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x + 1 dx = ( x + 2) x + 3
z z
( x + 1) dx 1 ( x + )( x + 3)( x + 2 )
dx ( x + 1)( x + 3)
dx ( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 3) = I1 I2 say. 2 z dz z z +2
2
Now, I1 =
dx = ( x + 1)( x + 3)
taking x + 1 = z2 or, , dx = 2z dz
= 2 log | z + I2 =
z2 + 2 | = 2log [ x + 1 + x + 3 ];
z z
1 t
e je j
11 1+1 t t
dt t 1 t2 t2
\ I = I1 I2 = 2 log I = log[x + 2 +
2.
1 x + 1 + x + 3 + sin1 x + 2
x2 + 4 x + 3 ] + sin1
1 + c. x+2
z
= =
dx (ax + b ) + ax + b
2 zdz taking z = a( z2 + z)
ax + b , we get 2 z dz = adx
2 dz 2 2 = log(z + 1) + c = log ax + b + 1 + c . a z +1 a a
3. Hints : I =
1 2
( x2 + 1) ( x2 1) 1+ x4
dx =
1 2
1 + 12
x
x2 + 12
x
dx
1 2
z
=
1 12
x
x2 12
x
dx.
1 2
ze
d x 1 x
2 x 1 +2 x
1 2
ze
d x+ 1 x
2 x + 1 2 x
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
8.
FG H
IJ K
z z LMN
d tan 1 x e . 1 dx dx + c dx
FG H
IJ z OP K Q
1 x
= xetan
1 x
etan
1 x
\ I = I1 + I2 = x e tan
9. Suppose, I =
1 x
+ c.
2 2
ze
2
( x 1) dx = 2 x + 3 x + 1 tan1 x x+1
4 2
e j
1 1 j 1 1 e x x = dx = 2O 2 1 1 1 L 1 e x + 3 + x j tan e x + x j MN1 + e x + x j PQ tan1e x + 1 xj O = dt + c L MN let, tan1 e x + 1x j = z or,, 1 + e x1+ 1 j2 .e1 x1 j dx = dz PQ z x = log | z | + c = log tan1e x + 1 + c. xj
z z
10.
sin x dx = sin 4 x
= 1
4
z z LM Nz
OP Q
LM N
OP + c Q
z
= =
1 2
2 2 cosa
13.
z
= =
dx ( x + 1) x2 + 6 x + 7
z z
dx ( x + 1) ( x + 3)2 2 12 dz
z 1 z
e 1z + 2j
= 2
dz ( z + 1)2
FH 1 IK 2 2
2 = 1 log z + 1 + (z + 1)2 1 +c 2 2
e j
= 1 log 1 + 1 + x +1 2
e x1+1 j2 + ( x2+1) + 1 2
+c
2 = 1 log | x + 1 | 1 log x + 2 + x + 6 x + 7 + c. 2 2 2
14.
z
=
z LMN z
d x dx cos x
FH
IK
OP Q
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
2 2 = x + x sin x + sin x cos x + c = sin x cosx x cos x + c cos x( x sin x + cosx ) cosx ( x sin x + cos x)
=
15.
cosx (sin x x cos x) + c = sin x x cos x + c. cosx ( x sin x + cos x) x sin x + cos x
Hints : I = (x3 m1 + x2 m1 + xm1 ) ( 2 x 3m + 3 x 2 m + 6 xm ) m dx. Put 2x3 m + 3x2 m + 6xm = z, then dz = 6m (x3 m1 + x2 m1 + xm1 )dx 1 \ I= 6m
m+ 1 1 z m 1 3m 2m m m z dz = = ( 2 x + 3 x + 6 x ) . 6 m m+1 6 ( m + 1) 1 m
m +1
16.
z
=
dx = x +3 x
dx 1 x + x3
1 2
LM suppose,, x N
1 6
OP Q
3 z5dz 6 z5dz = 6 = 6 z + 1 1 dz 3 2 2 z +1 z +z z ( z + 1)
1 2
1 3
1 6
1 6
= 2 x 3 3 x + 6 6 x 6log 6 x + 1 + c. 17.
z
=
dx = x +1 3 x +1
zb
dx x +1 x +1
1 6
g b g
1 2
1 3
6 z5dz z3 z2
=6
=6
LM N
OP Q
= 2 x + 1 2 + 3 x + 1 3 + 6 x + 1 6 + 6 log x + 1 6 1 + c.
b g
b g
b g
b g
18.
