ABAP01

ABAP Objects
- Introduction ABAP Objects A Workshop A Workshop from the

ABAP Language Group
Horst Keller
SAP AG
SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 1 SAP AG
Workshop Goals
z Position of ABAP Objects within the R/3 System z Overview of the syntax of ABAP Objects z Working with existing classes and interfaces z Defining classes and interfaces z Creating objects z Reacting to events z Understanding the polymorphism provided by
interfaces and inheritance
SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 2
Workshop Goals
This is not a comprehensive course in objectoriented programming

z There is more to object-oriented development than just object-oriented programming. It has logical advantages that are independent of the concrete implementation.
z The most important (and most time-consuming) part of
a real object-oriented application is the object-oriented modeling.
The OO Rollout Group provides another ABAP Objects course
Contents
z Introduction z From Function Groups to Classes z Classes z Objects z Events z Interfaces z Inheritance z Using Global Classes z Exercises
Introduction
z Object orientation z Objects z ABAP Objects
Object Orientiation
Data
Data
Data
Data Data
Attributes
Data
Abstraction
Function
Methods
Function Function Function
Data
Method Method Method
Function
Function Function
Function
Functions and data Data model as an abstraction of the real world
Software objects Object model as an abstraction of the real world
Real-world objects
Objects
Interface
Private components
Flight
Public attributes
Airline Flight number
Private access
Customer
Address
Passengerlist
Public methods
BOOK
Public access
FLIGHT
Public events
ABAP Objects
z z ABAP ABAPObjects Objectsis isan anupwards-compatible upwards-compatibleextension extensionof ofthe the existing existingABAP ABAPlanguage language z z You Youcan canuse useexisting existingABAP ABAPstatements statementswithin withinABAP ABAPObjects Objects z z You Youcan canuse useABAP ABAPObjects Objectswithin withinexisting existingprograms programs z z ABAP ABAPObjects Objectsis isfully fullyintegrated integratedin inthe theABAP ABAPDebugger Debugger
From Function Groups to Classes
z Instances of function groups as objects z Example: Function group as counter
Instances of Function Groups as Objects
Function group 1 Function module
Function group 2 Function module
Data
...
Data
...
ABAP program with data CALL FUNCTION ...

Internal session of an ABAP program External session
Function Group as Counter - Definition
FUNCTION-POOL COUNTER. DATA COUNT TYPE I. FUNCTION SET_COUNTER. * Local Interface IMPORTING VALUE(SET_VALUE) COUNT = SET_VALUE. ENDFUNCTION. FUNCTION INCREMENT_COUNTER. COUNT = COUNT + 1. ENDFUNCTION. FUNCTION GET_COUNTER. * Local Interface: EXPORTING VALUE(GET_VALUE) GET_VALUE = COUNT. ENDFUNCTION.
Function Group as Counter - Call
DATA NUMBER TYPE I VALUE 5. CALL FUNCTION 'SET_COUNTER' EXPORTING SET_VALUE = NUMBER. DO 3 TIMES. CALL FUNCTION 'INCREMENT_COUNTER'. ENDDO. CALL FUNCTION 'GET_COUNTER' IMPORTING GET_VALUE = NUMBER.
NUMBER has value 8
Classes Generalize Function Groups
nth instance, class 1 1st instance, class 1 Daten SchnittData stelle Data Interface
... ... ...
nth instance, class m 1st instance, Daten class m Funktions- Data baustein Data Interface
... ... ...
ABAP program with data

