;onf ynmukPm[laom t>rma&mifpOfESpfoG,fjzifh pMu0VmwpfckvkH;udk vif;vufaEG;axG;apvsuf
arG;aoork'&mtwGif; kef;uefvsuf&SdMuaom ow0gwdkif;tm; tMuifema&mifjcnfudk jzmcsay;onfh yGihf
vif;pdwfxm; ukd,fcsif;pmESvkH;om;wdkYtwGuf oifMum;csufjzpfonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf wynhfrsm;tm; vkdufem&rnhf ynwfcsufudkay;&ef rdrd\MoZmtmPmudk avh
usihfawmf rrlonftxdyif cED"mwfESihf jynfh0awmfrlonf/ trdefYtmPmudk okH;rnhftpm; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu
odkYrdefYawmfrlonf ]t&m odkYjyK&ef oihfavsmfay\? t&m odkYrjyKoihfay}/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf
trdefY ay;awmfrrl? odkYaomf wdkufwGef; (tBuHay;)awmfrlonf/
,if;odkYaom onf;cHjcif;cEDw&m;udk Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf a,musfm; rdef;rESihf ouf&Sdtm;vkH;tay:
jzefYMuufcJhonf/ uRefpepfudk tqkH;owf&ef yxrqkH; BudK;yrf;cJhNyD; tdEd,ajrwGif tcdkiftrm tjrpfwG,faeNyD
jzpfaom ESdrfhcsonhf trsKd;Zmwfpepfudk xufoefpGm qefYusifcJhonfrSm Ak'&iS fawmfjrwfjzpfonf/ Ak'&Sifawmf
jrwf\ pum;awmft& arG;&mygrQjzihf rnfolrQ ty,fcH odkYr[kwf txufwef;vTm jzpfrvmEdkifbJ rdrd\
tjyKtrlrsm;aMumihfomvQif ,if;odkY jzpfvmEdkifonf/ trsKd;Zmwf odkYr[kwf tom;a&mifonf Ak'bmom0if
wpfa,mufjzpfvm&ef odkYr[kwf &[ef;abmifodkY 0ifa&muf&ef rwm;jrpfay/ wHigonfrsm;? yef;rIdufoGefrsm;?
jynhfwefqmrsm;? ppfonfAkdvfygrsm;ESihfwuG ykPm;rsm;onf &[ef;tjzpfodkY vGwfvyfpGm 0ifa&mufcJhMuNyD;
wlnDonhf tcGifhta&;udk &&SdcJhMuvsuf &mxl;rsm;vnf; (wlnD;pGm) ay;tyfcJhonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf qwm
2

at'D 4-&mpk *&dawG;ac:&Sif odyHynm&SifESihf ocsFmynmausmf trsKd;orD;jzpfonf/ if;\ t,ltqaMumihf tvufpE&D;,m;

NrdKU&Sd t,lonf; bmoma&; w&m;a[mq&mrsm;\ &ufpufpGm owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&onf/
3
awG;ac:&SifESihf 'dkrDeDuefbkef;BuD;tjzpf &yfpJcH&ol ordkif;0ifyk*Kdvf jzpfonf/ 1854 ckESpfwGif a&;om;cJhonhf On the Infinite
Universe and Worlds trnf&Sdusrf;pm ]ra&rwGufEdkifaom aewdkYonfwnf&Sd\/ ra&rwGufEdkifaom urmwdkYonf ,if;
aersm;udk vSnhfywfaeMu\/ ,if;urmwdkY ouf&SdwdkYaexkdifMu\}[k qdkcJhonf/ c&pfawmftm; aumif;uifbkHESihf qufpyfrIudk
jiif;qdkrIaMumihf a&mrNrdKU t&Sifvwfvwf rD;IdUowfjcif;cHcJh&onf/

23

onfjzpfcJhol t&SifOygvdtm; 0denf;pnf;rsOf;ESihf ywfoufonhf udprsm; tjcm;tm;vkH;olrsm;udk ausmfvGef

vsuf {w'*f (Ak'NyD;aemuftomqkH;) t&m xm;cJhonf/ &[Emtjzpf&&SdcJhol yef;rIdufoGef atmufwef;vTm
t&Sifokedwtm; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwkdif &[ef;abmifodkY oGwfoGif;ay;cJhonf/ vk,ufowfjzwfol &mZ
0wform; t*Fkvdrmvtm; ukPm&Sif olawmfpiftjzpfodkY oGwfoGif;ay;cJhonf/ &ufpuf xefjyif;ol
tmVm0uonf Ak'&Sifawmfjrwftm; udk;uG,fcJhNyD; olawmfpifjzpfoGm;cJhonf/ jynfhwefqmr trygvDonf
bduKeDjyKcJhNyD; &[Emax&D jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ trsKd;Zmwf? tom;a&mif odkYr[kwf &mxl;rcGJjcm;bJ Ak'0g'wHcg;
rkcfrsm;udk tm;vkH;twGuf us,fjyefYpGm zGifhvSpfxm;aMumif;jyo&ef ,if;odkY aomom"ursm;udk yd#uwfokH;ykHrS
tvG,fwul pkaqmif;azmfjyEdkifonf/
tESdrfcH trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tqifhtwef;udk `rSihfwifay;cJhNyD; vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGuf if;wdkY\ ta&;ygykHudk
if;wdkYtm; odapcJhonfomru trsKd;orDrsm;twGuf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;&Sdonhf yxrqkH;aom bduKeD
tzGJUtpnf;udk wnfaxmifay;cJhonfrSmvnf; Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfyif jzpfonf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ESdrfcsjcif;rjyKbJ obm0t& tm;enf;oltjzpfom ,lqawmfrl
onf/ Ak'onf a,musfm;rdef;rr[l arG;&myg aumif;jrwfrIudk odjrifawmfrlonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; &Sifawmf
jrwf\omoem oihfwihfavsmufywfaom ae&mrsm; owfrSwfay;awmfrlonf/ rdef;ra,musfm; uGJjym;jcif;
rSm t&d,molawmfpifjzpf&ef twm;tqD;r[kwfacs/
wpfcgwpf&H trsKd;orD;udk azmfjyonhf ygVda0g[m& wpfckrSm vltrsm;\rdcif odkYr[kwf vlYtzGJUtpnf;
\rdcif[k t"dym,f&onhf rmwk*grjzpfonf/ Ak'0g'wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; rdcifwpfa,muftjzpf csD;rGrf;
*kPfjyKonhf ae&mwGif xm;&Sdonf/ ZeD;r,m;wpfa,mufukdvnf; cifyGef;onf\ taumif;qkH;rdwfaqG
(y&rm o[m)tjzpf ,lqonf/
trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: ESdrfhcsIjrif;aMumif;jzihf Ak'0g'tm; jypfwifjcif;jzihf rqifrjcif a0zefrIrsm;onf
wpfzufowf azmfjycsufrsm;udk jyKaeMujcif;om jzpfonf/ tpyxrwGif Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf aMumif;usKd;qD
avsmfonhf aemufcHtaMumif;rsm;t& trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; omoemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufcGifhudk jiif;qdkcJhaomf
vnf; aemifwGif Ak'onf rdaxG;awmf*gwrD\ awmif;yefrIudk vdkufavsmNyD; bduKeDomoemudk wnfaxmif
cJhonf/ bduKoHCmtwGif; t&Sifom&dykw&mESihf t&Sifarm*vmefwdkYudk t*om0utjzpf jyKawmfrlouJhokdY
bduKeDoHCmtwGif;vnf; t&SifracrmESihf t&SifrOyv0PmwdkYudk t*om0dumtjzpf owfrSwfawmfrl
onf/ tjcm;rsm;pGmaom trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vnf; rdrd\xif&Sm;NyD; Munfkdonhf Oygodumrsm;tjzpf Ak'udk,f
wdkif trnfemr jyKawmfrlcJhonf/
tcgwpfyg; orD;awmfwpfyg; zGm;jrifonf[k Mum;&jcif; pdwfrcsrf;ajrUjzpfaeol aumovbk&iftm;
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu odkYrdefYawmfrlzl;onf ]tdk rif;BuD;? trsKd;orD;i,fonf a,musfm;wpfa,mufxufyif
omvGef aumif;rGefaom rsKd;qufjzpfaMumif; oufaojyEdkifyg\}/
wenf;enf;jzihf tarhcHb0odkYa&mufaeMu&aom trsKd;orD;trsm;pkonf "rudkusihfokH;jcif;ESihf omoemh
abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufjcif;wdkYaMumihf if;wdkYonf enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf xifay:vmMuNyD; vGwfajrmufrIudk &&SdoGm;
Muonf/ aemiftcg trsKd;orD;rsm;pGm\ tBuD;tus,f csD;rGrf;jcif;cH&aMumif; xif&Sm;onhf tzGJUtpnf;
opfwGif rdzk&m;rsm;? rif;orD;rsm;? txufwef;vTmwdkY\ orD;rsm;? rkqdk;rrsm;? rdom;pkESihf uGJuGmoGm;onhf
trsdK;orD;rsm;? cdkudk;&mrJh trsKd;orD;rsm;? MuifemzG,f jynfhwefqmtrsKd;orD;rsm; tm;vkH;wdkYonf if;wdkY\
Zmwf? &mxl;tqihftwef;rcGJjcm;bJ wpfajy;nDwnf; awGUqkHMuNyD; jynhfpkHonhf pdwfoufom&m&rIESihf Nidrf;csrf;
rIudk cHpm;Mu&vsuf tyef;ajztdrfom,mrsm;ESihf crf;em;pHtdrfrsm;udk rvdkvm;bJ vGwfvyfonhf ,if;ywf0ef;
usifudk cH,lcJhMuonf/
oem;zG,f ow0grsm;udk owfjzwf ,ZfylaZmfjcif;udk zsufodrf;NyD; ow0gtm;vkH; wpfpkHwpfa,muf\
ajcaxmufay:wGif wGm;oGm;aeMuonfh tao;i,fqkH; ow0grsm;udkyif rdrdwdkY\arwmw&m;udk jzefYusuf&ef
qkH;r Mo0g'ay;awmfrlcJhonfrSm Ak'& Sifawmfjrwfyif jzpfonf/ touf[lonf ow0gtm;vkH;tzdkY tzdk;rjzwf
Edkifaomt&mjzpfjcif;aMumihf rnfonhfyk*KdvfwGifrS tjcm;ouf&Sdow0gtm; owfjzwf&ef trdeYftmPm odrYk
[kwf tcGifhta&;r&Sdacs/
ppfrSefaom Ak'bmom0ifwpfa,mufonf trsKd;Zmwf tom;a&mif a,musfm; rdef;r rowfrSwfbJ
,if;odkYaom arww&m;udk ouf&Sdtm;vkH;odkY jzefYMuufyGm;rsm;vsuf rdrdukd,fudk ,if;wdkYtm;vkH;ESihf xyfwljyK
vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
24

wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,mufudk cGJjcm;onhf twm;tqD;tm;vkH;udk zsufqD;&efBudK;pm;onfrSm ,if;Ak'0g'