1 1 x dx = x 1+ x
1 cos2 2q
LM suppose,, N
=4
OP Q
z
z
= 2 log
19.
Suppose, x +
F GH
1.2 x dx = dz 2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
I JK
or, x + x2 + 1 dx =
FH
IK
, dx = x 2 + 1 dz or,
FH x +
x2 + 1
IK dz.
Again, x +
x 2 + 1 = z x2 + 1 = (z x)2
2 x2 + 1 = z2 2 zx + x2 or, x = z 1 . 2z
Then,
x + x2 + 1 dx =
x2 + 1 x + x2 + 1
dz
2 1 z z2 z dz = z
3 2 z2 z2 + 1 dz = 1 z2 + 1 dz = 1 z1 2 dz + 1 z 2 dz 3 2 2 2 2z z z2
1 2 3 1 = z2 + z 2 + c = 1 . x + x2 + 1 3 2. 3 2. 1 2
e j
FH
IK
3 2
1 x + x2 + 1
+ c.
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
20.
dx
3 4
1
3 4
dx
3 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
21.
Hints : I =
x3 x3 + 1 + 2x6
F H
I K
F I x 1+ x H K
1 3
dx =
1 3
dx + 2
z
x
5 6
FG 1 + x IJ H K
1 3
dx
z = x6 .
22.
zd
dx = 1 + x x x2
zb
sin 2 q sin4 q
=2
zb z
z
sin 2 q (1 sin2 q )
=2
zb
=2
I +c J 1 sin q K
sinq 1
2
23.
cos1 1 x 3 dx =
2
= 3[q
z sin
q cosq d q
3
= q sin3 q 3 ( cos q ) 1 cos 3q + c 12 4 = q sin3 q + 3 cos q 1 (4cos3 q 3 cos q ) + c 4 12 = q sin3 q + cos q 1 cos3 q + c
3
= x sin1 x 3 + 1 x 3 1 1 x 3 3 24.
FH
IK
3 2
+ c.
z
= =
x2 + 1 {log(x2 + 1) 2 log x} dx x4
z z
x 2 +1 x2 3
1 + 12
x
2 + 1 dx log x 2 x
FG H
IJ K
1 + 12
x
log 1 + 1 dx = 1 2 x2
FG H
IJ K
z log z dz
LM suppose,, FG1 + 1 IJ = z; then 23 dx = dz or, dx3 = dz OP 2Q H x2 K x x N O 1 L2 1 2 log zO = 1 Llog z. 2 z 2 z dzO = M z log z.z P + c = z L M M 3 3 QP 3 N 3 3 3 2N N QP + c Q 1F F 1 IO 1 I L2 = G 1 + 2 J M logG 1 + 2 J P + c. 3H H x KQ x K N3
3 2
1 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
8 25.
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
log
x + 1 + 1 x dx
= log
x + 1 + 1 x dx
= x log
d d d d d d
x +1 + 1 x
= x log
x +1 + 1 x 1
z LMN o zd zd
2
d log dx
x +1 + 1 x
it dxOPQ dx
x x +1 + 1 x
F iH2 d i
1 1 dx x +1 2 1 x
1 x x +1 1 x2
I K
x . x +1 + 1 x
i dx
= x log
1 x +1 + 1 x + 2
i i
z z
1+ x 1 x x +11+ x
j2 .
x 1 x2
dx
= x log
x +1 + 1 x + 1 2
FH x + 1 + 1 x 2
2 x. 1 x2
1 x2
IK . x dx
= x log
x + 1 + 1 x + 2 .1 2 2
FH1
1 x2 1 x2
2
IK dx O dx q dx P x Q
= x log 26.
x + 1 + 1 x + 1 sin1x x + c.