Internal session of an ABAP program External session
Classes, References, and Objects
z Example: Class as counter z Reference variables z Creating objects z Calling methods z Working with references
Example: Class as Counter
CLASS counter DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS: set IMPORTING VALUE(set_value) TYPE i, increment, get EXPORTING VALUE(get_value) TYPE i. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA count TYPE i. CLASS ENDCLASS. CLASS counter counter IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD set. METHOD set. count count = = set_value. set_value. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. METHOD METHOD increment. increment. count count = = count count + + 1. 1. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. METHOD METHOD get. get. get_value get_value = = count. count. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
Reference Variables
DATA: DATA: cnt_1 cnt_1 TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO counter. counter.
CNT_1
Creating an Object
DATA: DATA: cnt_1 cnt_1 TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO counter. counter.
CREATE CREATE OBJECT OBJECT cnt_1 cnt_1 TYPE TYPE counter. counter.
1<COUNTER>
CNT_1
Calling Methods
DATA: DATA: cnt_1 cnt_1 TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO counter. counter. DATA DATA number number TYPE TYPE I I VALUE VALUE 5. 5. CREATE CREATE OBJECT OBJECT cnt_1 cnt_1 TYPE TYPE counter. counter. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD cnt_1->set cnt_1->set EXPORTING EXPORTING set_value set_value = = number. number. DO DO 3 3 TIMES. TIMES. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD cnt_1->increment. cnt_1->increment. ENDDO. ENDDO. 1<COUNTER> CALL CALL METHOD METHOD cnt_1->get cnt_1->get IMPORTING IMPORTING get_value get_value = = number. number.
NUMBER has the value 8

CNT_1
Several Reference Variables
DATA: DATA: cnt_1 cnt_1 TYPE TYPE cnt_2 cnt_2 TYPE TYPE cnt_3 cnt_3 TYPE TYPE
REF REF REF REF REF REF
TO TO TO TO TO TO
counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter.
CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

Several Objects
TO TO TO TO TO TO
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_1, cnt_2. cnt_2. 2<COUNTER>
1<COUNTER>
CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

Assigning Reference Variables
TO TO TO TO TO TO
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_1, cnt_2. cnt_2. MOVE MOVE cnt_2 cnt_2 TO TO cnt_3. cnt_3. 2<COUNTER>
1<COUNTER>
CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

Deleting Reference Variables
TO TO TO TO TO TO
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_1, cnt_2. cnt_2. MOVE MOVE cnt_2 cnt_2 TO TO cnt_3. cnt_3. CLEAR CLEAR cnt_2. cnt_2. 2<COUNTER>
1<COUNTER>
CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

Garbage Collection
TO TO TO TO TO TO
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_1, cnt_2. cnt_2. MOVE MOVE cnt_2 cnt_2 TO TO cnt_3. cnt_3. CLEAR CLEAR cnt_2. cnt_2. cnt_3 cnt_3 = = cnt_1. cnt_1. 1<COUNTER> 2<COUNTER>
CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

Garbage Collection
TO TO TO TO TO TO
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_1, cnt_2. cnt_2. MOVE MOVE cnt_2 cnt_2 TO TO cnt_3. cnt_3. CLEAR CLEAR cnt_2. cnt_2. cnt_3 cnt_3 = = cnt_1. cnt_1. 1<COUNTER> CLEAR CLEAR cnt_3. cnt_3. CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1
New Objects
TO TO TO TO TO TO
counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter. 3<COUNTER>
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_1, cnt_2. cnt_2. MOVE MOVE cnt_2 cnt_2 TO TO cnt_3. cnt_3. CLEAR CLEAR cnt_2. cnt_2. cnt_3 cnt_3 = = cnt_1. cnt_1. 1<COUNTER> CLEAR CLEAR cnt_3. cnt_3. CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_2, cnt_2, cnt_3. cnt_3. CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1
2<COUNTER>
Methods of Several Objects
TO TO TO TO TO TO
counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter. 3<COUNTER>
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_1, cnt_2, cnt_2, cnt_3. cnt_3. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD cnt_1->set cnt_1->set EXPORTING EXPORTING set_value set_value = = 1. 1. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD cnt_2->set cnt_2->set EXPORTING EXPORTING set_value set_value = = 10. 10.
2<COUNTER>
1<COUNTER> CALL CALL METHOD METHOD cnt_3->set cnt_3->set EXPORTING EXPORTING set_value set_value = = 100. 100. CNT_3 CNT_2
The value of COUNT is different in each object