(uazmfjyonfh) arwmw&m;jzpfonf/
tjcm;aom ,kHMunfcsufwpf&yf&Sdjcif; odkYr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;om;jzpfjcif;aMumihfrQjzihf xdkyk*Kdvfrsm;tm; cGJjcm;
xm;&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/ plVAsL[ESihf r[mAsL[okwfwdkYudk tajccHonhf jrihfjrwfaom onf;cHrIudk azmfjy
onhf ausmufpmwGif taomurif;w&m;u odkYqdkonf ]pnf;vkH;nDGwfjcif;onf taumif;qkH; jzpf\?
tjcm;yk*Kdvfrsm; a[mMum;onhf w&m;"rudk vkdvm;pGm em,loifhaMumif; qdkvdk\}/
Ak'0g'um; rnfonhfEdkifiH odkYr[kwf rnfonhf txl;vlrsKd;pkwpfcktwGufrQ uefYowfxm;onfr[kwfacs/
tm;vkH;ESifhqdkif (aomusihfpOfjzpf)onf/ ,if;onf trsKd;om;a&;0g' tjcm;wpfrsKd;qdk&rl tjcm;us,fjyefYonhf
tajccHay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;onhf ZmwfcGJjcm;rI\ tjcm;ykHpHwpfrsKd; r[kwfacs/ tu,f ,if;odkY qdkcGifh
&Sdrl Ak'0g'onf r[m (wpfurmvkH;ESifq
h kdifaom) trsKd;om;a&;0g' jzpfonf/
em;vnfjcif;rSwpfqihf jrifhwufcJhaom teEarwmonf ouf&Sdtm;vkH;wdkYtay: nDtpfudk armifESr
tjzpf wnfaqmufxm;NyD;jzpfjcif;aMumihf Ak'0g'Dwpfa,muftzdkY eD;ol a0;ol &efol EkdifiHjcm;om; r&Sd? &efNidK;
zGJUjcif; rxdawGUEkdifjcif; r&Sd/ Ak'0g'Dppfppf wpfa,mufum; urmhEdkifiHom;wpfa,mufjzpfonf/ olonf urmh
vlom; tm;vkH;tay: rdrdEdkifiHom;uJhodkY ,lqNyD; rdrd\nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;uJhodkY owfrSwfonf/
odkYjzpf Ak'0g'onf t"dutm;jzihf ,if;\ onf;cHjcif; &efrvdkjcif; aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfjcif; vufawGU
usjcif; tusKd;jzpfxGef;jcif;ESihf trsm;ESihfoufqdkifjcif;wkdYaMumihf xl;uJaom 0g'jzpfonf/ ,if;onf wlnD
aom vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;teuf tjrihfjrwfqkH;ESihf urmudk `rSifhwifay;Ekdifaom wpfckwnf;aom armif;wHjzpfonf/
Ak'0g' xif&Sm;aom oGifjyiftcsKdU&SdNyD; tajccHa[mMum;csufrsm;teuf tcsKdUudk ur odkYr[kwf ukd,f
usihfw&m;aMumif;usKd;ed,mr? wrvGefb0? tewESihf edAmef [k qdkEdkif&monf/

25

tcef; 6
ur odkYr[kwf udk,fusifhw&m; aMumif;usKd;ed,mr/
uREkfyfwdkYonf vkH;0nDrQrIr&Sdonhf urmavmuESihf &ifqkdifaeMu&onf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf vlom;wdkY\ rnDrQrI
rsm; b0uHMurmtaxGaxGESihf pMu0VmtwGif;&Sd ow0gtqihftwef;tzkHzkHwdkYudk awGUjrifMu&onf/ pdwfxm;
aumif;rGefvsuf udk,fusifhw&m; kyfydkif;t&nftcsif;rsm;ESihf jynhfpkH<u,f0onhf tajctaewGif arG;zGm;vm
olrsm;ESihf rGJawqif;&JNyD; ysufpD;,kd,Gif;onhf tajctaejzihf arG;zGm;vmMuolrsm;udk awGUMuonf/ pdwfESvkH;
aumif;NyD; jrihfjrwfaomfvnf; if;\arQmfvihfcsufudk qefYusifvsuf uHraumif;jcif;ESihf tNrJwrf; qkHawGUae&
ol&Sdonf/ aumufuspfaom avmuonf xdkyk*Kdvf\ nfG,fcsufrsm; vdktifqErsm;ESihf qefYusifvsuf
jzpfaponf/ xdkyk*Kdvfonf rdrd\ dk;om;aomaqmifGufcsuf bmomw&m;udkif;dIif;rIwdkY &Sdvihfupm; qif;
&JNyD; pdwfqif;&J&onf/ pdkufqdk;NyD; rdkufrJaomfvnf; ,if;ESihfqefYusifvsuf uHMurm\ cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&
onhf tjcm;yk*Kdvfwpfa,mufvnf; &Sdjyefonf/ xdkyk*Kdvfonf if;\ ,kwef drfhNyD; tukodkvfjzihf b0aeenf;
tpm; aumif;jcif;ykHpHrsKd;pkHESifh BuKHqkH&onf/
tb,faMumihf wpfa,mufu edrfhNyD; tjcm;wpfa,mufrl txufwef;jzpf&oenf;[k ar;cGef;xkwfEdkif
onf/ wpfa,mufrSm cspfjrwfEdk;ol rdcif\vufwGif;rS qGJ,ljcif;cH&NyD; tjcm;wpfa,mufrl ESpftwefMum
aeEdkifvsuf tjcm;wpfa,mufrl vlYpnf;pdrfcHpm;&if; aoqkH; odkYr[kwf touf&Spfq,f wpf&m BuD;&ifhcsdef
aoqkH;Muoenf;/ wpfa,mufrl zsm;em rusef;rmjzpfNyD; tjcm;wpfa,mufrl cGef;tm;AvESihf usef;rmoenf;/
wpfa,mufu acsmarmvSyNyD; tjcm;wpfa,mufrl kyfqk;d tusnf;wef tm;vkH;\ GH&Smjcif;cH&oenf;/ wpf
a,mufrl pnf;pdrf&ifcGifrSm BuD;jyif;&vsuf wpfa,mufrl vkH;0qif;&JNyD; tNrJ0rf;enf;zG,fESihf BuKH&onf/
wpfa,mufu oef;<u,folaX; wpfa,mufu vlrGJjzpf&oenf;/ wpfa,mufrl pdwfykdif;t& tvGeftqihfjrihf
oljzpfNyD; wpfa,mufrl nhHzsif;&oenf;/ wpfa,mufrl olawmfaumif;tusihfjzihf arG;zGm;NyD; wpfa,mufrl
&mZ0wfom; jzpf&oenf;/ tcsKdUrSm arG;uwnf;u bmomaA'ynm&Sif tEkynm&Sif ocsFmyg&*l odkYr[kwf
*Dwynm&Sif jzpf&oenf;/ tcsKdUrSm arG;&mygrsufrjrifrsm; em;rMum;olrsm; ukd,fvuft*FgcRwf,Gif;olrsm;
jzpfMuoenf;/ tcsKdUrSm arG;uwnf;u aumif;csD;ay;cH&NyD; tcsKdUrSm tb,faMumihf usdefpmrd&Mu&oenf;/
awG;ac:ajrmfjrifwwfol tm;vk;H \ pdwfudk IwfaxG;aponhf jyemtcsKdU&SdMuonf/ avmu\ ,if;
rrQwrI tm;vkH;ESihf vlom;wdY\
k qdkcJhyg rnDrQwrItaxGaxGudk rnfodkY pOf;pm;rnfenf;/
,if;wdkYrSm rsufuef;tcGifhta&; odkYr[kwf wdkufqdkifrIaMumihf jzpf&oavm/
26

urmay:wGif rnfonhft&mrQ rsufuef;tcGifhta&; odkYr[kwf wdkufqdkifrIaMumihf jzpf&aom t&m[l

r&Sdacs/ rnfonhft&mrqdk wdkufqdkifrIaMumihf jzpf&onfqdkrl oifzwfaeaom pmtkyfonf ae&modkY olY
tvdkvdk a&mufvmonf[kqdkjcif;xuf ydkrSefrnfr[kwfacs/ twdtusqdkaomf wpfckr[kwf wpfckaom
taMumif;w&m;twGuf rjzpfxdkufwefbJ rnfonhft&mrS vlom;wdkYrSm jzpfay:onfr[kwfacs/
,if;onf wm0efr,lol zefqif;&Sifwpfa,muf\ trdefYjzpfEdkifoavm/
[yfpav (Huxley)u odkYa&;onf ]tu,f tHhzG,f pMu0Vmudk wpfpkHwpfa,muf(zefqif;ol)u
wrifoufouf jzpfay:apcJhonf[k,lqvQif ,if;pum;vkH;rsm;udk uREkfyf em;vnforQjzihf xkdyk*Kdvfonf
aumufuspfpOf;vJNyD; rrQwjcif;xufydk oabmaumif;jcif; rQwjcif; vkH;0r&SdonfrSm vkH;0 xif&Sm;\}/
tdkifpwkdif;(Einstein)\tvdkrSm odkYjzpfonf ]tu,f xkdow0g(zef;qif;&Sifxm0&)onf teEwefckd;
&Sdonfqdkrl vlom;wdkY tjyKtrl tawG;tMuH cHpm;rIESihf &nfrSef;csuftm;vkH; tygt0if jzpf&yftm;vkH;vnf;
xdkyk*Kdvf\ vufcsufyif jzpf&rnf/ ,if;odkYaom teEwefcdk;&Sifyk*Kdvf\a&SUarSmuf vlom;wdkYtm; if;wdkY\
tjyKtrl tMuHtpnfrsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdonf[k[k,lq&ef rnfodkYjzpfEdkifrnfenf;/
]jypf'Pfrsm; qkvmbfrsm;ay;&m ,if; xm0&&Sifonf wpfpkHwpfckaom twdkif;twmtxd rdrdudk,f
ukdrdrd pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsufudk jzwfoef;ae&vdrfhrnfjzpf\/ ,if;onf if;zefwD;onf[k,lq&aom aumif;jcif;
ajzmihfrwfjcif;rsm;ESihf rnfodkY qufpyfywfoufvdrfhrnfenf;}/
pyifpm vD0pfpf (Spencer Lewis)u atmufygtwdkif;qdkonf ]bk&m;ocif,kHMunfonhf bmoma&;tajccHrsm;t& vlom;wpfa,mufonf wrifoufouf rdrd\
qEr&SdbJ zefqif;cH&NyD; zefqif;qJcP xm0&aumif;csD;ay;jcif;ESihf jypf'Pfcwfjcif;udkvnf;cH&onf/
odkYjzpf vlonf udk,fcEmwnfaqmufrIjzpfpOf yxrtqifhrSp aemufqk;H aoonhfcPwdkifatmif if;
\ yk*vduqErsm; arQmfvihfcsufrsm; &nfG,fcsufrsm; kef;uefvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; odkYr[kwf qkawmif0wfjyKrIrsm;udk
riJhuGufbJ aumif;ol qdk;oGrf;ol uHaumif;ol uHacol jrihfjrwfol ,kwfedrfhol jzpf&\/ ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;um;
bmoma&;(,kHMunfrI)ESifhqdkifaom bk&m;ocif,dk;r,fpGJ0g' jzpf\}/
csm;vfpf A&ufavmuf (Charles Bradlaugh) qdkuJhodkYrl odkYjzpfonf ]raumif;rIwnf&Sdjcif;onf xm0&
bk&m;,kHMunfolrsm;tzdkY aMumufp&maumif;onhf ql;ajimifhcvkwfjzpf\/ emusifrI 0rf;enf;yufvufjzpf&rI
vlowfrI qif;&JrGJawrIwdkYu xm0&aumif;jcif;oabmudk xdyfwdkufawGUapNyD; tvkH;pkHaumif; tvkH;pkHynm&Sd
teEwef;ckd;&Sif xm0&bk&m;tjzpf aMujimcsuftay: tajzray;Ekdifaom pGrf;&nfudk pdefac:\}/
dIyifa[mif0g (Schopenhauer)\ pum;jzihfqdk&rl odkYjzpfonf ]rdrdudk,fudk bmrSr[kwfonhft&mrS jzpf
ay:vmonf[k ,lqolrnfolrqkdonf bmrQjzpfvmrnfr[kwf[lonfudkvnf; pOf;pm;oifh\/ taMumif;rl
xm0&jzpfaomt&monf if;r&SdrDuwnf;u vGefoGm;NyDaemuf ,if;rSwwpfqihf if;taejzihf vkH;0r&yfr
pJjzpfay:rnfjzpfaom 'kwd,xm0&t&mwpfck pwifcJhjyefvsuf if;taejzihf tvGefpufqkyfzG,f awG;ac:rI
wpf&yfodkY usa&mufoGm;\/
]tu,f arG;zGm;jcif;onf vkH;0tpjzpfonfqdkrl ,if;odkYjzpfygu aojcif;onf vkH;0,if;\tqkH;jzpf&
rnf/ bmrQr[kwfonhft&mjzihf vludkjyKvkyfcJhonf[k ,lqjcif;onf aojcif;w&m;onf ,if;\ vkH;0tqkH;
jzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;odkY rjzpfrae OD;wnfap\}/
vlom;wdkY\ 'kursm;ESihf xm0&bk&m;udk rSwfcsufjyK&m ygarmu a*s bD tufpf [mvf'ef(J.B.S.
Haldane)u odkY a&;onf ]vlom;wdkY\ pdkufvuPm aumif;rGefap&ef 'kuudk tvdk&Sdtyf\? odkYr[kwf
xm0&bk&m;onf teEpGrf;tm;&Sdolr[kwf/ yxrtqdkrSm 'kuudk tenf;i,frQom cHpm;Mu&NyD; if;wdkY\
rsKd;dk;ESihf ynma&;uHaumif;Muol tcsKdUrSm tvGefaumif;rGefaom oGifjyifrsm;&SdMuonhftcsufu r[kwfrSef
aMumif; azmfjyNyD;jzpf\/ 'kwd,tqdktm; jiif;qdk&jcif;rSm teEpMu0VmESihf tvkH;pkHywfouforQwGif wef;cdk;
&Sifwpfa,muf\ rSefuefaMumif;tqdkjyKcsufjzihf jznfhoGif;&ef wpfckckaom todynmpOf;pm;qifjcifrI uGuf
vyf &Sdjcif;jzpf\/ xdkYjyif zefqif;&Sifwpfa,mufonf xifjrifcsufjzihf ol odkYr[kwf if; tvdk&Sdwdkif; zefqif;
Edkif\}/
ynm&Sd &yfq,fvf(Lord Russell)u odkY azmfjyonf ]urmavmuudk aumif;jrwfNyD; tvkH;pkHodwefcdk;
&Sif xm0&bk&m;u zefqif;cJhaMumif; uREfkyfwdkYudk ajymMu\/ urmavmuudk rzefqif;rDu olonf ,if;
urmavmu yg0ifrnfh emusifrIESihf qif;&J'kursKd;pkHudk BudKwifodjrifcJh\/ odkYjzpf xdkxm0&onf xdkt&m
tm;vkH;wdkYtwGuf wm0ef&Sdoljzpf\/ urmay:&Sd emusifcHcufrIonf (vlom;wdkYusL;vGefonhf) tjypfaMumihf
27