dx log(1 x) dx = log(1 x) 2 2 x x
z z LMN
x
d log(1 x ) dx
z z FH
(1) . 1 dx = 1 log (1 x) + (1 x) x x 1 x 1 x
F I 1 1 . dx H K x 1 x x 1 + c. 1 I dx = 1 log (1 x) + log K x
FH
IK
= log
cos2q d q
z LMN
R F S T H
IU KV W
cos 2q dq d q
OP Q
F H
I K
z FH
I K
dq
R (cosq sinq )(cosq sin q ) (cosq + sin q )( cosq sin q ) U sin 2q . S V | | (cosq sin q ) T W 2 sin 2q logF cosq + sinq I cosq sin q I {2 cos q + 2 sin q } sin 2q F = H cosq sinq K z H cosq + sinq K . (cosq sinq ) . 2 dq 2 sin 2q . 2 sin 2q logF cosq + sin 2q I = dq H Kz
2 2 2 2
cosq sin q
2(cos2 q sin2 q )
F H
I K
FH cosq + sinq IK z tan 2q dq cosq sinq = 1 sin 2q log F cosq + sinq I 1 log | sec 2q | + c 2 H K 2
= 1 sin 2q log
2
cosq sinq
2
28.
dx = secx + cosecx
1 cos x
dx = 1 + sin x
= 1 (sin x cos x)
2
1 2 2
log tan
FH x + p IK 2 8
+ c.
10 29.
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
z
= = =
dx = sin x + sec x
dx = 1 sin x + cos x
z z z zd z z z
z
2
z
+
30.
In = = = =
sin nx dx = sin x
sin( n 2 + 2 ) x dx sin x
z + 2 z cos(n 2 + 1)x dx = I z
2 sin (n 1)x + c n1
z sec
x dx
z LMN
z
d secn2 x dx
sec2 x dx dx
OP Q
= secn2 x tan x (n 2)
z sec
n3
11
= secn2 x tan x (n 2)
z sec
x dx + (n 2)
z sec
n2
x dx
32.
FH
IK
1 2
FH IK FG JI LM H K N
OP Q
z
2
p
1 sin 1 t dt = t t
FH IK
z
1 2
1 sin 1 t dt = t t
FH IK
LM MN
z
1 2
1 1 sin t t t
F I dt = I. H K
OP PQ
\ 2I = 0.
33. I=
\ I = 0.
\ 2I =
(1 + a x ) cos2 x 1 + ax
dx =
cos2 x dx =
1 2
(1 + cos 2x) dx
1 2
LM x + sin 2x OPp N 2 Qp
np + v
1 .2p = p . 2
\ I = p (Ans.) 2
34.
Suppose, I =
| sin x | dx =
np
| sin x | dx +
np + v np
| sin x | dx.
I=n
p
z | sin x | dx + I , where I
1 1
np + v 1
np
| sin x | dx
=n
z sin x dx + I
= n [ cos x ]p + I1 = n [1 + 1] + I1 = 2n + I1. 0
12
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS np + v v 0
Then, I1 =
np
| sin x | dx =
z sinq dq = b cosq g
loge x loge e
e
v 0
= 1 cos v.
\ I = 2n + I1 = 2n + (1 cos v) = 2n + 1 cos v.
35.
loge x2
loge x x dx =
xlog e x
dx = x
xloge x .
loge x dx x
LM suppose,, y = xlog x N
or, log g e y = loge x2 loge x or, loge y = 2loge x loge x or, loge y = 2(loge x)2 or, 1 dy = 2.2(log g e x). 1 y dx x
x
OP Q
= 37.
2 1 dy = 1 y + c = 1 xloge x + c. 4 4 4
1 0
dx = 2 ( x 2 x + 2)2
1 0
dx = [( x 1)2 + 1]2
dx [( x 1)2 + 1]2
z
z
LM N
39.
z
=
13
z z
p 2
z z
dz + 3 dz = z z( z + 2)
2
z z z
2
dz + 3 dz 3 dz z 2 z 2 z+2
z
0
4 = 1 log2 + 3 log . 2 2 3
p
40.
Let, I =
p
z z z
=p
So, 2I = p
... (1)
or, sin x dx = dz
14
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
z z
FH
FH
IK OP . Q
tan1
x 1 dx
x 1 dx
z LMN
d tan1 dx
x 1
} dxOPQdx
x 1
= x tan1
x 1
1 4
zd z
1 . 1+ x 1 2
1 . 1 x dx x 1 2 x
1 x 1
dx ... (1)
dx x 1
LM suppose, N
x = z, x = z2; then dx = 2z dz
OP Q
15
2 z dz = 2 z 1 + 1 dz = 2 z 1 z 1
z
4 3
z 1 dz + 2
z
d
1 dz z1
= 2. 2 z 1
b g 3
3 2
+ 2. 2 z 1
b g
1 2
d i
x 1
3 2
i
1
3 2
+4
x 1 2.
