Electromechanical Dynamics - Solutions Manual

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.
edu Solutions Manual for Electromechanical Dynamics For any use or distribution of this solutions manual, please cite as follows: Woodson, Herbert H., James R. Melcher. Solutions Manual for Electromechanical Dynamics. vols. 1 and 2. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare). http://ocw.mit.edu (accessed MM DD, YYYY). License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike For more information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEENTS
PROBLEM 2.1
We start with Maxwell"s equations for a magnetic system in integral form:
di =
I Jda
B-da = 0 Using either path 1 or 2 shown in the figure with the first Maxwell equation we find that J*da = ni
To compute the line integral of H we first note that whenever must have HRO if
p-* we
E=pH is to remain finite.

Then
Thus we will only need to know
H in the three gaps (H1,H2 and H 3 ) where the fields are assumed uniform because of the shortness of the gaps.
fH*di = H(c-b-y) + H
path 1
C
path 2
3x
= ni
r.
LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS
Using the second Maxwell equation we write that the flux of B into the movable slab equals the flux of B out of the movable slab U H1 LD = or H1L = H2a + H3b Note that in (c) H2 aD + UoH3bD
determining the relative strengths of H 1 ,H 2 and H3 in this last This means
equation we have let (a-x) = a, (b-y) = b to simplify the solution. that we are assuming that
x/a << 1, y/b << 1

Solving for H1 using (a), (b), and (c) ni(y/a + x/b) HI = (c-b-y)(y/a + x/b) + L(y/a * x/b) The flux of B through the n turns of the coil is (x,y,i) = nB 1 LD = npoH LD 2 j n (y/a + x/b)LD i (c-b-y)(y/a+x/b) + L(y/a'x/b) then
(d)
Because we have assumed that the air gaps are short compared to their cross-sectional dimensions we must have
(c-b-y) << 1, L y/a << 1 and x/b << 1
in addition to the constraints of (d) for our expression for X to be valid. If we assume that a>L>c>b>(c-b) become x << b y << b as shown in the diagram, these conditions
LURIPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS
PROBLEM 2.2
Because the charge is linearly related to the applied voltages we

know that q1 (v1 ,V 2,e) = q 1 (v
1
,O,e)
+ q 1 (O,v
2 ,8)
EV
V
w + ( +
q1 (V 1 ,O,) = q1 (O,V2 ,8)

Hence
=
EV V2
Ra- w
S (n/4+6)R 1 ,2, ) = v 1 (+o -2 E ()+/4-O)R
2(V1,V2,)
PROBLEM 2.3
The device has
cylindrical symmetry
so that we assume that
the fields in the gaps
are essentially radial
and denoted as shown
in
the
= -Vl ~+
fi-ure
Ampere's law can be

integrated around each of the current loops to obtain the relations
PROBLEM 2.3 (Continued)

gH1 + gHm = Nil (a)
gH2 - gHm = Ni 2
In addition, the net flux into the plunger must be zero, and so
0o(d-x)2nrH1 - 2d(2rrr)0oH m (d+x)(2Tr)o H 2
(b)
(c)
These three equations can be solved for any one of the intensities.
In
particular we are interested in H I and H2, because the terminal fluxes can
be written simply in terms of these quantities. For example, the flux linking
the (1) winding is N times the flux through the air gap to the left
,1
j 0oN(d-x)(21Tr)H 1
(d)
Similarly, to the right,

X2 = p oN(d+x) (27)H (e)
Now,
if
we use the values of H1 and H2 found from (a) -
(c), we obtain the
terminal relations of Prob. 2.3 with jo' rN2d L = o PROBLEM 2.4 2g
LIUPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

Part a
2 Sf = Ma = M dx 2 i dt
dxt
f
; coul
dx d Mdt dx
fDAMPER
-B t
dt
M
x -dx
dt
- f(t)-B - + f dt coul
dx
2 M dx2 +B dx =- f(t) - UdMg dX1 dt 2

dt
Id--I
dt
Part b
dx I
dx
First we recognize that the block will move so that dx
dt
> 0, hence
coul
Then for t > 0 Md 2 x
g;-
> 0
dt
which has a solution
dx
=-l
dMg
1d
Mg
x(t)
= - 0
-(B/M) t
t + c1 +c 2 e
Equating sintWlarities at t
2
M x(t) (0) dt = Io
(0)
dt
= 0
I = - io(t)
S=dx = d2 x Then since x(0 ) = -(0 ) -( dt2 dt
PROBLEM 2.4 (Continued) I
dx (0+
; x(0+
Hence x(t)
u-1(
t +
Ud
2) (1-e-(B/M)
t O0, at which
dx
Actually, this solution will only hold until to , where dx(t o) point the mass will stop.
Jx
10o
i~.
t
PROBLEM 2.5
Part a
Equation of motion
M (1) f(t)
2 + B dt = f(t)
dt
dt
= IoUo(t) I (B/M) t)
(1-e(
x(t) = u
(t) B 1

as shown in Prob. 2.4 with Vd = 0.
(2) f(t) = F u l(t) Integrating the answer in (1)
F -(B/M)t -1)]ul(t) [t + M (e
x(t) =
Part b
Consider the node connecting the

damper and the spring; there must be no
net force on this node or it will
suffer infinite acceleration.
-B or
B/K dx
- + x = y(t)
dx
+ K(y-x) = 0
dt
1. Let y(t) = Auo(t)
X) x'X
Bdx
+x=O
K dt
t>O
t > 0
x(t) = C e - K/Bt But at t = 0 B dx

K J-t(O) Now since x(t) and -(t) dt
Ao
are zero for t < 0 AK AK C e - (K / B)t all t
dx
+ x(O )
x(t) = Ul(t)
2.
Let y(t) = Au
(t)
LUMPED'ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS
PROBLEM 2.5 (Continued) Integrating the answer in (1) -(K/B)t x(t) = ul(t) Yo(1-e
all t
PROBLEM 2.6
Part a
k].
(.
dx fl = B 3 d f3
=
; f2
K3 (x 2 -x 3 -t-Lo) d f 4 = B 2 ~(x
1 -x 2 )
K2 (x 1 -x 2 -t-Lo); f5
=
Kl(h-x 1 -Lo)
Part b
Summing forces at the nodes and using Newton's law
Kl(h-x1-Lo) d (X1-X2) = K2(X1-X2-t-Lo) + B2 dt 2 + M d xl 2 1
dt
K2 (x 1-x
2 -t-Lo)
d (x1-~2) + B2 dt d2x2
o)
= K 3 (x 2 -x 3 -t-L
+ M2
dt
dx3
-
2 d2x 3 2 2
K 3 (x 2 -x
3 -t-L
o ) = f(t) + B 3
+ M
dt

Let's solve these equations for the special case
M1 =M2 = M3 = B2 = B3 = Lo = 0 Now nothing is left except three springs pulled by force f(t). equations are now
Kl(h-x 1 ) = K2 (x1-x
2
The three
(a) (b)
(c)
K 2 (x1 -x2 )= K 3 (x2 -x3 ) K3 (x2-x3)= f(t)
We write the equation of geometric constraint
x3 + (x2 -x3 ) + (x1 -X2 ) + (h-x 1 )-h = 0

or (h-x 3 ) = (x 2 -x3 ) + (x 1 -x2) + (h-x 1) (d)
which is really a useful identity rather than a new independent equation.

Substituting in (a) and (b) into (d)
K 3 (x2 -x3) (h-x

3)
+ 3
K 3 (x2 -x3) K 3 (x2 -x3)

+ 2 K2 K1
= 3 (x 2 -x which can be plugged into (c)

1(K + 2 K K
+
+ 3
2 +1
K )1
K (h-x )=f(t) 3
which tells us that three springs in series act like a spring with
-1 K' = (-
+ 1 -)
K
1
73 z
PROBLEM 2.7
B,
1i
f
= B
ldt
dxl x d(x2-x I )
Kx
1 1
f3 Node equations:
B2
dt
f4 = K2 (x 2 -x 1)
Node 1
Node 2(x 2
dx1 B1 dt + K11
B2
d(x 2 -x 1 )
2 dt + K2 (x2 -xl)
= f
dNode 2 -x)
dt
+ K2 (x 2 -x 1 )
To find natural frequencies let f = 0

dxl B + K X, = 0 Let x st = e
1 dt
11
Bl1
+ K, = 0
s1 0
- K1/B1
d(x 2 -x 1 )
B2 dt + K2 (x 2 -x 1 ) Let (x 2 -x
1)
st
e
B2s + K 2
- K2/B
s2 =
The general solution when f = 0 is then

X1 -(K c 1 e
1 /BI)
X2 o (x 2 -x 1 ) + x 1
ele c
-(K
/Bl)t
+ c2 e
-(K2/B2)t
PROBLEM 2.8
ae LtVDLJ
From the diagram, the change in ir in the time At is 1iA.
Hence
di dt Similarly,
di dt
lim ii
A8 A6
O At
d8
d
8 dt
(a)
At-*O
= -
lim At0
- A - = . r At
dO rdt
(b)
Then, the product rule of differentiation on v gives
dv dv
dt
di -
2 di r d r+ 1 r dr i dr - 2 + O6 (r dt dt r dt dt
dO -) + i
dt
d
dt
(r -) d
dO
(c)
and the required acceleration follows by combining these equations.
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Solutions Manual for Electromechanical Dynamics For any use or distribution of this solutions manual, please cite as follows: Woodson, Herbert H., James R. Melcher. Solutions Manual for Electromechanical Dynamics. vols. 1 and 2. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare). http://ocw.mit.edu (accessed MM DD, YYYY). License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike For more information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICS
PROBLEM 3.1 This problem is a simple extension of that considered in Sec. 3.2, having
the purpose of emphasizing how the geometric dependence of the electrical force
depends intimately on the electrical constraints.
Part a
The system is electrically linear. that must be applied to the plunger is
Hence, W' m i Li 2_ and the force f
_fe
o 1 2a (+
Li
x2
a
The terminal equation can be used to write this force in terms of X f = -fe = X2 /2aL Part b With the current constant, the force decreases rapidly as a function of
the plunger gap spacing x, as shown by (a) and the sketch below
Z= cor1;50_'M
x
With the current constant, the drop in
IH'dR! across the gap increases with x,
and hence the field in the gap is

Part c
reduced by increasing x.
By contrast with part b,
at constant X, the force is
independent of x
ftm
With this constraint, the field in the gap must remain constant, independent
of the position x.
PROBLEM 3.2
Part a
The terminal relations are
V1 = S1
2
+ S12 2 (a)
= S2 1 q 1 + S22q 2
Energy input can result only through

the electrical terminal pairs, because
the mechanical terminal pairs are
constrained to constant position. We v= dq l+ v 2 dq 2 (b)
=
Thus,
8,
First carry out this line integral along the contour A: from a-b, ql from b-c, dq2 = 0. Hence,
0, while
We = o and using (a),

We
=f
0
2(0q 2 )dq2 + o
1v 1(,Q
2 )dql
(c)
22 2dq2 + fJ
0
(S1 1 q 1 +
S 1 2 Q2 )dql
(d)
and for path A,

1 2 2
22 2
2 +
12
11
(e)
If instead of path A, we use C, the roles of ql and q2 are simply reversed.

Mathematically this means 1+2 and 2+1 in the above.
/
Hence, for path C
1 2 2 SllO + S212 1 +
2 222 f)
(To use path B in carrying out the integration of (b), we relate q2 and ql
13
PROBLEM 3.2 (Continued) q2 =
Q 2
1 q1
Then, (a) becomes,

v 1 1 [Sl 1 11 + '1 1 ]q 1;
12 2
v2 1 + 2 = [S2 21
S22
1 Q q 1q I
and, from (b), where dq and Q dql/Q 2 2 1

1I[ + S12Q2 [S11 Q
e-o
dq +
o [S21
1_
S2 Q 2Q2
1
2
Q2 dq
e = 2 Part b
2 11 1
1 2
I2Q21I + 21 S2 2 1 1Q2 2 +
2 2Q 2
The integrations along paths A, B and C are the same only if as can be seen by comparing (e), (f) and (j). Part c Conservation of energy requires aW dW(qlq 2)
= vldql +
S21 = S12
v2 dq 2
dq l
aW q
dq 2
Since ql and q2 are independent variables

e 1 =ql e q
v2
Taking cross derivatives of these two expressions and combining gives
av 8v1
3q2 or, from (a), S12 = S 2 1 '
PROBLEM 3.3
av2
3v2
3q
1
The electric field intensity between the plates is

E = v/a
LIUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICS
PROBLEM 3.3 (Continued) Hence, the surface charge adjacent to the free space region on the upper
plate is
of = E v/a (b)
while that next to the nonlinear dielectric slab is
3
+
Of=a
afffi
-2
+ o a
0 Y
(c)
It follows that the total charge on the upper plate is

dxE v q
+ d(.t-x)[--
av
a
E V o 3 + a ]
(d)
The electric co-energy is

d v 22
4 + d(-x)cv ov W W qdv = d(-x)av e 2a 4a 3 Then, the force of electrical origin is
e
f
(e)
aw' e
= ax
f
4
dav
4a3 (f)
PROBLEM 3.4 Part a
The magnetic field intensity in the gap must first

excitation current. From Ampere's law, Ni = dHd + xH
be related to the
(a)
where the fields Hd and Hx are directed counterclockwise around the magnetic circuit when they are positive. These fields are further related because the magnetic flux into the movable member must equal that out of it lowbHd From these two expressions H
=
I lowaHx
(b)
da Ni/(i-- + x)
(c)

The flux linked by the electrical terminals is X (c) is N2a NU awH which in view of
= Li; L =
Part b
da
(d)
+ x)
The system is electrically linear. and from (d),

+ x) S2 (-( N2a
2 Np aw
Hence, W m
X 2 /L (See Sec. 3.1.2b)
da
wm
(e)
Part c (,x). From conservation of energy fe = -~W /3x, W =Wm 2 Part d In view of (d) the current node equation can be written as (remember 2
Hence,
that the terminal voltage is dX/dt) i(

-da a +
x)
I(t) = R d dt
b N2 1 0aw
(g)
Part e
The inertial force due to the mass M must he equal to two other forces, one due to gravity and the other fe. M Hence, (h)
2 dx d2
dt
= Mg
2 X2 2 N 2oaw
(g) and (h) are the required equations of motion, where (X,x) are the
dependent variables.
PROBLEM 3.5 Part a From Ampere's Law H 1 (a+x) + H 2 (a-x) = N il + N 1 2 12 Because fBnda = 0 S
loH1A1 = solving for H 1 + N2 2 A A 1 1
a(l + -) + x(1 - A A
NlH oH2A2
Now the flux $ in each air gap must be the same because
$ = poH1 A1
ji oH2 A2
=
and the flux linkages are determined to be X i these ideas
N1P and X2 = NO.
Using
AX = N2L(x)il + N 1 N 2 L(x)i 2
X2 = N2N L(x)i 1 + N 2 L(x)i 2
BoA1
where
=
L(x)
A
a(l +
A2 Part b
A 2 )
From part a the system is electrically linear, hence
+ 1 2 2 + NIN2ii N2 W' m = L(x)[ 2lil 1 2 2* N21 2 ]
where
L(x) = a(l
pA A
+ A2 ) + x(l
A
A2
PROBLEM 3.6
Part a Conservation of energy requires that
dW = idX - fedx In addition, dW = so that aw aW - dX + -2 dx (a)
ax
ax
(b)
e = ; feW
(c)
Now if we take cross-derivatives of these last relations and combine,

ai Safe e (d)
This condition of reciprocity between the electrical and mechanical terminal pairs must be satisfied if the system is to be conservative. terminal relations, For the given
ai
afe aX
oX + ( )
(e)
o o a 0 x
0 ]/(1 + xf)2 a
and the system is conservative.

Part b
The stored energy is
I W = id = 1
x
10 2A
2 +
1
4
4 4
3
(g)
_a
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICS I
L
,
PROBLEM 3.7 To find the co-energy from the electrical terminal relations alone,
we must assume that in the absence
of electrical excitations there is no
force of electrical origin. Then, the # L 6JO o
system can be assembled mechanically,

with the currents constrained to zero,
and there will be no contribution of
0
"
g ti
co-energy in the process (see Sec. 3.1.1).
L--dC
The co-energy input through the electrical terminal pairs with the
mechanical system held fixed is
Wm
lldil +
2A di2
For the path shown in the (il,i 2 ) plane of the figure, this becomes
W' =
i2
o
(O,i)di
+lil o
(i',i2)di
amd in view of the given terminal relations,
the required co-energy is
W' m PROBLEM 3.8
4
a c 4 +bxxii +-xi
-xi + 4 Xll1 b1X2i2il1 4 x2i2
(a) and (b) establish the flux in the rotor winding.

Steps X 2=IL om 2
With the current constrained on the stator coil, as in step (c), the current
ii is known, and since the flux X2 is also known, we can use the second terminal equations to solve for the current in the rotor winding as a function
of the angular position
L
2
L2
[IO -
I(t)cos8]
0 To complete the
This is the electrical equation of motion for the system. picture, the torque equation must be found. the co-energy is
From the terminal relations,
W'm
Jf1 1
+ ldil
12 di2 =
12 1i2 2 11
+ ili2Lm cose +
12m
12 i2L 2 222
(c)
and hence, the electrical torque is
awl
T ae= = -i l i2 Lm sine (d)
Now, we use this expression in the torque equation, with 12 given by (b) and i i = I(t) Jd26 IL2
=
-
d
dt
2
L2
m (I -
I(t)cose)sine
o
(e)
This is the required equation of motion. 1 2 from (b)
Note that we did not substitute
into the co-energy expression and then take the derivative with This gives the wrong answer because we have assumed in using
2
respect to 0.
the basic energy method to find the torque that il, independent variables. PROBLEM 3.9 Part a
and e are thermodynamically
From the terminal relations, the electrical co-energy is (Table 3.1.1)
r
m
or
=
Jdil + X2 di2
ax 2 i+bx2 xlili2
(a)
~.1
Wm =
+
Part b
Cx2i
2 4
(b)
required forces are

It follows that the e f
awl
ml
,m -e = Iaxi
awl 1m1
2 + bx2 1i2
x2 42
(c)
f2e =
f2 Dx
2bx xii
(d)
2112
2 2
PROBLEM 3.9 (Continued) Part c There are four equations of motion in the dependent variables il,i 2 ,x1 and x2: two of these are the electrical voltage equations, which in view of the terminal equations for the A's, are d 2 3 2
ilR 1 = -dt(ax1 il + bX2X1 i 2 ) d 2

v 2 (t)-i
2 R2
(e) 23
2i 2
dt(bx 2li
+ cx
(f)
and two are the mechanical force equations
0 =- axlil + bX2 1
0 = 2bx 2 xlili2 + PROBLEM 3.10
Part a
1
- Kx
dx2 dt
(g)
(h)
4 x22
Because the terminal relations are expressed as functions of the current

and x, it is most appropriate to use the co-energy to find the force. W'm which becomes,
1 2 W' = - L=i m 2 0 1 dil + X di Hence,
(a)
+ 2 Ai
.1
2(b) 2
o 2
b)
From this it follows that the force is, Se 1 2 22 2
(C)
The currents ii and 12 and x will be used as the dependent variables. Then, the voltage equations for the two electrical circuits can be written, using th electrical terminal equations, as
d
el(t) e2'(t) iR i2R
1
(d)
(e)
+ d(Loil + Aili2x) + d(Ai 1i2 x + Loi 2 )
21
PROBLEM 3.10 (Continued) The equation for mechanical equilibrium of the mass M is of motion 2 Md 22 Ai i2 1 2 2 1 o the third equation
dt 2
PROBLEM 3.11
Part a
The electrical torques are simply found by taking the appropriate
derivatives of the co-energy (see Table 3.1.1)

T=
m = -M sin8cos
awl
i11
(a)
T2 =. Part b
= -M cosOsin* i1
(b)
The only torques acting on the rotors are due to the fields.
In view
of the above expressions the mechanical equations of motion, written using 8,p, 11 and 12 as dependent variables, are J dt J2 dt Remember that the terminal voltages are the time rates of change of the res
pective fluxes. Hence, we can make use of the terminal equations to write
= -M sinecos$ p11
2
(c)
= -M cosOsin*
(d)
the current node equations for each of the circuits as

(Llil + Mi 2 coscoscos) (Mi1 cosOcos + L2 i) + iI + 12
l(t) = C
dt
(e)
I2(t)
= G
Thus, we have four equations, two mechanical and two electrical, which involve the dependent variables 8,P, i i and 12 and the known driving functions I1 and 12.
LUMPED PARAMETER-ELECTROMECHANICS
PROBLEM 3.12 We can approach this problem in two ways. energy, dW First from conservation of
= Aldil +
1 1
2di2 + Xdi
2 2
3 3
aW' m di
aw' m
Hence,
aW'
m+ di2 +
ai 1 1 aw' m
2 aW'm2
2
=at
aw'
S3 Mi
3
Sail
Taking combinations of cross-derivatives, this gives
aAI xi1 a12
ax 2
a32 1
Di 3 3i
3
2
3 '1 i
3 I 3
L12
L2 1 ; L2 3 = L 3 2 ; L 3 1 = L13 to carry out the integrations along
Another way to show the same thing is the three different paths shown
Since
wm ff
1 diI
+ A 2 di
+ x3 di
PROBLEM 3.12 (Continued) these paths of integration lead to differing results. have 1 2 1 2 1 2 For path (a), we
2111
21li2
L22i2
L31Y13
32i2i3
2 L3313 (g)
while for path (b) m 2+ 1 2 L2212 + L32i2i3

1
L 33i
2+
+L i 2 +L L3i31 L2 i + L122 1
(h) (h)
and path (c) W 1 2 + 1L 1 2 +L ii +L ii + L 2 +L ()
2 L3313
2 L11
+ L133il + L211
22L222
L23 3i2
These equations will be identical only if (e) holds. PROBLEM 3.13

Part a When 8 = 0, there is no overlap between the stator and rotor plates, as compared to complete overlap when 8 = w/2. Because the total exposed
area between one pair of stator and rotor plates is ITR2/2, at an angle 6 the area is A =R 8 R2 (a)
There are 2N-1 pairs of such surfaces, and hence the total capacitance is
C (2N-1)8R2 o/g (b)
The required terminal relation is then q = Cv. Part b

The system is electrically linear. Hence, We
Cv 2
and
T T Part c
eW'
e ae
(2N-1)R C v
o 2g
(C) (c)
There are three torques acting on the shaft, one due to the torsional
spring, the second from viscous damping and the third the electrical torque.

d2 = -K(e-a) - B de J d d + 1 v2 (2N-I)R2E g 2 dt dt2 dt Part d
The voltage circuit equation, in view of the electrical terminal equation
is simply
V (t) 0 Part e When the rotor is in static equilibrium, the derivatives in (d) vanish
and we can solve for O-a,
V2 (2N-1)R2E
(d)
R d dt
(2N-1)R28s v o ]+ v g
(e)
8-a
= o
2gK
(f)
This equation would comprise a theoretical calibration for the voltmeter if

effects of fringing fields could be ignored. In practice, the plates are shaped
so as to somewhat offset the square law dependence of the deflections.
PROBLEM 3.14
Part a
Fringing fields are ignored near the ends of the metal coaxial cylinders.
In the region between the cylinders, determined by the voltage. the electric field has the form E = Air/r, where r is the radial distance from the axis and A is a constant This solution is both divergence and curl free, and hence satisfies the basic electric field equations (See Table 1.2) everywhere between the cylinders. The boundary conditions on the surfaces of the dielectric slab are also satisfied because there is no normal electric field at a dielectric interface and the tangential electric fields are continuous.
To determine the constant A, note that
(a)
b Erdr
-); = -v = Aln(
A = -v/ln(
The surface charge on the inner surface of the outer cylinder in the regions
adjacent to free space is then

VE o o In -)b (b)
while that adjacent to regions occupied by the dielectric is
af
In( )b
(c)
It follows that the total charge on the outer cylinder is
q = v
In ( Part b
[L(c +E)-x(E--E
)]
(d)
Conservation of power requires

dW
v d dt Parts c and d
It follows from integration of (c) that
W dt + f dx e dt
(e)
e
where
C =
Iq__ 2C
2 or
1 W W' 2 e =Cv
(f)
In() Part e
[L(E +E)-x(Ec- )] o o
The force of electrical origin is therefore

awl e x
fei
1 2
(C-EC o )
(g)
Part f
The electrical constraints of the system have been left unspecified.
The mechanical equation of motion, in terms of the terminal voltage v, is
d2x d 2x
dt
2
v2n = -K(x-k)- 1 2ib