jzpf&onf[lonfudk jiif;ckHaejcif;rSm tokH;rusacs/ tu,f xm0&bk&m;onf vlom;wdkYusL;vGefrnfjzpf

aom tjypfrsm;udk BudKodcJhrl vlom;wdkYudk zefqif;&efqkH;jzwfaomtcg xdkjypfrItm;vkH;aMumihf jzpfay:vmrnfh
tusKd;qufrsm;twGuf if; wm0ef&SdonfrSm xif&Sm;\}/
ynm&Sd wifEdkifqef (Lord Tennyson)u if;toufBuD;NyD;rSa&;aom ]arQmfvihfcsufukefqkH;jcif; (Despair)}
uAsmwGif a[&Sm,tem*wdusrf;(45;7) rSwfwrf;wifxm;onhftwdkif; ]igonf Nidrfoufjcif; (Nidrf;csrf;rI)
udk jzpfapNyD; tr*Fvm (raumif;rI)udkvnf; zefqif;\} [kqdkaom xm0&bk&m;ociftm; odkY &J&ifhpGm
wdkufckdufxm;onf]rnfodkYenf;? ig;wdkYtm; ,if;odkY tvGefaumif;rGefpGm u,fwifcJhNyD;jzpfaom teEarwm&SifxH
qkawmif;oihfygoavm?
trSefqdk&vQif xm0&i&Judk zefqif;cJhaom tqkH;pGef &ufpufMurf;MuKwfol?
igwdkYudk zefqif;cJhaom igwdkYudk BudKodcJhaom BudK'PfcwfcJhaom xdkYxuf if;qE&Sdonfudk
if;bmomjyKvkyfcJhaom tqkH;pGef &ufpufMurf;MuKwfol?
uREkfyfwdkY\ nnf;nLoHudk vkH;0Mum;odawmfrrlaom aoqkH;ol Murf;MuKwfrdciftm; ydkaumif;
atmif jyKay;yg}/
]vltm;vkH;rSm tjypfusL;vGefolrsm;jzpfMuNyD; tm'rf\ r&Sdjzpfvkdtyfaom jypfrI&Sdonf[laom a[mMum;
csufonf rQwrI ukPm arwESihf t<uif;rJhnDrQrIqdkonfwdkYtwGuf pdefac:csufwpf&yfjzpfonf}rSm aocsm
onf/ tcsKdUaom a&S;a[mif;pma&;olrsm;u xm0&bk&m;onf if;\udk,fyik fkyfoGifjzihf vludkzefqif;
cJhaMumif; ,kHMunfcsuf jyif;jypGmqdkonf/ tcsKdUacwfopf awG;ac:&Sifrsm;url ,if;ESifh qefYusifvsuf vlu
xm0&bk&m;udk if;\pdwful;jzihf zefqif;cJhaMumif; qdkMuonf/ vlY,Ofaus;rI wdk;wufvmonfESihftrQ
vlom;wdkY\ xm0&bk&m;t,ltqonfvnf; ydkydk &Sif;vif;vmonf/
odkYjzpf&um; ,if;odkYaom ow0gwpfa,muftm; pMu0VmtwGif;rSmjzpfap tjyifrSmjzpfap wnf&Sd
aMumif;,kHMunf&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/
yk*Kdvfow0grsKd;pkHonf rsKd;kd;pOfqufESihf ywf0ef;usifaMumifh jzpfEdkifoavm/ odyHynm&SifwdkY azmf
xkwfcJhonhf "mwkkyfydkif;jzpfpOftm;vkH;rSm wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh enf;vrf;tjzpftokH;jyKEkdifaomt&m
rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYonf yk*KdvftoD;oD;wnf&Sdaom odrfarGUonhf jcm;em;csufrsm;ESihf us,fjyefYonhf
rwlnDrIrsm;twGuf vkH;0OkH wm0ef,l(ajz&Sif;)Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ ukd,fcEmtm;jzifhwlnDNyD; wlnDonhf rsKd;AD
Zudk &&SdMuvsuf wlnDonhf jyKpkapmihfa&SmihfrItcGifhta&;&&SdMuaom xyfwlnDt>rmrsm;onf tb,faMumihf
ADZpdwf&if; ukd,fusifhw&m;ESihf todPftm;jzihf vkH;0uGJjym; jcm;em;&oenf;/
rsKd;ADZwpfckwnf;jzihf ,if;uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsKd;pkHudk r&Sif;jyEdkifacs/ twdtusqdrk l rsKd;ADZtaMumif;w&m;
onf ,if;(t>rmyl;)wdkY\ jcm;em;rItrsm;pkudkxuf qifwlnDrIrsm;udkom ydkrdk,kwd&SdpGm qdkonf/ rdbrsm;xHrS
qufcH&&Sdonhf tvGefYtvGefao;i,fvSNyD; wpfvufr\ oef;aygif;okH;q,fykH wpfykHrQavmuf&Sdaom "mwk
kyf0wKrsKd;aphonf vlom;\ kyfydkif;wnfaqmufrItwGuf tpdwftydkif;wpfckudkom &Sif;jyEdkifonf/ ydkrdkIyf
axG;NyD; odrfarGUeufeJonhf pdwfykdif;? todPf? udk,fusihfw&m;jcm;em;rIwdkYESihf ywfoufrl uREfkyfwdkYtae
jzihf todynm yGifhvif;&ef rsm;pGmvdkao;onf/ rsKd;ADZoDtkd&Donf &Snfvsm;onhf rdaumif;zcifrsKd;dk;pOfquf
twGif; &mZ0wfom; arG;zGm;vmjcif;? raumif;owif;ausmapmonhf rdom;pk olawmfpif odkYr[kwf jrifhjrwf
ol arG;zGm;vmjcif;? tG,fESifhrvdkufatmif xl;cRefonhf uav;rsm;? xl;cRefxufjrufolrsm;ESihf bmoma&;
qkdif&m q&mt&Sifrsm; arG;zGm;vmjcif;wdkYtay: ESpfoufauseyfavmufatmif tajzay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdacs/
Ak'0g'tvdkt&rl ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;onf rsKd;dk;ADZ? ywf0ef;usif? obm0ESihf zefwD;"rwdkYaMumifhomru
uREfkyfwdkY\ jyKrlaqmifGufrI aemufwpfrsKd;qdk&rl uREkfyfwdkY qufcH&&Sdonhf twdwfu aqmifGufcsufrsm;ESihf
,ck jyKvkyfcsufrsm;\ tusKd;qufaMumihf jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkif vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESihf aysmfTifrI pdwf
qif;&JrIwdkYtwGuf uREfkyfwdYkudk,fwkdifwGif wm0ef&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkY\ i&Judk uREkfyfwdkYudk,fwdkif wnfaqmuf
onf/ uREfkyfwdkY\ ewfjynfudk uREkfyfwdkYudk,fwdkif zefqif;onf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkY uHMurm\ Adok
umrsm; jzpfMuonf/ tcsKyftm;jzihf uREfkyfwdkYudk,fwdkifyif uREkfyfwdkY\ uH (tjyKtrl)rsm; jzpfonf/