CNT_1
Objects: Summary
z Declaring reference variables

DATA: DATA: ref1 ref1 TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO class, class, ref2 ref2 TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO class. class.
z Creating objects
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: ref1, ref1, ref2. ref2.
z Accessing attributes and methods
x x = = ref1->attr ref1->attr + + ref2->attr. ref2->attr. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD ref1->method ref1->method EXPORTING EXPORTING ... ...
Classes in Detail
z Structure of classes z Components of classes z Accessing the components
Structure of Classes - Visibility Sections
CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA: a1 METHODS: m1 EVENTS: e1 PROTECTED SECTION. DATA: a2 METHODS: m2 EVENTS: e2 PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: a3 METHODS: m3 EVENTS: e3 ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD m1. ENDMETHOD. METHOD m2. ENDMETHOD. METHOD m3. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
Class c1 Public components

a1, m1, e1
Private components a3,

m3, e3 Method implementations
Protected components
a2, m2, e2,
Subclasses of c1 All users
Components of Classes: Attributes
CLASS CLASS ... ... DEFINITION. DEFINITION. ... ... ... ... SECTION. SECTION. DATA ... DATA ... TYPE TYPE CLASS-DATA CLASS-DATA ... ... TYPE TYPE CONSTANTS CONSTANTS ... ... TYPE TYPE ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
... ... ... ... ... ...
[READ-ONLY] [READ-ONLY] [READ-ONLY] [READ-ONLY] VALUE VALUE ... ...
... ... ... ...
z DATA:
Instance attributes
z CLASS-DATA: Static attributes z CONSTANTS: Constants
Static Attributes and Instance Attributes
CLASS CLASS c c DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. ... ... CLASS-DATA CLASS-DATA a1(10) a1(10) TYPE TYPE C C VALUE VALUE 'Static'. 'Static'. DATA a2(10) DATA a2(10) TYPE TYPE C C VALUE VALUE 'Instance'. 'Instance'. ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. DATA: DATA: cref cref TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO c. c.
CLASS a1
...
1<CLASS> a2
...
WRITE WRITE c=>a1. c=>a1. CREATE CREATE OBJECT OBJECT cref cref TYPE TYPE c. c. WRITE WRITE cref->a2. cref->a2. CREF
Components of Classes: Methods

CLASS CLASS ... ... DEFINITION. DEFINITION. ... ... ... ... SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS ... ... IMPORTING IMPORTING EXPORTING EXPORTING CHANGING CHANGING RETURNING RETURNING EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS CLASS-METHODS CLASS-METHODS ... ... ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS ... ... IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD ... ... ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
[VALUE] [VALUE] ... ... [VALUE] [VALUE] ... ... [VALUE] [VALUE] ... ... VALUE(...) VALUE(...) ... ...
TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE
... ... [OPTIONAL] [OPTIONAL] ... ... ... ... [OPTIONAL] [OPTIONAL] ... ...
z METHODS:
Instance methods
z CLASS-METHODS: Static methods

Constructors
CLASS CLASS c c DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS CONSTRUCTOR CONSTRUCTOR [IMPORTING [IMPORTING arg1 arg1 TYPE TYPE type type ... ... ]. ]. CLASS-METHODS CLASS-METHODS CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS c c IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. CONSTRUCTOR. ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. METHOD METHOD CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. PROGRAM PROGRAM . . DATA DATA o1 o1 TYPE TYPE REF REF CREATE CREATE OBJECT OBJECT o1 o1 TO TO c. c. EXPORTING EXPORTING arg1 arg1 = = v1 v1 ... ...
Accessing the components of classes
z Instance components Instance attribute Instance method: z Static components Static attribute: Static method:
ref>comp ref->attr call method ref->meth class=>comp class=>attr call method class=>meth
n<class>
z Special references in methods Self reference: Pseudo reference
ME->comp SUPER->comp ...
ME
Inheritance
z Introduction z Overview z Single inheritance z Redefining methods z Example: Subclass of superclass counter
Inheritance: Introduction
z Definition of a class by inheriting the components from a superclass (Reuse) z Specialization by adding own components and redefining methods in subclasses z Polymorphism by accessing subclass objects
n<class3> class1 CREF1
class2 CREF2
class3 CREF3
Inheritance - Overview
Class OBJECT ...
CLASS c1 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM ... ... ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. ... ENDCLASS.
Class c1
Class c2
CLASS c2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM c1. ... ENDCLASS. CLASS c2 IMPLEMENTATION. ... ENDCLASS.
Class ... ...