2 In( -)
(E-, )
(h)

Part g In static equilibrium, the inertial term makes no contribution, and (h)
can be simply solved for the equilibrium position x. x=- 1V2 Tr(-C ) 2 o o (i)
2 PROBLEM 3.15
Part a
K In(-)
Call r the radial distance from the origin 0.
Then,
the field in the gap
to the right is, (from Ampere's law integrated across the gaps at a radius r
Ni/(O-a-e)r =
(directed to the right)

(a)
and to the left H

= Ni/(B-a+8)r
(directed to the left)
(b)
These fields satisfy the conditions that VxH =0 and VB*=0 in the gaps. The flux is computed by integrating the flux density over the two gaps and multiply ing by N S= DN which, in view of (a) and (b) becomes,
(H + Hr)dr (c)
S= Li, L = p DN21n(b) a
o S Part b
-+
1 -]
(d)
The system is electrically linear, and hence the co-energy is simply

(See Sec. 3.1.2b)
W' = Li2 m 2
Part c
(e)
The torque follows from (e) as

e 1 2 Part d
The torque equation is then
J2d-2 = -K6 + T e dt Part e
This equation is satisfied if e=0, and hence it is possible for the wedge
to be in static equilibrium at this position.
PROBLEM 3.16 We ignore fringing fields. Then the electric field is completely between The (g) oDN 2 1n(b)[ 1 (a+e)2 1 (B-a-)2
(f)
the center plate and the outer plates, where it has the value E = v/b. constraints on the electrical terminals further require that v.= V -Ax. The surface charge on the outer plates is E v/b and hence the total charge q on these plates is de q = 2(a-x) bv It follows that the co-energy is
(a)
e
and the electrical force is
fe
aW'
de
o2
(c)
ax dE
fe
Finally, we use the electrical circuit conditions to write

do (V -AX)2 (d)
0
One might substitute the
This clearly
The major point to be made in this situation is this.
voltage, as it depends on x, into (b) before taking the derivative.
We have assumed in writing (c) that

gives an answer not in agreement with (d). the variables (v,x) remain thermodynamically independent until after the force
has been found. Of course, in the actual situation, external constraints
PROBLEM 3.16 (Continued) relate these variables, but these constraints can only be introduced with care
in the energy functions. the force has been found.
PROBLEM 3.17
To be safe they should not be introduced until after
Part a The magnetic field intensities in

the gaps can be found by using Ampere's
law integrated around closed contours
passing through the gaps. Hg = N(i H1 = Nil/d H2 = Ni2/d In the magnetic material, + i2 )/g These give
(a)
(b)
(c) the flux densities are B1
1
3
1
+
od
d
3 d
33 N2
2
o2Ni d
The flux linking the individual coils can now be computed as simply the flux through the appropriate gaps. For example, the flux A1 is
]
AX = ND[9,Hg + x1 Hl+(-x)B
(f)
which upon substitution from the above equations becomes the first terminal relation. The second is obtained in a similar manner. Part b
The co-energy is found by integrating, first on ii with 12 = 0 and then on i2withil fixed at its final value. Hence,
PROBLEM 3.17 (Continued) Wm= fldl + X2 di2 1 = (1+ i d2 g 4 +1 1 1 +-LoB(1 x d 4 )i + Lo (g)
1 L +1Lo
di L(1+d)i
2
Part c
(*-)
The force of electrical origin follows from the co-energy functions as, fe S=- 1 L Lo Lo i 4 +1 +---1 4 t
ot
1 2
(h)
PROBLEM 3.18
Part a
Assuming simple uniform E fields in the gaps
E1 = (V -Vr)/g; E 2 E = E5 = Vr/d
=
'4
V /d = E3
)Q~9
60,~jOb
Vr
These fields leave surface charge-densities 'on the top electrodes
01 = Eo(Vt-Vr)/g ,
02 = c o Vt/d
a 3 = [a(V /d) + Co (V9/d)

04 = [a(Vr/d)2 + e ](Vr/d)
a 5 = C (V /d)
These surface charge densities cause net charges on the electrodes of

3
o wb owLV V
= owb r
(-V)
d
wcL
+ aw(L-x)
)
V
(V
) +
Vr +
w(x-g)(d
Part b
1
W' =
2
qdV + f q1
o
q2= 0
o qrdVr
1 ow(L-x)d 4 wb
VV
+ ) Ew(b -Ew(+-)ySV
d
Va
+ EW( +
f awl e owd
[
V Y. r
ci (x-)d (r) 4 d
Vr
V )
]
(pulled to side with more voltage)
PROBLEM 3.19
Part a
The rotating plate forms a simple capacitor plate with respect to the other two curved plates. are ignored. There is no mutual capacitance if the fringing fields
For example, the terminal relations over the first half cycle
of the rotor are

(ct+O)RDov1 -a<O<a; q
=
(a-e)RDeoV ; 2 0 Aa)
a<<-c-a;
12= l
2aRDEoV 1
o ;
=
(b)
So that the co-energy can be simply written as the sum of the capacitances for the two outer electrodes relative to the rotor.
2 1 2 C1Vl +
2 1 2 C2v2
The dependence of this quantity on 6 is as shown below
dAID
.-
TTa.
PROBLEM 3.19 (Continued) Part b

The torque is the spatial derivative of the above function
Te
Part c The torque equation is then Jd dt where Te is graphically as above. PROBLEM *Part a The electric energy is
w where 3.20
Sd 2
2
T e e
= T
q 2/C
(a)
EX
C = EA/d(l-+ C-) (b)
It follows that the force on the upper plate due to the electric field is, .-f=f
ffe
aW e
ax
1 --
2 E0 A
So long as the charge on the plate is constant, so also is the force.

Part b
The electric co-energy is
W'
Cv 2
(c)
and hence the force, in terms of the voltage is

_ffe aw'2 e = 1 ax 2
0
2 V2e2A 2
ix
d-E (l + c d
The energy converted to mechanical form is
f fe dx.
The contribution to this Hence,
integral from d+c and b+a in the figure is zero.
J2 d/e
Energy converted to mechanical form EOd/d

fe( 2 QX)d
oI +ddQ
d2 fe( o,x)dx
0
=- 3 Ac de
2c d/E
That is, the energy 3dQ /2Ac is converted from mechanical to electrical form.
PROBLEM 3.21
Part a The magnetic energy stored in the coupling is
W 1 X2 / L (a)
where L = L /(l + X)
Hence, in terms of X, the force of electrical origin is _f=fe= ax m x_ 2/2aL o (b)
PROBLEM 3.21 (Continued) Part b According to the terminal equation, i depends on (X,x) according to
S=
L
0
(1+ )
a
Thus, the process represented in the X-x plane has the corresponding path
i
n t
hU
e
i
-
A
p
lLL
ane
Path c
At the same time, from (b) is,
A,
the force traverses a loop in the f-x plane which,
LOD
--ID
F'
PROBLEM 3.21 (Continued) Part d

The energy converted per cycle to mechanical form is ffedx. Hence,
Energy converted to mechanical form =
fedx + fAfedx
(d)
= -(1 2 -_x)(X 2 -X 1 )/2aLo
(e)
That is, (X2_

1)
the energy converted to electrical form per cycle is (X 2-X 1 )/2aLo. (Note that the energy stored in the coupling, summed
around the closed path, is zero because the coupling is conservative.) PROBLE 3.22 Part a The plates are pushed apart by the fields. Therefore energy is converted
from mechanical form to either electrical form or energy storage in the coupling as the plate is moved from Xb to X a . To make the net conversion
from mechanical to electrical form, we therefore make the current the largest during this phase of the cycle or, I >12 Part b
With the currents related as in part a, the cycle appears in the i-x plane
as shown
I-
1l,
-11
&
- T 'V
PROBLEM 3.22 (Continued) Quantitatively, the magnetic field intensity into the paper is H = I/D so that X = pIxh/D. Hence, S (xn - )
2
I
S'=
fe
aw' m =1 ax 2
o h
Because the cycle is closed, there is no net energy stored in the coupling,
and the energy converted to electrical form is simply that put in in mechanical
form:
B
Mechanical to electrical energy per cycle = fedx -
D
fedx (c)
A
I= J Part c
C -X)
2h 2 (d)
From the terminal equation and the defined cycle conditions, the cycle
in the
A-x plane can be pictured as
h1/t
--- C
7 _
The energy converted to electrical form on each of the legs is
PROBLEM 3.22 (Continued) p oIIlX h/D (A--+B) Ild =f oI1Xbh/D oI2 h D D
ld =-
) XaXb
(e)
(B-.C) (B-+C)
-idX id
j II X h/D
Io XDdX X 2a ah 1 Xah lXh/Doa a
2
Xh oa (2 D
(f)
(C-D)
12 2d =
idX =
(Xa-Xb)
(g)
(D-+A)
2D b (o 2
2)
(h)
The sum of these is equal to (c).
Note however that the mechanical energy in
put on each leg is not necessarily converted to electrical form, but can be
stored in the coupling.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.1 Part a

With stator current acting alone
the situation is as depicted at the
right. Recognizing by symmetry that we use the contour
Z(R+J
S10 +
Hrs(4rw)= -H rs()
shown and Ampere's law to get
2Hrs
+IrNs is g sin i'](R+g)dV' =
from which
Hrrs s (i)
s
N i cosQ S s5
iN e
oi
2g
and
SNsi scostS
rs Part b Following the same procedure for rotor excitation alone we obtain
poN i cos(I-e) Brr() 2g 2g
Note that this result is obtained from part (a) by making the replacements
N
s s
-- P N
r
r
---
Part c
The flux density varies around the periphery and the windings are distributed,
thus a double integration is required to find inductances, whether they are found
from stored energy or from flux linkages. The total radial flux density is
B =rs + Brr rs rr 2g [Ni a s cosi + Nri r r cos(*-8)]
We will use flux linkages.
ROTATING MACHINES

Taking first the elemental coil
on the stator having sides of angular
span dip at positions I and *+i illustrated. of flux
as
This coil links an amount
dXa2(R+g) = sin(R)d
number of turns in elemental coil

ji N (R+g)t
flux linking one turn

of elemental coil
.+w
dA =
sindi
I[N i cosi' + N rr
i cos(i'-P6d1'
+ Nri sin(i-6)]dip
UoNs (R+g),
dA = sinV[N i sins To find the total flux linkage with the stator coil we add up all of the
contributions
poN (R+g)2 w 0 sin i[N g io N (R+g)t I g
A =
5
sisnp + Nri sin(*-6)]dt
rr
X
s This can be written as
[- N
2
ss
+- Ni cosa] 2 rr
As
where
L i S
+ Mi cosa r
m' N2RA
Ls =s
ml N N Rk
M = and we have written R+g osr
%R
because g << R.
When a similar process is carried out for the rotor winding, it yields
A = L i r
where Lr =
rr
+ Mi cosO s
oN2Rk
or
and M is the same as calculated before.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.2
Part a
Application of Ampere's law
with the contour shown and use of the
symmetry condition
Hrs (~r)=-Hrs (i) yields 2H 2H
rs rs
(')g = Nsis (1se ss a
iT
); for 0 < for r <
< n
(')g = Ni (-3t 2);

7
<Z
f vZ
F-or 0 :-- Y -c
The resulting flux density is sketched

I)
(,
\,I
2 LI
Part b The same process applied to excitation of the rotor winding yields
B&,
Y1
S?r" - )
ROTATING MACHINES

Part c
For calculating inductances it will be helpful to have both flux densities
and turn densities in terms of Fourier series. is expressible as
The turn density on the stator
4N 4
rs (R+g) nodd
-- sin n
and the turn density on the rotor is

4N
n = -r 7w2R nodd
1 sin(q-9)
and the flux densities are expressible as

4ji Nsi Brs = cos 2 n2 B = n cos ni n=r nodd n gn
Brr 1nodd .t
h t..T t
2
.lUfl
gn
2 cos n(i-O)
isl
oU e
aa
UJ.~
ux
ens
ty
=B
rs
+B
rr
First calculating stator flux

linkages, we first consider the
elemental coil having sides di
long and 7wradians apart dAXs
= n (R+g)di
Br (ip')(R+g)f(dt']
number of turns
flux linking one

turn of elemental
coil
Substitution of series for Br yields

d's = n (R+g)
2 2
81 N nodd i 2o gn
1881i
sin n + nodd
8N Nir
1r 3 r sin n(4-0)1 r gn
The total flux linkage with the stator coil is
32u N (R+g) Zi 32 oNs(R+g)

rg
r
0 odd
sinn
nodd
Ni -s s in n +
n nodd
Ni
- r rsin n(*-6) d#
ROTATING MACHINES

Recognition that
sin n* sin m(P-O)di = 0 when m # n

simplifies the work in finding the solution 321 a N (R+g)t s g nodd 7N i s4 2n +
WN i
rr 2n cos nO)
This can be written in the form S= where L i +
[
nodd
M cos nO i
16p N2 R9, s
=
3 S3g
16
nodd n
M
n
T gn
NsN rR 4osr
3 4
In these expressions we have used the fact that g << R to write R+g A similar process with the rotor winding yields + S= Li rr r
1 R.
[
nodd
M cos nO i s n
where
Lr
16
3
2
1
nodd n 4
7 g
16p 4sRa
and M n is as given above.
PROBLEM 4.3
With reference to the solution of Prob. 4.2, sinusoidally distributed, Xs becomes if the stator winding is
32pN (R+g)t
s
0
g
Ba g
o
=
sin[Ni sin 'P + nodd 0 when n # 1
Ni r 3 r sin n(-)
n
d*
Because
Jsin
o
sin n(P-6)
3210N (R+g) 9,
F
o sin sNi sin * + Nir sin(-
a =
4g
d*
and the mutual inductance will contain no harmonic terms.

Similarly, if the rotor winding is sinusoidally distributed,
ROTATING MACHINES
3210 N (R+g)2.
s 4g
IT
o nodd
-s in n
Ni
n3 s Using the orthogonal
Ni
+ Nrirsin(-8) d*
Using the orthogonality condition
sin n sin(P-e)d 32oN s (R+g)2. S =P0 when n#l
l"g
4g
o Lnodd n-
adsin ) d sin 2 n + Nr ir sin sin(e-)I
and the mutual inductance once again contains only a space fundamental term.
PROBLEM 4.4
Part a
The open-circuit stator voltage is
dX
vI
s dt
dt
M
-- cos nwi
nodd n
(M I
(t) nodd
Part b
-sin nwt
n
V
V
sn s
_1
n3
Vs
s3_ 1 s =n = -3
27
4 percent
This indicates that uniform turn density does not yield unreasonably high values of harmonics.
ROTATING MACHINES

Part c
9J'ees)
PROBLEM 4.5
Given electrical terminal relations are
S= L i s s X + Mi r
cosO
cos6 + L i rr r = Mi s Select
System is conservative so energy or coenergy is independent of path.
currents and 6 as independent variables and use coenergy (see Table 3.1). Assemble system first mechanically, then electrically so torque is not needed in calculation of coenergy. for i and i we have
r s Selecting one of many possible paths of integration
ROTATING MACHINES
i W'(i, i ,) =
m s r
+ J As (i',O,e)di' s
s
Ar(is,i',)di' rs0 r r
w'(ii m s'r
Te
PROBLEM 4.6
21 1 0r)= -! Li2 + Mi rs 2 s
2 cosO + 1 Lrir 2 r r
aW'(is, r,6)
m = - Mi i cosO
36 rs
The conditions existing at the time the rotor winding terminals are short-
circuited lead to the constant rotor winding flux linkages
Ar
= MI
This constraint leads to a relation between ir and is = i(t) MI i

r
= Mi
L
cos8 + L i
rr
0
[I -i(t)cosel ] r
The torque equation (4.1.8) is valid for any terminal constraint, thus
Te = -Mi i cos =
r
(t)[Io-i(t)cos]sin6
of motion for the shaft is then

The equation
d26 2 dr 2 M2 L r i(t)[Io-i(t)cos68]sin
dt PROBLEM 4.7 Part a Coenergy is
W'(i si ',6) = -
1 2 1 2 L i + - L i + L ()i i sr sr 2 ss a 2 rr ii
s r
Te
Te
aW'(i m
i-iir
,i ,) r
dL sr(8)
dO
Do
[M1sinO + 3M3sin36]
Part b
With the given constraints
Te = -II rsinw t sinw t[M sin(w t+y)+ 3M 3 sin3(wmt+Y)]
ROTATING MACHINES

Repeated application of trigonometric identities leads to:
Te = s r 4 sin[(W+ws-W) t+y]+ sin[(m -w +w )t+y] m s r mflL s r
-sin[(w m 3M I3I 4 +mw+r)t+y]-sin[(wm-ws )t+Y]3
r
sin[(3m+ ws -Or) t+3y]+ sin[(3wm-w s+
r)t+3Y]
-sin[(3w
r s
s++
r n
) t+3y]- sin[(3wm- -w
s
rsr
)t+3y]
To have a time-average torque, one of the coefficients of time must equal

zero. This leads to the eight possible mechanical speeds
w +w
t = + W + and + r
s-
For
Wm = +(Ws -
w )
sin sin
y
Te avg For
Me 1IsIr
4 s
wm
+(Wts + w )
sin y
T avg For W = +
m Te 4
(ws 3
3M3I I
3 s
sin 3y
For
m Te PROBLEM 4.8
S=
( + w)
=
avg
3M31s1
rsin 3y
From 4.1.8 and the given constraints the instantaneous torque is

Te= -I M sinw t cos(w t+y)(I slinw t + I Repeated use of trigonometric identities leads to:
sin 3w t)
ROTATING MACHINES
II M
.
Cos[ (r+mW
s) t+Y]-cos[mr+W
t+
+ cos[(rW -Wm )t-y]-cos[(w -w +s )t-y]

rIs3M
4 s3
cos[ (wr+w -3w )t+y]-cos[ (o +w +3w )t+y]
+ cos[(W r-w -3ws )t-y]-cos[ (wr-m+ 3ws )t-y]l

For a time-average torque one of the coefficients of t must be zero. to eight values of w :
m
This leads
W For
= + W
-
r-
+ W
and
= + w
-
r-
+ 3w
= +(W r-W
-tr
) s
II
Te avg For
S=
r sl1
4 cos
s)
+(r +
Te T avg
For
II M r sl
cos 4
W e
= +(W
3w )
IrIs3M
4
avg For w
m
= +(w
+ 3w )
s
Te Ir s3 T = avg 4 PROBLEM 4.9
II
M
cos y
Electrical terminal relations are 4.1.19-4.1.22.
For conservative system,
coenergy is independent of path and if we bring system to its final mechanical

configuration before exciting it electrically there is no contribution to the
coenergy from the torque term. Thus, of the many possible paths of integration
we choose one
ROTATING MACHINES
(Continued)
PROBLEM 4.9 i W' (i ia)
=
as
(i'
,0,0,0,8)di'
+ fibs bs(ias ib sO90,0)dibs

0
iarX (i
o 0
ar
ibs ,' 0 s ar ,,6)di' ar

as5
4.1.19-4.1.22 in this expression yields The use of W, i as L i' i' + s as as J m o + iar(L ri'r ar L o iibs sS
sibs
+Mi as cos
+ Mi bs sin)di' ar
-+
0
br(Lrbr - MiassinO + Mibscos )dibr
Evaluation of these integrals yields
2 1 ++L +-Li W'=-Li +-L 2 r br 2 r at 2 sbs 2 sas m + Mb i + Mia i cos8 sine
- Miasibrsin 0 + Mibsibrcos
The torque of electric origin is then (see Table 3.1)

Te Te =
m(as
ibs
ar'ibr'19
-
Te = -M[ asiarsin PROBLEM 4.10 Part a
iibsiarcos +iasibrcos+.sibs
rsinO]
Substitution of currents into given expressions for flux density +4B B =B Br ra rb B r
1JN
o 2g [IaCos a t cos * + Ib sin wt sin 4] b
ROTATING MACHINES
Part b
Application of trigonometric identities and simplification yield.
uN Br r 2g [ I 2 cos(wt-i) + I 2 b cos(wt + 4)]
II
b + j- cos(wt-0)pN
B =
cos(wt + 4)]
)cos(wt+P)]
[(Ia+Ib)cos(wt- 1)+(Ia-I
The forward wave is B rf

=
1oN(I + Ib 4g 4g
cos(wt-0)
For constant phase on the forward wave

wt f = - constant dt
The backward wave is

SN(I
Brb
For
- Ib) cos(wt + ')
rb
4g
wt + ' Wb Part c dt
= constant
=
-
The ratio of amplitudes is
B B
rbm rfm
I -I
Ia
I+L
ab
Sr rfm Part d When Ib - Ia
as
Ib
Brf = 0 This has simply reversed the phase sequence.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.11
Part a
Br
= Bra + Brb
z NI
Br Part b
Using trigonometric identities
i NI
[cos wt cos * + cos --- [cos wt cos P + sin(wt + 8)sin*]
Br =
8 sin wt sin
q + sin B cos wt sin
$]
Br
Bo
cos(t-)+ cos(wt-*0+
cos(wt+r)
cos8
cos(wt+8) + cosB 2 cos(wt-4)- -2-2 2
+ sinB sin8 n sin(wt+i)- 2 sin(wt-e)]
p NI
Br 4[
(l+cosB)cos(wt-*)-sinBsin(wt-)
+ (1-cosa)cos(wt+i$)+sinBsin(wrt+p) ]
Forward wave is i NI Brf = 4g [(l+cos8)cos (wt-p)-sinasin(wt-i)]
For constant phase

wt and
Wf
= constant
dt
Backward wave is
l NI
Brb
-w-{-(-cos)
cos(wt+-)+sin$sin (wt+l)]
For constant phase

wt + i = constant and
Ob dt
ROTATING MACHINES

Part c
The ratio of amplitudes is
rbm
-cos)
22
2
+ sin
Brfm
as 8 Part d rbm 0,
-
(1+cos8)
+ sin 8
1i-cos
l+cos8
-0..
rfm
=
The forward wave amplitude will go to zero when 8
W.
The phase sequence
has been reversed by reversing the phase of the current in the b-winding. PROBLEM 4.12
Equation 4.1.53 is
Pe =Vasias + Vbsibs For steady state balanced conditions we can write ias= I cos wt; ib = I sin wt
Vas = V cos(wt+4);
then
Pe
=
vbs = V sin(wt+)
VI[coswtcos(wt+$)+sinwt sin(wt+0)]
Using trigonometric identities

pe
=
VI cost
Referring to Fig. 4.1.13(b) we have the vector diagram
ROTATING MACHINES

From this figure it is clear that
wLsI cos (remember that 6 < 0) VE Then pe sin 6 = -Efsin
wL
which was to be shown.

PROBLEM 4.13
For the generator we adopt the notation for one phase of the armature circuit
(see Fig. 4.1.12 with current convention reversed)
A,
E-
The vector diagra
From the vector diagram XI sin' = Ef cos 6-V XI coso = Ef sin 6 Also, the mechanical power input is
EV
P = sin 6
Eliminating 0 and 6 from these equations and solving for I yields
ROTATING MACHINES
- 2
(-)
()
+ 1
V Normalizing as indicated in the problem statement we define

I = rated armature current
Ifo= field current to give rated voltage
on open circuit.
Po = rated power
I(f)
0
I fo
+ 1- 2
I fo
-()
2 P X 2
(P
(V
Injecting given numbers and being careful about rms and peak quantities we have
S= 0.431 0 f
If
2
+ 1 - 2
I
(-)
2
92
fo
fo
-3.
(-) 0
Ifo = 2,030 amps

and
= 3.00 S ) fo max
The condition that 6 =2 is
PX f = V-
f ( ) fo mi For unity p.f.,
PX
n
PX V2
2 =
1.98
P P
fo V
cos c = 1, sin Ef cos 6 = V
= 0 Ef sin 6 = IX
and
eliminating 6 we have
I o
V__
( )2 -1 o
of
S0.431
0
F
fo
ROTATING MACHINES

for 0.85 p.f.
Ef sin 6 = 0.85 IX Ef cos 6 - V = 1-(0.85) 2 IX
eliminating 6, solving for I, and normalizing yields
I
I - = 0.431
o
- 0.722]
[-0.527 +
(--) I
fo
This is double-valued and the magnitude of the bracketed term is used.