28

tcgwpfyg; okbtrnf&Sd vkvifi,fwpfa,mufonf Ak'xHcsOf;uyfNyD; tb,frnfaom taMumif;

w&m;aMumihf vlom;ow0grsm;twGif tedrfhtjrihfoabm&Sd&oenf;[k ar;jref;cJhonf/
if;uqufvuf ]taMumif;rSm vlom;wdkYtMum; touf&Snfol toufwdkol? usef;rmol emrusef;ol?
kyfacsmol kyfqdk;ol? tmPm&Sdol tmPmrJhol? qif;&Jol csrf;omol? tqihftwef;edrfhol jrifhol? todPf
uif;rJhol todPf<u,f0olrsm;udk awGU&aomaMumihf jzpfygonf}[k avQmufxm;onf/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu atmufygtwdkif; twdkcsKyfajzMum;onf ]ouf&Sdow0gtm;vkH;onf if;jyKvkyfaom
uHudk ykdifqkdifMu\? uHtarGudk cHMu&\? uHomvQif taMumif;w&m;&Sd\? uHomvQif aqGrsKd;jzpf\? uHom
vQif udk,fuG,ftm;xm;&mjzpf\? uHw&m;onf tedrhftjrihftm;jzihf ow0gtm;vkH;udk cGJjcm;ay;\}/
,if;aemuf Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu udk,fusifhw&m; aMumif;usKd;ed,mrt& ,if;odkYaom uGJjym;jcm;em;csuf
rsm;\ taMumif;w&m;udk &Sif;vif;a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
odkjzihf Ak'0gIaxmifht& uREkfyfwdkY\ rsufarSmuf pdwftajctae? todynm? udk,fusihfw&m;ESihf pkduf
vuPm jcm;em;rIrsm;onf twdwf ypKyef ESpf&yfvkH;ESihfqdkifaom uREkfyfwdkYudk,fwkdif\ jyKrlaqmifGufcsufESihf
pdwfapwemrsm;aMumihf t"dujzpf&onf/
ur(uH)[lonf pmayenf;t& jyKvkyfrI[k t"dym,f&onf/ odkY&mwGif if;\w&m;udk,ft&rSm ukodkvf
tukodkvfapwemjzpfonf/ ur(uH)onf aumif;qdk;ESpfrsKd;udk wnfaqmufonf/ aumif;aomuHonf
aumif;aomt&mudk jzpfaponf/ raumif;aomuHonf raumif;aom t&mudk jzpfay:aponf/ auseyfESpf
oufrIonf auseyfESpfoufrIudk qGJiifonf/ onfrSm ured,mrjzpfonf/
tcsKdUaom taemufwdkif; pma&;q&mtcsKdU qdkvdkcsifouJhodkYyif ur[lonf ]jyKvkyfrIMoZmvTrf;rdkjcif;}jzpf
onf/
uREkfyfwdkY pdkufysKd;NyD;onfudk uREkfyfwdkY &dyfodrf;onf/ uREkfyfwdkY BuJcscJhonfudk wpfcsdefcsdef wpfae&m&mwGif
uREkfyfwdkY &dyfodrf;onf/ aemufwpfrsKd;qdkrl uREfkyfwdkYonf uREkfyfwdkYtwdwf(jzpfcJhonf)\ tusKd;qufjzpfNyD;
uREkfyfwdkYypKyef(jzpfqJ)\ tusKd;qufjzpfvdrhfrnf/ tjcm;wpfrsKd;qdk&rl uREfkyfwdkYonf uREkfyfwdkYtwdwf(jzpfcJh
onf)\ tusKd;quf(vnf;) vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;r[kwfbJ uREkfyfwdkYypKyef(jzpfqJ)\ tusKd;quf(vnf;) t<uif;rJh
jzpfvdrhfrnfr[kwfacs/ Oyrmtm;jzihf ,aeY &mZ0wform;wpfa,mufonf reufjzefwiG f olawmfaumif;wpf
a,muf jzpfvmEdkifonf/
,if;odkY uGJjym;jcm;em;rIudk Ak'0g'u uHaMumihf[k,lqaomfvnf; t&mcyfodrf;udk uHaMumihf[k ,lq&ef
rBudK;pm;acs/
tu,f t&mcyfodrf; uHaMumihfjzpfonf[k ,lqcJhaomf qdk;oGrf;&jcif;rSm if;\ uHaMumihfjzpfojzihf
xdkvlqdk;onf xm0pOf vlqdk;om jzpf&csdrfhrnf/ a&m*gudk ukozdkY q&m0efESihf wdkifyif&efyif rvdkawmhacs/ t
aMumif;rl rdrd\uHonf ,if;odkY oabm&SdcJhaomf (,if;uHuyif) a&m*gudk ukornfjzpfaomaMumihfwnf;/
Ak'0g'tvdkt& kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;e,fy,fwGif wnf&Sdaom jzpfpOfed,mrw&m; ig;rsKd;&Sdonf
1) ured,mr? jyKvkyfrIESihf ,if;\tusKd;w&m;jzpfpOf/ Oyrm - ESpfoufzG,f rESpfoufzG,f tjyKtrlrsm;
onf aumif;usKd;ESihf raumif;usKd;ukd udk,fpm;jyK jzpfay:aponf/
2) Owked,mr? Owk&moDwdkY\jzpfpOf/ Oyrm avwdkufjcif; rdk;Gmjcif;wdkY\ Owk&moDtvkduf jzpfay:jcif;
obm0/
3) ADZed,mr? rsKd;aphwdkY\jzpfpOf (oufrJhkyfjzpfpOf)/ Oyrm qefaphrS qefudk aygufa&mufaponf?
MuHyifonf csKdaomt&omudk ay;onf/ odyHenf;us uvmyfpnf; rsKd;ADZoDtdk&DESihf t>rmyl;ESpfa,muf\
kyfydkif;wlnD;rIonf ed,mrt&jzpfEdkifonf/
4) pdwed,mr? pdwfjzpfpOf ed,mr/ Oyrm pdwfwdkY\jzpfpOf? pdwfpGrf;tif ponf/
5) "red,mr? "robm0jzpfpOf/ Oyrm aemufqkH;b0 aAm"dowwpfql yGifhay:vmjcif;uJhodkYaom
obm0w&m;? urmhqGJiiftm; ponf/
pdwfydkif; odkYr[kwf kyfydkif;oabmw&m;wdkif;udk if;wdkYudk,fwdkif ed,mrwpfckjzpfonhf tukefNcKHikHrdaom
azmfjyyg jzpfpOfig;rsKd;jzihf &Sif;jyEdkifonf/

plVur0db*Fokwf? rZdredum,f? okwftrSwf - 135/

29

odkYjzpf uH[lonf pMu0VmtwGif; wnf&Sdaeonhf azmfjyyg obm0ed,mrig;rsKd;teuf wpfckomjzpf

onf/ uH[lonf obm0jzpfpOfwpfckrQom jzpfonfqdkvdkufojzihf ,if;obm0jzpfpOfudk csrSwfay;ol&Sd&rnf
[k rqdkvdkacs/ urmhqGJiiftm;uJhodkYaom omref obm0ed,mrrsm;onf ,if;obm0ed,mrudk csrSwfrnfhol
rvdkacs/ ,if;ed,mronf vGwfvyfonhf jyifytkyfcsKyfoltzGJU\ 0ifa&mufpGufzufrIr&SdbJ rdrd\e,fy,f
twGif; aqmifGufonf/
Oyrmqdkaomf rD;onf yl&rnf[k rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ pDrHonfr[kwfacs/ a&onf rsufESmjyifay:
nDae&rnf[k rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrS trdefYay;onfr[kwfacs/ a& [dkuf'dk*sifESpfq atmufqD*sif
wpfqyg&rnfjzpfNyD; at;jrjcif;onf if;ydkifqdkifaom owdjzpf&rnf[k rnfonhf odyHynm&SifurS trdefYay;
onfr[kwfacs/ ,if;wdkYrSm olYtvdkvdkjzpfaeaom obm0vuPmrsm; jzpfMuonf/ uH[lonf uREkfyfwdkY
arQmfvifhcsufrJhpGm vufa`rSmuftIH;ay;&rnfh pdwful;,Of rodrjrifEdkifaom pGrf;tifwpfck\ jc,fvS,fjcif;cH&
aom ,kHMunfrI odkYr[kwf ,if;odkYjc,fvS,fcH&rIudk rsufpdrSdwfvufcHrIvnf; r[kwfacs/ ,if;onf wpfpkHwpf
a,muf\ ukd,fwdkiftjyKtrltwGuf weffjyefjzpfay:rIjzpfojzifh wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf wpfpkHwpfckaom
twdkif;twmtxd uHtaMumif;w&m;udk a&SifvTJ&ef jzpfEdkifonf/ rnfonhftwdkif;twmtxd a&SmifvTJEdkifo
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aom pum;pkrsm;udk xnhfoGif;cGihfrjyKoihfaMumif; qdk&rnfjzpfonf/ Ak'0g'tzdkYrl zefqif;cHyk*Kdvfrsm;tm;
pdk;rdk;NyD; ,if;(pdk;rdk;rI)aMumihf qkvmbfESifh 'Pfay;wwfaom teEwefckd;&Sifwnf&SdrIudk todtrSwfrjyKacs/
,if;ESihfqefYusifvsuf Ak'0g'DwdkYonf rdrdwdkYawGUBuKHcHpm;&onhf pdwfqif;&JrIESihf aysmfTifrIwdkYonf rdrdwdkYjyKvkyf
aom aumif;rIESihf raumif;rIwdkY\ obm0&vm'fjzpfaMumif; ,kHMunfMuonf/ urobm0wGif qufvufjzpf
ay:aom wefjyefcH&aom tajccH&SdaMumif; azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf/
uHw&m; &Sdaeaom obm0um; oihfawmfaom tusKd;qufudk jzpfay:aprnhf jzpfEdkifajcjzpfonf/
taMumif;w&m;onf ,if;\tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfay:aponf/ tusKd;w&m;u ,if;\ taMumif;w&m;udk &Sif;
jyonf/ rsKd;aphu toD;ukdjzpfay:aponf/ ,if;toD;u taphESihftoD;wdkYMum; tjyeftvSefqufpyfrIudk &Sif;
jyonf/ xdktwlyif uHESihf ,if;wdkY\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIwdkY qufpyfywfoufrI&Sdonf/ tusKd;w&m;onf
taMumif;w&m; yGihfvef;aeNyD;om; jzpfonf/
ur0g'udk jynhfpkHpGm,kHMunfol Ak'0g'Dwpfa,muftzdkY u,fw,fcH&&ef tjcm;yk*Kdvfwpfa,mufxH qk
awmif;jcif; rjyKbJ ,if;ur0g'onf rdrdudk,fudk tm;udk;&ef oifMum;onhftwGuf rdrd\pifMu,frItwGuf
rdrdtay:rSmom wnfrDSaMumif; ESpfESpfumum ,kHMunfonf/
Ak'bmom0ifwpfa,muftm; ajzodrfhrI? arQmfvihfcsuf? rdrdudk,fudk rSDcdktm;xm;rIESihf udk,fusifhoDvjznhf
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30

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31

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a&pD;jywfpJvsuf bk&m;&EmwdkYuJhodkY b0wpfzefjzpfay:rI ukefqkH;onf/ b0jzpfpOfonf t0dZm wPSmjzihf
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oufaom tjcm;taMumif;t&mtm;vkH;udk vkH;0 rodusKd;uRHjyKcJhonf/
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axmuftxm;rSm Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfyifjzpfonf/ taMumif;rl Ak'onf twdwfESihf tem*wfb0rsm;udk jrifEdkif
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wdwfb0rSwfPfudk wdk;wufapNyD; if;wdkY\ vGefcJhaomb0 wpfpdwfwpfydkif;udk owd&oltcsKdUvnf; &SdMu
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32

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onhf vlrsKd;pkHwdkY\ pkdufvuPmrsm;pGmESihf jzpfyGm;ykHjrifuGif;ponfudk tHhMoavmufaom wdusrIjzihf
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5