Single Inheritance
OBJECT
C1
...
...
C2
...
Redefining Methods
CLASS CLASS ... ... DEFINITION DEFINITION INHERITING INHERITING FROM FROM ... ... ... ... SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS ... ... REDEFINITON REDEFINITON ... ... ... ... ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
CLASS CLASS ... ... IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD ... ... ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
Semantic rules
z Subclasses must behave just like their superclass for all users of
inherited components
z A redefined method must observe the original semantics z Inheritance should only be used to specialize
Inheritance and Constructors
CLASS CLASS subclass subclass DEFINITION DEFINITION INHERITING INHERITING FROM FROM superclass. superclass. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS CONSTRUCTOR CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING IMPORTING ... ... ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS subclass subclass IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. CONSTRUCTOR. Access to static ... ... attributes only CALL CALL METHOD METHOD SUPER->CONSTRUCTOR SUPER->CONSTRUCTOR EXPORTING EXPORTING ... ... ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. Accress to instance ... ... attributes also ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
PROGRAM PROGRAM ... ... DATA DATA o1 o1 TYPE TYPE REF REF CREATE CREATE OBJECT OBJECT o1 o1 TO TO subclass. subclass. TYPE TYPE subclass subclass EXPORTING EXPORTING ... ...
Subclass for Superclass Counter*

CLASS CLASS counter_ten counter_ten DEFINITION DEFINITION INHERITING INHERITING FROM FROM counter. counter. PUBLIC SECTION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS METHODS increment increment REDEFINITION. REDEFINITION. DATA DATA count_ten. count_ten. CLASS CLASS counter_ten counter_ten IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. METHOD increment. METHOD increment. DATA DATA modulo modulo TYPE TYPE I. I. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD super->increment. super->increment. modulo = count *Replace PRIVATE with: modulo = count mod mod 10. 10. IF modulo = 0. PROTECTED IF modulo = 0. PROTECTED SECTION. SECTION. count_ten DATA count_ten = = count_ten count_ten + + 1. 1. DATA count count TYPE TYPE I. I. ENDIF. ENDIF. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. DATA: DATA: count count TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO counter. counter. CREATE CREATE OBJECT OBJECT count count TYPE TYPE counter_ten. counter_ten. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD count->set count->set EXPORTING EXPORTING set_value set_value = = number. number. DO DO 10 10 TIMES. TIMES. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD count->increment. count->increment. ENDDO. ENDDO.
Interfaces
z Introduction z Overview z Definition z Implementation z Interface references z Example: Interface for counter
Interfaces: Introduction
z Definition of an interface without implementation z Classes can implement several interfaces z Uniform access with interface references z Polymorphism independent from inheritance
n<class3>
iref_tab
Interface
n<class2> iref_line iref_line iref_line n<class1>
Interfaces - Overview
INTERFACE i1. DATA: a1 ... METHODS: m1 ... EVENTS: e1 ... ENDINTERFACE.
class c1 Public components