The required curves are shown on the next page.
PROBLEM 4.14
The armature current limit is defined by a circle of radius VI o , where Io is the amplitude of rated armature current. To find the effect of the field current limit we must express the complex power in terms of field current. Defining quantities in terms of this circuit
The vector diagram is
A
S
jx jx A
VE*-V22
A
P + jQ = VI* =
-ix
VEfe = X
V2
Palej anordire
-A
a te)
re-ld
CFIr e
(reI4
sto ta~b 1 bI % ib
* -
zero p4.F
0.I
0.5
11.
2.0
1j,
ROTATING MACHINES

If we denote the voltage for maximum field current as Efo, this expression
becomes
P+JQ = -j
VEfo
fo
VEfo
sinS + j
fo
cos6
On a P+jQ plane this trajectory is as sketched below
P
t- L, 1W
0i
The stability limit (6= 2) current limit.
is also shown in the sketch, along with the armature
The capability curve for the generator of Prob. 4.13 is shown on the next
page.
P and Q are normalized to 724 MVA.
PROBLEM 4.15 The steady state deflection ip of the rotatable frame is found by setting sum of torques to zero Te + TS = 0 = Te - K* where Te is electromagnetic torque. Torque Te is found from This equation is solved for
i)
4.
ROTATING MACHINES
LLI
captb II
Ca"el
Problem
4.14/
ROTATING MACHINES
awe
Wm(il'i2i3'
and the magnetic coenergy for this electrically linear system is W' = - Li + -Li 2 1 m 2
21
2
2
+ - Li 2 3 3
+ Mili 3 cos (O-)+Mi 2 i 3 sin($-9)
from which
Te = Mili 3 sin(4-t) - Mi 2 i 3 cos(4-1)
For constant shaft speed w, the shaft position is

0 = wt. Then, with 1 3 = 1o as given dX
-t
=
di
MI sin(wt-0)+L
-ilR
and
dX 2
d--
di
WMI cos(wt-p)+L dt= -i
2R
Using the given assumptions that
IL
we have
I-diRand
L
' dt <<-Ril 1
il 0MI
Ro sin(wt-0)
di
dt
i<<Ri
wMI
i2=e and the torque T is
cos(wt-9)
TMI Te = MIo(~)[sin2 (wt-9)+cos 2 (wt-)] Hence, from (1)
(MIo)
KR
which shows that pointer displacement 0 is a linear function of shaft speed w which is in turn proportional to car speed. Suppose we had not neglected the voltage drops due to self inductance. Would the final result still be the same?
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.16
The equivalent circuit with parameter values as given is
W 5
(L.
0)=.o3 XL
(L-.) -j 0.3 _n
=I Y00 'O
p.
:s0. <
%
From (4.1.82) the torque is
k2
e s
L
s
(-) (- ) (L-)v s
[w
(
l-k
)Lr 2+(Rr/s)
where k
M2 LL LL rs
and s =
-_m
t
s
Solution of (4.1.81) for I yields

s VR 2
VI
s
2)
R 2 (-r) + [wsLr(1-k
5s
volt-ampere input is simply (for two phases)
(VA)in = VIs
The electrical input power can be calculated in a variety of ways, the

simplest being to recognize that in the equivalent circuit the power dissipated
in, R /s (for two phases) is just ws times the electromagnetic torque, hence
in T s
Finally, the mechanical power output is

mech m
Numerical constants
These five quantities are shown plotted in the attached graphs. used in the computations are
ROTATING MACHINES
rEdetbon
/Vlace
Crves
foY
ProbleMvA
416
r -
OK
I)
4-oo
200
00
2160o
ZS620
'SL4'
LO
O.
0,
o,.7
0.o .s
0,
0O3
0..
-Sh1,
?oc
60C
9oo
0oc
C
I i i
Lo
0.9
0.6
0.7
04
OS
60
0, 4
t-
0.1
o0
~c .o
jLF
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.16 (Continued) w L ss = w L = wM + 0.3 = s r S = 0.878

4.80
4.5
= (-)
117
s
0.342 +
0.01
s
newton-meters
2 0.01 0.01
s 2
23.0 -+ Is
147 amps
(K.
0.342 +
smT =0.188 PROBLEM 4.17 Part a For ease in calculation it is useful to write the mechanical speed as wm = (l-s) and the fan characteristic as T With w m = -B
3 (1
-s)
= 120w rad/sec Bw3 = 400 newton-meters
The results of Prob. 4.16 for torque yields 117 400(1-s)3 = s
0.342 +
0.01
2
s
Solution of this equation by cut-and-try for s yields: s = 0.032 Then Pech = (400) (1-s) 3w = (400)(w )(l-s)4
Pmech = 133 kilowatts into fan
mech
input =
input
mech -s = 138 kilowatts 1-s
Circuit seen by electrical source is
ROTATING MACHINES
j0.3 K
jo.3
3o 3 -0
Input impedance is
Zln in
JO.3 + (j4.5)(3.13+j0.3) 3.13 + j4.8

= 100.60 -
= -2.79+j15.0 3.13+j4.8
in Hence,
56.80 = 43.80
p.f. = cos Part b
in = 0.72 lagging
Electromagnetic torque scales as the square of the terminal voltage,

thus
e
117
2
s
s 0.01
0.342 + 2 2
so
where V so
found from
/W 500 volts peak.

3
400(1-s)
The slip for any terminal voltage is now

117 2
V
s
s 0.01 (V= 0.342 + 0 2 so

s
The mechanical power into the fan is P e mech

=
400 wa (1-s) s
electrical power input is

Pmech
1-s
in
ROTATING MACHINES

and the power factor is of the circuit
found as the cosine of the angle of the input impedance
.'s
-j C
O,/I
These quantities are protted as required on the attached graph. PROBLE4 4.18
Part a The solution to Prob. 4.1 can be used to find the flux densities here.
For the stator a-winding, the solution of Prob. 4.1 applies directly, thus,
the radial component of flux density due to current in stator winding a is
ra(2)
()
2g
aocoss
Windings b and c on the stator are identical with the a winding except for the
indicated angular displacements, thus,
Brb Nsaib 2vr 2 cos('P- -) SoN i 2 2g cos((47 3)
Bb Brc($) rc
Cos
The solution in Prob. 4.1 for the flux density due to rotor winding current
applies directly here, thus,
B ( orr N rcos(Q-e)
io) rr2g 2g
trr()
Part b
The method of part (c) of Prob. 4.1 can be used and the results of that analysis applied directly by replacing rotor quantities by stator b-winding quantities and 0 by 2w/3. g << R) The resulting mutual inductance is (assuming
ROTATING MACHINES
5i1I
L1KV)
PC vVF
0,7T5 150 I
250
Iooif
0.256
/IN
LJ
. v
5501
.s
(volrs oe-r
pFEAK)
L4Md10i Ldu o su
Ma"e,
LUV tves _... _------- _Y~ieC~e
Proble.-K 4A7
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEK 4.18 (Continued)

L
N 2 Ri 29
= irp 0o s 27r
2gab cos -
2g
4g
j N Re
os
ab
2
Note that
where Ls is the self inductance of one stator winding alone. Lac Lab because of relative geometry.
Part c
The X-i relations are thus
L a sa L L
L L
s b
2 L
si
+ McosOi
+ Mcos=Li
b~- 2- ia+Ls ib 2- ic + Mcos(e- 3 )ir
Sc
Lsic
Mcos(O-
44w
--)i
2w
Xr = McosOia + Mcos(e- 32)ib + Mcos(6where from Prob. 4.1, L = s 2
2g
)i + Li 3 )ic + Lrr
1ri N2 R
wyo N N R.
2g
wup N2 R
L = r Part d
The torque of electric origin is found most easily by using magnetic
coenergy which for this electrically linear system is
or
2g
W'(iibii,)
m 2 Ls(i
1 L (2
+ c
2 +
+
c)
+ 1 L(iib + ii + iic)+Mcosoi i
2 s a ac r a + Mcos(-
2w
-)it + Mcos(0- -)i ic

3 rcb o3 r
4w
The torque of.electric origin is
ROTATING MACHINES
Tae
Te
aW'(iLbi ,i ,e)
ir
m= Mi(ia'sic
+ ibsin(87--)+ i sin(O- f)]
Te = -Mir[i sin
PROBLEM 4.19
Part a
Superimposing the three component stator flux densities from Part a
of Prob.
4.18, we have
Brs rs 2 Ns [i a cosa + ibcos(pb 2T)+ i cos(P- -)] 3 c 3
Substituting the given currents

Brs 3 cos wtcos + I b cos(wt- 2--)cos(W=oNs 2g [I a
2) 3
+ I cos(wt- 3 -cos (P- T-)

Using trigonometric identities and simplifying yields
47
47
rs
oNs [( 2g
+ Ib + Ic cos(t 2
+ IbCOS + I cos )cos(Wt+)
+ (I
+ -(I
sin
sin 2 )sin(wt+)
Positive traveling wave has point of constant phase defined by

wt from which dt
This is positive traveling wave with amplitude
constant
yoN
rfm =4g (a b c Negative traveling wave has point of constant phase

wt + P = constant from which d_ = _ dt This defines negative traveling wave with amplitude
ROTATING MACHINES

oNs
B
b
rbm
IS
4g
(I
a2
2 )2 22
Ib+
2 2
2c
Part b When three phase currents are balanced I = I = I a b c and Brbm = 0 leaving only a forward (positive) traveling wave. PROBLEM 4.20 Part a Total radial flux density due to stator excitation is
oUN
Brs
= (i cos 21 + ibsin 2*)
rs
2g
UoN
Substituting given values for currents rs =Part b
(Ia cos wt cos
p+ I
sin wt sin 24)
+ Ib
Brs
b cos(wt-2*) + (a
)cos(wt+2q)
The forward (positive-traveling) component has constant phase defined by

wt - 24 = constant from which
d_~*w
dt 2
The backward (negative-traveling) component has constant phase defined by
wt + 21 = constant
from which
dt Part c
From part b, when IIa goes to zero. to zero. When Ib = b a -b = 0 and the backward-wave amplitude 2
a, Ia + Ib = 0 and the forward-wave amplitude goes
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.21
Referring to the solution for Prob. 4.20,
Part a
12N
Brs =-N (ia cos p rs 2g a
rs = Part b
Using trigonometric identities yields
N B I
+ i b sin p)
+ Ib sin wt sin p$)
(Ia cos wt cos pI
= _o rs 2g
+ I 2a b-)cos(wt-p$) +
Ia
Ib
cos(t+p4)
Forward wave has constant phase

wt - pp = constant from which dt p
Backward wave has constant phase

wt + pJ = constant from which dt Part c
From p'art b, when Ib = Ia to zero. When Ib
,
p
and backward-wave amplitude goes
- I b = 0,
a, Ia + Ib = 0, and forward-wave amplitude goes to zero.
PROBLEM 4.22
This is an electrically linear system, so the magnetic coenergy is
Wi(ii B) m(s, r Then the torque is
cos 6 + L cos 2)i2 +1 L 12 + Mi i =!(L r s 2 r r 2 2
Te PROBLEM 4.23
Part a
TW'(i 'i 8) 2 =-Mi is sin 6 - L 12 sin 20 r m 2 s r s T6
L
L
0
(1-0.25 cos 46 - 0.25 cos 88)
ROTATING MACHINES

The variation of this inductance with 0 is shown plotted below.
LO
lo
o0
30
40
so
Roroe
Posi rlov
o6 0 (ereEs)
70
B 80
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.23 (Continued) From this plot and the configuration of Fig. 4P.23, it is evident that minimum The wi,.... reluctance and maximum inductance occur when 0 = 0, w/2, i,... 7 ni 2 37r IT inductance is symmetrical about 0 = 0, ,... and about 0 = 4' + which ought as it should be. Minimum inductance occurs on both sides of e = to be maximum reluctance.
The general trend of the inductance is correct for the geometry of Fig.
4P.23 but the equation would probably be a better representation if the sign
of the 86 term were reversed. Part b
For this electrically linear system, the magnetic stored energy is
m Wm(XO)
2
1 X 2 L
wm
X2(1-0.25 cos 46 - 0.25 cos 80)
2L
The torque is
then e awm(X,0)
me
Te = Part c With X = A
(sin 40 + 2sin 80)
cos wt and 0 = Ot + 6 A 2 cos wt

6 [sin(4Qt+ 4 6 )+2 sin(80t+8 )]
o2L
Te
Repeated use of trig identities yields for the instantaneous converted power
rTe
PA
6 4L [sin(4it+4 6 ) + 2 sin(86t+8 )
sin(2wt + 49t + 46)+1 sin(4Ct - 2wt + 46)
+ sin(2wt + 8St + 86)+ sin(80t - 2wt + 86)] This can only have a non-zero average value when Q t in one argument is zero. S1 When S = + -2 [e Savg
-
# 0 and a coefficient of
This gives 4 conditions
+ W A o sin 46 8L
ROTATING MACHINES

and when
9 = + -

QA
[ avg
2
4Lsin 86
PROBLEM 4.24
It will be helpful to express the given ratings in alternative ways. Rated output power = 6000 HP = 4480 KW at 0.8 p.f. this is 4480 -480= 5600 KVA total
0.8
or
2800 KVA per phase
The rated phase current is then
2800 x 10
Is Given:
Direct axis reactance w(Lo+L 2) = 4.0 ohms w(L -L2 ) = 2.2 ohms wL2 = 0.9 ohms We assume 2 poles.
s
3 3 xx 10
=933 amps rms = 1320 amps pk.
Quadrature axis reactance wL = 3.1 ohms
The number of poles is not given in the problem statement. Part a
Rated field current can be found in several ways, all involving cut-and-try
procedures. Our method will be based on a vector diagram like that of
thus
Fig. 4.2.5(a),
Do"IARY
Ais
) ,) ) AID MEAs UeFD

.4
Ls ro V AD os, r,E A-S

A/.
I~AL ais
ROTATING MACHINES

Evaluating the horizontal and vertical components of V s we have (remember that
y < 0)
Vs cos 6 = Ef cos( V sin 8 = Ef sin(
+ y) +
uL2 1scos(i + 2y)
+ y) + wL2 I sin(j + 2y) + wL0 I
Using trigonometric identities we rewrite these as

V cos 86= -Ef sin Y - wL I
s
sin 2y
V s sin 6 = Ef cos y + WL2Icos 2y +WLo1 Next, it will be convenient to normalize these equations to V s,
wL2I
cos 6 = -ef sin y V sin 2y
WL2I sin 8 = ef cosy +

s
wLoI
cos 2y +
where
-=E Ef
ef V f
s
Solution of these two equations for'ef yields

wL I WLI os
21 2 s cos 2y
V
s
sine-
f = -cos
ef =
cos y wL 2s
I
V sin 2y
sin y
For rated conditions as given the constants are: cos 0 = p.f. = 0.8 sin 6 = - 0.6 (negative sign for leading p.f.) WL2I V wL I
s = 0.964
-
= 0.280;
Solution by trial and error for a value of y that satisfies both equations
simultaneously yields
y = - 148"
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEN 4.24 '(Continued)

and the resulting value for ef is ef = 1.99 yielding for the rated field current
Ve
Ir =
where Vs is in volts peak.
Part b
24.1 amps.
The V-curves can be calculated in several ways.
Our choice here is to
first relate power converted to terminal voltage and field generated voltage
by multiplying (4.2.46) by w, thus
P = tTe f
2
EfV (Xd-X )V f-s sin 6 s sin 26 X 2X d X d dq = w(Lo+L2 )
where
Xd
Xq = w(Lo-L 2 )
We normalize this expression with respect to V /Xd, then PXd
-=
- e
f
sin 6 -
(Xd-X )
2X
sin 26
V2
Pull-out torque occurs when the derivative of this power with respect to 6 goes
to zero.
Thus pull-out torque angle is defined by
(
The use of (4.2.44) amplitude as
PXd
= -ef cos 6 -
(Xd-X)
cos 26 = 0 q
and (4.2.45) then yield the armature (stator) current
V Is = q A more useful form is sin 6)

2
V + d
s cos 6
E d
V Is
d
2
q
sin 6) + (cos 6-
ef)2
The computation procedure used here was to fix the power and assume values of
6 over a range going from either rated armature current or rated field current
to pull-out. For each value of 6, the necessary value of e is calculated
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.24 (Continued) from the expression for power as PX - + V2 V ef

s
(Xd-X) 2X sin 26 q
-sin 6 calculated from
and then the armature current magnitude is V I s For zero load power, X d X Xd sin 6) q
2
+ (cos 6 - e f )2 from the vector diagram given earlier,
y = 0 and 6 = 0 and,
the armature current amplitude is
SIv
- Efl
w(Lo+L
2 )
The required V-curves are shown in the
with pull-out still defined as before. followinggraph.
Note that pull-out conditions are never reached because range of
operation is limited by rated field current and rated armature current.

PROBLEM 4.25 Equation (4.2.41) is (assuming arbitrary phase for Is ) Vs =J L
With y = 0 as specified Vs = jw(Lo+L2)I + JWMIr
+ jWL2 Is ej
+ JMIr er2e
The two vector diagrams required are
v5ri
.\A
4A
Lo
I tJo
V5>J
ri V E_
CAW
V3 4
ROTATING MACHINES
V- CIRVE-S
A RMATuVE
aupeEA/r
Foe .RoIEM
4,Z4
(AMPs I MS)
1coo
AReM~ril~E
CuI~EjLv
::333 AAMeS JE'M
o600
03
FIELD
C U eEN I-
(AMPS~
&V~i = 24,i AMPA.
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.26
Part a
From Fig. 4P.26(a)
1
_
e +
j.
VS
jXs
from which the ratio of the magnitudes is

1
Asl
N/
cosol2+1 sino + xs 2
For the values Y =0.01 mho, Xs = 10 ohms
i_
100
2
sÎ J(100 cos)

Then, for 0 = 0 100=
+ (100 sin+10)2
0.995
IVs
and, for
V1l0,000 + 1O
= 45* 100 S
0.932
s
Part b
2+ (-i
+ 10)2
It is instructive to represent the synchronous condenser as a susceptance

jB, then when B is positive the synchronous condenser appears capacitive. circuit is
Now the
'Xs
ROTATING MACHINES
Now the voltage ratio is

1
V Ye-+
jB jB
V Vs
V
V
Ye-+
+ +1
1
jxs
1 + jXYe
JXs
-BXB x s
5-s
Then
lsl
For C = 0
1-BXs
x+X Ysin)2+(X YCosO)2
JL
Il
If this is to be unity
2 (1-BXs)2 + (X Y)
(1-BXs ) 2 + (X Y)2 = 1 1-BX = 11-(X Y)2 1- (XsY)

s for the constants given
B=
1- l-0.01 10
0.005 10
0.0005 mho
Volt-amperes required from synchronous condenser

(VA)sc = Real power supplied to load
PL Then (VA)sc P For B Y 0.0005 = 0.05 0.01
f
V 2B B
(2)(1010)(5)(10-4) = 10,000 KVA
12 Y cos
=i
2 Iy
for O
= 0 the synchronous condenser needs to supply reactive volt ampere5 equal to
5 percent of the load power to regulate the voltage perfectly.
77
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.26 (Continued) For
= 45*
A1
IV
I
-
2
+
2 +
BX In order for this to be unity

1-BX
+X Y
1+ s
B =
\ 1s
jX Y 2
21s
For the constants given

B = 1 + 0.0707 - V1-0.005 = 0.00732 mho 10
Volt-amperes required from synchronous condenser (VA)s = VB = (2)(1010)(7.32)(10

-
3
) = 146,400 KVA
Real power supplied to load
P
Then
IV1 2Y cos # =
for O = 450
(VA)sc PL ....
B2 Y
(/2) (0.00732) 0.01
1.04
Thus for a load having power factor of 0.707 lagging a synchronous condenser needs
to supply reactive volt-amperes equal to 1.04 times the power supplied to the
load to regulate the voltage perfectly.
These results, of course, depend on the internal impedance of the source.
That given is typical of large power systems.
PROBLEM 4.27 Part a This part of this problem is very much like part a of Prob. 4.24. results from that problem we define
Using
ROTATING MACHINES

ef, where V
S
Ef Ef V
s
wI
rI r V
s
is in volts peak.
Then
WL2 I s
wL I
2y
V
sin 8 e f=
2 sos
V
s
cos y
wL I
cos
-cos 8
s
sin 2y
sin y
ef = From the constants given

cos 0 8 1.0;
sin 8 = 0 wL2 = 0.5 ohm
WLo = 2.5 ohms

Rated power
PL
=
1000
= 746 KW
Armature current at rated load is

I = 746,000 /2 1000 = 527 amps peak = 373 amps RMS
s
Then
wL I S0.186;
5
wL I
os -s = 0.932
Using the constants

e =
-0.186 cos 2y - 0.932 cos y -1 - 0.186 sin 2y sin y
ef
The use of trial-and-error to find a value of y that satisfies these two equations simultaneously yields
Y = - 127* and ef = 1.48
Using the given constants we obtain

I
efVs (1.48) (/2)(1000) = 1

wM 150
14.0 amps
For Lf/Rf very large compared to a half period of the supply voltage the field
ROTATING MACHINES

current will essentially be equal to the peak of the supply voltage divided by
the field current; thus, the required value of Rf is
R AI r Rf = Is= r Part b
We can use (4.2.46) multiplied by the rotational speed w to write the
output power as
E V P
=
(1000) N (1000) 14.0
100 ohms
WT e
sin 6 -
(X-X)V q s
2
sin 26
L
where
Xd
Xd q
Xd = w(Lo+L 2 ) = direct axis reactance Xq= (L -L2 ) quadrature axis reactance
With the full-wave rectifier supplying the field winding we can express
E Then PL
= -
= WMI WM V2
f
(Xd-X)V
2 2
- sin 6 RfXd
sin 26
X xq
2 Factoring out V s yields
2=
sV
RM sin 6 RfXd
2 XdXq
Xdq
sin 2
Substitution of given constants yields

746 x 103 V 2 [-0.500 sin 6 - 0.083 sin 26]
To find the required curve it is easiest to assume 6 and calculate the required
Vs, the range of 6 being limited by pull-out which occurs when
aP
S=
0 = - 0.500 cos6
- 0.166 cos 26
The resulting curve of 6 as a function of V s is shown in the attached graph.