Gina Cerminara \ Marny Mansions and The World Within usrf;udk

33

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tm,weajcmufyg;wdkYrSm ,if;emrfkyfwdkY\ ra&SmifvTJEdkifaom tusKd;qufjzpfonf/
,if;tm,weajcmufyg;aMumihf xdawGUrI z(ajcmufyg;)jzpfay:onf/ zonf cHpm;rI(a0'em
ajcmufyg;)udk jzpfay:aponf/
0dnmPf? emrfkyf? oVm,w? zESihf a0'em[laom ig;rsKd;onf twdwfb0\ tusKd;qufrsm;jzpfNyD;
b0\ tjyKcHydkif;[k ac:onf/
cHpm;rI (a0'em)aMumihf wyfrufrI (wPSm)jzpfay:onf/ wPSmaMumihf pGJvrf;rI (Oyg'ge)jzpfay:onf/
,if;onf ur (b0)\taMumif;w&m;jzpfNyD; ,if;onf tjyeftvSeftm;jzihhf tem*wfb0jyefvnfarG;zGm;rI
(Zmwd)udk jzpay:aponf/ arG;zGm;vmjcif;onf tdkjcif;aojcif; (Z&mr&P)wdkY\ ra&SmifvTJEdkifaom
taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf/
taMumif;aMumihf tu,f tusKd;w&m;jzpfvmonfqdkvQif taMumif;jywfpJoGm;rl tusKd;vnf; jywfpJ
&rnfjzpfonf/
34

y#dporkym'fjzpfpOfudk ajymif;jyefvSefvdkufrl ,if;azmfjycsuf &Sif;vif;apvdrfhrnf/

tdkjcif;ESihf aojcif;onf odpdwfESihf kyf&Sdaom ZD0ouf&SdwGif jzpfEkdifonf/ ,if;odkYaom ZD0ouf&Sd
oabmwpfckonf arG;zGm;&rnf? odkYjzpf ,if;(ZD0ouf&Sd)onf arG;zGm;jcif;udk BudKwifjzpfay:aponf/
odkY&mwGif arG;zGm;jcif;onf twdwfvkyf&yfrsm; odkYr[kwf twdwfuH\ ra&SmifvTJEkdifaom tusKd;qufjzpf
onf/ uHonf wyfrufjcif;aMumihfjzpfaom pGJvrf;rIaMumihf jzpf&onf/ ,if;odkYaom wyfrufrIonf cHpm;rI
a0'emwnf&SdrSomvQif jzpfay:Edkifonf/ a0'emonf yom'kyfrsm;ESihf ,if;\tmkHw&m;rsm;twGif; xdawGU
rI\ tusKd;qufjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf ,if;a0'emonf emrfESihfkyfr&SdbJ rwnf&SdEkdifaom yom'kyfrsm;udk
BudKwif axmufyhHay;onf/ emrfoabm&Sd&mwdkif; odpdwf0dnmOf&Sdonf/ ,if;onf twdwfumv t
aumif;tqdk;\ tusKd;qufjzpfonf/ taumif;tqdk; &vm'fonf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm rodEdkifonhf t0dZm
aMumihjf zpfonf/
azmfjyNyD; jzpfpOftm;vkH;udk odkY tusOf;csKyfEdkifonf
t0dZmaMumihf jyKvkyfrIrsm; (ukodkvfESihftukodkvf) jzpfonf/
jyKvkyfrIrsm;aMumihf y#doaE0dnmOfpdwfjzpfonf/
y#doaE0dnmOfpdwfaMumihf emrfkyfjzpfonf/
emrfkyfaMumihf tm,weajcmufyg;jzpfonf/
tm,eajcmufyg;aMumihf z(ajcmufyg;)jzpfonf/
z(ajcmufyg;)aMumihf a0'emjzpfonf/
a0'emaMumihf wPSmjzpfonf/
wPSmaMumihf Oyg'gefjzpfonf/
Oyg'gefaMumihf jyKvkyfrI (ur)jzpfonf/
jyKvkyfrIrsm;aMumihf wpfzefarG;zGm;rIjzpfonf/
arG;zGm;rIaMumihf tdkjcif;? aojcif;? pdk;&drfjcif;? idka<u;jcif;? emusifcHcufjcif;? ylyefjcif;? jyif;pGmylaqG;jcif;
wdkYjzpfay:onf/
,if;odkYjzihf tvkH;pkHaom 'kutpkjzpfay:onf/ ,if;q,hfESpfrsKd;teuf yxrESpfrsKd;onf twdwfb0 yg
0ifNyD; tv,f&SpfrsKd;rSm ypKyefb0 yg0ifvsuf aemufqkH; ESpfckum; tem*wfb0 yg0ifonf/
t0dZm tvkH;pkHcsKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;onf jyKvkyfrIcsKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;udk jzpfaponf/
jyKvkyfrIrsm;csKyfaomf y#doaE0dnmOfpdwfcsKyfNidrf;onf/
y#doaE0dnmOfpdwfcsKyfaom emrfkyfcsKyfNidrf;onf/
emrfkyfcsKyfaomf tm,weajcmufyg;csKyfNidrf;onf/
tm,eajcmufyg;csKyfNidrf;aomf z(ajcmufyg;)csKyfNidrf;onf/
z(ajcmufyg;)csKyfaomf a0'em(ajcmufyg;)csKyfNidrf;onf/
a0'em(ajcmufyg;)csKyfaomf wPSmcsKyfonf/
wPSmcsKyfaomf Oyg'gefcsKyfonf/
Oyg'gefcsKyfaomf jyKvkyfrI (ur)csKyfonf/
jyKvkyfrIrsm;csKyfaomf wpfzefarG;zGm;rIcsKyfonf/
arG;zGm;rIcsKyfaomf tdkjcif;? aojcif;? pdk;&drfjcif;? idka<u;jcif;? emusifcHcufjcif;? ylyefjcif;? jyifpGmylaqG;jcif;
wdkYcsKyfonf/
,if;odkYjzihf tvkH;pkHaom 'kutpkcsKyfNidrf;onf/
,if;aMumif;usKd;jzpfpOfonf tqkH;tpr&SdbJ jzpfay:onf/ ,if;onfhb0jzpfpOf rnfonhftcsdefu
pcJhaMumif; rodrIt0dZmjzifh vTrf;NcKHajymqdk&ef rjzpfEdkifjcif;aomMumihf ,if;jzpfpOf\ tpudk rqkH;jzwfEdkifacs/
odkY&mwGif ,if;t0dZmonf 0dZmtjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;vsuf ,if;b0jzpfpOfonf edAme"mwftjzpfodkY ajymif;
vJoGm;aomtcg b0jzpfpOf qkH;cef;wdkif odkYr[kwf oHo&m &yfawmhonf/

35

tcef; 9
tew odkYr[kwf 0dnmOfaumifr&Sd
,if;Ak'0g'qdkif&m jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;t,ltqudk rajymif;vJaom tw0dnmOfaumif udk,fcEmul;ajymif;
jcif;ESihf ,if;0dnmOfaumif\ rajymif;vJaom kyf0wK jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;[k t"dym,f&onhf vl0ifpm;
oDtdk&DESihf rwlaMumif; cGJjcm;rSwfom;oihfonf/ Ak'0g'onf xm0&bk&m;ocif (jA[m) zefqif;onhf odkYr
[kwf y&rtwrS cGJxGufvmonhf rajymif;vJaom xm0&0dnmOfaumif(ZD0tw) wnf&SdrIudk jiif;qdkonf/
vlom;\tESpfom&[kqdkaom raoaom 0dnmOfaumiffonf wnfNrJonfqdkvQif tedrfhtjrifh r&SdEdkif
awmhacs/ xdkYjyif ]tb,faMumihf tw0dnmOfaumif trsKd;rsKd;onf xl;jcm;pkHvif ay:xGufvmoenf;} [lonf
udk em;rvnfEdkifawmhacs/
xm0&aumif;uifbkH tqkH;rJh aysmfTifrIESihf xm0&i&J tqkH;rJh SOf;qJcH&rI wnf&Sdjcif;udk oufaojy
&ef raumif;onhf tw0dnmOfaumifonf vkH;0 vdktyfonf/ odkYr[kwfvQif i&JrSm jypf'Pfay;NyD; aumif;
uifbkHrSm qkay;jcif;[lonf rnfodkYjzpfoenf;/
bmx&ef&yfq,fvf (Bertrand Russell)a&;om;cJhonfudk azmfjyoihfonf ]0dnmOfaumifESihf udk,fcEmt
Mum; a[mif;EGrf;aom jcm;em;rIrSm rsm;pGm uG,faysmufoGm;NyD; jzpf\/ taMumif;rl kyfonf ,if;\tpdkiftcJ
wnf&SdrI aysmufqkH;oGm;aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ pdwfynmonf odyHenf;usjzpf&ef pwifumrQom &Sdao;\/
aojcif;rJhrIudk ,kHMunfonhf rsufarSmufacwf pdwfynmtajctaeonf tenf;i,frQyif odyHynm\
axmufcHrIudk r&ao;acs}/
]raeYuigESihf ,aeYig wpfa,mufwnf; twlwljzpfjcif; ,kwdtaMumif;w&m; tcsKdU&SdonfrSm aocsm
NyD; ydkrdk&Sif;vif;onhf Oyrmwpfck,l&aomf tu,f igonf vlwpfa,mufudk wpfNydKifeufjrifNyD; if;ajymqdk
aeonfudk wpfNydKifeufMum;vQif jrifaomigonf Mum;oligeSihf twlwljzpfonf[laom ,lqcsufrsKd; &Sd\}[k
&yfq,fvfqdkonfudk Ak'0g'DwdkY trSefwu,f oabmwlMuonf/
rMumrDtcsdefuxd odyHynm&Sifrsm;u tufwrfudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr&aMumif; ,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ ]vkH
avmufaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;jzihf lyaA'ynm&Sifrsm;onf ,if;tufwrfudk jzpfpOfwpfcktjzpfodkY avQmh
cscJhMuonf/ wlnDaumif;rGefaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;jzihf pdwfynm&Sifrsm;onf pdwf tpOfrjywfjzpfae
onhf wpfckwnf;aom trawr&SdbJ wpfpkHwpf&maom eD;pyfywfoufrIjzihf wkyfaESmifxm;onhf jzpfay:rI
tpOftwef;jzpfaMumif; awGU&SdMuonf/ odkYjzpf xm0&raoaomt&mESihf ywfoufaom ar;cGef;onf
,if;eD;pyf ywfoufrIrsm;taejzihf ouf&Sdukd,fcEmESihfqdkifaom qufpyfjzpfpOfESihf ,if;udk,fcEmaoNyD;aemuf
jzpfay:onhf tjcm;jzpfpOfwdkYtMum; wnf&Sdoavm[laom ar;cGef;jzpfvmonf}/
pDtD;trf *sKd;'f (C.E.M. Joad)u ]b0t"dym,f (The Meaning of Life)}[laompmtkyf odkYazmfjyonf
]kyfw&m;onf uREkfyfwdkY\ rsufpdatmufyif NydKuGJysufpD;oGm;onf/ ,if;kyfw&m;onf tusdwftcJ r[kwf
36

awmhacs/ ,if;onf tpOfwnfwHhaom oabmr&Sdawmhacs/ ,if;onf rjzpfrae taMumif;w&m;ed,mr\

