Clippers and Clampers-1

Clippers and Clampers
, 2 2013
Clippers and Clampers-1
Clippers

A circuit that clips off or removes a portion of the input signal. A clipper can process any type of signal.
, 2 2013
There can be single clippers :
Positive Negative
Two categories :
Series Diode and load in series. Parallel Diode and load in parallel.
, 2 2013
Series negative clipper
The circuit
The transfer characteristics
, 2 2013
What happens if the diode in a halfwave rectifier is reversed ?

Ans. It still remains a half-wave rectifier, but it now works as a positive
clipper.
Input
Output ?
, 2 2013
Series Biased Clippers

Bias means applying a dc voltage to change the dc level of a circuit.
, 2 2013
Guidelines to Solve
Determine the transition level at which the diode turns ON. With diode ON, find relation between vo and vi. Draw the transfer characteristic of the clipper. Plot the waveshape of vo for given input.
, 2 2013
We find that

Diode is ON for vi > VB. Therefore, vi(tr) = VB. When diode is ON, vo = vi VB. When diode is OFF, vo = 0. Plot the transfer characteristic of the clipper.
, 2 2013
Characteristic
(Graph between input and output)
Draw the output wave corresponding to a sinusoidal input with Vm > VB

, 2 2013
Now, draw the output.
, 2 2013
10
Example 1
Determine the output waveform for the clipper circuit, if the input is a sinusoidal wave of peak value 15 V.
, 2 2013
11
Solution
The direction of the diode suggests that it will be ON for positive values of vi. At transition level,
vd 0 V and id 0 A; so that vo id RL 0 Writing KVL, vi (tr) 3 0 vi (tr) 3V
, 2 2013
12
After
diode is ON,
vo vi 3
, 2 2013
13
Transfer characteristic
Draw the output.
, 2 2013
14
Example 2
Determine the output waveform for the clipper circuit of Example 1, if its input is as follows
, 2 2013
15
Solution
Problem is simpler. Only two levels : vi = +15 V and vi = -5 V
, 2 2013
16
Now, you can draw the output.
, 2 2013
17
Note that
1. Total swing of vi is 15 (-5) = 20 V.

2. Total swing of vo is 18 0 = 18 V. 3. Clipper circuit clipped off 2 V, and raised the dc level by 3 V.
, 2 2013
18
Parallel Clipper

The diode is put in parallel with the load. This too is the familiar half-wave rectifier circuit.
Input wave.
, 2 2013
The circuit.
Output wave.
19
Practical Aspects of Parallel Clipper.
If we take into account the threshold voltage, VT = 0.7 V, the clipping level is not zero, but 0.7 V.
, 2 2013
20
Defining Conditions.
Small-signal diodes have small junction area, because they are optimized to work at high frequencies. They have more bulk resistance, RB. For example, a forward current of 10 mA at 1 V. For above specifications, determine RB.
1V 0.7 V RB 30 10 mA
, 2 2013
21
Clipper does not work properly, unless RB << RS << RL We must have 100RB < RS < 0.01RL For Example, if RB = 30 , RS should be at least 3 k, and RL should be at least 300 k. If this condition is satisfied, we can ignore RL in the circuit.
, 2 2013
22
Simple Parallel Positive Clipper

Draw the output.
The Input.
The Circuit.
The Output.
, 2 2013
23
Example 3
Determine the output of the parallel biased clipper for the given input.
, 2 2013
24
Solution
, 2 2013
25
Now, draw the transfer characteristic Now, draw the output wave, and get credit.
, 2 2013
26
Example 4
Repeat Example 3, taking a silicon diode with VT = 0.7 V, instead of an ideal diode.
Solution :
To determine transition level, we use the condition, id 0 A at vd 0.7 V
VR id RS 0 V
, 2 2013
27
Applying KVL, Vi (tr) VT VB 0
Vi (tr) VB VT 4 0.7 3.3 V

For inputs less than 3.3 V (including negative values), the diode is ON, and vo = 3.3 V
For inputs greater than 3.3 V, the diode is OFF, and

vo = vi
as shown in figure.
, 2 2013
28
Draw the output,

and get credit.
Note that VT reduces Vi(tr) to 3.3 V from 4 V.
, 2 2013
29
Design Problem
You are given

PN-Junction diodes (assumed ideal), Resistors, Two batteries of 1.5 V each, and A sinusoidal voltage source.
Design a circuit that gives an output as
, 2 2013
30
Solution
D1 clips off positive parts above the positive bias level.

D2 clips off below negative level.
This circuit is called a combination clipper.

, 2 2013
31
Applications of Combination Clippers

If the input voltage is very large compared to the bias level, the output signal is a SQUARE WAVE. Thus, the circuit can be used for wave-shaping. It can also be used in a completely different way, as a limiter used to protect a sensitive circuit (e.g., OP-AMP, Galvanometer). The diodes conduct only when something abnormal happens.
Sensitive Circuit
, 2 2013
32
Clampers (Electronic Circuits)

Also called DC Restorers. It clamps (or holds, or ties) either the positive or the negative peak of a signal to a definite level. The circuit has a capacitor, a diode, and a resistor. In addition, it may have a dc supply to introduce additional shift. Time constant = RC is made much larger than T (time period) of the signal. The capacitor does not discharge when diode is not conducting.
33
, 2 2013
Positive Clamper
(a) The input.
(b) The circuit.
On first negative cycle, the diode turns ON. The capacitor starts charging. At negative peak, the circuit is as shown in (c). The capacitor charges to Vm.
, 2 2013
34
(c)
(d)
Slightly beyond negative peak, the diode turns OFF. Capacitor does not discharge much because of high RC. At positive peak, the circuit is as shown in (d). The net output is shown in (e).
, 2 2013
35
(e) The output. The charged capacitor acts like a battery of Vm. This is the dc voltage that is added to the signal, as seen in (e). The output sits on 0 V level. The output is shifted in positive direction.
, 2 2013
36
Negative Clamper
(a) The circuit.
(b) The output.
The diode is turned around. The capacitor voltage reverses, and the circuit becomes negative clamper. It is clamped to zero-volt level, but always remaining below 0 V.
Memory Aid : The diode points in the direction of shift.
, 2 2013
37
Note :

The total swing of the output is the same as that of the input. A clamper can also have an added dc voltage. It is then called biased clamper. Start the analysis of the circuit for that part of input, for which diode is ON. Assume that the capacitor charges to voltage level decided by the circuit. Assume that when diode is OFF, the capacitor does not discharge.
, 2 2013
38
Example 1
Determine the output for the input of 1 kHz shown.
(a) The input.
(b) The circuit.
Is it a positive or negative clamper ?

Ans. : Biased positive clamper.
, 2 2013
39
Solution :
The time constant of the circuit,
RC 100 k 1F 100 ms
The time period of the input signal,
1 1 T 1 ms f 1 kHz
Thus, the capacitor holds the charge when the diode is OFF.
We begin analysis with the period from T/2 to T; the diode is ON. The circuit is as shown in (a)
, 2 2013
40
(a) The output is across R, but it is also across 3-V battery. Hence, vo = 3 V, during this period. Applying KVL, -15 + VC -3 = 0; VC = 18 V. For the period from T to 3T/2, the circuit is as shown in (b).
, 2 2013
41
(b) Applying KVL, vo = 5 + 18 = 23 V. Thus, the output is as shown in (c). Note that the output swing is also 20 V.
(c)
, 2 2013
42

Clippers and Clampers-1

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Clippers and Clampers-1

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Clippers and Clampers