Note that the voltage can only drop 15.5% before the motor pulls out
of step.
-3
ROTATING MACHINES
PULL
6o
OUr
40.
0 raD
VoL4 4L E
C)
00
__
Zoo
400
o00
J 4&s
1000
2C0
Rviw-ruvE vo/-rs
Although it
was not required for this problem calculations will show that
operation at reduced voltage will lead to excessive armature current, thus,

operation in this range must be limited to transient conditions.
81
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.28
Part a
This is similar to part a of Prob. 4.24 except that now we are considering
a number of pole pairs greater than two and we are treating a generator. Consider
ing first the problem of pole pairs, reference to Sec. 4.1.8 and 4.2.4 shows that
when we define electrical angles ye and 6 e as
Ye = P and 6e 6
where p is number of pole pairs (36 in this problem) and when we realize that the electromagnetic torque was obtained as a derivative of inductances with respect to angle we get the results Te =
V Ef
sf Xd sin 6 e
p(Xd-X
V2
s sin 26 e
d q w2XdXq
where Xd = w(Lo+L 2 ) and Xq =
m(Lo-L2), and, because the synchronous speed is w/p
(see 4.1.95) the electrical power output from the generator is V P = p

=
E
(X -X )V2 + e
- sin 6 Xd
2X
2XdXq
sin 2& e
by -I
Next, we are dealing with a generator so it is convenient to replace Is

in the equations. To make clear what is involved we redraw Fig. 4.2.5(a)
with the sign of the current reversed.
EAL
A15
-.1
IA I,
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.28 (Continued) Now, evaluating horizontal and vertical components of Vs we have V cos 6 - wL2Is sin 2Ye = Ef sin Ye + wL 2 I s cos
2
-Vs sin 0 = WLO From these equations we obtain oL2 I cos 8 ef sin y
ye + Ef cos Ye
sin 2ye
wL I
wL2I s cos 2
-sin ef =
O s
cos Y
where
Ef
ef V
s
MI
, V
5
with
in volts peak
I s in amps peak w is the electrical frequency For the given constants cos wL2I s =-p.f. = 0.850 sin
e = 0.528
=1.00
wLoIs
V and
ef =
0.200
V s
0.850 - 0.200 sin 2ye sin Y -1.528 - 0.200 cos 2ye
ef =
os ye
Trial-and-error solution of these two equations to find a positive value of

Ye that satisfies both equations simultaneously yields
ye = 147.50 and ef = 1.92
From the definition of ef we have
I = U = (1.92)()(0,000) (120) (7) (0.125) = 576 amps
wM
ROTATING MACHINES

Part b
From Prob. 4.14 the definition of complex power is
VI*
ss
P+
jQ
where V
and I
are complex amplitudes.
The capability curve is not as easy to calculate for a salient-pole

machine as it was for a smooth-air-gap machine in Prob. 4.14. (Xd-X )V2 sin 6 + d q 2XdX q e It will be easiest
to calculate the curve using the power output expression of part a

VE P = -Xd the facts that sin 26
P = V I
as
ss
cos 8 sin 6
Q= V I
and that Is is given from (4.2.44) and (4.2.45) as

V
Is = sX sin 6e)
2 e
+
V
s cos 6 X e
E 2 d
First, assuming operation at rated field current the power is P = 320 x 106 sin 6 We assume values of 6
e
+ 41.7 x 10 6 sin 26
watts.
starting from zero and calculate P; then we calculate Is

for the same values of 6 from
e s = 11,800 (1.50 sin 6 ) e + (cos
-1.92)
amps peak
Next, because we know P, Vs, and Is we find 6 from cos 8 = P
VI
ss
From 6 we then find Q from Q= VI sin 8.
This process is continued until rated armature current I is reached. The next part of the capability curve is current which defines the trajectory
limited by rated armature = /i 10,000 amps peak
ROTATING MACHINES
rP2 2
where V
and I
are rated values.
For Q < 0, the capability curve is limited by pull-out conditions

defined by the condition
dP = 0 e V Ef s f
2 (X -X )V d q a cos cos 26 cos 6 + 26
e e XX e
dq
dd
To evaluate this part of the curve we evaluate ef in terms of 6e from the power
and current expressions
PX V2 ef f
s
(X -X ) (XdXq) sin 26 e 2X sin 6

e IX 2
-
2 sin 6e)
ef = cos
e-
(Isd
s
(
q
For each level of power at a given power factor we find the value of 6e that simultaneously satisfies both equations. used in the stability criterion
The.resulting values of ef and 6e are
dP=a dS e
dP V2e
Xd
f cos 6 + e
(Xd-X )Vs
d q X X
cos 26
d q
e-
> 0
When this condition is no longer met (equal sign holds) the stability limit is reached. For the given constants - 0.25 sin 26 e
167 x 10 6 ef = sin 6
e
I
ef
2
- (1.5 sin 6 )2
cos 6 e e f
11,800
e
dP dd
cos 6
+ 0.5 cos 26
> 0
e-
The results of this calculation along with the preceding two are shown on the
attached graph. Note that the steady-state stability never limits the capability.
In practice, however, more margin of stability is required and the capability in

the fourth quadrant is limited accordingly.
ROTATING MACHINES
FIELD
P' I.E 1
REAL
lPOIAE (MW)
tso
A~eMtArTeE
CU~I~
SirABlLTry LIMiT
ROTATING MACHINES
PROBLEM 4.29
Part a
For this electrically linear system the electric coenergy is
We(v 2,6)
=
1 2
2 Co(l + cos 26)v 1
1
+-
Co(l + sin 26)v 2
The torque of electric origin is
T Part b With v
3We(vl'V2'8)
29 e
= c
2 'v
22 cos 26 - v sin 26)
= V
cos wt; v2 = Vo sin wt
Te = C V2(sin2 wt cos 2e - cos 2 wt sin 28)

Using trig identities
C V2
Te
-~o2[cos 26 - cos 2wt cos 26 - sin 28 - cos 2wt cosZO]
C V2 C V2
-
Te
o- (cos 26 - sin 26)
[cos(2wt-26) + cos(2wt + 26)]
Three possibilities for time-average torque:

Case I:
Shaft sitting still at fixed angle 6
Case II:
Shaft turning in positive 6 direction
6 = Wt + y
where y is a constant Case III:

Shaft turning in negative 6 direction
=w where 6 is a constant.
Part c
The time average torques are:
Case 1:6 = const.
2 C V
t + 6
<Te>
-- (cos 26 - sin 28)
ROTATING MACHINES

Case II: 6 = wt + y <Te> Case III: 0 = - wt + 6
2
C V
<Te>_ oo cos 26
2 C V o
cos 2y
PROBLEN 4.30
For an applied voltage v(t) the electric coenergy for this electrically
linear system is
W'(v,e) = -(C
+ C1 cos 26)v
The torque of electric origin is then
aW'(v,6)
Te = For v ee
=
C I sin 20 v2
= V o sin wt
T e = - C V2 sin2wt sin 2e
1 o
Te = Te -
C V2 o2(sin 20- cos 2wt cos 26)

2 2
C1V
2
CV
o=sin 28 +--
o [cos(2wt-20) + cos(2wt+26)]
For rotational velocity wm we write
8 = and then
Te
2 C V
t +y m
12o sin 2(wmt + y)

C1 V
+1
2
{cos[2(w-wm)t-2y]
+ cos[2(w+wm)t + 2y]}
This device can behave as a motor if it can produce a time-average torque for w
m
= constant.
This can occur when

W m = + W
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLEM 5.1
Part a The capacitance of the system of plane parallel electrodes is
C = (L+x)dEo/s (a)
and since the co-energy W' of an electrically linear system is simply -CCv
(remember v is the terminal voltage of the capacitor, not the voltage of the
driving source)
fe 9W' ax I dEo 2
2 2
- --- v
(b)
The plates tend to increase their area of overlap.

Part b
The force equation is
d2 x dtdt
2
=-Kx +
1 dEo
2 s
while the electrical loop equation, written using the fact that the current
dq/dt through the resistance can be written as Cv, is
dE v]+ V(t) = R d-(L+x)v (d)
variables (x,v).
These are two equations in the dependent
Part c
This problem illustrates the important point that unless a system
involving electromechanical components is either intrinsically or externally
biased, its response will not in general be a linear reproduction of the
input. The force is proportional to the square of the terminal voltage, which Hence, the equation of motion is
in the limit of small R is simply V2(t).
(c) with
V
2
v 2 u2(t) u= (t)
1
=
o (1-cos 2wt)
(e)
2 where we have used the identity sin 2t the equation of motion is normalized
(1-cos 2wt).
For convenience
PROBLEM 5.1 (Continued) d2x d2 dt where 2 = K/M ; a = V2 d E/4sM

o 0 0
2 x = aul(t)(l-cos2wt) o
To solve this equation, we note that there are two parts to the particular
solution, one a constant
x= 2
and the other a cosinusoid having the frequency 2w. part solve the equation
To find this second
2 dx +
dt for the particular solution
x =
2
2 2 x=- Reae 2jwt

o
-acos 2wt
2 W _ 4 2
o
The general solution is then the sum of these two particular solutions and the
homogeneous solution t > 0
x(t) a 2 o a cos 2wt a cos 2t + A sinw t + Bcosw t o
o 2 2 _ O
(j)
The constants A and B are determined by the initial conditions. dx/dt = 0, and this requires that A = 0.
At t=0,
The spring determines that the initial
position is x = 0, from which it follows that

2 2 2 2 B = a4w /w (W - 4w )
Finally, the required response is (t > 0)

( -) cos ot
x(t) = 2
0
cos 2wt
1-( 2]
0
PROBLEM 5.1 (Continued) Note that there are constant and double frequency components in this response,
reflecting the effect of the drive. In addition, there is the response
No
frequency w0 reflecting the natural response of the spring mass system. part of the response has the same frequency as the driving voltage.
PROBLEM 5.2
Part a
The field intensities are defined as in the figure
t,
Ampere's law, integrated around the outside magnetic circuit gives

(a)
2Nli
= H1 (a+x) + H 2 (a-x)
and integrated around the left inner circuit gives

N1il - N2i2 H 1 (a+x) - H 3 a (b)
In addition, the net flux into the movable plunger must be zero 0 = H1 - H2 + H 3 (c)
and
These three equations can be solved for H1, H2 and H3 as functions of i 1 12 . Then, the required terminal fluxes are A, = NlPodW(H1+H2) X2 = N2p dWH 3 Hence, we have N 1 2 o dW 2 [il6aN 1 + i2 2N2x] (d) (e)
(f)
12 =
2 Part b
[ il2N1x + i22aN 2 2- 2 i 1 2 1 2 2
3a -x
(g)
To use the device as a differential transformer, it would be

excited at a frequency such that
2w
-- << T
where T is a period characterizing the movement of the plunger.
(h)
This means
that in so far as the signal induced at the output terminals is concerned,

the effect of the motion can be ignored and the problem treated as though x
is a constant (a quasi-static situation, but not in the sense of Chap. 1).
Put another way, because the excitation is at a frequency such that (h) is
satisfied, we can ignore idL/dt compared to Ldi/dt and write
dA2 dt w2N1N2 odWxI o o sin wt 2_x 2
(3a -x )
At any instant, the amplitude is determined by x(t), but the phase remains
independent of x(t), with the voltage leading the current by 90%. By
design, the output signal is zero at x=0O and tends to be proportional to x over
a range of x << a. PROBLEM 5.3
Part a
The potential function which satisfies the boundary conditions along
constant 8 planes is
=vO
(a) The constant
where differentiation shows that Laplaces equation is satisfied.
has been set so that the potential is V on the upper electrode where 8 = i, and zero on the lower electrode where 0 = 0.
-
Then, the electric field is

_-_ v
1 3
=E - V =-i
Part b
0 r ;3E
6 ri
(b)
The charge on the upper electrode can he written as a function of (V,p)

by writing
S= DE b V -dr ip 0 fa DE V I
I(T )
(c)

Part c Then, the energy stored in the electromechanical coupling follows as W = Vdq = dq
q
(d)
Deoln( )
and hence
DE ln( )
T
Part d
aW
1 q2 I 2Doln( b 2 )
(e)
The mechanical torque equation for the movable plate requires that the
inertial torque be balanced by that due to the torsion spring and the electric
field
2 Jd29 2 dt
a(*o o
2
2
12 b
Dc ln()
The electrical equation requires that currents sum to zero at the current node,
and makes use of the terminal equation (c).
dO
dt Part e
dq +
dt
d
dt
q
ln(
g)
o
With G = 0, Q (t) = q(t).
(This is true to within a constant, corresponding We will assume that this constant
to charge placed on the upper plate initially. is zero.) Then, (f) reduces to
d2+ d2
a
J
a o
0O
o
(l+cos 2wt) (h)
JDEo ln(-) a
2 1 where we have used the identity cos t =-2(1 + cos 20t).
solution with a constant part 2
dt
is equation has a This equation has a
1 4S 41
o
b aDE ln () o a
(i)
and a sinusoidal steady state part

Q
cos 2wt
J4Dol n(b)[
J a
- (2w)2
LUMPED-PARAMETER
ELECTROMECHANICAL DYNAMICS

as can be seen by direct substitution. The plate responds with a d-c part and a
As can be seen from the
part which has twice the frequency of the drive.
mathematical description itself, this is because regardless of whether the upper

plate is positive or negative, it will be attracted toward the opposite plate
where the image charges reside. The plates always attract. Hence, if we wish
to obtain a mechanical response that is proportional to the driving signal, we

must bias the system with an additional source and.used the drive to simply
increase and decrease the amount of this force.
PROBLEM 5.4
Part a
The equation of motion is found from (d) and (h) with i=Io, as given in
the solution to Prob. 3.4.
d2 dx Mdt
= Mg-
(N vaw) 12 1 o(a)
Io
2
da( da 2 (+ x)
Part b
The mass M can be in static
equilibrium if the forces due to the
field and gravity just balance, f or Mg =. 1 2 =

2 o (N2 oaw) g
= f
da
2 + x)
2
Y
A solution to this equation is shown

graphically in the figure. The equilibrium is statically unstable because if
the mass moves in the positive x direction from xo, the gravitational force
exceeds the magnetic force and tends to carry it further from equilibrium.
Part c
Because small perturbations from equilibrium are being considered it is
appropriate to linearize. in (a) to obtain
We assume x = x +x' (t) and expand the last term
1 2 -I (N 2 V aw) + o da + + 2 + 2 (N 2 oaw)
(b
X) o
o (-b
da +
Xo) 0
x' + ...
(c)
(see Sec. 5.1.2a).
The constant terms in the equation of motion cancel out by
virtue of (b) and the equation of motion is
2d~x d x dt 2
2 x'
I12 (N2 = O; a (-+
oaw) (d) x )M
Solutions are exp + at, and the linear combination which satisfies the given initial conditions is
V
x
PROBLEM 5.5 Part a
e a-
ea]
(e)
For small values of x relative to d, the equation of motion is
M
which reduces to
2 d2x
dt
QO
o 1 [2
d
2x d
3
1 d
2x
d'
(a)
-d2x + dt 2
2 x = 0 where w 2 = Qo_1 0 Ned 3 0
(b)
The equivalent spring constant will be positive if
QolQ Q > 0 rcd
(c) The system is stable if the
and hence this is
the condition for stability.
charges have like signs. Part b The solution to (b) has the form x = A cos w t + B sin w t
o o
(d)
and in view of the initial conditions, B = 0 and A = x .
95
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTRCOECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLEM 5.6
Part a Questions of equilibrium and stability are of interest. equation of motion is written in the standard form
M where V = Mgx - W' (b)
d2
Therefore, the
dt
x 2
V ax
(a)
Here the contribution of W' to the potential is negative because Fe = aw'/ax. The separate potentials are shown in the figure, together with the total potential. From this plot it is clear that there will be one point of static
equilibrium as indicated.
Part b
An analytical expression for the point of equilibrium follows by setting
the force equal to zero
av
Solving for X, we have
2L X
~ 3x
Mg +
2LX
0
b4
(c)
1/3
x =-
[
2L I
(d)
Part c
It is clear from the potential plot that the equilibrium is stable.
PROBLEM 5.7 From Prob. 3.15 the equation of motion is, for small 0 J K+
2
dt2
DN2 In(
)I2
46
)3
(a)
Thus, the system will have a stable static equilibrium at 0 = 0 if the

effective spring constant is positive, or if
21
2
DN
K > -
3 )
in(
(b)
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICAL DYANAMICS
IV
/1 /I
I I
1/
(~)
.a\e s +C c k-, , "v W
Figure for Prob. 5.6
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTRCMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLEM 5.8
Part a The coenergy is
W' =
o
1 ) 1(iO,x)di'
+ 12 X (il,i',x)di'
o
(a)
which can be evaluated using the given terminal relations

' = [
T-1
+ Mil2
M1 2
L2i/(
+ x
(b)
2 L2 i2
If follows that the force of electrical origin is

fe = aW' fe Part b
The static force equation takes the form
= Mg _fe or, with i2=0 and il =I,
2 1 (d) 2 3 a[Llil
+ +
2Mil2
2i/ 2i/( +
(c)
3
2a
L1
[1 + --o
Mg
required equilibrium position X Solution of this equation gives the Xo 1 1/4 L I
Part c
= [
2a
_ _ ]
Mg
- 1
(f)
For small perturbations from the equilibrium defined by (e), M
d2 x x,
2
6L 6L1 2
x'
+
dt
X 5
o) a
= f(t)
(g)
where f(t) is an external force acting in the x direction on M. With the external force an impulse of magnitude I at rest, one initial condition is x(O) = 0. equation of motion form 0 the to 0
+
and the mass initially
The second is given by integrating
+ dt
0
+
- constant f 0x'dt dtl)dt od 0 dt 0
+ I. 0= .0 (t)dt
0
(h)
0a
The first term is the jump in momentum at t=0, while the second is zero if x is to remain continuous. By definition, the integral on the right is Hence, from (h) the second initial condition is 0
MA
Mo
()
0o
In view of these conditions, the response is
=
X'(t) (e - e )
I2
117.
x o 5 aLl2aM'
where
a = LI2/a2M (1 + o
Part d
With proportional feedback through the current 12 , the mutual term in
the force equation makes a linear contribution and the force equation becomes
d2x' 6L12 "4t
~= sr
M-
2[[
X a 2 ( 1 + ao-)5-
"a
]x'
= f(t)
0 dt
The effective spring constant is positive if X% ? aI > 2L I /a (1 + -- ) M

1 a
and hence this is the condition for stability. Part e
However, once initiated
oscillations remain undamped according to this model.

) With a damping term introduced by the feedback, the mechanical
&5ee \
equation becomes
M where
K d2 x' 3MI4 + a Sdt dx'
- + K x' = f(t)
e
t
3MIa
2suX the fho

5
a
of the form exp st, where substitution shows that
(3MVI61
2aMo,
6L 1
3:,4
-G LtI
This equation h ias soluttns
s = 3MIB 3M +
2aM -
e Mo
(n)
For the response to decay, K must be positive (the system must be stable with
e out damping) and 6 must be positive.
23~4
n~IT
> I- Ohc-
Ic~ic~P
tFo
'7
'7
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTRCMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLEM 5.9 Part a

The mechanical equation of motion is
M
d 2x
K(x- )-B
dt
S2
dt
fe
(a)
Part b
where the force fe is found from the coenergy function which is (because
the system is electrically linear) W' = fe = 3W'= 3 f = ax 2

Part c
Ax 2 Ax i
1
Li
1
=
32
Ax i (b)
(b)
We can both find the equilibrium points X0

and determine if by writing the linearized equation at the outset. and (a) and (b) combine to give
they are stable
Hence, we let x(t)=X +x'(t)
d2 x' Md x
2 dt dt
- K(Xo-Po)-Kx' - B
0 0
dx'
dt
2 2 3 + - AI (X + 2X x') 0 + o 2
(c)
With the given condition on 1o, the constant (equilibrium) part of this equation
is
X o o
3X2
o 16Z (d)
0
which can be solved for X /Z, to obtain
o o
x o
1/3
12/3
(e)
The perturbation part
That is, there are two possible equilibrium positions. of (c) tells whether or not these are stable. of Xo and the given value of Io, becomes
2 M d x' dt_2
That equation, upon substitution
-K[l- (
3/2
1/2
)]x'
- B
dx'
dt
(f) Hence,
where the two possibilities correspond to the two equilibrium noints.
we conclude that the effective spring constant is positive (and the system is stable) at XO/k = 4/3 and the effective spring constant is negative (and hence the equilibrium is unstable) at X /0o = 4.
Part d The same conclusions as to the stability of the equilibrium noints can be
made from the figure.
Consider the equilibrium at Xo = 4.
A small displacement to the right makes
the force fe dominate the spring force, and this tends to carry the mass
further in the x direction. Hence, this point is unstable. Similar arguments
show that the other point is stable.

PROBLEM Part a The terminals are constrained to constant potential, so use coenergy found from terminal equation as W' = qdv = -4
2o
5.10
(l + cos 2e)V2
o
Then, since Te = aW'/ae and there are no other torques acting on the shaft, the total torque can be found by taking the negative derivative of a potential V =-W', where V is the potential well. the figure. A sketch of this well is as shown in
JUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROMECHANICAL DYNAMICS
I
SSa~b\C ~c~-.$ c~;~lb~;a
Here it is
clear that there are points of zero slope (and hence zero torque
and possible static equilibrium) at
e = o0 o 7 ,
Part b
3r
From the potential well it is clear that the first and third equilibria
are stable, while the second and fourth are unstable.
PROBLEM 5.11
Part a
From the terminal pair relation, the coenergy is given by
Wm (ii,i2'e)= (Lo+M cos 20)il + (Lo-M cos 20) 2 + M sin 2i ili 2
so that the torque of electrical origin is

) + 2 cos 26 ili 2
T e = M[sin 20(i 2 -i 1 21
2 11 Part b For the two phase currents, as given,
1 i _i 1 2
2 2
12
cos 2w t s s
i1
1
1 sin 2w t
so that the torque Te becomes
PROBLEM 5.11 (Continued) MI 2 [-sin 20 cos 2w t + sin 2wst cos 20]
Te or
(d)
Te = MI2sin(2 s t - 20)
(e)
Substitution of 6 Te
T=
w t + 6 obtains
m
2
- MI sin[2(wm-w)t + 2]
(f)
and for this torque to be constant, we must have the frequency condition
W
m
=W
s
(g)
under which condition, the torque can be written as

Te = - MI2 sin 26 Part c
To determine the possible equilibrium angles 60, the perturbations and time derivatives are set to zero in the mechanical equations of motion. T
o
(h)
= MI 2 sin 26
(i)
Here, we have written the time dependence in a form that is convenient if

cos 260 > 0, as it is at the points marked (s) in the figure. points are stable. Hence, these
At the points marked (u), the argument of the sin function and the response takes the form of a sinh
and the denominator are,imaginary, function.
Hence, the/equilibrium points indicated by (u) are unstable.

For there
Graphical solutions of this expression are shown in the figure.
to be equilibrium values of 6 the currents must be large enough that the torque can be maintained with the rotor in synchronism with the rotating field. (MI > T )
MAI 2
r
76
maa
VIA

Returning to the perturbation part of the equation of motion with wm = us, J 2 (Wt + 6
dt
2
+ 6') = T
o o
2 + T' - MI
sin(26
o
+ 26')
(j)
dt
linearization gives
J A-+ dt 2 (2MI 2 cos 26~)6' = T' (k) With T' = Tu o(t) and
where the constant terms cancel out by virtue of (i). initial rest conditions,the initial conditions are * ( 0+ ) = -o
dt
(1)
6'(0 + ) = 0
and hence the solution for 6'(t) is
(m)
S2MI
6'(t) = o 2MI2co s 26
sin
cos 26
o t (n)
PROBLEM 5.12
Part a
The magnitude of the field intensity\ (H) in the gaps is the same. from Ampere's law,
H = Ni/2x (a) Hence,
and the flux linked by the terminals is N times that passing across either of the gaps.
2 ~ adN
2x
i = L(x)i
(b)
Because the system is electrically linear, W'(i,x) =
Li
, and we have.
2
fe =
ax
N2ad=o i
4x
(c)
as the required force of electrical origin acting in the x direction.

Part b
Taking into account the forces due to the springs, gravity and the
magnetic field, the force equation becomes
104
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTRGCECHANICAL DYNAMICS

2 M dt 2 = - 2Kx + Mg N2ado 2 4x 2 i + f(t) (d)
where the last term accounts for the driving force.

The electrical equation requires that the currents sum to zero at the
electrical node, where the voltage is dA/dt, with X given by (b).
I Part c
R dt
2
I adN [ i] + i
2x
(e)
In static equilibrium, the electrical equation reduces to i=I, while
the mechanical equation which takes the form fl f2 is satisfied if
2 12 2 N2adj o -2KX + Mg = 4X Here, f2 is the negative of the force of electrical origin and therefore (if positive) acts in the - x direction. indicated. The respective sides of (f) are shown in the sketch, where the points of possible static equilibrium are Point (1) is stable, because a small excursion to the right makes By contrast, equilibrium point (2) is f2 dominate over fl and this tends to return the mass in the minus x direction toward the equilibrium point. left.
characterized by having a larger force f2 and fl for small excursions to the
(f)
Hence, the dominate force tends to carry the mass even further from the In what follows, x = X
point of equilibrium and the situation is unstable.
will be used to indicate the position of stable static equilibrium (1).