qkH;jzwfjcif;udk rcH&awmhacs/ ta&;tBuD;qkH;rSm ,if;udk rod&awmhacs/
]tufwrfqdkaomt&monf ]]cGJvnf;cGJjcrf;Edkif ysufvnf; ysufpD;Edkifaomt&m}} ESpfrsKd;vkH; jzpfykH&onf/
tufwrfudk jzpfay:apaom tDvufxGefESihf ykdwGefrsm;onf ]]tcsif;csif; awGUqkHEdkifNyD; r&yfrpJjzpfonf
qdkjcif;xuf owfrSwfe,fedrdwfrJh vdIif;wpfckomjzpfvsuf tpOfrjywf ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfjzihf ESpfrsKd;vkH;tm;
6
t&m0wKwpfcktjzpfxuf ykHpHESihf tajctaewpf&yftjzpf owfrSwfonf}} } /
,if;tufwrftm; kyfvGefpdwfu;l ,Of w&m;wpfckjzpfaMumif;,lqol c&pf,efbkef;awmfBuD; bmuav
(Bishop Berkeley)u ,if; (tufwrf) 0dnmOfaumif[k ac:qdkaom emrftajccHw&m;wpfck wnf&Sdonf[k
,lqonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh [sKrf; (Hume)onf pdwf0dnmOfudk tao;pdwfavhvmcJhNyD; rwnfNrJaom pdwftajctae
rsm;rSwpfyg; rnfonhft&mrQr&Sd[k odjrifvsuf ]xm0&tw}[l wnf&Sd[efrwl[k aumufcsufcscJhonf/
[sKrf;u qufqdkonf ]uREkfyfwdkYonf ig[kac:aomt&mudk cPwkdif; odaeMuNyD; xdkt&m\ wnf&Sd
qJESihf qufvufwnf&SdrIudk awG;odMuojzihf ,if;(ig[laomt&m)\ NyD;jynfhpkHaom tESpftrawa&m yDjyif
&Sif;vif;rIyg ESpfrsKd;vkH; uREkfyfwdkY&SdonfrSm aocsm\[k xifrSwf(awG;BuH)Muaom awG;ac:&SiftcsKdU &Sd\/
uREkfyftzdkYrl ig[kuREfkyfac:aomt&mudk teD;pyfqkH; pOf;pm;rdaomtcg tyl odkYr[kwf tat;? tvif;a&mif
odkYr[kwf t&dyf? tcspf odkYr[kwf trkef;? emusifrI odrYk [kwf okc[laom trSwftom;rsm;teuf wpfck
r[kwf wpfckwGifom tNrJwrf; wdkufrd\/ uREkfyftaejzihf ig[laom t&mudk vkH;0&SmrawGUbJ onmrSwpfyg;
rnfonhft&mudkrQ rawGU&Sdyg? uREkfyftm; NyD;jynhfpkHonhf txnfj'yfrJhwpfck jzpfap&ef aemufxyf vdktyf
onhft&mudk uREkfyf rawGUrdyg}/
bmh*fqef (Berson)u ]pdwf0dnmOftm;vkH;onf tcsdef(twdkif;twm)jzifh wnf&Sdjcif;jzpf\/ odrItajct
ajctaewpf&yfonf ajymif;vJrIr&SdbJ wnfwHhaomtajctae r[kwfacs/ ,if;onf r&yfrpJrajymif;vJaerI
wpf&yfjzpf\/ ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOf &yfpJrl ,if;pdwf0dnmOf &yfpJ\/ pdwf0dnmOf[laomt&monfyif ajymif;vJ
aerIrSwpfyg; tjcm;(aomt&m) r[kwfacs}[k qdkonf/
tw0dnmOfaumif jyemESihfywfouf ygarmu *sdrf;pf(Prof. James)u ]tw0dnmOfaumif&Sd t,l
tqonf odpdwftawGYtBuHK\ trSefwu,f twnfjyKxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh wGufcsuf&orQ
vkH;0 tydktvGef ,lqcsufwpf&yfomjzpf\/ xdkrQjzihf wdusonhf odyHenf;us taMumif;jycsufjzihf ,if;t,l
tqudk tokH;jyK&ef rnfolYudkrQ wGef;tm;ay;vdrhfrnfr[kwfacs/ if;\ twvdyfjymu@ ed*kH;ydkif;wGif ]odkYjzihf
pmtkyfwGif uREfkyfwdkY a&muf&SdcJhonhf ,m,D,lqcsuftajzrSm ]]tawG;rsm;onfyif awG;ac:olrsm; jzpf
onf}} [laom aemufqkH;pum;yif jzpf&rnf} [kqdkcJhonf/
0yfqef(Watson) trnf&Sd xif&Sm;onhf pdwfynm&Sifu ]rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ,if;twvdyfjymudk
rxdawGYzl; odkYr[kwf prf;oyfzef>yef jrnfolrQ rjrifzl; odkYr[kwf tjcm;aom aeYpOf awGUBuKHaeus t&m0wK
rsm;jzihf ,if;twvdyfjymudk wpfenf;enf;jzifh qufpyfywfoufrI r&Sdzl;acs/ odkY&mwGif ,if;(tw)wnf&SdrIudk
oHo,jzpfjcif;rSm rdpm'd|djzpfoGm;jcif;yifjzpf wpfcsdefwpfcguqkdvQif if;\OD;acgif; qkH;IH;jcif;odkYyif a&muf
oGm;zG,f&Sdonf/ ,aeYwdkifatmifyif vlxktwGif; xif&Sm;olwpfa,muftaejzihf ,if;(twvdyfjymt
aMumif;)udk ar;cGef;xkwf0hHrnf r[kwfacs}[k azmfjyonf/
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmihfig;&mcefYu Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfu azmfjyNyD;tcsufrsm;udk BudKwifa[mMum;
xm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/
Ak'0g't&rl pdwf0dnmOf[lonf rwnfNrJonhf apwodufwdkY\ tpktaygif;omjzpfonf/ pdwuPwpf
7
csufwGif jzpfqJ(Oyg'f)? wnfqJ(XD) ysufqJ(bif)[k ]cPi,f} okH;ckygonf/ pdwuPwpfcsuf csKyfoGm;NyD;
aemuf csufcsif;yif aemufrSqufwkduf jzpfqJpdwuPwpfcsuf ay:vmonf/ tNrJajymif;vJaeaom ,if;
b0jzpfpOf\ cPrQomwnfaom odpdwfwkdif;onf uG,faysmufoGm;NyD;aemuf acszsufr&atmif rSwfom;pGJ
xifaeonhf ,if;\ yuwdaompGrf;tifudk aemufay:vmonhf pdwuPodkY xkwfvTihfonf/ topfjzpfvm
aom pdwfwdkif;wGif ,if;rwkdifrDjzpfcJhaompdwf\ tjcm;t&mtcsKdUESihftwl jzpfEdkifajcrsm; yg0ifonf/ odkYjzpf
jrpfa&t,OfuJhodkY pdwf0dnmOf rjywfrvyfaom jzpfpOfwpf&yf&Sdonf/ aygif;pkjzpfay:vmaomt&mrSm xyfwl
6

C.E.M. The Meainig of Life.

37

r[kwfojzihf topfjzpfay:vmaom pdwuPonf csKyfoGm;NyD;pdwuP vkH;0r[kwfaomfvnf; urowd

wlnDaom tpOfjzpfjcif; ,if;ESihf vkH;0jcm;em;aomt&mvnf; r[kwfacs/ wpfOD;wnf;aom yk*Kdvf ow0g
r&Sdaomfvnf; wlnDaomjzpfpOfrlum; &Sdonf/
cPwdkif; arG;zGm;jcif;ESihf aojcif;&Sdonf/ pdwuPwpfckjzpfay:vmjcif;onf tjyeftvSeftm;jzihf t
jcm;pdwuPwpfck csKyfysufoGm;jcif;[k t"dym,foufa&mufonf/ b0wpfoufwmwGif twvdyfjymaumif
[lonfr&SdbJ cPwdkif; arG;ao (jzpfpOf)om&Sdonf/
pdwfwpfckudk tpdwftydkif;i,frsm;jzihf aygif;pk(quf)xm;NyD; &xm;wGJ odkYr[kwf uGif;csifqufBudK;wpfck
uJhodkY qufpyfxm;onf[k em;vnfroGm;oihfacs/ odkY&mwGif ,if;ESihf ajymif;jyef em;vnf&onf ]pdwfonf
(jzpfpOf)c&D;wpfavQmuf if;pkaqmif;xm;onfh pdwfypnf;(pdwf\tajccHj'yf0wK)r&SdbJ avmutm; xm0pOf
pD&ifrIay;vsuf pOfqufrjywf qufvuf pD;qif;(jzpfay:)onf/ rdrd\a&tvsOfodkY pD;0iffonhf jrpfacsmif;
8
i,frsm;rS a&tvsOfudk tqufrjywf&onhf jrpfwpfckuJhodkYjzpfonf} / pdwfonf topfjzpfrIwGif jzpfzsm;cHNyD;
ao(ysuf)rIwGif &yfwHhem;cdkonf/ pdwfjzpfpOf vsifjrefrIum; cefYrSefajcrQyif wdkif;wmEdkifaom EIef;pHwpfck r&Sd
Edkifonftxdjzpfonf/ odkYaomf t|uxmq&mrsm;url pdwuPwpfcsuf\ wnfwHhcsdefonf vQyfwpfjyuf
tcsdefudk oef;wpfaxmifykH wpfykHxufavmufawmif r&SnfMumaMumif; jyqdkvdkMuonf/ ae&m uREfkyf
wdkYonf vltcsKdU ,kHMunfEdkifaom ,if;odkYaom tajctaersm;\ ay:vGifonhf EIdif;,SOfrIwpf&yfudk qefY
usifvsuf odpdwf\ ,if;rwnfNrJaom pdwfydkif;tajctaersm;twGuf teD;pyfqkH;EIdif;,SOfrIwpf&yfudk &Sm
azGjcif;jzpfonf/ csKyfaysmufoGm;aomtajctae wpf&yfonf jyefvnf;ay:rvm? a&SUwGif jzpfay:vmonhf
tajctaeESifhvnf; rwlacs/ odkYwap arm[tIyfjzihf ydwfzkH;cHaeMuonhf uREkfyfwdkY ykxkZOfvlom;wdkY tae
jzihf ,if;xif&Sm;onhf pOfqufrjywfjzpfpOfudk xm0& wnfNrJonhft&mwpfcktjzpf rSm;,Gif;pGm ,lqMuvsuf
tNrJwap ajymif;vJaeaom ,if;odpdwf0dnmOftm; uwm(jyKvkyfol)ESihf tjyKtrl(jypfrI)tm;vkH;udk cH,lol[k
qdkaom tw[laom rajymif;vJonfh 0dnmOfaumiftjzpf vufcHvmonftxd jzpfoGm;Muonf/
]ow0g[k qdkaomt&monf vlYyuwdrsufvkH;jzihf oD;jcm;wpfppDjzpfpOftm; uGJujGJ ym;jym; rjrifEdkifaomf
vnf; rTefjyEdkifonfr[kwf(=TefjyEdkif)aom jrefEIef;jzihf wpfckaemufu wpfckvdkufonhf qufwkduf jzpfysuf
aeaom tykdif;tpwdkY\ jzpfpOfwef;[k t"dym,fzGifhqdkaom vQyfpD;vufonhftoGifESifh wlaomt&mom
9
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odkY xm0pOf a&TUvsm;aeonf/ uREfkyfwdkY jzpfvm&rnfht&mudk ,if; ypKyef pdwuPu qkH;jzwfonf/
twr&Sdaomf rnfonhf t&monf aemufb0 jyefvnfarG;zGm;oenf;[k ar;Edkif\/ rSefonf? jyefvnf
arG;zGm;rnhft&m(txnfudk,f) bmrQr&Sd/ b0wpfck ukefqkH;aomf urowdonfyif tjcm;oPmefwpfrsKd;jzihf
txnfudk,f jzpfvmonf/ bduKoDvmpm&rax&f qdkouJhodkYyif jzpfonf ]rjriftyf rjrif&onhf ,if; (ur
owd)onf ,if;\ lyg&kHtoGifoPmeftwGuf oihfavsmfaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;usa&mufonhf
wpfae&m&m oGm;jzpfonf/ ae&mwGif rSufuav; odkYr[kwf wDuav;wpfaumifb0tjzpf xif&Sm;jy
vsuf xdkae&mwGifrl crf;em;awmufajymifonhf tqifhjrifhewfa'0gb0tjzpf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmonf/ ,if;
owd\ ykHoGifoPmefwpfck csKyfNidrf;NyD;aomf ,if;onf qufvuf (ykHoPmefopfudk) qifhurf;ay;aeOD;
rnfjzpfNyD; oihfavsmfonhf taMuif;qufrsm;u ay;tyfvdkufonhfae&mwGif trnfopf ykHpHopfjzihf ay:vGif
vmrnfjzpfonf}/
arG;zGm;jcif;[lonf kyfemrfocFg&"rwdkY\ jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ aojcif;[lonf tckduftwHhrQjzpf
aom ocFg&"rwdkY\ tcdkuftwHhrQ csKyfaysmufoGm;jcif;om jzpfonf/
kyfobm0wpfck jzpfay:jcif; jzpfay:NyD;obm0wpfcku ,if;\ taMumif;w&m;taejzihf jzpf&ouJh
odkYyif kyfemrfobm0"rwdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmrIonf a&SUwGif ,if;(kyfemrfobm0"r)\ jyefvnfjzpf
ay:rItwGuf taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf/ kyfoufemrfoufjzpfpOfwpfckwGif cPi,fwpfckrSwpfckodkY jzwf
oef;oGm;aom xm0&wnfNrJonhft&mr&SdbJ jzpfEdkifouJhodkY xdktwl kyfoufemrfoufrsm;pGmwdkY\ jzpfpOf
wef;wGifvnf; b0wpfckrSwpfckodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;rnhf xm0&0dnmOfaumifr&SdbJ jzpfEdkifonf/
8
9