a1,... i1~a1, i1~m1, ...
Private components
a2, m2, e2 Method implementations
CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA a1 ... INTERFACES i1 ... PROTECTED SECTION. PRIVATE SECTION. ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD i1~m1. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
Protected components a3, m3, e3, Subclasses of c1 All users
Interfaces - Definition
INTERFACE INTERFACE ... ... ... ... DATA: DATA: CLASS-DATA: CLASS-DATA: CONSTANTS: CONSTANTS:
. . ... ... ... ... ... ... TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE ... ... ... ... ... ... [READ-ONLY] [READ-ONLY] ... ... [READ-ONLY] [READ-ONLY] ... ... [VALUE [VALUE ...] ...] TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE ... ... [OPTIONAL] [OPTIONAL] ... ... ... ... [OPTIONAL] [OPTIONAL] ... ...
METHODS: METHODS: ... ... IMPORTING IMPORTING EXPORTING EXPORTING CHANGING CHANGING RETURNING RETURNING EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS CLASS-METHODS: CLASS-METHODS: ... ...
[VALUE] [VALUE] ... ... [VALUE] [VALUE] ... ... [VALUE] [VALUE] ... ... VALUE(...) VALUE(...) ... ...
EVENTS: EVENTS: ... ... [EXPORTING [EXPORTING VALUE(...) VALUE(...) TYPE TYPE ... ... [OPTIONAL]]. [OPTIONAL]]. CLASS-EVENTS:... CLASS-EVENTS:... INTERFACES: INTERFACES: ... ... ENDINTERFACE. ENDINTERFACE.
Interfaces - Implementation
CLASS CLASS ... ... DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. INTERFACES: INTERFACES: ... ... ... ... ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
CLASS CLASS ... ... IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD ...~... ...~... ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
Interface References
INTERFACE INTERFACE i1. i1. ... ... ENDINTERFACE. ENDINTERFACE. CLASS CLASS c1 c1 DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. DATA DATA a1. a1. INTERFACES INTERFACES i1. i1. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS c2 c2 DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. INTERFACES INTERFACES i1. i1. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CNT_1 DATA DATA cnt_c cnt_c TYPE TYPE DATA: DATA: cnt_1 cnt_1 TYPE TYPE cnt_2 cnt_2 LIKE LIKE REF REF TO TO c1. c1. REF REF TO TO i1, i1, cnt_1. cnt_1. 1<C2>
1<C1>
CNT_C
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_c cnt_c TYPE TYPE c1, c1, cnt_1 cnt_1 TYPE TYPE c2. c2. CNT_2 MOVE MOVE cnt_c cnt_c to to cnt_2. cnt_2.
Interface for Object State - Implementation

INTERFACE INTERFACE status. status. METHODS write. METHODS write. ENDINTERFACE. ENDINTERFACE. CLASS CLASS counter counter DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. PUBLIC SECTION. INTERFACES INTERFACES status. status. METHODS increment. METHODS increment. PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTION. SECTION. DATA DATA count count TYPE TYPE i. i. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS counter counter IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD status~write. METHOD status~write. WRITE: WRITE: 'Count 'Count in in counter counter is', is', count. count. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. METHOD METHOD increment. increment. count count = = count count + + 1. 1. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS bicycle bicycle IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD status~write. status~write. WRITE: 'Speed WRITE: 'Speed of of bicycle bicycle is', is', speed. speed. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. METHOD METHOD drive. drive. speed speed = = speed speed + + 10. 10. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
CLASS CLASS bicycle bicycle DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. PUBLIC SECTION. INTERFACES INTERFACES status. status. METHODS drive. METHODS drive. PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTION. SECTION. DATA DATA speed speed TYPE TYPE i. i. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
Interface for Object State - Use
DATA: DATA: count count TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO counter, counter, bike bike TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO bicycle, bicycle, status status TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO status. status. CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: count, count, bike. bike. DO DO 5 5 TIMES. TIMES. CALL CALL METHOD: METHOD: count->increment, count->increment, bike->drive. bike->drive. ENDDO. ENDDO. status status = = count. count. CALL METHOD CALL METHOD status->write. status->write. status status = = bike. bike. CALL METHOD CALL METHOD status->write. status->write.
Counter status
Bike speed
Events
z Introduction z Overview z Declaring and triggering events
z Event handler methods z Handling events z Example: Overflow in counter
Events - Introduction
z Events are components of classes z Methods can raise the events of their class z Handler methods can be triggered by events
2<HANDLER> 1<TRIGGER> 1<HANDLER>
Events - Overview
CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. EVENTS e1 EXPORTING VALUE(p1) TYPE i. METHODS m1. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA a1 TYPE i. ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD m1. a1 = ... RAISE EVENT e1 EXPORTING p1 = a1. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
CLASS c2 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS m2 FOR EVENT e1 OF c1 IMPORTING p1.
PRIVATE SECTION. DATA a2 TYPE i. ENDCLASS.
CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD m2. a2 = p1. ... ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
Event trigger
Event handler
Declaring and Triggering Events