Part d
If R is very large, then
i : I This approximation allows the removal of
even under dynamic conditions.
the characteristic time L/R from the analysis as reflected in the

reduction in the order of differential equation required to define the
dynamics. The mechanical response is determined by the mechanical
equation (x = X + x')
M-
d2 2 x' x
dt
2
= - 2Kx' +
N adpo
2X 3
0I
2 2
x' + f(t)
(g)
where the constant terms have been balanced out and small perturbations are assumed. In view of the form taken by the excitation, assume x = Re x ejet Then, (g) shows that (h) and define K e E 2K - N2adoI2/2X 3 . S= f/(Ke-0M) To compute the output voltage
S d
o dt i=
p 0a d N2 1 dx'
i=I
22
=i
dt
or
upor adN2 I
=2
o2X
(0)
Then, from (h), the transfer function is

v
o
2
w0 adN I
f PROBLEM 5.13
Part a
2X2 (Ke2jM)
(k)
The system is electrically linear. standard form

W' and it
1
Hence, the coenergy takes the
1 2 +L ii + 1 L 12 111 1212 2 222(a)
(a)
follows that the force of electrical origin on the plunger is

Sx
=
ax
2i 1
+ i
2 1 2l2 3x
2 2i2 2 ax
(b)

which, for the particular terminal relations of this problem becomes
fe
-if {
(+
ilix 2 x_ 1 2x
2 i
2 (
x dc)
(c)
Finally, in terms of this force, the mechanical equation of motion is
d 2
-2 = -Kx - B T- + fe
dt
dt
(d)
and 1 2 are related to the
The circuit connections show that the currents i 1 source currents by
i
1 Part b
= I
=o
+ i
-i
(e)
If we use (e) in (b) and linearize, it follows that
fe
4L I d
oo
4L 12
oo
(f)
and the equation of motion is

dx dx 2
2 + dt
a - dt + wx o
= - Ci
(g)
where 4L 12 ao = o
a C Part c Both the spring constant and damping in the equation of motion are
positive, and hence the system is always stable.
Part d
The homogeneous equation has solutions of the form ept where
= = [K + B/M
4L I /dM 2 ]/M
p
or, since the system is
ap + 2 = 0 0
(h)
underdamped
p = - 2 2 + J
2
-
a)
p
02
(i)
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTROM4ECHANICAL DYNAMICS
PROBLE~
5.13 (Continued)
The general solution is

CI x(t) = o
t + e
[A sin w t + D cos w t]
(j)
where the constants are determined by the initial conditions x(O) = 0 and dx/dt(O) = 0 CI o D =-; w
o
tCI
A =
(k)
2w w
po
Part e With a sinusoidal steady state condition, assume x = Re x e i(t) = Re(-jI )ej t and (g) becomes
-
and write
x(-w
+ jwa +
2)
= Cj
(1)
Thus, the required solution is

RejCI e ( 2 2
0
t
x(t)
(m)
PROBLEM 5.14
Part a
From the terminal equations, the current ii is determined by Kirchhoff's
current law
di
G L
G1 dt
di+
= I + CMI
sin Pt
(a)
The first term in this expression is the current which flows through G because of the voltage developed across the self inductance of the coil, while the last is a current through G induced bhv the rotational motion. The terms on the right
are known functions of time, and constitute a driving function for the linear equation. Part b We can divide the solution into particular solutions due to the two driving
terms and a homogeneous solution. From the constant drive I we have the solution
(b)
iI = I Because sin Pt = Re(-jej t),
if we assume a particular solution for the have ) ), we we have (I sinusoidal drive of the form i 1 = Re(Ie
11
(jDGL 1 + 1) = -
J~GMI
(c)
or, rearranging
-OGMI 2 (GCL1 + j) 1) 2 +(
(d)
We now multiply this complex amplitude by ejot and take the real .part to obtain the particular solution due to the sinusoidal drive 1 -GMI2l 1 2 1+(PGLI) (QGL 1 cos Pt - sin Qt) (e)
The homogeneous solution is

-t/GL 1
= Ae t1 (f)
and the total solution is the sum of (b), (e) and (f)with the constant A
determined by the initial conditions.
In view of the initial conditions, the complete solution for il, normalized
to the value necessary to produce a flux equal to the maximum mutual flux, is
then
Llil MI
2
1e 1+(GL +
2
)
LMI
Q(tGLI)
2
(sin t L1I GGL 1 cos Qt) + 1 MI2 (g)
GL1R 2 L+(QG2L 1)
Part c
The terminal relation is used to find the flux linking coil 1
l MI2
GLI) 2 I+I(GL )
LI 1 M 2
GLIQ G~1R 1+(QGLI)

2 (
cos Rt 1+( GL1 )2

L
LI
1
MI
The flux has been normalized with respect to the maximum mutual flux (MI2 ).

Part d
In order to identify the limiting cases and the appropriate approximations
it is useful to plot (g) and (h) as functions of time. two constants, QGL 1 and L I/MI 2 . These equations contain
The time required for one rotation is 2r/S and

Thus,
GL1 is the time constant of the inductance L 1 and conductance G in series.
QGL1 is essentially the ratio of an electrical time constant to the time required
for the coil to traverse the applied field one time. The quantity MI 2 is the
maximum flux of the externally applied field that can link the rotatable coil and is the self flux of the coil due to current I acting alone. is' the ratio of self excitation to mutual excitation.
I1 I Thus, I1I/MI
2
To first consider the limiting case that can be approximated by a current

source we require that QGL To demonstrate this set WGL 1 and = 0.1 and L1I << MI
<< 1 and
GL
1 LI -MI
(i)
MI2
=
(j)
We note first that the
Further
plot current and flux as shown in Fig. (a).
transient dies out very quickly compared to the time of one rotation.
more, -the flux varies appreciably while the current varies very little compared
to its average value. In the ideal limit (GqO) the transient would die out
Thus the approximation of
instantaneously and the current would be constant.
the situation by an ideal current-source excitation would involve a small

error; however, the saving in analytical time is often well worth the decrease
in accuracy resulting from the approximation.
Part e
We next consider the limiting case that can be approximated by a constant-
flux constraint. This requires that
QGL 1 >> 1
To study this case, set
CGL1 = 50 and I = 0
(k)
(1)
The resulting curves of flux and current are shown plotted in Fig. (b).
Note that with this constraint the current varies drastically but the flux
pulsates only slightly about a value that decays slowly compared to a rotational
period. Thus, when considering events that occur in a time interval comparable
(-O)
4;U
CA~)
LUMPED-PARAMETER ELECTR(OMECHANICAL DYNAMICS

with the rotational period, we can approximate this system with a constant-flux
constraint. In the ideal, limiting 6ase, which can be approached with super
This initial value
conductors, G-m and X 1 stays constant at its initial value.
is the flux that links the coil at the instant the switch S is closed.
In the limiting cases of constant-current and constant flux constraints
the losses in the electrical circuit go to zero. This fact allows us to take
advantage of the conservative character of lossless systems, as discussed in

Sec. 5.2.1.
Part f
Between the two limiting cases of constant-current and constant flux
constraints the conductance G is finite and provides electrical damping on
the mechanical system. We can show this by demonstrating that mechanical
For
power supplied by the speed source is dissipated in the conductance G.
this purpose we need to evaluate the torque supplied by the speed source.
Because the rotational velocity is constant, we have
Tm= The torque of electrical origin Te is Te in turn (m)
aW'(il,
Te
=
i2 2,
)
(n)
Because the system is electrically linear, the coenergy W' is

W'
and therefore, 2
Li
1 1
+ M i
1 2
L2
(o) Co)
Te = - M i
12 sin 6
(p)
m The power supplied by the torque T to rotate the coil is
Pin Part g
- T
Mil2 I sin
Qt
(W)
Hence, from (p) and (q), it
follows that in the sinusoidal steady state
> supplied by the external toraue is the average power <P. in
<Pin > =
in
1
2
(r)
to
-0
-Ir
trl
c,,
PROBLFM 5.14 (Continued) This power, which is dissipated in the conductance G, is plotted as a function of ~2GL
1
in Fig. (c). ?GL

1
Note that because
0 and L 1 are used as normalizing

Note that for both large and
constants,
can only be varied bhv varving G.
small values of fGT.1 the average mechanical power dissipated in G becomes small.
The maximum in <Pin > occurs at PROBLEM 5.15 Part a
The coenergy of the capacitor is
e
=
GCL 1 = 1.
C(x) V2 = 1 (EA )V2 ox 2
The electric force in the x direction is

aW' EA
e If this force is
e x
1 2
o 2 x
linearized around x = x o , V = V 2 1)2 E AV x E AV v 1 AV' o o o o 1 o o 0 + 0 0 f (x) =0 3 2 2 2 e x x x

O O O
The linearized equation of motion is then
B -0 dx + (KE AV ' ) )xo

2
= -
c A 0 V v + f(t)
dt
3
0
2
0
The equation for the electric circuit is

V + R -6 (C(x)V) = V Part b
We can keep the voltage constant if
R -0
2 AV
In this case
B dx + K'x = f(t) = F ul(t); K' = K
0
x The particular solution is x(t)

=
F/K'

The natural frequency S is SB Notice that since E AV
X'/B = (K3)/B x 0 there is voltage V above which the Assuming V
O
the solution to
$ = - K'/B
+K'x = 0
X(t)
F
is
Sr- /d
t
system is unstable.
less than this voltage x(t) = F/K' (1-e

/ (K ' B)t)
Now we can be more specific about the size of R.
We want the time
constant of the RC circuit to be small compared to the "action time" of the

mechanical system RC(xo) << B/K'
R << Part c
K'C(xo)
From part a we suspect that RC(xo) >> Tmech

where Tmech can be found by letting R +
=
m.
Since the charge will be constant
d dt
q = C(x )V = C(X +X)(V +V)

00 0 0
- C(xo)V
dC
+ C(xo)v + Vo 4-c (xo)x
x Vx ox
V o (o C(x)
Vx dC ( x o EA o o2 x ) x + E A dxxo)X
o
Using this expression for induced v, the linearized equation of motion

becomes
SAV2 o B + (K)x dt 3 x A
o 0 2
- V x +f(t) 3 o x
o
dxo
dx
B dx + Kx = f(t) dt
PROBLEM 5.15 (Continued) The electric effect disappears because the force of a capacitor with constant charge is independent of the plate separation. same as part (a) except that K' = K. The solutions are the
The constraint on the resistor is then
R >>
PROBLEM 5.16
C(xo )
B/K
We wish to write the sum of the forces in the form

f f
+
aV
3x
(a)
For x > 0, this is done by making
V
as shown in the figure.
1 2
Kx + Fx 2 o
(b)
The largest
The potential is symmetric about the origin.
value of vo that can be contained by the potential well is determined by the peak
value of potential which, from (b), comes at
x = Fo/K where the potential is
V = 1 F2/K (c)
(d)
Because the minimum value of the potential is zero, this means that the kinetic energy must exceed this peak value to surmount the barrier. Hence, (e)
2
or
SMv2
I F2/K
F2
vo=
(f)
LUMPED-PARAMETER
PROBLEM 5.17 Part a The electric field intensities defined in the figure are E 2 = (v2 -v1 )/(d-x) E
1
E\
/
A2E o A o
= v,/(d+x)
1
Hence, the total charge on the respective electrodes is v2A1E o o
q= S v 1 [. 0+ Vl[d+x +
AIC (v2-v ) `2 Part b Conservation of energy requires d-x
0 -x ]-
d-x
vldq 1 + v 2 dq2 = dW + fedx
and since the charge q1 and voltage v2 are constrained, we make the
transformation v 2 dq2 = d(v2 q 2 )-q2 dv2 to obtain v 1 dql-q 2 dv 2 = dW" + fedx this form of the conservation of energy equation that
It follows from (f)
W fe and hence W" H U. To find the desired function we integrate fe= - (f) using the terminal relations.
U = W"= dql - q2dv 2 (g)
The integration on q1 makes no contribution since ql is constrained to be

zero. We require v2 (ql=0,v 2 ) to evaluate the remaining integral
v2A1i
q 2 (q 1 0,v
2)
d-x
Io1 1-
1 A2(dx ) Al(d+x) S
(h) (h)
Then, from (g),
1 0 1 o V 2 d-x
1 A2 (d-x)
(i) 1
A 5(d+x) PROBLEM 5.18 Part a Because the two outer plates are constrained differently once the switch is opened, it is convenient to work in
terms of two electrical terminal pairs, defined as shown in the figure. The plane parallel geometry makes it to compute the
straightforward terminal relations as being those for
simple parallel plate capacitors, with
no mutual capacitance.
ql
q2
1 VlEoA/a
(a)
(b) +, 00
V 2 oA/a-x
~o 2)~
'4

Conservation of energy for the electromechanical coupling requires
v 1 dql+ v 2 dq2 = dW + fedx (c)
This is written in a form where q1 and v 2 are the independent variables by

using the transformation v 2 dq2 = d(v2 q2 )-q 2 dv2 and defining W"qW-v2 q 2 v 1dq1 2 dv2
dW" + fedx
(d)
This is done because after the switch is opened it is these variables that
are conserved. In fact, for t > 0,
v2 = V and (from (a))ql = VoeoA/a (e)
The energy function W" follows from (d) and the terminal conditions, as
W" = or
1 oAV2 1 (a+x) 2 2 cA q q 1 -(g) 2 a-x
vldql-
fq2 dv 2
(f)
c Av2
Hence, for t > 0, we have (from (e))

1 (a+x) 2 2 a
Part b
The electrical force on the plate is fe equation is (assuming a mass M for the plate)
2, dx M dt Kx
2 1 EoAV o o
AV2 o A
1 2
E AV2 2
oAV
a-x
aW"
W"
Hence, the force
1 o
E AV2
(i)
(a-x)
For small excursions about the origin, this can be written as 2 2 2 cAV EAV cAV 2 dx 1 o0o o 01o o M-Kx+ + x
dt
(j)
The constant terms balance, showing that a static equilibrium at the origin
is possible. is positive.
K > c AV2/a3
0 0
Then, the system is stable if the effective spring constant
(k)
Part c
The total potential V(x) for the system is the sum of W" and the
potential energy stored in the springs. That is,
LUMPED-PARAMETER

1 2 2 1 (a+x) 2 2 a AV o o 1 2 E AV o a-x
2
2 aK K1 2 (
E AV oo 2 a
x a
1 x (1- a )
o o
This is sketched in the figure for a2K/2 = 2 and 1/2 c AV2/a = 1. to the point of stable equilibrium at the origin, equilibrium point just to the right of the origin. there is
In addition
also an unstable
PROBLEM 5.19
Part a
The coenergy is
W'
Li
/1
-4 ao
and hence the fbrce of electrical origin is

f
e dw4
'
2L iL/a[l
Hence, the mechanical equation of motion, written as a function of (i,x) is
2
M d x
= Mg +
S21, 2
2L _i
dt
a[1- a -a

while the electrical loop equation, written in terms of these same variables
(using the terminal relation for X) is
V + v = Ri + Vo dt
- [ (1-
)(d)
(d)
These last two expressions are the equations of motion for the mass.
Part b
In static equilibrium, the above equations are satisfied by (x,v,i) having
the respective values (Xo,VoIo). x = Xo + x'(t): Hence, we assume that
i = Io + i'(t) (e)
v = Vo + v(t):
The equilibrium part of (c) is then

2L 12 X 5 a o/(1 - o)
- Mg +
(f)
while the perturbations from this equilibrium are governed by
x 2 +
10 L 12 x' a (lX -) a 6 +
4 LI a(l-
i' X 5 0-) a
(g)
The equilibrium part of (d) is simply Vo = I R, and the perturbation part is L

v = Ri' +
di*
d+
4 LI
00
X 4 [1- -1] a
dt al-
X 5 dt
-o] a
(h)
Equations (g) and (h) are the linearized equations of motion for the system which
can be solved given the driving function v(t) and (if the transient is of interest)
the initial conditions.
PROBLEM 5.20
Part a
The electric field intensities, defined as shown, are
E 1 = (V 1 -V2 )/s; E2 = v2/s (a)
121

In terms of these quantities, the charges are
q1 =
Eo( - x)dE 1 ; q 2
-
o(
-x)dE
o(
+ x)dE 2
(b)
Combining (a) and (b), we have the required terminal relations
q = V1 C11 - v2 C12 q2 =V where
+ 1 12
(c)
V2C22
E ad o
s
Ed o a C11 = (ii s Ed
o
x);
C2 2
22
C12
(
2
For the next part it is convenient to write these as q1 (vl,q2 ) and v 2 (v ,q 2).
v [C1 1 q 1
q2
C2
22
C2
22
(d)
v
Part b
C 22
+ v
C12
1 C 22
Conservation of energy for the coupling requires

v 1 dql + v 2 dq2 = dW + fedx (e)
To treat v1 and q2 as independent variables (since they are constrained to be constant) we let vldq 1 = d(vlql)-q dvl, and write (e) as
-ql dv1 + v2 dq2 = - dW" + fe dx

From this expression it is clear that fe = aW"/,x as required. the function W" is found by integrating (f) W" = to obtain
C2 = 1 V2 [ C 2 o 11 o
o
(f)
In particular,
l(,O)dv'
v 2 (Vo,q)dq2
(g)
C1 2 ] _
C22
2 Q 2C22
V OC o 12 C22
(h)
Of course, C 1 1, C 2 2 and C12 are functions of x as defined in (c).
PROBLEM 5.21
Part a
The equation of motion as developed in Prob. 3.8 but with I(t)=Io=constant,
is
J d dt2 2
-
dt
I L2 1 m L2
(1-cos 6) sine
(a)
This has the required form if we define IL
(cos 0 +
sin 0)
(b)
as can be seen by differentiating (b) and recovering the equation of motion. This
potential function could also have been obtained by starting directly with the
thermodynamic energy equation and finding a hybred energy function (one having
il' X2,6 as independent variables). See Example 5.2.2 for this more fundamental
approach.
Part b
A sketch of the potential well is as shown below.
S= r(u). Part c
The rotor can be in
stable static equilibrium at e = 0 (s) and unstable static equilibrium at
For the rotor to execute continuous rotory motion from an initial rest
position at 0 = 0, it must have sufficient kinetic energy to surmount the peak in potential at 8 =
W.
To do this, 1 j (Lmo Jt 2 dt 2 2IL21

> L (c)
PROBLEM 5.22
Part a
The coenergy stored in the magnetic coupling is simply
W'= Lo(l + 0.2 cos 0 + 0.05 cos 268)
2
(a)
Since the gravitational field exerts a torque on the pendulum given by

T
p
ae
(-Mg X cose)
(b)
and the torque of electrical origin is Te = motion is
~W'/~8, the mechanical equation of
d
where (because I 2 Lo
ro
[t 2
6MgZ)
2 + V
=0
(c)
V = Mgt[0.4 cos e - 0.15 cos 20 - 3] Part b

The potential distribution V is plotted in the figure, where it is evident that there is a point of stable static equilibrium at 0 = 0 (the pendulum straight up) and two points of unstable static equilibrium to either side of center. The constant contribution has been ignored in the plot because it is
arbitrary.
strale
I
\
C/h
~ta
PROBLEM 5.23
Part a
The magnetic field intensity is uniform over the cross section and equal
to the surface current flowing around the circuit. and H = i/D. Define H as into the paper
Then X is H multiplied by Uo and the area xd.
p xd
-i (a)
The system is electrically linear and so the energy is W fe = _ aW/ax, the equation of motion is M
X2 L. Then, since
d2x d 2x 2
dt
= f f - Kx +
1
2
A2D
D 2
(b)
Part b
Let x = X M + x'where x' is small and (b) becomes approximately
d2 2 x' x
dt
2
= -KX
- Kx' +
1
2
2 A D
A2 Dx'
oX3d
00
2d
(c)
The constant terms define the static equilibrium

X = [ 1 A2 D
o
1/3 ]K-
(d)
and if we use this expression for Xo, the perturbation equation becomes,
M
d2 2 x'
dt2
= -Kx' - 2Kx'
(e)
Hence, the point of equilibrium at Xo as given by (d) is stable, and the magnetic field is equivalent to the spring constant 2K. Part c The total force is the negative derivative with respect to x of V where
V =
1 2 1 A2D Kx + A-D 2 2jixd
(f)
This makes it possible to integrate the equation of motion (b) once to obtain
dt
d = + -M
(E-V)
(g) Here again it is apparent that The constant
The potential well is as shown in figure (a). the equilibrium point is
one where the mass can be static and stable. by
of integration E is established physically
releasing the mass from static
positions such as (1) or (2) shown in Fig. (a).
Then the bounded excursions of

The motions
the mass can be pictured as having the level E shown in the diagram.
are periodic in nature regardless of the initial position or velocity.

Part d
The constant flux dynamics can be contrasted with those occurring at constant current simply by replacing the energy function with the coenergy function. That is, with the constant current constraint, it is appropriate to find the electrical force from W' =
1
2
Li2 ' where fe =

2
1
W'/ax.
Hence, in this case

(h)
oxd D
A plot of this potential well is shown in Fig. (b). X of stable static equilibrium given by
X
Once again there is a point
DK
(i)
However, note that if oscillations of sufficiently large amplitude are initiated that it is now possible for the plate to hit the bottom of the parallel plate
system at x = 0.
PROBLEM 5.25 Part a Force on the capacitor plate is simply 2 wa2 o 1 3 3W' fe x 21 x f x
due to the electric field and a force f due to the attached string.
(a)
Part b
With the mass M1 rotating at a constant angular velocity, the force fe
must balance the centrifugal force Wm rM1 transmitted to the capacitor plate
by the string.
1 2 or
m
=
2 wa2E V
oo =
2 \Ia a2
0
2 m V2
(b) 1
(c)
2 3M 1
where t is both the equilibrium spacing of the plates and the equilibrium radius
of the trajectory for M1 .
(0,)
V~x
r
OAco x---a s oY\

%~-0
(b)
LUMPED-PARAMETER
PROBLEM 5.25 (Continued) Part c The e directed force equation is (see Prob. 2.8) on a particle in circular coordinates) M 1[r d2 + 2 dt dt dt which can be written as d for the accleration
d2 e
dr d6
= 0
(d)
1 dt [M 1 r d- = 0
2 dO
(e)
This shows that the angular momentum is constant even as the mass M 1 moves in and out
Mr
2 de
= M1d .
m = constant of the motion
(f)
This result simply shows that if the radius increases, the angular velocity must
decrease accordingly
de dt Part d
2 2
()
The radial component of the force equation for M 1 is 2 Ml[d

where f is
2 - r-) ]= - f (h)
dt
the force transmitted by the string, as shown in the figure.
S(
grv\,
The force equation for the capacitor plate is

Mdr dt e(i)
where fe is supplied by (a) with v = V
= constant.
Hence, these last two
expressions can be added to eliminate f and obtain

2 d (M 1 1++
2
wa =
2C V 2
o oa ro 0, (j)
2. dt 2
Tr1
If we further use (g) to eliminate d6/dt, we obtain an expression for r(t) that can be written in the standard form
(M 1 2 2
2 dt
M 4
2
V = 0
(k)
where
V =
2
2
7a2
r
2
(1)
2r
Of course, (k) can be multiplied by dr/dt and written in the form

d 1
1
S(M 2)(
dr
+ V] =0 (m)
to show that V is a potential well for the combined mass of the rotating particle
and the plate.
Part e
The potential well of (1) has the shape shown in the figure. The minimum
represents the equilibrium position found in (c), as can be seen by differentiat

ing (1) with respect to r, equating the expression to zero and solving for w
assuming that r =. In this example, the potential well is the result of
a combination of the negative coenergy for the electromechanical system,

constrained to constant potential, and the dynamic system with angular momentum
conserved.
--
PROBLEM 5.26
Part a
To begin the analysis we first write the Kirchhoff voltage equations for
the two electric circuits with switch S closed
dX
V = ilR 1 + dX
0 = i2R 2 d), dt 2
(a)
(b)
To obtain the electrical terminal relations for the system we neglect fringing
fields and assume infinite permeability for the magnetic material to obtain*
1 = N1
'
N2 4
(c)
where the flux $ through the coils is given by

21o wd (N1 + N 2 i 2)
$=
g(l + -)
(d)
We can also use (c) and (d) to calculate the stored magnetic energy as**
g(l + x) 2
wd
(e)
We now multiply (a) by N1/R1 and (b) by N 2 /R2, add the results and use
(c) and (d) to obtain
2 2
N
N + (- + 2) R1 R 2 dt
NV 1V1 g(l+ -)
R1 21 wd
(f)
Note that we have only one electrical unknown, the flux 0, and if the plunger is
at rest (x = constant) this equation has constant coefficients.
The neglect of fringing fields makes the two windings unity coupled. In practice
there will be small fringing fields that cause leakage inductances. However,
these leakage inductances affect only the initial part of the transient and
neglecting them causes negligible error when calculating the closing time of
the relay.
**Here we have used the equation =iL W m 2 1 2 +L

1 12
QplPg)b
i
1
i2 +
2
2 i2

Part b
Use the given definitions to write (f) in the form
S Part c
During interval 1 the flux is determined by (g) initial condition is with x = xo and the
(1 +
) +
dt
(g)
= 0.
Thus the flux undergoes the transient
o-(1
SI 1+ - e
+ x-)
t
0 (h)
To determine the time at which interval 1 ends and to describe the dynamics
of interval 2 we must write the equation of motion for the mechanical node.
Neglecting inertia and damping forces this equation is
K(x - Z) = fe In view of (c) (Al and X2 are the independent variables implicit in use (e) to evaluate the force fe as
) (i)
*)
we can
fe
awm( ' x 2 ax
x)
2 41 wd
Thus, the mechanical equation of motion becomes
2
K(x The flux level
t) = -
41 owd
2
(k)
1 at which interval 1 ends is given by
K(x Part d During interval 2,
-)
(1)
flux and displacement are related by (k), and obtain
thus we
eliminate x between (k) and (g)
F
*= (1 +) -
iE-x o
d
T dt
1."
(m)
This is the nonlinear
were we have used (k) to write the equation in terms of
differential equation that must be solved to find the dynamical behavior during interval 2.
To illustrate the solution of (m) it is convenient to normalize the equation
as follows
d(o) o d(o
_-x
0
o 2 ( )3 - (1 1
+)
o
+ 1
We can now write the necessary integral formally as
o
S-x
()
d(-)
2
( )
t 3
-
,) to
(1 +
)
o d(A)
+0
(o)
where we are measuring time t
from the start of interval 2.
Using the given parameter values,
o d(-o) t
T o
400
o -)
ao
+ 9
0.1
denominator into a first order and a quadratic factor