OD;aTZHatmif t*Fvdyfbmomjyefonhf Compendium of Philosophy usrf; (vef'efygVdawmftoif;xkw)f ed'gef;? pm-12 udk Iyg/
toD;oD;aom"mwfykHrsm; vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfvmykHudk azmfjyonhf kyf&Sifzvifjzihf EIdif;,SOfMunhfyg/

38

Ak'0g'taejzihf vufawGUrsufarSmuf em;vnfrIt& yk*Kdvfow0gwnf&SdrIudk vkH;0rjiif;qdkay/ aemuf

qkH;0wK (kyfemrf\ rajymif;vJaom tEdrypnf;? kyftjrKaw emrftjrKaw) r&SdaMumif;azmfjy&ef BudK;pm;jcif;
omjzpfonf/ yk*Kdvfow0g[laom pum;vkH;twGuf Ak'0g' 'ea0g&rSm oEme odkYr[kwf tqufrjywf
jzpfpOf [kjzpfonf/ ,if;a0g[m& pdwfydkif;ESihf kyfydkif;"mwfobm0rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ yk*Kdvfow0gwdkif;
\ urowdonf ,if;"mwfobm0rsm;udk zGJUcsnfxm;onf/ uHtaMumif;cH rjywfrvyfjzpfaeaom ,if;
kyfemrfocFg&"rjzpfpOfonf ypKyefb0twGufom uefYowfxm;onfr[kwfbJ tprxifaom twdwfumv
wGif tajccHcJhNyD; tqkH;rxifaom tem*wfwGifvnf; qufvufjzpfaeOD;rnf/ ,if;onf tjcm;bmomw
&m;rsm;,lqonhf xm0&tw odkYr[kwf trw0dnmOfaumiftwGuf Ak'0g'\ tpm;xdk;,lqcsufjzpfonf/

tcef; 10
edAmef
tqdkyg arG;aojzpfpOfonf Ak'0g'DwkdY\ aemufqkH;yef;jzpfaom edAme"mwfqdkaomt&modkY rajymif;rcsif;
tqkH;rxif qufjzpfonf/ ygVdpum;vkH; edAmeonf ed ESihf 0ge yk'fESpfckaygif; jzpfonf/ ed[lonf r&Sdjcif;?
0ge [lonf wPSm jzpfonf/ ]0ge[kac:aom wPSmrS vGwfajrmufjcif; xGufajrmufjcif;udk edAmef[k ac:
onf}/ pmayoabmt& edAmef[lonf wPSmr&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
]wpfavmuvkH; rD;awmufrD;vQHwGif &Sd\? tb,ft&mwdkYu rD;arT;ay;oenf;[lrl avmbrD;? a'gorD;?
arm[rD;? Zmwd? Z&m? Asm"d? r&P? aomu? y&da'0? 'ku? a'gre? Oyg,mowdkYu rD;awmuffrD;vQH
jzpfatmif arT;ay;\}[k Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfa[mawmfrlonfhtwdkif; ]edAmef[lonf avmb? a'go? arm[wdkY\
csKyfNidrf;jcif;}[k vnf; t"dym,fzGifhqdkEdkifonf/
edAmef[lonfudk uREkfyfwdkYavmuDtodynmjzihf rawG;odEdkifaomaMumihf ,if;onf bmrSr&Sdonfh tajc
tae odkYr[kwf vkH;0jywfpJoGm;jcif;[laom t"dym,fudk rrSwf,loihfacs/ rsufrjrifol wpfa,mufonf bm
rSrjrif&aomaMumihf tvif;a&mifr&Sd[k rqdkEdkifacs/ ig;onf if;\rdwfaqGvdyftm; ukef;ajr[lonf r&SdEkdif
[k tausmuftuefjiif;onfh ykHjyifjzihfvnf; xif&Sm;onf/
Ak'0g'edAmefonf bmrQr&Sdonhft&m odkYr[kwf vkH;0jywfpJoGm;jcif; r[kwfaomfvnf; pum;vkH;jzihf vkH
avmufatmif zGifhqdk&Sif;jyEdkifaomt&mvnf; r[kwfacs/ edAmef[lonf rarG;zGm;aom? rlvblwr&Sdaom? zef
qif;r&aom? ykHoPmefr&Sdaom "rwpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpf edAmefonf xm0&wnfNrJaom? wihfw,f
aom? csrf;omaom t&mjzpfonf/
edAmef 'kurSwpfyg; csKyfNidrf; jywfpJoGm;aom t&mr&Sdacs/
usrf;*efrsm; edAmefudk aomyg'daooESihf tEkyg'daoo[k ESpfrsKd; Tef;qdkMuonf/ trSefaomf ,if;
wdkYrSm edAmefESpfrsKd;&SdaMumif; azmfjyjcif;r[kwfbJ aoqkH;NyD;aemuf ,if;edAmefudk awGUBuKHod&SdEdkifonhf enf;t&
wpfckwnf;aom edAmef\ trnfemruGJrsm;jzpfMuonf/ edAmefonf wpfae&m&mwGif wnf&Sdaomt&mr[kwf
ouJhodkY jyefvnfarG;zGm;onhf yk*Kdvfow0gwdkYaexdkifonhf aumif;uifbkHvnf; r[kwfacs/ ,if;onf
cEmudk,fudkom trSDjyKonhf tajctaewpf&yfjzpfonf/ ,if;onf tm;vkH;ol vufvSrf;rDSaom &&SdrI ("r)
wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ rsufarSmufb0wGifyif &Edkifaom avmukw&w&m;jzpfonf/ Ak'0g'onf aemifb0wGif
om&Edkifaom aemufqkH;yef;wdkifrsKd;udk razmfjyacs/ ,if;onf Ak'0g'edAmefESihf Ak'0g'Dr[kwfolrsm;\ aovGef
NyD;aemufrSom &Ekdifaom xm0&aumif;uifbkH odkYr[kwf xm0&bk&m;ESihfjzpfap aumif;uifbkH tajcjyK
yk*KdvfESihfjzpfap aygif;pnf;oGm;jcif;[laom ,lqcsuffwdkY\ t"du jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/ kyfcEm t<uif;
tusefESihf edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKoGm;rl ,if;edAmefudk oOyg'daooedAme"mwf[k ac:onf/ &[Emwpfyg;
39

onf pkwdjywfa<u aovGefNyDaemuf rnfonhfb0t<uif;tusefrQ r&SdawmhbJ edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKNyD;rl

,if;edAmefudk tEkyg'daooedAme"mwf[k ac:onf/
qmtuf'GifvmEdk;\ pum;jzihf qdk&rl
]tu,f wpfa,mufa,mufu edAmefudk vkH;0jywfpJoGm;jcif;[k oifMum;rl xdkyk*Kdvftm; rrSef[k
qdk& rnff/ edAmef[lonf cspfjcif;[k ydkYcsvmrl rSm;,Gif;\[kyif qdk&rnf}/
vufawGU awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI Iaxmifht&rl edAmef[lonf 'kurS vGwfajrmufrI jzpfonf/ pdwfynmI
axmifht&rl edAmef[lonf ig igh[m[laom twpGJ,lqrI(oum,'d|d)udk t<uif;rJh xkwfy,fjcif;jzpfonf/
udk,fusifhw&m; Iaxmifht&rl edAmef[lonf avmb? a'go? arm[wdkY\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;jzpfonf/
&[Emyk*Kdvfonf uG,fvGeNf yD;aemuf wnf&Sdao;oavm/
xdkar;cGef;udk Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf ajzMum;awmfrlonfrSm
]cEmig;yg;rS vGwfajrmufNyD;jzpfaom &[Emyk*Kdvfonf eufIdif;\? r[mork'&muJhodkY EIdif;,SOf wdkif;
wmr&/ jyefvnf arG;zGm;onf[kqdkrl udptwGuf roihfjrwfay/ arG;zGm;onfvnf; r[kwf
rarG;zGm;vnf; r[kwf[k ajzqdkvQifvnf; ravsmfuefacs} [k jzpfonf/
&[Emyk*Kdvfonf Zmwdwpfzefjzpfay:apaom qE&m*tm;vkH;udk y,fEkwfNyD;jzpfaomaMumihf jyefvnf
arG;zGm;onf[k rqdkEdkif? tqkH;pGefcsKyfNidrf;oGm;rnfh t&mr&SdaomaMumihf (aoNyD;aemuf) vkH;0jywfpJ csKyfNidrf;
oGm;onf[kvnf; rqdkEdkifacs/
odyHynm&Sif a&mbwf tdkyif[dkif;rm; (Robert Oppenheimer) atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJhonf
]Oyrmtm;jzihf tu,f tDvufxGefwpfck\ tajctaeonf wlnDpGm wnf&Sdaeovm;[k ar;rl
r[kwfyg[k qdk&rnf? ,if;onf tcsdefumvtvdkuf ajymif;vJrI&Sdovm;[k ar;vQif r[kwf[k qdk&
rnf? odkYwnf;r[kwf ,if;onf em;aeovm;[kar;rl r[kwf[k ajz&rnf? vIyf&Sm;onfh tajctae
avvm;ar;rl r[kwfyg[kyif ajzqdk&rnf?
10
]Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf ,if;odkYaom tajzrsKd;udk vlom;wdkY\
wrvGeb
f 0tajctaeESifh
ywfouf tar;cH&aomtcg tvm;wl tajzrsKd;udk ajzMum;cJhNyD;jzpf\/ odkYwap 17 ESifh 18 &mpk
odyHynm tpOftvmonf ,if;odkYaom tajzrsKd;ESihf &if;EDS;rI r&Sdao;acs}/