CLASS CLASS ... ... DEFINITION. DEFINITION. ... ... SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS ... ... EVENTS EVENTS ... ... [EXPORTING [EXPORTING VALUE(...) VALUE(...) TYPE TYPE ... ... [OPTIONAL]]. [OPTIONAL]]. CLASS-EVENTS CLASS-EVENTS ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS ... ... IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD ... ... ... ... RAISE RAISE EVENT EVENT ... ... EXPORTING EXPORTING ... ... = = ... ... ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
Event Handler Methods
CLASS CLASS ... ... DEFINITION. DEFINITION. ... ... SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS ... ... FOR FOR EVENT EVENT ... ... OF OF ... ... [IMPORTING [IMPORTING ... ... SENDER SENDER ... ... ]. ].
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
CLASS CLASS ... ... IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD ... ... ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
Event Handling - Registration
PROGRAM PROGRAM ... ... DATA: DATA: trigger trigger handler_1 handler_1 handler_2 handler_2 TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE REF REF REF REF REF REF TO TO TO TO TO TO trigger, trigger, handler, handler, handler. handler.
CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: trigger, trigger, handler_1, handler_1, handler_2. handler_2. SET SET HANDLER HANDLER handler_1->handle_event handler_1->handle_event handler_2->handle_event handler_2->handle_event FOR FOR trigger. trigger. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD trigger->raise_event. trigger->raise_event.
Handling Events - References
Ereignis Methode Methode
2<HANDLER>
1<HANDLER>
.
1<TRIGGER>
HANDLER_1 HANDLER_2 TRIGGER
Threshold in Counter - Trigger

CLASS CLASS counter counter DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS increment. increment. EVENTS critical_value EVENTS critical_value EXPORTING EXPORTING value(excess) value(excess) TYPE TYPE i. i. PRIVATE SECTION. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: TYPE DATA: count count TYPE i, i, threshold TYPE i threshold TYPE i VALUE VALUE 10. 10. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS counter counter IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD increment. METHOD increment. DATA DATA diff diff TYPE TYPE i. i. count count = = count count + + 1. 1. IF IF count count > > threshold. threshold. diff = count diff = count - threshold. threshold. RAISE EVENT critical_value RAISE EVENT critical_value EXPORTING EXPORTING excess excess = = diff. diff. ENDIF. ENDIF. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS .. ENDCLASS
Threshold in Counter - Handling

CLASS CLASS handler handler DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS METHODS handle_excess handle_excess FOR FOR EVENT EVENT critical_value critical_value OF OF counter counter IMPORTING IMPORTING excess. excess. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS handler handler IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD handle_excess. handle_excess. WRITE: WRITE: / / Excess Excess is', is', excess. excess. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. DATA: DATA: cnt cnt TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO counter, counter, react TYPE REF TO handler. react TYPE REF TO handler. CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt, cnt, react. react. SET SET HANDLER HANDLER react->handle_excess react->handle_excess FOR FOR ALL ALL INSTANCES. INSTANCES. DO DO 20 20 TIMES. TIMES. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD cnt->increment. cnt->increment. ENDDO. ENDDO.
Using Global Classes
z Class pools z Class Browser and Class Builder z Class Builder z Example: Using CL_GUI_PICTURE
Class Pools
CLASS-POOL ... TYPES TYPES CLASS CLASS ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. INTERFACE INTERFACE ... ... ENDINTERFACE. ENDINTERFACE.
Visibility
CLASS CLASS DEFINITION DEFINITION PUBLIC. PUBLIC. ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. CLASS CLASS IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. ... ... ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
Class Library and Class Browser
Class Builder
Using a Global Class