We factor the cubic in the and do a partial-fraction expansion* to obtain
(-2.23 0.156 - + 0.844)
o
Jt
d(o
0
=
0
75.7 ( -)
14.3
+ 1
Integraticn of this expression yields
.
Phillips, H.B., Analytic Geometry and
..
second
....
edition,
. t
John
m q
Wiley
Calculus,
and
Sons,
New
York,
1946,
pp.
250-253.
PROBLEM 5.26 (Continued) t TO

0 0.0295 In 2 [3.46 ( -) + 0.654] - 0.0147 In [231 (-) - 43.5 (-) + 3.05]
+ 0.127 tan - 1 [15.1 (--) Part e
- 1.43] - 0.0108
During interval 3, the differential equation is (g) with x = 0, for which

the solution is t
4 = 02
(%o - 02)( 1
- e
0)
(s)
2 is the value of flux
where t is measured from the start of interval 3 and where at the start of interval 3 and is given by (k)with x = 0 2
KZ =
41 wd
(t)
Part f
For the assumed constants in this problem
01
as functions
The transients in flux and position are plotted in Fig. (a) of time. Note that the mechanical transient occupies only a fraction of the time
interval of the electrical transient. Thus, this example represents a case in
which the electrical time constant is purposely made longer than the mechanical
transient time.
e Y. iV
0Y\ Av
0,4
0.Z
o,os
oo
t/t.
9.
0.20
o.zs
FIELDS AND MOVING MEDIA
PROBLEM 6.1 Part a From Fig. 6P.1 we see the geometric relations r' = r, e' =
e - Pt,
z' = z, t' = t
(a)
There is also a set of back transformations r = r', Part b Using the chain rule for partial derivatives , = () r) + (2j) (L ) + 2(3za) + () (-) (c) e = 8' + st', z = z', t = t' (b)
at
ar
atf
ae
at'
9 (
at
at
From (b) we learn that SO,

Hence,
,=
' =0 O
= 1
(d)
at'
at
ao
p are
(e)
We note that the remaining partial derivatives of
4, = a*
3r' PROBLEM 6.2 Part a
ar '
2t = * ae ' ae'
az'
(f)
The geometric transformation laws between the two inertial systems are x1 = x - Vt, x' x 2, x = x 3, t' = t (a)
The inverse transformation laws are 1 = x' + Vt', x2 x, x= x3 = x t t' (b)
The transformation of the magnetic field when there is no electric field present in the laboratory faame is
P'= W (c)
Hence the time rate of change of the magnetic field seen by the moving
observer is
aB'
=3B
ax
3B
)x
a3B
at
(d)
PROBLEM 6.2' (Continued)

From (b) we learn that atx' V,
ax1 3x2
2
0,
ax3 t
= 0,I,
at
= 1
(e)
While from the given field we learn that
aB
ax Combining these results
B' at,
. kB
kBoo
cos kx
aB
l -ax 2
aB
x3
aB B t t
(f) C
aB'
aB
B, = V
aB
t, '
= VVkB
o cos
kx1
(g)
which is just the convective derivative of B. Part b Now (b) becomes

S
= x'
x2
x ' + Vt,
x 3 = x;, t = t'
(h)
When these equations are used with (d) we learn that
aB' S=aB , = V aB
at, because both PROBLEM 6.3 Part a
Tt ax2
+ aB t = 0
at
(i)
aB x2
and -
aB
are naught.
The convective derivative is zero.
at
The quasistatic magnetic field transformation is

B' = B (a)
The geometric transformation laws are x = x' This means that '= B E(t,x) = B(t', x' + Vt') = iyo = i B cos (wt' - k(x' + Vt')) (c) + Vt' y',
z',
t = t'
(b)
yo
cos[(w - kV)t' - kx']
From (c) it is possible to conclude that w' = w - kV Part b If w' = 0 the wave will appear stationary in time, although it will still have a spacial distribution; it will not appear to move. (d)

w' = 0 = w - kV; V = w/k = v The observer must move at the phase velocity v stationary.
PROBLEM 6.4
These three laws were determined in an inertial frame of reference, and
since there is no a priori reason to prefer one inertial frame more than
another, they should have the same form in the primed inertial frame.
We start with the geometric laws which relate the coordinates of the
(e)
to make the wave appear
two frames
r' r - v t, t = t', r = r' + v t' (a) and the definitions of the
We recall from Chapter 6 that as a consequence of (a) operators
t =- t'- r
' a'
t +tr
In an inertial frame of reference moving with the velocity vr we expect the equation
to take the same form as in the fixed frame. Thus,
p'i at', + p'(v'*V')v' + V'p' = 0

-' + at'
p', V'*p'v' = 0 p,'(p)
-v'
(c)
(d) (e)
However, from (b) these become
'a
+ p'(v'+vr
)+Vp'
(f)
(g) (h)
+ V.p' (v'+v) = 0 p' = p'(p')
where we have used the fact that v *Vp'=V*(v p'). Comparison of (1)-(3) with (f)-(h) shows that a self consistent transformation rthat leaves the equations invariant in
form is
p' = P; p'
=
p; vt - v
PROBLEM 6.5
Part a
p'(r',t')
P=(r,t) =
p (1- -)=-
o(1-
C(a)
(b)
J' = p'v' = 0 Where we have chosen v r =v i oz so that
v'
v - v
= 0
(c)
Since there are no currents, there is only an electric field in the primed
frame
r r'2
E' = (po/o )r (d)
H
Part b
O , B' = ' = 0
(e)
p(r,t) =
p(1-
(f)
This charge distribution generates an electric field

(P/ r
3air
(g)
In the stationary frame there is an electric current
S= pV
po(1-
oi )v z
(h)
This current generates a magnetic field
H=
Part c
oVo(
-a)io
i (i)
5-= 5' - P'v Pvr
po(l---)Voi oz
o a
(j)
E= '-vrxB' = E' = (po/Eo - 3

SH' + V xD r' r
' 2
ir
(k) (1)
r
If we include
oo
3a lie
the geometric transformation r' = r,(j), (k), and (1)
become (h), (g), and (i) of part (b) which we derived without using trans
formation laws. The above equations apply for r<a. Similar reasoning gives
the fields in each frame for r>a.
PROBLEM 6.6
Part a
In the frame rotating with the cylinder
E'(r') = -,
Ir
(a)
H' = 0, B' = uH' = O

But then since r' = r, Vr(r) = rwi
(b)
E=' - vr x ' = 2'=-i r .r

V=
(c)
(d)
f
a
Ed
b
a
dr = K In(b/a)
V
The surface charge density is then
1
r
1
r
(e)
ln(b/a) r
In(b/a) r'
- = o 1 a' = i r *8oE' = In(b/a) - = aa a a

SE
(f)
V
= -
a'= -i *E E'
b r o Part b
In(b/a)
(g)
3 = J' + Vy p'
But in this problem we have only surface currents and charges
(h)
= '+ vr
O
' =v r a'
) WE V
0
(i)
e
E V i
awe V
K(a)
In(b/a) 1a iBe
bwE V
In(b/a) 6
(
B
(k)
K(b) =Part c
b In(b/a) WE V
In(b/a)
S(1)0
In(b/a) Part d
S=' + v
x D
x D'
(m)
r'w(1n(bla) r
EOx V
-+(n
6)(i x ir)
(n)

we V
in(b/a) iz
This result checks with the calculation of part (c).
PROBLEM 6.7
Part a
The equation of the top surface is
f(x,y,t) = y - a sin(wt) cos(kx) + d =0 The normal to this surface is then
n (a)
= v
Vf
ak sin(wt)sin(kx)ix + iy
(b)
(b)
Applying the boundary condition n*4 = 0 at each surface and keeping only linear
terms, we learn that
h (x,d,t) = -ak sin(wt)sin(kx) h (x,O,t) = 0 We look for a solution for h that satisfies V x Let h = V V2 2, = 0 =, V*h = 0 (e) (f)
(c) (d)
Now we must make an intelligent guess for a Laplacian * using the periodicity of the problem and the boundary condition hy y = 0. Try
A
l/ay = 0 at
cosh(ky)sin(kx)sin(wt)
+ sin(kx)sinh(ky) y]
(g)
(h)
h = A sin(wt)[cos(kx)cosh(ky)i
Equation (c) then requires the constant A to be -ak A sinh(kd)0od Part b
S x
=
VE
~-)-iy(---z)=
(j) (-)
+ sin(kx)sinh(ky)iy] p o A cos(wt)[cos(kx)cosh(ky)ix y x 0t
(k)

E = - wU
-_
cos(wt)[cos(kx)sinh(ky)]i Because v(y=O) = 0
0 K
Now we check the boundary conditions.
nx E = (n-v)B = 0 (y=0)
But E(y=O) = 0, so (m) is satisfied.
If a particle is on the top surface, its coordinates x,y,t must satisfy (a). It follows that
Df D Since n =
Vf
3f
-
+ v*V f = 0
-F we have that
(n.v) =
-1
i1 t
af
awcos(wt)cos(kx)
Now we can check the boundary condition at the top surface
--
nxiE f - o
cos(wt)cos(kx)sinh(kd)[i -ak sin(wt)sin(kx)i ] x y inh(kd) ak Ai x + ]
(n.v)B = awcos(wt)cos(kx)
poA sin(wt)sin(kx)sinh(kd)i Comparing (p) surface.

PROBLEM 6.8
Part a
Since the plug is perfectly conducting we expect that the current
and (q) we see that the boundary condition is satisfied at the top
I will return as a surface current on

the left side of the plug. Also E', H' will be zero in the plug and the transformation laws imply that E,H will then
also be zero.
Using ampere's law
I,
Nt
-I 2 ir

Also we know that
V*E = 0, Vx
0 < z < 5
(b)
We choose a simple Laplacian E field consistent with the perfectly conduct

ing boundary conditions
E
=-
(c)
K can be evaluated from

E"ddi = dt da (d)
S If we use the deforming contour shown above which has a fixed left leg at z = z
and a moving right leg in the conductor. The notation E" means the electric
field measured in a frame of reference which is stationary with respect to the

local element of the deforming contour. E"(z) = E(z), Here
= 0 (e)
E"(C+A) = E'(C+A)
E"*d = The contour contains a flux

JB-da = (E-z) S So that
-K
=
Since v
-
'dt
E(z,r)dr = -K In(b/a)
(f)
%oHedr = - V
I ln(b/a)(E-z)
(g)
n(b/a) = -K In(b/a)
dt
a = +
n(b/a) d-dt
(h)
vI
2w 0 Part b The voltage across the line at z = 0 is b V= a
r <z
vpo0 I Erdr = ln(b/a) (k)
vi
o
I(R +
o In(b/a)) = V 2o V
o
(1)
I =
(m)
vi
R + 27r
In(b/a)
2wR
+1
(n)
vp ln(b/a) _V S0
R + 2 n(b/a) < z <
H:
Vo 1<z
(o)
E=
0<z<
r (p)
vy2R
V11V o +(inb/a) 0
rr
<z
<
Part c Since E = 0 to the right of the plug the voltmeter reads zero. The terminal
voltage V is not zero because of the net change of magnetic flux in the loop connecting these two voltage points.
Part d
Using the results of part (b)
Pin
=
SVI= In(b/a)
27r
i
0
1
lIn(b/a)
V2
0
Rn +
Tr dWm d= H 2
(r) 21Tr dr
v fa
R+ V
n(b/a)
PROBLEM 6.8 (Continued) There is a net electrical force on the block, the mechanical system that keeps the block traveling at constant velocity receives power at the rate
1 V1o -- In(b/a) 1 2
27
In(b/a)
2w
V2
o
from the electrical system.

Part e
L(x) =
U0 0H(r,I)x dr IT n (b/a)x I d=
1 2 W e awl m 2 L(x)i fe w x ;W' =

fe 1 3L T 2 3x 2 1 o
In(bla)i In(b/a)T
U
f =fi
22 2
The power converted from electrical to mechanical is then

v
V In(b/a) [ R + v ]
o
2 o In(b/a)
f' = f v e dt e
2 2w
as predicted in Part (d).

PROBLEM 6.9
The surface current circulating in the system must remain
K =
o
(a)
the electric field in the finitely conducting plate is

Hence B
E'
But then
o
oOs
(b)
E= E' - V x = B (
os
(c) v)
v must be chosen so that E = 0 to comply with the shorted end, hence v - (d)
os
PROBLEM 6.10
Part a Ignoring the effect of the induced field we must conclude that
= 0
everywhere in the stationary frame. But then xB
(a)
E' =E+ V xB= Since the platejis conducting
(b)
J' = J
The force on the plate is then F = F Part b
aV x
(c)
3 x B dv = DWd(oV x B)x B
(d) (e)
= - DWd av B 2
M -v + (DWdoB )v = 0 dt o
DWdoB 2 t
(f)
v = v
Part c
(g)
The additional induced field must be small. J' - OB v Hence K'

oo
From (e) (h) (i)
= oB o dv o
oK -o
'
The induced field then has a magnitude

B'
o
=Iadv
() i)<<
ad <<
1 0 0 It be a
very thin a or plate poorly
conducting one. must
(k)
It must be a very thin plate or a poorly conducting one.
PROBLEM 6.11
Part a
The condition
W
i
- << H
means that the field Then the

K(I H+
induced by the current can be ignored.
magnetic field in the stationary frame is

H = -H i everywhere outside the perfect
conductors
The surface currents on the sliding conductor are such that
K1 + K 2 = i/W The force on the conductor is then
= =
x B dv = [(K1 + K x Bi ]WD 12 2)i yoz

p H di i
[(- + )
x B
Part b
The circuit equation is
Ri +ddX
-dt Since F = M dv dt MR dv (---H d-) + (o H d)v = V
00
dX
=
dt
H dv
oo
(o H d) v = V o oo
PROBLEM 6.12
Part a
We assume the simple magnetic field
(1 - e MR t )u_ (t)
i
0
0 <x
< x
x< x1
i
A(x)
Part b
= fE*a =
L(x) = X(x,) i
PROBLEM 6.12 (Continued) Since the system is linear
W'(i,x)
1 L(x)i2
1lo1Wx
1
ex
Part d
2 D
The mechanical equation is
dt
+B
dt
The electrical circuit, equation is

d dX dtdt ~ Part e 0WX
(-5-- i) = V o
From (f) we learn that
dx dt o 2
i 2BD
= const
while from (g) we learn that P Wi

D
dx
dt
Vo
Solving these two simultaneously
[DV2
dt Part f From (e)
2BD dx w dt o Part g
As in part (a)
D = (
0
2 oWBEJ 0
2/3
(2B)
1/3
1/3
i
Part h
- i(t)i
3
3
O<X 1
x < x
<X
The surface current K is

K= The force on the short is
i(t) D
12
(m)
f3x
dv = DW ix ( 0
2
2
(n)
poW 2 21 01 20 (t)'l
Part i
xdVx
-7x 1
E
- 5t D dt 13
(o)
_o di _ E2 = [D- x A + C]i
(P)
=o D
di dt
V(t)I W
Part i
Choosing a contour with the right leg in the moving short, the left leg
fixed at xl
=
0'
a *d
C
H '*dt = V(t) Wx =d o
dt
B*da
(q)
S
dx Wd
Since E' = 0 in the short and we are only considering quasistatic fields o2 H (r) (s)
oxat
dt
oo
P Wx ( i(t))
Part k nx (Eb) = V b (t)
Here l
=
n D dt
=
dt
V(t)
D
dx
3 o o D i)i2 (v)
.o x di
W
dx o D 0
dt
dxW dt D Part 1
Equations (n) and (e) are identical.
Equations (s) and (g) are
identical if V(t) = V . Since we used (e) and (g) to solve the first part o we would get the same answer using (n) and (s) in the second part.

Part m
di
Sinced= 0,
dt E 2(x) = PROBLEM 6.13
Part a
K 2 dt Te() + T 2( ) (a)
V(t) 4.
i-
= -
Vo tiy
(x)
Part b
1 Similarly
ii Ir 1 D2r ;1
J1
oHio
001 H 1 D2aR
(b)
oHoi
0 0
*
i
(c)
D2R
(c)
Part c
T Te Part d
1 = E 1 (R2 -R 1); Part e
1 E 1 a
=
= [f(r xf)dv]z = oHo(R2-R1)i 2
oHo(R2-Rl)il
(d)
(e)
V2 = E2 (R2 -RI)
GE
H (E1+iB) = d
(EI+RUoHo -)
(g) (h)
-2aDR
-ii
0Ho dt
2a R 1R2 - R
- pH R(R -R1 ) --
(i)
2 Part f
a 2aRD
2-
HR(R -R ) dt 2 1
KoHo(R 2 dt
2 -R1 )i0
u-l(t)
(k)
K(t) = (R 2 -R1 ) v2 (t) =
t2 0
u-(t) t u-(t) (t)
(1) (m)
2R (poHo(R2R1))2 7200 2 1m)

1 (R2 -R1) + v 1 (t) = [a 2RD 2aRD 2R (t) K t]ioUH (R2 ( 0oo 0 -1 2-R 1) K
Part g K
2
2 dt dt2
oHo (R 2 -R 1 )i
S oHo(R2 -R1 )O2aRD
Hd
SR2R1) d22 + KI d dt dt
dt2 K 1 = [( K2 l(t ) 2
(R2-R 1) o
HoR)2 2aD(R 2 -R )a]/K
p H 2aDR Y
2 K Find the particular solution
P (, t) = R
-JK2 2 K2 o 2o
o e
jt]
K sin(wt+tan (t)
-=
w K+ (t) = A B -Kt K1e + p (w,t)
We must choose A and B so that

(o0) K2 A =KIW v o 1 = 0 B = (0) = 0 K2m (K2 + 2 ) (K~ 1 + v
PROBLEM 6.13(Continued)
Wct)~
Part h
The secondary terminals are constrained so that v 2 =-i2 R 2. Thus, (j) becomes
(w)
~ dt
dt
R3 i ; R RK4 2 3
+ 1 (R2-RI) RD 2 RD
K 4
pH (R -Rl) 2 1
Then, it follows from (a), di dt from which it 2 RK2 4 + i KR 3 2
(d) and (e) that K2 Ri 4 o cos wt KR3
follows that
ji21
0
S K2R KR4 R
RK
2
I
2
R 3 PROBLEM 6.14 Part a
KR
The electric field in the moving laminations is E' J' a J . a i * i OA z (a)
The electric field in the stationary frame is E = E'-VxB 1 Ni

B
i (+ rwB )i y z CA
(b)
(c)
S o12DzN -)i
2D V = (A -
(d)

Now we have the V-i characteristic of the device. inductance and a load resistor Rt=RL+Rint.
2 aD jN p2DrN 2D ]i + d [R + _Y o uA S t S dt Part b
Let 2 2D rNw
ON 2 a D S The device is in series with an
(e)
R1 = Rt +AaA 1 =I
=
S S
, L
(f)
~ 1/L) t
(g)
Pd If
R
i/
[e
t
< 0
4
2D
= R + 2D
2DjorNw
o (h)
the power delivered is unbounded as t Part c
o.
As the current becomes large, the electrical nonlinearity of the magnetic

circuit will limit the exponential growth and determine a level of stable
steady state operation (see Fig. 6.4.12).
PROBLEM 6.15
After the switch is closed, the armature circuit equation is#
diL
(RL + Ra)i
L
i
= GOi
(a)
(a)
+ La -
Since Ghif is a constant and iL(0) = 0 we can solve for the load current and shaft torque
(RL+R a)
Gi f iL(t) = (R+Ra) L
(l-e )u_(t) (b)
Te(t) = iL(t) Gif
, = (R+Rai) (l-e
2
(RL+R a )
a
t )u_(t)
(RL+R )
(c)

From the data given
T = La/RL+Ra= 2.5 x 10 Gef
3
sec
(d) (e)
iL
= R+R max RL+R a
628 amps
T (Gif) max
RL+Ra
1695 newton-meters
(f)
-j
428
-1~
1~7
cl~o,
~)
/67s~
PROBLEM 6.16
Part a
With S1 closed the equation of the field circuit is
di
Rfif + Lf dt Vf Since if(0) = 0 f R f
(a)
if(t)
=RP
(1-e
)u_1(t)
Rf
(b)
Since the armature circuit is open
Gif
Vf C S R
(1-e
)u1 (t)
(c)

From the given data
T = Lf/Rf
V
= 0.4 sec = 254 volts
Vf G6 a max
=
R
f
t o. 4-
Part b
Since there is no coupling of the armature circuit to the field circuit
if is still given by (b).
Because S2 is closed, the armature circuit equation is
dVL (RL+Ra)VL + La - - = RLG f (d)
Since the field current rises with a time constant T = 0.4 sec the time constant of the armature circuit is
while T = La/RL+Ra = 0.0025 sec we will only need the particular solution for VL(t)
(f) (e)
RG VL(t)
f t )ul(t) (g)
(h)
= RL+R a i = (
RL L a
RL G
RL
a)G
Vf
(1-e
Lf
VL max =
(j-)Vf = 242 volts f
4?_
1!l~
0.4 sec
fY
PROBLEM 6.17
The equation of motion of the shaft is
Jr r dt
+
T o W
o
+ T (t) e
(a)
If Te(t) is thought of as a driving term, the response time of the mechanical circuit is J T =
ro
= 0.0785 sec
(b)
In Probs. 6.15 to 6.16 we have already calculated the armature circuit time
constant to be L a -= 2.5 x 10 -3 sec R +R s
Ra+R L
(c)
We conclude that therise time of the armature circuit may be neglected, this is
equivalent to ignoring the armature inductance. armature is then (R a + RL)iL = Gwif Then -- (Gif)2 (d) The circuit equation for the
Te
ii
f-Gif L = Ra + RL
(e)
(e)
Plugging into (a)

J de d+ r dt Kw
=
(f)
Here
(Gi )2
R +R
K (-R W
Using the initial
); i
= f
R
(g)
condition that w(0) = T T0
wo
/J)
w(t)
(w - -)e
o K
t > 0
(h)
From which we can calculate the net torque on the shaft as
T= Jrdt r dt
and the armature current iL(t)
= (T o -KW o )e
Gi
u
1
(t)
(i)
iL(t) = (R
l)(t)
L*
t >0
(j)
FIELDS' AND MOVING MEDIA
PROBLEM 6.17 (Continued) From the given data T w final

=
= 119.0 rad/sec = 1133 RPM 1890 newton-m w0 700 amps
(k) (1) (m)
Tma x = (To-Kw) Gi i
Gi
it L
max
) = (R R +R,
fna final
793 amps
(n)
K = 134.5 newton-meters,
1
T = Jr/K
0.09 sec
(o)
1i/33
/Ood
i8 O
713
700
PROBLEM 6.18 Part a Let the coulomb torque be C, then the equation of motion is
d0
dt
Since w(0) = wt - -
w(t) - 0 (1-
t)
0 < t < O/C)
to
Part b Now the equation of motion is dw J -+ Bw = 0
dt
w(t) =
-. \
0 e)
wCe
Part
Let C = Bwo,
the equation of motion is now dw J d + BLc= -Bw o dt B

--
{(t)-w0o + 2w oe-JE
< t <
Ji B
( Ct ) 'r = z/0
PROBLEM 6.19
Part a
The armature circuit equation is
diL = Gwif - Va Ri a UL + La-1(t) aL a dt f Differentiating
2
dw
diL dL La - 2 + R -d = Gi Vu (t) f dt ao
a dt a dt The mechanical equation of motion is
J r -4-= - Gi i dt L f Thus, (b) becomes 2 2 (Gif)
di diL L a+R -+-L---i J L a dt 2 dt
-Vu(t)
ao
dw
Initial conditions are

diL +
iLfrom(d) = , and it follows from (d) that iL(t) = (where R a

a a
(0
-at
V a L a
e-esinBt)ul(t)
a 7.5/sec
(Gif)
8
r a
Ra ('-L ) a
= 19.9 rad/sec
LAB - 1160 amps

V
w(t) =
-Gi
Se tsin
t + (e-at cos 8t-l)]
f
V
a Gi
= 153.3 rad/sec
I (k)
IN
Part b Now we replace R a by R+RL in part (a). damping
Ir ~r\~
Because of the additional
iL(t)
where = R +R
2LY (e a
a L 75/sec
)u 1 (t)
2L
R + RL2
y = a
(Gi ) Jr La
= 10.6/sec.
2L
W(t) =
a a
Gif r
[2Ly
-(a-Y)t
-(a+y)t + +e
2
c-Y
o)
ii
AL.
. ir" (A 1.t/
vcL
r
PROBLEM 6.20
Part a The armature circuit equation is
v a = R aa i + GIfw f
The equation of motion is

i
J i = GI fa
dt Which may be integrated to yield
w(t)
wt J
dw
J G=
i(t) 'a

Combining (c) with (a) a We recognize that
J
S=Rai + asa 2 Jr
ia(t)
(d)
C = -(e)
(GI ) 2
Part b
J
C= (GIf)2 PROBLEM 6.21
According to (6.4.30) the torque of electromagnetic origin is
Te = Gi i
(0.5) (1.5)2(1)
0.22 farads
fa
For operation on a-c, maximum torque is produced when if and is are in phase, a situation assured for all loading conditions by a series connection of field and armature. between if Parallel operation, on the other hand, will yield a phase relation This gives reduced performance unless
and is that varies with loading.
phase connecting means are employed.
This is so troublesome and expensive that
the series connection is used almost exclusively. PROBLEM 6.22 From (6.4.50) et. seq. the homopolar machine, viewed from the disk terminals
in the steady state, has the volt ampere relation
v Ri + Gwif
Ra
ln(b/a) i 2Oad
and i
For definition of v
shown to the right and with the interconnection with the coil
snhown in rig. or.L2
1 Nia
B
2d
Then from (6.4.52)

Gwi
o
f
(b -a
22 2
BoNi ) =
o a
a (b -a) 4d

Substitution of this into the voltage equation yields for steady state (because
the coil resistance is zero). Ni 0 = Ri + asa 4d
(b -a2
for self-excitation with i -a 0 0 W1oN 2 2

(b -a ) = -R
Because all terms on the left are positive except for w, we specify w < 0 (it rotates in the direction opposite to that shown). number of turns must be 4dR M1lo (b2-a2) N = 21n(b/a)
oralow j(b PROBLEM 6.23 Part a Denoting the left disk and magnet as 1 and the right one as 2, the flux densities defined as positive upward are
With this prov4sion'ithe
4dln(b/a) -2rodwjI p(b

2
-a 2 )
-a
BoN B2
-
(i+i
2)
Adding up voltage drops around the loop carrying current i 2 dB 2dB dB ilRa 2 dBil+ 1 QB 2 _B2a
we have:.
M
,
where Part b
R = a
( ) In
2nah
Substitution of the expression for B1 and B2 into this voltage expression and simplification yield di L d
+ il(R+Ra) - Gil + Gi
= 0
162

where
2 N2na
-o
(b -a 2Z
The equation for the circuit carrying current 12 can he written similarly as
di
L ti +2(R (+Ra)-Gi2-GOil = 0
These are linear differential equations with constant coefficients, hence, assume
i Then
[Ls + RL+Ra-GG]I + GOI 1 = 0
Ilest
2
I2est
[Ls + RL+R -G]lI 2 - GoI 1 = 0 EliminatCon of I1 yields

+ R a- G J]2 [Ls + RL S
+GS]
+ GO
=0
If 12 0 0 as it must be if we are to supply current to the load resistances,
then
2 + (Ga)2 = 0 [LI + RL+Ra-G]C
For steady-state sinusoidal operation a must be purely imaginary. RL + R or

G =
This requires
- G
= 0 RL + I n(W4e 2rh
2 2 --U N(b -a) 21G
This is the condition required.

