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Technology
S.B.A.
(CAPE)
Acknowledgement
Electronic Technology.
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Aim
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Scope and Specifications
Transformers
Wire
➢ Daimeter-0.32mm
➢ Resistivity- 49x10-8
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➢ Wire gauge- 30 SWG
Theory
Power lines are overhead wires supported by high towers that transmit
electric energy from power supplies or plants. The centre strands of power
lines are made of steel to give them strength and the outer strands are made
of aluminum because of its lightness and ability to carry current. The wires
are insulated from the towers by porcelain insulators to prevent the loss of
electric energy. Electric power transmission is a process in the delivery of
electricity to consumers and also the bulk transfer of electric power.
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proportional to the square of the current, halving the current makes the
transmission loss one quarter the original value.
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing
magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the
coil (electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the primary coil,
it changes the strength of its magnetic field; since the changing magnetic
field extends into the secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the
secondary.
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A current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The
primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high
magnetic permeability, such as iron; this ensures that most of the magnetic
field lines produced by the primary current are within the iron and pass
through the secondary coil as well as the primary coil.
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from
Faraday's law of induction, which states that:
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Design and Construction details
12V D.C.
The lamp was connected across the 12V D.C. Supply as shown in fig.1
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R1
4.87
Source Lamp
12 V 12V, 50W
R4
2 1
4.99
12V A.C.
R1
1 3 2
Transformer
4.87
120 V Lamp
Source 50 Hz 12V, 50W
0Deg
NLT_PQ_4_120 R2
5 6 4
4.99
240V A.C.
4) The other ends of the transmission line was then connected to a 240V/12V
transformer
R1
1 7 5
Transformer1 Transformer2 2
4.87
12 V Lamp
Source 50 Hz 12V, 50W
0Deg
NLT_PQ_4_12 R2 NLT_PQ_4_12
4 6 8 3
4.99
Calculations
12 Volt AC Supply
Expected Values
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Expected Resistance of Transmission lines Side Notes / Key
R= ρl/A
A = Π x (0.16 x 10-3)2
Expected wire resistance (R Line) - 12.19Ω
A = Π x 2.56 x 10-8
Actual Bulb Resistance - 0.6Ω
A = 8.042 x 10-8m2
Actual Current Supplied - 1.03A
V=IxR line
V = 0.8A x 12.19 Ω
V = 9.75v
V Lamp = 12 – 9.75
V Lamp = 2.25v
Measured Values
Power loss measured in Transmission Lines
P Loss measured = I2R
P Loss measured = 1.032 x 9Ω
P Loss measured = 9.55W
%η = P Delivered x 100
P Generated
%η = 2.06 x 100
11.62
%η = 17.7
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Where η is the Efficiency.
12 Volt Dc Supply
I = 12 / 15.07 = 0.80A
RT = 12.19 + 2.88 = 15.07 Ω
Expected voltage Drop in Transmission Lines
V=IxR Line
V = 0.8A x 12.19 Ω
V = 9.75v
V Lamp = 12 – 9.75
V Lamp = 2.25v
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Measured Values
P Delivered = 1.12A x 2V
P Delivered = 2.24W
Input Power
P Generated = I Supplied xV supplied
%η = P Delivered x 100
P Generated
%η = 2.24 x 100
13.44
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%η = 18.15
Vs – Voltage in secondary of
P loss = (Vdrop) 2 /R line
Step up Transformer 110V
P loss = 2.072/12.19
Is – Current in Secondary of
= 0.352w Step up Transformer = 0.164A
9/110 = Is/2
Is = 0.082 x 2
Is = 0.164A
Vdrop = I x R line
= 0.164 x 12.19
= 2V
– Expected = 107.93V
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Expected V After T line = Expected V bef. T line – Vdrop in line =110- 2.07
= 107.93V
Measured Values
V drop = 2.7v
Ploss = I2R
Ploss = 0.172 x 9Ω
Ploss = 0.260W
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Testing & Troubleshooting Procedures
12 Volt Dc Supply
Transformer 1
Primary Voltage 9.27v 9V 0.27
Secondary Voltage 45.8v 110V 64.2
Primary Current 2.14A 2.0A 0.14
Secondary Current 0.17A 0.164A 0.006
Power Loss in lines 0.26W 0.35W 0.09
Voltage Delivered to 1.85V 1.53V 0.32
user
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Current Delivered to 1.58A 2A 0.42
user
Discussion
The circuits were constructed using the required components; hence, our
requirements were achieved. The resistances of both lengths of constantan
wires were both taken and recorded. The resistance of the lamp was also
measured and recorded.
After completing the test of the 12V AC Circuit, the circuit was
disassembled and reconstructed into a high voltage transmission line. With
the use of two transformers refer to diagram below.
R1
1 7 5
Transformer1 Transformer2 2
4.87
12 V Lamp
Source 50 Hz 12V, 50W
0Deg
NLT_PQ_4_12 R2 NLT_PQ_4_12
4 6 8 3
4.99
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current. It is also less expensive to transmit at low current (smaller wires can
be used).
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Conclusion
The Power loss in a Power Transmission line is I2R, where I is the current
through the power line and R is the resistance of the line. It can also be
concluded that the larger the voltage being transmitted, the smaller the
power loss. That is why power companies transmit electricity at high
voltages. AC and also recommended over DC, because, AC transmission is
less expensive transmit as I can be stepped up and down easily by a
transformer. AC is also preferable because it is easily converted.
Recommendations
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