CLASS CLASS reaction reaction DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS on_single_click on_single_click FOR FOR EVENT EVENT picture_click picture_click OF OF cl_gui_picture. cl_gui_picture. ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS. DATA: DATA: container1 container1 TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO cl_gui_custom_container, cl_gui_custom_container, container2 LIKE container1, container2 LIKE container1, pict1 TYPE pict1 TYPE REF REF TO TO cl_gui_picture, cl_gui_picture, pict2 LIKE pict1, pict2 LIKE pict1, react TYPE react TYPE REF REF TO TO reaction,... reaction,... CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: container1 container1 EXPORTING EXPORTING container_name container_name = = 'PICTURE1', 'PICTURE1', container2 EXPORTING container_name = 'PICTURE2', container2 EXPORTING container_name = 'PICTURE2', pict1 EXPORTING pict1 EXPORTING parent parent = = container1, container1, pict2 EXPORTING parent = container2, pict2 EXPORTING parent = container2, react. react. SET SET HANDLER HANDLER react->on_single_click react->on_single_click FOR FOR pict1. pict1. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD pict1->load_picture_from_url pict1->load_picture_from_url ... ... CLASS CLASS reaction reaction IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD on_single_click. METHOD on_single_click. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD pict2->load_picture_from_url pict2->load_picture_from_url ... ... ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 63 ENDCLASS.
Example of CL_GUI_PICTURE
Mouse Click
After Mouse Click
Further Information
z Transaction ABAPDOCU z Keyword documentation
Further Information
Transaction
ABAPDOCU
Further Information
Keyword Documentation
Exercises
1. Defining classes 2. Creating objects 3. Deriving classes using inheritance 4. Using interfaces 5. Triggering and handling events
Exercises - Scenario
Interface Status With methods for displaying attributes
Class "Vehicle" with attribute for speed, and a method for changing it
Class "Helicopter" Can handle events from ship Class "Truck" with its own maximum speed and attribute output
Class "Ship" with its own maximum speed and attribute output, a name, and an event
Exercise 1 - Classes
z Copy the template ABAP_OBJECTS_ENJOY_0 into an own program. z Define a local class VEHICLE in the designated area in front of the
predefined class MAIN.

z Class VEHICLE should have the protected instance attributes SPEED and
MAX_SPEED for its speed and maximum speed, and the public methods SPEED_UP, STOP, and WRITE.
z SPEED_UP should have an IMPORTING parameter STEP. The method
should increase the speed by STEP, but not allow it to exceed the maximum speed.
z STOP should reset the speed to zero.
z WRITE should display a list line containing the speed and the maximum speed.
Exercise 2 - Objects
z Continuing the program from exercise 1, create objects from the class
VEHICLE.
z Program the respective coding in the predefined method START of class
MAIN.
z Define a reference variable VEHICLE with type VEHICLE, and an internal
table VEHICLE_TAB, whose line type is also a reference variable to this class.
z In a DO loop, create a number of instances of the class VEHICLE and
insert them into the internal table.

z In a LOOP construction, call the methods SPEED_UP and WRITE once for
each entry in the internal table. When you call SPEED_UP, pass the value SY-TABIX * 10 to the parameter STEP.
Exercise 3 - Inheritance
z Change your program from exercise 2 to define classes TRUCK and SHIP
as direct subclasses of VEHICLE.