Part c -When the condition of (b) -
is satisfied
GSG
e+J
+JL
b2 (-2 b2
a -1)Q -)
2*2N
2 2 22 PN(b -a )j
N2 29oN2
163
.4

Thus the system will operate in the sinusoidal steady-state with amplitudes
determined by initial conditions. voltage equations show that
1 1fi
2
With the condition of part (b) satisfied the
and the currents form a balanced two-phase set.
164
MAGNETIC DIFFUSION AND CHARGE RELAXATION
PROBLEM 7.1
It is the purpose of this problem to illustrate the limitations

inherent to common conductors in
achieving long magnetic time
_I
constants.
(Diffusion times.)
For
convenience in making this point

consider the solenoid shown with
I = length
A = cross-sectional dimensions of single layer of wire (square-cross section). r = radius (r >> A) but r << .
Then there are
R/A turns, each having a length 2nr, and the total d-c resistance
is directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the area and electrical conductivity a. R 2ir
-)
a(A 2 )
The H field in the axial direction, by Ampere's law, is H = linked by one turn is =poH(r 2 29
0 H(wR 2
27r
and the flux
) so that o(.r
2)
and it follows that

L = 0o(wr 2 X92)
Finally, the time constant is

L 1
r f po Ac
Thus, the diffusion time (see Eq. 7.1.28) is based on an equivalent length IVr. Consider using copper with a A = = 5.9 x 107 mhos/m
10 m
and find A required to give L/R = 102

A 2(L R 1 0o r (200)
(47x107)(10)(5.9x10 )
= 2.7 x 10
-1
m or 27 cm

Note that to satisfy the condition that k >> r, the length must be' greater than 10 meters also. The coil is larger than the average class-room! Of
course, if magnetic materials are used, the dimensions of the coil can be reduced considerably, but long L/R time constants are difficult to obtain on a laboratory scale with ordinary conductors. PROBLEM 7.2 Part a Our solution will parallel the one in the text, only now the B field will be trapped in the slab until it diffuses away. VxB =pJi= paE; VxVxB Because V.B = 0, = V(V.B) - V~B -3
The fundamental equations are
aVxi = - pa
2no
or in one dimension
1 a2B z2 x aB
x at
(a)
pa
at t = 0+
0
S B0 0
z<0
< z<d z > d as
This suggests that between 0 and d, we can write Bx(z) B W() = n=l a n
sin(-n z ) 0 < z < d
To solve for the coefficients an, we take advantage of the orthogonal property
of the sine functions.
m7rz B() sin( )dz =
d
o
oo d
d
a n=l o
B o
nTz sin
mTrz )dz )sin(
But
B uTzd B ()sin( d )dz = sin( -)dx dm
2dB
mdz d
= 0
m odd
even
PROBLEM 7.2 (Continued) Also

d o Hence, a
nz niz sin(-~--)sin(
)dz
ad 2 0
n n m
4B
m odd
'm
0 1mIT
LO
=
m even
-4 Bo sin( n o nlnf n odd 0< z< d
B (t=O,z) x
We assume that for t > 0, O < z < d
B (t,z) - I
x
nlniT
n=1
-B
sin(n--)e
d 2 = an Let's define T = po( )
n odd Plugging into (a) we find that !.T-)
as the fundamental diffusion time. c

B (t,z) = x
Then 2
O<z<d
n=l
--- B sin(nz -- n t)e nlnf o d
t>O
t > 0
n odd
Part b
4B o~ 2n
-n t/T
3
PROBLEM 7.3
Part a
VxB
1 1
1 3B x z
=-~T iy Y od n
cos(--e I
no
n odd
O<z<d t>O
If we neglect the capacitance of the block, the current we put in at t=O

will have to return by means of the block. field system equation
VxH = J which implies
(a) This can be seen from the magnetic
V3 = o0
or "what goes in must come out".
(b)
+ If the current penetrated the block at t=0 there would be a magnetic field
within the block at t=0+, a situation we cannot allow since some time must
elapse (relative to the diffusion time) before the fields in the block can change
significantly.
PROBLEM 7.3 (Continued) We conclude that the source current returns as a surface current down the left side of the block. This current must be
K = -I /D
y o where y is the upwards vertical direction. and x = 0 thus provides a magnetic field
-I /D H (t=O+) = S0 where z points out of sketch. Part b As t
+
(c)
The current loop between x = - L
-L~x<O (d) O<x
the system will reach a static state with input current I /D per The current will return uniformly through the block. I Dd
Hence,
unit length. y
J (x) =
(e)
.-S (x)
4
Z I j M p
(Y.)
5-P-5
Part c As a diffusion problem this system is very much like the system of
Fig. 7.1.1 of the text except for the fact that here diffusion occurs on only
one side of the block instead of two. time constant of
This suggests a fundamental diffusion
22
where we have replaced the term d 2 by (2d) 2 in Eq. 7.1.28 of the text.
PROBLEM 7.4
Part a
This is a magnetic field system characterized by a diffusion equation.
With B =ReB (x)e

1 a
d2B
dx2
d
2A
z =
,
B z then
(a)
ax
Let B (x) = Be
2 a.
jpa + (1 + j), 6 = \j
(b)
or
(c)
The boundary conditions are B (x=O) Sz('( = -pi/D (d)
) -o sign
which means that we use only the (-)
B (x,t)=-Re
Part b VxB or aB P 3
D e
-X/6
6(Wt
(e)
(f)
ax
so that
y
.
-Re--
^ J = -Re yPart
c
Part c
j(Wt- x
(h)

Part d
The electric fild E
VxE = is given by -aJBz w z
E (x=O) =-2
y
2D
(1+j)i
(j)
Faraday's law (Eq. 1.1.23, Table 1.2, Appendix E) written for a counter-clockwise
contour through the source and left edge of the block, gives
jw 0 o(Ld)
V+Ed where from (j)
A1
(k)
Ed =y
d1 a-
(1
(+)
Hence, assuming that V = i[R(w)+jwL(w)], (don't confuse the L's) R(0)
( )
(m)
L(w) =
(n)
Thus, as w-+ the inductance becomes just that due to the free-space portion
of the circuit between x=0 and x=-L. The resistance becomes infinite because
the currents crowd to the left edge of the block.

In the opposite extreme, as w+O, the resistance approaches zero because
the currents have an infinite x-z area of the block through which to flow.
Similarly, the inductance becomes large because the x-y area enclosed by the
current paths increases without limit. At low frequencies it would be
necessary to include the finite extent of the block in the x direction in the
analysis to obtain a realistic estimate of the resistance and inductance.
PROBLEM 7.5
Part a
This is a magnetic field system characterized by a diffusion equation. Place origin of coordinates at left edge of block, x to right and z out of paper. With Bx = ReB x (x)e 82B
1
Sax 2
=jwBB
(a)
Let B (x) = Be , then jw~pa (b)
a2 a6
(c)
The boundary conditions are
B z(x=0) = - 1 Bz(x=) = 0 Thus the'
(d)
(e)
because all of the current Io(t) is returned through the block.
appropriate linear combination of solutions to satisfy the boundary conditions
is
B (x,t) = Re I SR D sinh[a(x- jeJ
sinh (at) The current is related to Bz by (g)
where a is a complex quantity, (c). aB
Vx
ax
= VJ =
VJyy
yy
From (f) and (g),

j Ia D cosh[a(x-R)l]e jot sinh at (h)
y Part b
The time average magnetic force on the block is given by

f
f ReDd =
x Re
Dd
fa J (x)B2 *(x)dx
Y 2
A
(i)
where we have taken advantage of the identity

<Re Ae
^ jWt
ReBe
jWt
^^
> =-1 Re AB*
to integrate the force density (JxB)x over the volume of the block. a detailed calculation is required to complete (i), is complex.
because a in (f)
Note that and (h)
This example is one where the total force is more easily computed using
the Maxwell stress tensor. See Probs. 8.16, 8.17 and 8.22 for this approach.
PROBLEM 7.6
As an example of electromagnetic phenomena that occur in conductors at rest we consider the system of Fig. 7.1.1 with the constant-current source
and switch replaced by an alternating current source.
i(t) = I cos Wt (a)
We make all of the assumptions of Sec. 7.1.1 and adopt the coordinate system of Fig. 7.1.2. Interest is now confined.to a steady-state problem.
The equation that describes the behavior of the flux density in this
system is Eq. 7.1.15
B 2a 1 x a a2 B
x at
(b)
and the boundary conditions are now, at z = 0 and z =d, B where B

o
= B
cos
at =[Re Be0Jit
(c)
) NI = -w
(d)
lead us to
The boundary condition of (c) coupled with the linearity of (b) assume a solution
Bx = Re[B(z)eijt]
(e)
We substitute this form of solution into (b), cancel the exponential factor,
and drop the Re to obtain
dB d 2B
dz
2
j poa
(f)
Solutions to this equation are of the form rz B(z) = e where substitution shows that r =+ = + (l+)
(g)
(h)
It is convenient to define the skin depth 6 as (see Sec. 7.1.3a)
(i)
We use this definition and write the solution, (g) as
PROBLEM 7.6 (Continued) (1+j)

B(z) = cle + c2e
-(+j)
(j)
The boundary conditions at z = 0 and z = d (c) require that B0 o c 1 + c2 2
Solution of these equations for cl and c 2 yields
Bo1 - e (
C
o[l B
D
e+ D + J sin cosh
d
(k)
-B1l C2 where D = 2(cos

0
(Z)
sinh
We now substitute (k) and (Z) into (J); and, after manipulation, obtain
B(z) = Bo[f(z) where
d d M sinh -+ f(z) = V cos N M + J g(z)] (m)
F F
6F 6
sin
6 6
d cosh
d d N g(z) = f cos E sinh
d d sin d cosh
M = cos N = sin
d-z z sinh z + cos (-z

6
cosh
sinh (-z
d-z
+ sin
Ci::
d-z
cosh (d-z
= cos
2d 2d 2d 2d cosh + sin 2 -sinh2 6 6 .6 6

into (e) yields
Substitution of (m)
Bx = B nm (z)cos[wt + 8(z)]
where
Bm(Z) = Bo \[f(z)]2 + [g(z)]
(n)
(o)
0(z) = tan -
1 g(z) f(z)
It is clear from the form of (n) that both the amplitude and phase of the flux density vary as functions of z.
(P)
To illustrate the nature of the distribution of flux density predicted
-9
PROBLEM 7.6 (Continued) by this set of equations the maximum flux density is plotted as a function of position for several values of d/6 in the figure. and fixed properties increases. t/vw, thus, as Recalling the definition of the skin depth 6 in (i),we realize that for a system of fixed geometry increases, the frequency of the excitation From the curves of the figure we see that as the frequency increases
the flux density penetrates less and less into the specimen until at high frequencies (- >> 1) the flux density is completely excluded from the conductor. At very low frequencies (d << 1) the flux density penetrates completely and is essentially unaffected by the presence of the conducting material. It is clear that at high frequencies ( >> 1) when the flux penetrates very little into the slab, the induced (eddy) currents flow near the surfaces. In this case it is often convenient, when considering electromagnetic phenomena external to the slab, currents. It is informative to compare the flux distribution of the figure for a steady-state a-c problem with the distribution of Fig. 7.1.4 for a transient problem. We made the statement in Sec. 7.1.1 that when we deal with phenomena We can make this statement having characteristic times that are short compared to the diffusion time constant, the flux will not penetrate appreciably into the slab.
as
to assume oa-x and treat the induced currents as surface
quantitative for the steady-state a-c problem by defining a characteristic time 1 W
We now take the ratio of the diffusion time constant given by Eq. 7.1.28 to this characteristic time and use the definition of skin depth in (i).
T T
2
27
(q)
Thus, for our steady-state a-c problem, this statement that the diffusion time
constant is long compared to a characteristic time is the same as saying that

the significant dimension d is much greater than the skin depth 6.
The current distribution follows from the magnetic flux density by using
Ampere's law; S= 1 y 0 aB x az (r)
-10
-10

Thus the distribution of IJyl is somewhat as shown in the figure for B .
The instantaneous J has odd symmetry about z = 0.5 d.

y
w
j
f r\
Fo~j
PO
4.- cx
O.
OI
0,4,
0.6
0.08
/, .
SIN EFFEdCT
PJsTfli1u7IloT
lnIUX DENSIT WITH
-11
PROBLEM 7.7 Part a

Assume the resistors in the circuit model each have approximately their
D.C. resistance
RD
D.C.
a1a oAD
the "loop" of metal
(a)
The inductance is
Depth D
i at L = D (b)
Hence the time constant involved is
- =
2R
o
2
(c)
The equivalent length in the diffusion time is A/S >> A. Part b

By adding the vacuum space of region 2 we have increased the amount of magnetic field that must be stored in the region before equilibrium is reached while the dissipation is confined to the two slabs. In the problem of Fig.
7.1.1, the slab stores a magnetic field only in a region of thickness A, the same region occupied by the currents , while here the magnetic field region is of thickness t. Part c
-12

Since diffusion in the slabs takes negligible time compared to the main problem,
each slab could be modeled as a conducting sheet with
S= (aA)
In region 2
VxH = 0 From
fEd9 = - -or H = Ho(t)
z
(d)
= - K2 (t)i
(e)
JBn da
(f)
we learn that a[ Kl(t)-K 2 (t)] = + [poat K2 (t)]

dK2 (t) dt
(g)
Since Ko(t) = Kl(t) + K 2 (t) we know that I U-l(t) = 2K2 (t) + apl K (t) = 0A
(h)
The solution.is therefore

I K 2 (t) (l-e -t/T ) 01 A9.
t)
(i)
and,because K2 = - Ho, the magnetic field fills region (2) with the time constant T. PROBLEM 7.8 As in Prob. 7.7, the diffusion time associated with the thin conducting shell is small compared to the time required for the field to fill the region r < R. Modeling the thin shell as having the property
K = A
and assuming that H 1 (t)tz = [Ho-K(t)] z
(a)
(b)
-13
We can use the induction equation

E iBEn da (c)
to learn that, becauseH = constant for t > 0 2_R K(t) = Aa The solution to (d) is
R2 1
o
dKt
dt
(d)
-t/Tu K(t) = H e-t/Tu (t); T and from (b), it follows that
RAR
(e)
Hi(t) = H0 -K(t)
= H (1-e-t)u_(t)
(f)
The H field is finally distributed uniformly for r < a, with a diffusion time based on the length AA. PROBLEM 7.9 Part a
Vx
at oE
(a)
V x B = So V xV x B But
(b)
= -
at
V2B =
-
(c)
Vx(VxB) =V(V.B)So
V2
(d)
at
Part b Since B only has a z component
aB
V2B
= Ipa
at
(e)
In cylindrical coordinates
2 V
1 3 (3 r + 12 lVar 9r r r
Hr so
2
a=
82
aBz
z2
(f)
Here B = B (r,t) z z
-14
r Part c
(r
(g)
We want the magnetic field to remain finite at r = 0, hence C2 = 0. Part d

At r = a B(a,t) =
0 HRo
- C Jo(4 1 0--a
a) =
poHo
(h)
Hence if CI
0
-
Jo(V
Part e
a) = 0
(i)
Multiply both sides of expression for B(r,t=0) = 0 by rJo ( integrate from 0 to a. a Then, a2
r/a) and
pH r J (v r/a)dr = p H
J(V)
Q)
o CiJo(V i r/a)r Jo(j r/a)dr 0 o1 o i=1 from which it follows that C
= C
J2 2
- J2(v) 1
(k)
v1 jJl(v) given in the table lead to the coefficients
(o)
The values of vj and J l (vj)
C
1
C
.535,
.802;
F2 211H
Part f 2
)2pH
0.425
(m)
2 = T
-
V1
= 0.174 Uooa
(n) -4 (25) x 10(o)
-7 10 (0.174)(4rx 10- 7 ) 4.35 x 10- 7 seconds
-15
PROBLEM 7.10
Part a
aE
VxE = iz
VxB = - i
3x
DB
at Bz z
00
4. )i
(a)
(b)
Dx
-a o
= vo0(E -UB
VxVxB = V(V*B) a2B
- V2 B DE
= x2 ;z = 0pa0(a- Y U
DE
But -
aDB
)-z
(c)
ax
= 0 from (a), a2B
so aB
ax Part b
At
2Z x
aU
ax
(d)
x = 0 at
Part c
Let
Bz (x)
B = B z =0
(e) (f)
x = L
= C e
ax
,
then
a(a-o aOU) = 0
a = 0, a =
(g)
(0)
i oU
joGU(x-L)
Using the boundary conditions
z Note that as U+O
-1 0UL 1-e
B (x) =z as expected.
K Po (
(3)
-16
PROBLEM 7.11 Part a
F
-
JxB = -
J B i
yxz
oI2
2
R R e
R
z/Z
R z/1
(em -1)
(e m -1)2
2
wd dz =
i z
(a)
Part b
f
b Part
-F
fz
P1 d 2w
(b)
This result can be found more simply by using the Maxwell Stress Tensor by methods
similar to those used with Probs. Part c The power supplied by the velocity source is
pI
P = - fU= - f U o
2
8.16 and 8.17.
dU
2w
I2d R 1d wtR 2m
(c)
The electric field at the current source is
J (zn=)
Ey(z=j) =
y
UB (z=)
(d) Cx
I
a1w
R m
R
(e)
(e m -1)
Power supplied by the current source is then
-VgI = + E dI = + 2d Rf)
OW
Power dissipated in the moving conductor is then
Pd
=
~d ~'U
PU
VI
I2d
Rm
2
eRm + 1(g)
aRw2
Rm
(g)
which is just what is obtained from
Pd= wd
o
"- dx
(h)
-17
PROBLEM 7.12
If a point in the reference frame is outside the block it must satisfy
Vx=
= 0
(a) and VxB =

0 (b)
Since the points outside the block have J=O, and uniform static fields (for
differential changes in time),(a) and (b) are satisfied.
Points inside the block must satisfy
1 aB x =J S2B x + at (c) DB x = - V
o az
y
aB
(d)
oa z2 Since these points see

3B J y aVB o' az
o aB
, a' z 2
2
O0 (e)
DB
at
B
=t - v --
and
Vyioa = I
these conditions are satisfied. Points on the block boundaries are satisfied because the field quantities F and B are continuous. PROBLEM 7.13 Part a Because V*.BO the magnetic flux lines run in closed loops. The field
lines prefer to run through the high 1 material near the source, hence very few lines will close beyond the edge of the material at z=O. the slab will tend to remain between the pole pieces. Part b a2B aB aB Currents in
1 z Saz
_-=
2
+ v
(a)
az
at
j(wt-kz) Let B (z,t) = C e , then k - jpoVk + jpaw = 0; (b)
A quadratic equation with roots
-18

k = Ilj[ Y
or in terms of R
+
+[
Wia
(c)
= VaVL and 6 =/
k ')L = j
From Fig.
+ j
()
+ J2
(~)
(d)
7.1.16 of the text we see that
k+ =k+ +j k k
i r
where
+k
-k= r
k+ >0 r
and
>-k
> 0
(e)
To meet the boundary condition of part (a) we must have B (z,t) = C[ y - e -jkZeijt (f)
Using the boundary condition at z = - L
B
B (z,t)= y (eJz =(ek +Le
+
_e-Jk) ejt (g)
jkL)
Part c
aB
x az J x JB/ + (ejk L-ejk L) x x/Ato
+ (k+ e-jk z -K- e-
z)e
(1)
Part d
Asw+-O By B-R
k -O,k
+ ((-e
Lj
(Rm/L) z
(m)
B -R
(1-e m)
B /L
(R /L)z
R e m (k)
J x
= -R
(1-e M)
-19
-C
As the sketch Fig.
7.1.9 of the text suggests, we could realize this problem by
placing a current sheet source

B
R=-p0 oi K
slab at x = O,D. figure.
x e-S
across the end z = - L and providing perfect conductors to slide against the The top view of the slab then appears as shown in the
---$ I~P-~DCI
~I
-_
---
Li~ m
C-uen
S~ e.(? '
/7/,
Vba -6 - -
If
given driving arrangement. PROBLEM 7.14
Part a
Since J' =
-20
'b
Note from (j) and (k) that as Rm0, the current density J is uniform and B is m x y a linear function of z. This limiting case is as would be obtained with the
= izK 1 cos(kUt-kx)
= IzKocos(wt-kx); w = kU
Part b
(a)
The track can be taken as large in the y direction when it is many skin depths thick L = track thickness >> = o
k oa 0
(b)
In the track we have the diffusion equation 1 V2i 3B at (c)
pa
o
or, with B = Re B exp j(wt-kx),
pa o
x2
_2 ay
,
_k then
= jB
(d)
y Let B (y) = C e r
jW +
(e)
wp a U oO = k2 k
(f)
k 1+JS ; S =
Since the track is modeled as infinitely thick

B x = C ea y
ej (wt-kx) The gap between track and train is very thin; thus,
- i which yields eay ej(t-kx) We must also have VBE = 3Bx/ax + 3By /y = 0 or (i) x B--- = K ej(wt - kx) i z (h) (g)
B= y
Jk B x(x,y,t ) a x
(j)
-21
PROBLEM 7.14 (Continued) To compute the current in the track we note that 3B VxB = i
=
z x-
aB
=
(j
k)
2) Bx -- (x,y,t)i
a 0j
Part c The time average force density in the track is (see footnote, page 368)
<F > = 1 Re(J B*)
z x
Hence the time average lifting force per unit x-z area on the train is
<T> = y
_m
<F >dy = - Re
1-J B* dy
2 zx
1 loK
0 2 T
See Fig. 7.1.21 of the text for a plot of this lifting force.
Part d
The time average force density in the track in the x direction is
<F > = x Re(J B*) zy
The force on the train in the x direction is then
<
>
o
= fj
K2
<F >dy = -
Re
-
J B
dy
K2
o00 4
2
I+S
ReVl1jS
The problem is that this force drags the train instead of propelling it in the
x direction. (See Fig. 7.1.20 of the text for a plot of the magnitude of
To make matters worse, if the train stops, the magnetic
this drag force).
levitation force becomes zero.
-22
PROBLEM 7.15
Part a
Let the current sheet lie in the plane y = - s. we have the "diffusion equation" V2Bz = 0 this equation yields If Bz (x,y,t) = Bz(y)eJ(t-kx) z 22
B
S= k2B a2 z
Hence we can conclude that Bz = [A cosh k(y+s) + B sinh k(y+s)]e J At y = - s we have 'the boundary condition
iy x Bz = PoK Thus cos(wt-kz)ix
t- k z
In the region -s<y<O
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
B = [ K0 cosh k(y+s) + B sinh k(y+s)]e w Since V*- = aB /ay + aB z/az By

=
t-k z )
(e)
0 we must have (f)
[j( 0K0 sinh k(y+s) + B cosh k(y+s))]e j (t-kz)
In the conductor the diffusion equation is 21 VB =-aB + V-3B az at 11a Then 32B
ay = (Jo(a-kV) + k2 )B (h)
(g)
which suggests a solution
Sao(w-kV)
Bz(y) C e-ay , V = k/l+jS, S
k
(i)
Since V-B = 0 in the conductor too, we must have B B' B zi) a z y =-jkB As the boundary y = 0 we must have Byl = By2 , Hz1 Note that.
=
(j)
Hz2
(k)
-23

cosh ks Bz2 + J sinh ks By 2 = p K (cosh2ks - sinh2ks) = oIK (1)
Then we must also have
0Ko = cosh ks BZ1 + j sinh ks Byl

= C (cosh ks +
sinh ks)
(m)
It follows that the B field for y>O is S oK 0 cosh ks + k sinh ks

(_j k " + y + iz)e-e
ay eJ(t-kz)
(n)
Comparing with Eq. 7.1.91 of Sec. 7.1.4 of the text we see that it is only
necessary to replace
K K by cosh ks + starting with Eq. 7.1.90. k
sinh ks
The average forces depend on the magnitude, not the
phase, of Ko, which is reduced by this substitution.