10

pma&;q&monf &[Emyk*Kdvf y&dedAmefpHNyD;aemuf tajctaeudk &nfTef;vdkjcif;jzpfonfrSm aocsmonf/

40

tcef; 11
edAmefodkY a&mufaMumif;vrf;pOf
edAmefudk rnfodkY &&SdEkdifygoenf;/
or'd|d (rSefaomtjrif)? ormouFy (rSefaomtMuHtpnf)? orm0gpm (rSefaompum;)? orurE (rSeaf om
tvkyf)? ormtmZD0 (rSefaomoufarG;0rf;ausmif;)? orm0g,mr (rSefaomvkHYv)? ormowd (rSefaom
owd)? ormorm"d (rSefaomwnfMunfrI) [laom w&m;rsm;yg0ifonhf r*if&pS fyg; tusihfjrwfw&m;udk vdkuf
emusihfokH;jcif;jzihf edAmefudk &&SdEdkifonf/
1/ Ak'0g'\ t"dutcsuftjcmjzpfaom orm'd|d[lonfudk opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif; odjrifrItjzpf
azmfjyonf/ rSefuefpGm em;vnfrI[lonf jyifyef;odjrifrItwdkif; r[kwfbJ t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif; (obm0rSefudk)
odjrif&rnfjzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ tajccHtm;jzihf tvkH;pkHaom opmav;yg;w&m;onf ]emrfcEmav;yg;
ESihfwuGaom wpfvHrQ avmufaom cEmudk,fudk trSDjyK\}[k qdkaom a&m[dw okweft& rdrdudk,f
udk trSeftwdkif; odjrif&rnfjzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ r*if;&Spfyg;udk tm;xkwf&m orm'd|d (rSefaomtjrif)
onf tpwGif&SdouJhodkY tqkH;wGif(vnf;) &SdEdkifonf/ rSefaomtjrif\ tv,ftvwf tqihftwef;um;
tjcm;r*if;w&m;rsm; rSefuefonhf pdwf"mwfa&;&mvIHYaqmfrIESihf oihfjrwfonhf OD;wnfcsufukd ay;onf/ usifh
MuHtm;xkwfrI txGwftxdyfodkY a&muf&Sdjcif; rSefaomtjrifonf NyD;jynfhpkHonhf 0dyemynm tjzpfodkY
&ifhusufoGm;vsuf t&d,myk*KdvftjzpfodkY wdkdufkdufa&muf&SdoGm;aponf/
2/ orm'd|djzihf yDjyifpGm odjrifjcif;onf rSefaomtBuHtpnfodkY OD;aqmif\/ odkYjzpf 'kwd,r*ifrSm
raumif;aom tawG;tBuHrsm;udk yaysmufapjcif; aumif;aom tawG;tBuHrsm;udk wdk;yGm;apjcif;[laom
&nfG,fcsufESpf&yf yg&Sdonhf ormouFy (rSefaomtBuHtpnf) jzpfonf/ ,if;qufpyfrIt& rSefaom tBuH
tpnf[l&m okH;rsKd;&Sd\/ ,if;wdkYrSm
(1) aeur = avmuD aysmfTifrIudk pGefYy,fjcif;? wpfenf;tm;jzihf wyfrufrI udk,fusKd;qefrIESihf ykdifqdkifvdk
rIwdkYudk qefYusifonhf udk,fusifhw&m;
(2) tAsmyg' = a'go (pdwfqdk;)? aum" (trsufxGuf)ESihf tmCmw (&efNidK;zGJUjcif;)wdkYudk qefYusifaom
arwm? aumif;aomESvkH;xm;? pdwfapwemjzLpifjcif;
(3) t0d[om = Murf;MuKwfjcif;? &ufpufjcif;wdkYudk qefYusifaom rSOf;qJjcif;? ukPm wdkYjzpfonf/
3/ ormouFyonf wwd,r*if orm0gpmudk jzpfay:aponf/ ,if; rkom0g'(trSefrqdkjcif;)?
ydokP0gpm (ukef;acsmpum;)? zko0gpm (Murf;wrf;pum;)ESihf oryvmy (tESpfrJhpum;)wdkY yg0ifonf/
41

4/ orm0gpmaemufwGif ygPmwdygw(olYtoufowf)? t'dEm'ge(olYOpmudk rw&m;,l)ESihf umarok

rdpmpm&(umr*kPfrSm;,Gif;rI)wdkYyg0ifonhf orurEvm onf/
5/ yxrOD;pGm rdrd\ tawG;tBuH? pum;vkH;rsm;ESihf tjyKtrlrsm;udk pifMu,fatmifvkyf&if; pdwfydkif;b0
wdk;wufatmif aqmifGufolonf vlOyoumwpfa,muftzdkY wm;jrpfxm;aom ukefoG,frIig;rsK;d udk a&Smif
MuOfjcif;jzihf rdrd\toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIudk pifMu,fatmif BudK;pm;onf/ ,if;ig;rsKd;rSm vufeufukefoG,f
jcif;? vlukeful;jcif;? om;ig;wd&pmefukeful;jcif;? rl;,pfapwwfonfh t&ufaopm? rl,pfaq;0g; bdef;ukef
ul;jcif; wdkYjzpfonf/
&[ef;rsm;tzdkY olawmfaumif; a,mifaqmifjyjcif;? &[ef;b0tokH;taqmifrsm; &&Sda&;twGuf rSm;
,Gif;aomenf;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf/
6/ rSefaom vkHYv av;rsKd;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm
(1) jzpfay:NyD; tukodkvfw&m;rsm;udk xyfrHrjzpfatmif tm;xkwfjcif;
(2) rjzpfay:ao;aom tukodkvfw&m; rjzpf&atmif tm;xkwfjcif;
(3) rjzpfao;aom ukodkvfw&m;rsm; jzpfay:atmif tm;xkwfjcif;
(4) jzpfay:NyD; ukodkvfw&m;rsm; wdk;yGm;atmif tm;xkwfjcif; wdkYjzpfMuonf/
7/ rSefaomowd[lonf um,? a0'em? pdwESifh "rwdkY (owdy|mef;av;yg;)ESifh pyf NrJNrHaom owd
w&m;jzpfonf/
8/ rSefaomvkHYvESihf rSefaomowdonf ororm"dukd jzpfay:aponf/ ,if;onf pdwf\wpfckwnf;
aomtmkH wnfMunfjcif;jzpfNy;D psmefw&m;ESihf ormywfrsm;udk &aponftxd jzpfonf/
,if;r*if&Spfyg;wdkYwGif yxrESpfyg;onf ynmtkyfpk? aemufokH;ckrSm oDvtkyfpk? aemufqkH;okH;ckrSm orm"d
tkyfpk yg0ifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif tm;xkwfrItpOft& qdkaomf
(1) oDv
= orm0gpm? ormurE? ormtmZD0
(2) orm"d = orm0g,mr? ormowd? ormorm"d
(3) ynm
= orm'd|d? ormouFy [l jzpfonf/
edAmefodkY a&mufaMumif;vrf;pOfwGif oDvonf yxrqkH;tqifh jzpfonf/
rowfjzwfjcif; rnfonhfouf&Sd ow0gudkrqdk rSOf;qJjcif;jzihf vlonf rdrdcEmudk,fwGif wGm;oGm;ae
onhf tao;i,fqkH;aom ow0guav;rsm;rSp ouf&Sdtm;vkH;tay: oem;ukPm &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ cdk;
jcif;rS a&SmifMunfjcif;jzihf rdrdESihfywfoufol tm;vkH;tay: ajzmihfrSefdk;om;&rnfjzpfonf/ vlom;\ *kPf
odumjrifhrm;rIudk avsmusapaom umr*kPfrSm;,Gif;rIrS a&Smifjcif;jzihf pifMu,foljzpfoifhonf/ rkom0g'rS
uif;&Sif;jcif;jzihf vlonf rSefuefwnhfrwfol jzpfoihfonf/ arhavsmhayghqrIudk jzpfaponhf rl;,pfaopm
aomufpm;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;jzihf vlonf wnfNidrfa`E&NyD; ajrmfjrifxufjrufol jzpfoihfonf/ azmfjyyg
tajccHpnf; rsOf;owfrSwfonhf (ukd,fEIwf)trlt&monf edAmefc&D;oGm;wpfa,muftzdkY r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf/
,if;tajccH usifh0wfrsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;onf (r*if)vrf;pOf ukd,fusihfw&m; wdk;wufrIudk wm;qD;rnfh
taESmihft,Sufrsm;udk jzpfay:apjcif;[k t"dym,f&onf/ ,if;wdkYudk apmihfpnf;jcif;onf vrf;pOfwpfavQmuf
wnfNidrf acsmrGwfonfh wdk;wufrItjzpf qdkvdkonf/
pdwfydkif;b0wdk;wufrIudk &SmrSD;olonf odkYvQif udk,fEIwfpdwfwYu
dk dk pnf;urf;owfrSwfjcif;tm;jzihf
aemufxyf c&D;wpfaxmufwdk;EdkifNyD; umr*kPftmkHrsm;udk ydkrdkxdef;odrf;Edkifonf/
pnf;urf;owfrSwfxm;aom udk,frIEIwfrIrsm;? xdef;odrf;xm;aom tmkHumr*kPfrsm;jzihf jznf;jznf;
rSefrSef (pdwfydkif;b0)wdk;wufvmpOf ,if;odkY tm;xkwfaeonhf pdwftm;wuf<uol(a,m*D)\ urpGrf;tif
onf vlYabmifukd pGefYcGmNyD; &aoh&[ef;tjzpfodkY if;tm; wGef;ydkYay;Edkifonf/ ,if;aemuf xdkyk*Kdvftm;
atmufygtwdkif; awG;jrifvmonf
]vlYabmifb0um; kef;uefrIom;&JwGif;jzpf (usOf;ajrmif;vS) acs\/ yifyef;jcif; vdktyfjcif;rsm;jzihf jynhf
ae\/ tdr&f mraxmifonhf (te*g&du)b0um; yGihfvif;aumif;uifyrm vGwfvyfNyD; jrifhjrwf\}/
vlwdkif; if;\ yef;wdkifudk &&Sd&ef &[ef; odkYr[kwf tdrf&mraxmifonhf b0jzpfvm&ef arQmfvihfonf[k
um; rrSwf,loihfacs/ &[ef;b0tjzpfjzihf pdwfydkif;b0wdk;wufrIudk arQmfvihfEdkifonfrSefaomfvnf; vlOygo
42

um wpfa,mufonfvnf; &[EmjzpfvmEdkifonfomwnf;/ wwd,r*f (tem*grdr*f)udk &NyD;aemuf tdrf&m

raxmifonfhb0wGif aexkdifonf/
oDvajray:wGif ckdifNrJpGm &yfwnfvsuf wdk;wufyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfol a,m*Donf pdwfudkxdef;odrf;rI pdwf
\,Ofaus;rI[laom vrf;pOf 'kwd,tqifhjzpfonhf orm"d(t"dpdw)udk tm;xkwfrIodkY wufvSrf;onf/
orm"d[lonf pdwf\ wpfckwnf;aomtmkH wnfwHhaerI jzpfonf/ roufqdkifaom udptm;vkH;udk
vkH;0 z,fcGm&ef wpfckwnf;aomtmkH pdwfwnfwHhaejcif;jzpfonf/
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43

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