\ I = x tan1
= x tan1
x 1 1 .4 4 3
d
3
x 1
14 4
x 1
1 2
x 1 1 3
x 1 2
i d
x 1 2.
16
tan1
x 1 dx = x tan1
LM N
x 1
1 3
x 1 2
i d
x 1
i OPQ
1 2
16 1
= 16 tan1
p 2
3 1 1 1 p 3 1 .32 32 = 16 p 3 2 32 = 16 2 3 . 3 3 3 p 2
42.
I=
z
0
FH 1 + a b \ I= z
p 2
2 2
tan2 q
0
p 2
a4 sec4 q
IK a sec2 q b dq =
1 1 (b 2 cos2 q + a 2 sin 2q ) d q = 3 3 I1 , 3 3 a b 0 a b
p 2
where I1 =
z
0
p 2
(b 2 cos2 q + a 2 sin2 q ) d q
p 2
=
p 2
z RST
0
b2 cos2 p q + a2 sin2 p q 2 2
FH
IK
FH
\ 2I1 =
z
0
(a 2 + b 2 ) (sin2 q + cos2 q )d q = (a 2 + b 2 )
z
0
d q = (a 2 + b 2 ) p . 2
\ I=
( a 2 + b2 ) p . (Proved.) .) 4 a3b 3
16
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
43.
log t Here f F 1 I = z H x K (1 + t ) dt
1
1 x
Put, t =
1 1 , then dt = 2 dz. z z
t z
1 1
1/x x
\ f 1
dt .
\ f(x) + f 1
x 1
Now I =
x 1
or, I =
(log x ) 2 . 2 (Proved.) .) x q 1 p 1 0
F I = (log x )2 H xK 2
sin2 q dq = a cosq
p
So I =
(1 a 2 ) + ( a2 cos2 q ) dq a cos q
p
= (1 a 2 )
0
p
dq + a cosq
(a + cos q )d q
= (1 a 2 )
= (1 a 2 )
ze z
0
dq
j e
+ aq + sinq 0
( a 1 ) + ( a + 1) tan2 q 2 dq =
sec2 q 2 dq
+ ap .
Now,
( a 1) + (a + 1) tan2 q 2
sec2 q dq 2
2 a +1
ze
dz
a1 a+1
+ z2
(putting z = tan
q so that dz = 1 sec2 q d q ) 2 2 2
17
2 ( a2 1)
. tan1
FG H
a + 1z a 1
IJ = K
2
2 a 1
1 2
tan1
FG H
a + 1 tan q . a 1 2
IJ K
\ I = a p (a 2 1)
q p
lim
LM MN
a2 1
2 a 1
2
tan
FG H
a + 1 tan q a 1 2
IJ OPq K PQ0 IJ K
= a p (a 2 1) lim
q p
tan1
2 = ap 2 a 1 p = p a 2
FH
FG H a2 1 I K
a + 1 tan q a 1 2
51.
LM N
OP Q
LM 1 + 1 + 1 OP + lim LM 1 + 1 + + 1 OP N n + 1 n + 2 n + n Q n N 2n + 1 2n + 2 2n + n Q + lim L 1 + 1 + + 1 O 3n + n P N 3n + 1 3n + 2 Q n M
z z
1 2
= log 4.
1
53.
1 2
0
1 2
z
0
sin2 x dx = 1 2 1+ x
LM 1 cos2 x OP N x + 1 2 Q0
p 2
1 4
p 2
cos 2 x dx 2 0 ( x + 1)
18
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
1 1 1 1 cos 2 x 1 = + dx = 4 ( x + 1) 2 2 2 p +1 2 2 0 2
(Putting 2 x = z so that dx =
LM MMN e LM N
OP j PPQ OP Q
p 2
LM 1 + 1 OP 1 pz N p + 2 2Q 8 0
IK
cos z
e + 1j
z 2
dz
FH
55.