z The class TRUCK should have an instance constructor and redefine the
method WRITE.
z The class SHIP should have an IMPORTING parameter NAME, a new
public attribute NAME, and should also redefine the method WRITE.
z The instance constructor of each class should change the maximum
speed. The instance constructor of SHIP should set the attribute NAME to the actual parameter that you imported.
z The WRITE method should show the class from which the display comes.
For SHIP, use the NAME attribute.

z Declare extra reference variables TRUCK and SHIP for the new classes. z You can delete the code that creates objects for VEHICLE. Instead, create
one instance of each of your new classes and place the corresponding reference into VEHICLE_TAB.
z Call the method SPEED_UP for both classes using the correct subclass
reference, and WRITE using a superclass reference.
Exercise 4 - Interfaces
z Change your program from exercise 3 so that the method WRITE is
contained in an interface STATUS.

z The class VEHICLE should implement the interface instead of its own
WRITE method. The name must be changed accordingly in each implementation (including the subclasses), but the function remains the same.
z Replace the reference variables VEHICLE and the table VEHICLE_TAB
with the interface reference STATUS and internal table STATUS_TAB.

z Use these references to display the status of the objects. z Create a new class HELICOPTER that also implements STATUS. Declare
an alias WRITE in that class for the interface method.

z The interface method in HELICOPTER should display a different line from
that displayed in VEHICLE.

z Declare a reference variable HELI for the class HELICOPTER, create a
corresponding object, and insert the reference variable into the table STATUS_TAB.
Exercise 5 - Events
z Change your program from exercise 4 to include an event DAMAGED for
the class SHIP.

z Redefine the method SPEED_UP in the class SHIP. z When the maximum speed is exceeded, SPEED_UP should set the
maximum speed to zero and trigger the event DAMAGED.

z Add a new method RECEIVE to the class HELICOPTER to allow it to
handle the event DAMAGED. Import the implicit parameter SENDER.

z RECEIVE should use the SENDER parameter to display the name of the
ship that triggered the event.

z Register the handler method of the object to which HELI is pointing as a
handler for objects from the class SHIP.

z Increase the speed of the object from the class SHIP until it exceeds the
maximum speed and triggers the event.

ABAP01

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ABAP Objects

- Introduction ABAP Objects A Workshop A Workshop from the

interfaces and inheritance

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 2

This is not a comprehensive course in objectoriented programming

a real object-oriented application is the object-oriented modeling.

The OO Rollout Group provides another ABAP Objects course

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 3

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 4

z Object orientation z Objects z ABAP Objects

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 5

Method Method Method

Functions and data Data model as an abstraction of the real world

Software objects Object model as an abstraction of the real world

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 6

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 7

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 8

From Function Groups to Classes

z Instances of function groups as objects z Example: Function group as counter

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 9

Instances of Function Groups as Objects

Function group 1 Function module

Function group 2 Function module

ABAP program with data CALL FUNCTION ...

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 10

Function Group as Counter - Definition

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 11

Function Group as Counter - Call

NUMBER has value 8

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 12

Classes Generalize Function Groups

ABAP program with data

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 13

Classes, References, and Objects

SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 14

Example: Class as Counter

NUMBER has the value 8

Several Reference Variables

REF REF REF REF REF REF

counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter.

CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

REF REF REF REF REF REF

counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter.

CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_1, cnt_2. cnt_2. 2<COUNTER>

CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

Assigning Reference Variables

REF REF REF REF REF REF

counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter.

CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

Deleting Reference Variables

REF REF REF REF REF REF

counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter.

CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

REF REF REF REF REF REF

counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter.

CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1

REF REF REF REF REF REF

counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter.

REF REF REF REF REF REF

counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter. 3<COUNTER>

Methods of Several Objects

REF REF REF REF REF REF

counter, counter, counter, counter, counter. counter. 3<COUNTER>