FG H
IJ K
At a point a , in the interval 0 < x < 2, the function f(x) has a maximum value, if f (a ) = 0 and f (a ) < 0. Now, f (a ) = cos
(a + 1)2 (a + 1)2 = p =0 2 a 2 + 4a = 5p 2. 5 5 2
Clearly, at that point a , f (a ) = 2 sin p . 5p = 2 5p < 0 . 5 2 2 5 2 So, at x = a , f(x) has maximum value, when 2a 2 + 4a = 5p 2. 56.
p x sin 2 x .sin 2 cos x I= 1 dx = 1 p 2 20 x
ep
2
p 2
1 = 2 1 = . 2
p 2
p 2
p
p
p 2
FH
IK
dz
[Q f(z) = sin 2z sin p sin z is an even function and 2 sin 2 z. sin p sin z 2 g(z) = is an odd function] z
FH
IK
19
x p
0 0
p 2 p 2
57.
sin 2 x = lim 2 sin x (1 cos x) Here, lim f (x) = lim 2 sin x 3 x 0 x 0 x0 x x3 sin sin x = lim x . xlim x 2 x 0 0
2
F GH
I JK
= 1. (1)2 = 1.
58.
z
Now g (x) = 0 x g (x) =
59.
I = 41 3 = 42
4 3 + x + 3 dx
z z 4 3 dz =
z
3
3 4 z5 2 16 3 z2 + c 54 3 34 3
z2 = 4 4
[ 3 z 20] + c = 44 4 3 + x + 3 5 27 5 27
3 2
3 x + 9 8 + c.
dq
60.
Hint : I =
z z
(sin2 q cos2 q ) (sinq + cos q )2 ( 4 sin2 q . cos2 q + 4 sinq .cos q + 1 1) 4 cos 2 q d q (1 + sin 2q ) (1 + sin 2q )2 1 .
20
RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
61.
I=
x 2 1 dx x2
x+ +a x + +b
1 x 1 x
let, x + 1 + a = z2
x
2 z dz z z + b a
2
= 2
dz z + b a
2
then 2z dz = 1 1 dx x2 x2 + ax + 1 + x2 + bx + 1 +c x
2
FG H
IJ K
= 2 log z + z2 + b a + c = 2 log
62.
I=
z FH
dx x+ x2 + 1
q dq ]
= 1
2
sec q (sec q + tan q ) q )dq = 1 d q + 1 secq (secq + tan101 99 2 2 sec q + tan q secq + tanq
zb zb zb
LM MN
sec2 q d q
secq + tan q
sec q
99
sec q + tan q
98
dq + 1 2
zb
g100 g
1 ] secq + tanq
x2 + 1 ,
z tan
=
1 (1 + 2x + 4x2 ) dx = 1
z LNM
p cot1 (1 + 2 x + 4 x2 ) dx 2
OP Q
z tan p = x z tan 2
\
p x 2
1 1+ 2 x + 4 x
2
dx =
px 2
z tan
1 + 2 x 2 x dx 1 + 2 x (1 + 2 x )
1 (1 + 2x) dx +
z tan
1 2 x dx
z tan
1 2 x dx =
q sec2 q d q = q tan q 1 2 2 2
21
= x tan1 2 x log (1 + 4x2 )] p x 2x +1 = tan1 (2x + 1) + log {1 + (1 + 2x)2 } + x tan1 2 x log(1 + 4 x2 ). (Ans.) 2 2
p 4
65.
tann+1
q dq +
p 2
p 4
tann1 sinn
q dq =
p 4
tann1
q . sec2 q
p 4
Again, In = n q
q d q (n 1)
p 2
z q sin
p 2
n2
=n
p 2
q sinn2 q (1 sin2 q ) d q +
(sinn2
p 2
z q sin
p 2
n2
=n
p 2
z q cos q
q . cos q ) d q +
p 2
z q sin
n2
n1 O n1 L = n Mq cosq sin q P + n z (cos q q sin q ) sin q dq + z sinn2 q d q n 1 Q n1 N 0 0 0 L n O = n M sin q P n z q sinn q d q + z q sinn2 q d q n 1N n Q n1 0 0 0 L O = 1 1 Mn z q sinn q d q (n 1) z q sinn2 q dq P n1 n1M PQ 0 N0 1 = 1 1 . In F In = 1 ... (2) H1 + n 1IK In = n 1 n1 n1 1 n
p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2
p 4
p 4
=n q
p 2
sinn
q d q (n 1)
p 2
z q sin
sin x cos x
q dq .
dx +
67.
z z
cos x sin x
1 cos x
1 sin x
sec x dx z sinx dx + 1 2z