Part b
We note that if ks << 1
K
0
=K
o
k cosh ks + - sinh ks a
Part c When ks * K
0
(0)
which shows that the results of Sec. 7.1.4 are valid when ks << 1.
k
cosh ks + - sinh ks a PROBLEM 7.16
Part a
-- 0
No fields will then be present in the conductor.
Because the charge needs time to move through the conductor, at t=0+ is only free charge on the plates. negative vertical direction and satisfy
there
The electric fields are directed in the
-24
PROBLEM 7.16 (Continued) Eb + E a = V at the interface at t=O+

EE = EE (a)
o g V V
(b)
Hence at t=0+
E = , E = E 8 a g Eo 0 b + --+ a E0-b
o
(c)
Part b As t+a liquid, hence V E Part c

The charge on the interface at any time is
= 0 Eg =0 (f) the charge on the interface excludes the fields from the conducting
Of
do
= cE
E E
(g)
Conservation of charge requires
oE E=
(h)
The voltage across the plates is Vo for t>O

V = E b + E a o 9. g
Solving g, h, i we find that the charge obeys b/a) dof (i)
(e + E
=
+ a
a
E+ b/a
dt
, then
= -
a Vo
(j)
Let T
cV
f =
q
00
((1
-
-t/T
t> 0
t > 0
(k)
(9)
f i
e AV A 0
e - t/T)
-25
PROBLEM 7.17
Part a
In the inner sphere
oi Pf
Pf +
(a)
So we find that
-ai/
Pf(r,t) = P (r)e
t
, t > 0 r < Ri (b)
A similar equation holds for the charge in the outer sphere, but it has no initial
charge distribution at t = 0, so
Pf(r,t) = 0, Part b Let Q Also define aA = the surface charge density at r = Ri " B = the surface charge density at r = Ro = R t > 0 R <r<Ro (c)
f
o
2 4wr 2 po(r)dr
(d)
The field at R
is, by Gauss' law (e)

4re R
oo
E(Ro)
Then, conservation of charge requires that the electric field at r = Ro obey
E(Ro) +
E (R) e
(f)
(g)
E(R')
o
4re R
oo
o/g)t, t > 0
), t > 0
We can thus conclude that
a = Q2
4wR
(1-
(h)
Since charge is conserved we now know that
SA A
(eJrR
- e0
),
t > 0
(i)
-26
PROBLEM 7.17 (Continued) Part c
PROBEM
717 (ontiued
sAA;tY~/QO
YO--
Tr &Xr.
44
~7;
=& xr
~t~k-rgi7
PROBLEM 7.18
Part a
At the radius b
e[E(b ) - E(b-)] =
o[E(b+)-E(b-)]=
-
f aaf
= -
(a)
a
)-E(b)] [E(b (-E (b)
For t < 0 when the system has come to rest

V*3 = (o/c)V.E =
-
t-
= 0
(c)
For cylindrical geometry this has the solution
E + A i ; V r = +b
Edr = A In(b/a) r
(d)
-27

then
E(r=b )=
bn+ n(b/a) b
t = 0 E(r=b ) = 0 Since E(b + ) - E(b-) = af/E it cannot change instantaneously, so

+
(e)
E(b ) - E(b-) = -
(b/a)
-0/)
, t > 0
(f)
Because there is no initial charge between the shells, there will be no charge between the shells for t > 0, thus
SCl (t)
+ Er =
+
r C2 (t)
r
a<r 0
b<r<c
(g)
The battery adds the constraint V = C1lln(b/a) + C21ln(c/b) (h)
while (f) becomes C - C 1 2

=
In(b/a)
(i)
Solving (h) and (i) for C , C 1 2

C 2
0 (1In c/a (1
)t
(j) (k)
1 Part b
Vo In c/a (
ln(c/b) e-(/E)Ct) + ln(b/a)
a= Part c
4 (E(b+ ) - E(b-))
b In(b/a)
t
Inc/b
,
(V)
=
'b Cb
Ra =
2a
'
27e in c/b
2CS In b/a
In(b/a) 2ro ' Ca
cc,
-28
PROBLEM 7.19
While the potential v is applied the system reaches an equilibrium. this time
=
During
V*J =
of
-(a) If the potential V is applied for many time constants For t>O if the fluid is
in the bulk of the liquid.
(T=C/a) any.charge in the fluid decays away.
incompressible (V'v = 0) and J = oE + p fv we know that
V-3 =(a/E)Pf + vVpf =
t f(b)
But in a frame moving with the particles of fluid

d df -+
vVof
=--(+lE)pf
l E)
(c)
(d) But for all fluid
Pf(t) = Pf(t=O)e (
t t > 0
where Pf(t) is the local charge seen by a moving particle. particles

Pf(t
=
0) = 0
(e)
Hence the charge remains zero everywhere for t > 0. Now draw a volume around the upper sphere big enough to enclose it for a few seconds even though it is moving.
-da =S
f
V
f dV
(f)
Now because pf = 0 in the fluid
3
Then
= aE, fJ*da =(a/e)
Eida =(a/E)Q(t)
s
(g)
(a/)Q(t) = - dJ V which has solution

Q(t) = Q e-t/;T
dV = - d
Q(t)
(h)
=/a
-29
PROBLEM 7.20
Part a
We can use Gauss' law
c o E - da =
S V
Pf dV
(a)
to determine the electric field if we note that there is no net charge in the
system, which means that
E= E
= 0 o D2d
x<0 and x>3d dx =

Q
(b)
FoE (x) =
ox
D2 x d
(c)
There is no charge in the middle region so

E =
----
D2
o
d<x<2d; t
(d)
In the region 2d<x<3d

Eo(E (x) - Ex(2d) ) = ddx = - 2 2 (x-2d) d D 2d D2d (e)
E (x) x
Q_ D2 C
(3d-x) d
12d<d<3d
lt = 0
~tx
1ZE,
As t-*o all the charge on the lower plate relaxes to the surface x = d, while the charge on the upper plate relaxes to the surface x = 2d. looks like The electric field then
Q
e6. 0

Part b
Each charge distribution can be thought of as made up of many thin charges
sheets; any two such sheets,
one located somewhere in the top conductor, one located somewhere in the bottom
conductor, attract each other with a force
AF=
AQ1 AQ2 2
2E
o
(g)
which is independent of their separation, hence the net attractive force between
plates does not change with time.
m there is a surface charge
At t-
=-
x = 2d (h)
x= d
B = +
9D
and the force per unit area Tx is simply that found for a pair of capacitor plates
having separation d and supporting surface charge densities + Q. (See Sec. 3.1.2b).
Tx = Q D2 2c D
0
t >0
(i)
This force can be easily seen to be constant from the viewpoint taken in Chapter 8,
where the force on the lower plate can be found from the Maxwell Stress Tensor.
The only contribution comes from Txx = Txx(x = d)
= -
E2 evaluated at x = d, and thus Problem 8.23 is worked out
T x as given by (i) regardless of t.
following the stress-tensor approach.

PROBLEM 7.21
Part a
If the electric field beyond the plates is zero the conservation of charge
equation
J'da = S t V fPdV = -t S
eEdda
(a)
-31
MAGNETIC DIFFUSION OF CHARGE RELAXATION
becomes
ÊI GE (x)
=
WE E (X)
That is, the equation of Example 7.2.3, with now for Ex is as given by (f) a function of x.
^
Ex()
I 02
[ol +
ÎA
A(o+Jw)
x+JW(+
2
-- x)1
From Coulomb's law
I +
Pf =
El
x= -
(J
d dE
dx
dx
do
d+
(jw + 0)2
pfA
I
(1
T- x)(JW
E2
E2
--
0 2i )
1
2
02
2
02 [(01 + - x) + JW(E
2
x)] +
[(01+
r-1 x)+JW(E+ it 1
Z7 x)]
Part b
Consider the effect of a small change in E alone
02
then
= 0;
2/l
<< 1
Pf
2 12 A2(jw 1+0 1)
This effect is highly
(f)
It is seen from (f) that in the presence of conduction the gradient of C causes
free charge to be stored in the bulk of the fluid.
dependent on frequency, being greatest at zero frequency and disappearing when

the cycle time is short compared to the relaxation time of the material.
PROBLEM 7.22
Part a
In the fluid the consitutive law for conduction is
J = ovE + PfV Since the given velocity distribution has the property
-32
V'v = 0
V*j = or S+ u = --
(b) V*(cE) +
*V p=
a
o pf + U 2Lx
Pf
pf (c)
(d) The solution has the
The charge is relaxing in the frame of the moving fluid. form
ox J(t- x
Pf
=
Re p
(e)
= 0 elsewhere in the channel where y = 0 is the channel center. Note that (e) satisfies the boundary condition
x
U
at x = 0 and states that a charge at x at time t has been decaying (since it left the source) and was dumped in the channel at time
t'
= t U
seconds
Substitution of (e) into (d) verifies that it is a solution.

Part b
From (e) it is clear that the wave length of the sinusoidally (and decaying)
charge stream is 2fTU/w. w. Thus, the wave length can be altered simply by changing
the flow velocity would consist in measuring
One technique for measuring
the voltage induced across the resistance R (as shown in the figure) as a function
of the frequency. With the distance between electrode centers d equal to 1/2 wave
If we call the frequency
length, a peak in the output signal would be expected. at which this peak occurs wip, then
4 4
A
-33

27U
W-- = 2d
p
or
dw
U = -Tr
gives U. There are, of course, problems with this
Thus, a determination of w approach.
For example, there would be lesser peaks in the output at harmonic

Alternatives are to use
frequencies that could be mistaken for the desired peak.
the decay rate, but such techniques are vulnerable to conductivity variations
which are likely to be large.
PROBLEM 7.23
Part a
Current is carried by the conductor because of normal conduction and also
because of convection of a net charge.
J
Also
GE + pv
(j-ply) = V(-P VoE = pf/E

But V.J = ap f
=
0 in steady state
V*v = '.(U
ix ) = 0 also, so that U apf
V'VPf =
vfVE a
a ax
The solution to this last equation is
p = p
e
x
i.e., the charge relaxes in the conductor; the time T = since the charge left the source at the first screen. Part b Let
is a measure of how long
Ex(x=O) = Eo
0 a aE o( Po -(Pq) ()
o p(x) x = -= e ax e
-34
PROBLEM 7.23 (Continued) (x Pf(x) E (x) dx E+ = E + PU (1-e
X
U
Note that since J (x=0) = OE

x
+ poU
0
V
RA
Sx
Ex(X) V RA
poU
We must finish the problem to know V Part c
Sv
V = Ex(x)dx =
a E U
(1-e )
poo0a + P
2
(
l-e
V=
( 1+
RAG
PROBLEM 7.24
Part a
The model for this problem is similar to that used in Example 7.2.6 of the
text. Each ring induces a charge on the stream having opposite polarity to its
Thus, conservation of charge for the can at potential v 3 (under
potential.
the ring at potential v 1 ) is

-C nv dv = C d
+
dt
v
v
(a)
Similarly, for the other two cans,
dv -C i nv 2 =-C d
dv -C
i
v (b)
v
(c)
nv 3 = C
+ 2
To solve these three equations, we assume solutions of the form

^ st v i = vi e (d)
and the complex amplitudes vi are governed by the conditions that follow from
substitution of (d) into (a)-(c)
7cn
(Cs +)
= 0 (e)
1 0
Cs)
(Cs + -)
Cin
The solution for s is
1 s =--+RC Cin C + j 2
2 2
]r3
Part b
Thus, the system is unstable if
1
RC Part c
Cn
2C (g)
In particular, from (g), the system is self-excited as
1 R Part d
Cin 2
n(h)
The frequency of oscillation under condition (h) follows from (f) and (h),
as
cIn /r 2C PROBLEM 7.25
RC
The crucial quantities in the respective systems are the magnetic diffusion time (Eq. 7.1.28) and the charge relaxation time (Eq. 7.2.11) relative to the period of excitation T = 1/f. The conductivities required to make these respective times equal to the excitation period T are
a =i2 T/Po d2
a = S/T In terms of the given numbers,
(a)
(b)
a = (3.14)2(10-5)/(4)(3.14 x 10- 7)(10 = 7.85 x 10 mhos/m

5
(c) and a = (81)(8.85 x 10-12)/10 = 7.16 x 10- 5 mhos/m (d)
For the change in depth to have a large effect on the inductance, the
conductivity must be greater than that given by (c). would not be satisfactory. Thus, the magnetic device
By contrast, (d) indicates that the conductivity
of the electric apparatus is more than sufficient to make a change in
capacitance with liquid depth apparent even if
c=c o . Both devices would be
attractive for this application only if the conductivity exceeded that given
by (c).
-36
PROBLEM 7.26
This problem depends on the same physical reasoning as used in connection
with Prob. 7.25. There are two modes in which either device can operate.
Consider configuration (a): the inductance can change either because of the
magnetization of the water, or because of currents induced in the water. However,
water is only weakly magnetic and so the first mode of operation is not attractive.
Moreover, the frequency is too low to induce appreciable currents, as can be seen
by comparing the magnetic diffusion time to the period of excitation. Hence,
configuration (a) does not represent an attractive approach to the engineering

problem.
On the other hand, configuration (b) can operate either because of a change
in capacitance between the electrodes due to the change in position of the
polarized liquid (at high frequencies) or due to a change in position of a
perfectly conducting liquid (low frequencies). As the calculations of Prob.
7.26 show, it is this last mode of operation that is appropriate in this case.
PROBLEM 7.27
Part a
Because we have changed only a boundary condition,the potentials in regions
(a) and (b) are still of the general form

#
a(a)
= A sinh kx + B cosh kx = C sinh kx + D cosh kx
Ob
There are now four boundary conditions: (b)
a(d) = V
a(o) = - b(O)
Xat b(-f) = 0
o)
a( (0) ) az
(0)
(0)
+
c)
+V-Ve
(-
C ax
(d)
(e)
Only boundary condition (e) is new; it has replaced the assumption that
must go to zero as x + - -.
Solving for A, B, C and D we find that
-37
a a
Re 2[(l+jS E/E )sinh kx + jS tanh kf cosh kx]ej(
t-k
z)
(f)
(g)
Ob
Part b If
v
Re
[{jS sinh kx + jS tanh kf cosh kx]ej
j(ft-k)
k z
where A = (1+jS c/co)sinh kd + JS tanh kf cosh kd.
Ifk >> 1
tanh kf + 1 A comparison shows that in this limit the results agree with Sec. 7.2.4 if
we note that
e
kx
(h)
= cosh kx + sinh kx
(i)
PROBLEM 7.28 Part a

The regions between the traveling wave electrodes and the moving sheet are
free space, and therefore the fields are governed by
V2 where = 0 (a)
H=
VD
(b)
Moreover, solutions that have the same (z-t) dependence as the imposed traveling wave potentials, and that satisfy (a) are
t-k x ) Oa = Re[Alcosh kx + A 2 sinh kx]ej(w =
(c) (d)
Re[Blcosh kx + B2 sinh kx]e

2
j ( t-k z
The constants A ,A2,B,B the boundary conditions
V a = V
must be adjusted to make these solutions satisfy
at
(e)
V =b aa b
at at
x =-c x= o
aEa
(f) (g)
+ UPart b
) aEa
cE)+E
(h)
The symmetry requires that
-38
Ya(x,Zt) = 4b(-X,Z,t)
and this implies that A 1 = B 1 , A 2 = - B 2 . A cosh kc + A2 sinh kc Vo The boundary conditions become
(i)
() (k)
JS (2A2) = A1 where
S = (w-kU)Eo/kas
Thus, A and A 2 = - B 2 = V/(sinh kc + 2j S cosh kc) Part b
= B = 2j SVo/(sinh kc + 2j S cosh kc)
(9)
(m)
(n)
A section of the sheet can be enclosed by a thin volume of small area in

the y-z plane to give the force per unit area as
T z = 2Ta (x = 0) zX (o)
where the symmetry has been used to set

Ta zx b zx
(p.)
Thus, the time average force per unit area is
<T > = ReE 0 (0)E a

and from (m) and (n),
(0)1
(q)
<T > = Re[Eo(-jk)A*(-k)A 2 ]
(r)
= Re
sinh2kc+4S2cosh2ke
(s)
2tok2Vo 2S(
(sinh2kc+4S2cosh2kc) It follows from (t) that the maximum occurs as
(t)
or
S' = 1 tanh kc 2 ok
= kU + -o
(u)
tanh kc
(v)
-39

Part c
Note that if S is held fixed at the value given by (u), the force per unit area remains fixed. Thus, as as
4
0, the velocities of the potential wave and
the sheet must become equal to retain the force at a constant value
kU
(w)
-40
FIELD DESCRIPTION OF MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FORCES
PROBLEM 8.1 The identity to be verified is V-(iA)

= 4IV.A + R-*VI
First express the identity in index notation..
aA
x
= [PA] I
m
+ A m
m ax
m Thus, expanding the first term on
The repeated subscript indicates summation. the left yields:
3A "x
PROBLEM 8.2 We wish to show that m + A m ax m m 0iV.A + A.V (c)
B-v(ipA) = iBviA + AB.V

First, the identity is expressed in index notation, conssidering the mth component of this vector equation. Note that the equat:ion relates two vectors.
m
(B.[V(pA)])
= (B*.[VAI)
+ A B.Vm
(b)
Now, consider each term separately

(BE[V(1A)])m = Bk aA (A
m )
PBk = A m Bk ax k +
(iB*[VA])
=B B
Am*V
= AmBk[Vi k = AmBk
The sum of (d) and (e) give (c) so that the identity is verified.
PROBLEM 8.3
Part a aik is the cosine of the angle between the x Thus for our geometry axis and the xk axis
(see p age 435).
/1
aik
1 o
-41
-4

Now, we may apply the transformation law for vectors (Eq. 8.2.10)
Ai = aikAk where the components of A in the (xl,x 2 ,x3 ) system are given as Al = 1; A 2 = 2; A 3 Thus:
- 1 (c) (b)
A' =alk
=allA
+ al2A 2 + a13A3
(d)
(e)
A' = 1/2 + /Y
A
A3
a2 kAk
a3kAk = 1
(f)
(g)
Using matrix alegbra, we can write a more concise solution.
That is:
A1
A2
L3j
a11
=
a21
12
a2 2
13
a 23
a 33
A1yl
A2
3
- ! 1)
+ 1)
(h)
La31
32
Part b
The tensor aik is associated with coordinate transforms involving the
direction of force while the tensor a is associated with coordinate trans
The tensor
forms involving the direction of the area normal vectors. transformation is (Eq. 8.2.17), page 437;
T'j = aik a jTk
For example, T11 = allk Tkt = allallT1
(i)
+ al2allT21 + al3allT 31 (
+ alla12T12 + a12a12T22 + a13a12 T32 + alla13T13 + a12a13T23 + a13a13T33

Thus:
T 11= +
11
(k)
-42

Similarly
T2
12 2
3 +/3
T'
13
= 0
21
3 +r
2
5
22 4 T' = 0
23
T' T' = 0
= 0 1
3/
T'3 33
Written in matrix algebra, the problem is solve d below:
T'
11
21
T' T'
T'
12
T]
13
11
a a
12
22
T12 T22 T32
a2 1 a2 2
a3 1
a32
Tl
T'
T22
T2'a
T23
21 a
31
32
33
31 a 32
a23
a33
Matrix
s the transpose of aij. Note that the third matrix on the right i. multiplication of (t) gives
7
6 3
+
3 ij
2 )
(- 2 + r3 4
5 3r
PROBLEM 8.4
The m
th
component of the force density at a point is (Eq. 8.1.10)
F
i
dax
Thus in the 11 direction,
-43
PROBLEM 8.4
(Continued)
aF
F 1
3T aT12 + T + X2 2
2
=
2
xI
-0 o x
( a
+0
= 0
Similarly in the 12 and 13 directions we find
F=
2
2 (axi
aT
aT 22
a2
aT
x1
X3
=0
aT
Fj 3 =
3 32 1 3x1 +x2 +x3
aT
aT
Hence, the total volume force density resulting from the given stress tensor is zero. PROBLEM 8.5
I__.e i~>
ii>
I 0b)
in region (1) E=Eo in region (2) E = 0
+ 3
1 i
Tij =E EiE
EoEEk
Thus in region (2) Tij = 10] in region (1)
-44

5 8 3 E2 o0 E2 3 2 5 2
oo
Tij
2
0
oo
o0
8 3 E 2 oo
Cc)
The total contribution to the forces found by integrating the stress tensor over surface (c) is zero, because surface (c) lies in region (2) where the stress tensor is zero. By symmetry the sum of contributions to the force
resulting from integrations over the two surfaces perpendicular to the x 3 axis is zero. Now let us note the fact that: area (a) = 2 area (b) = 3 (d) (e)
Thus: fi =
f
Ti j n
da
(f)
= fT 1 1 da + fT1 2 da + fT1 3da (b) = 5 8 1 (a) E23) + 3 E E2 (2) o 2 oo (g)
f = 4
o0o
E2
(h)
f2 = fT2 1 da + fT2 2 da + fT2 3 da
(b) (a)
2 3 f 2 f-3
oo 2
2 E o o
8 5
oo (j)
34
fT 3 1 da + fT 3 2 da + fT 3 3 da =0 (k)
Hence, the total force is:
7 2 + 84E E i i + 3
8 0 0
cEo i() oo 2
-45
PROBLEM 8.6
Part a
At point A, the electric field intensity is a superposition of the imposed field and the field due to the surface charges; E = (/0f/ )1 . Thus at A, (a)
a
E= i(E
x 0
) + i (E
y
+ --)
Eo
while at B,
E= ix (Eo) + Cy(Eo) (b)
Thus, from Eq. 8.3.10, at A,

T
= So[E -(E
12
+
0
af
) ] CE (E + -)
0
ij
af
2 - E] 0
CE
+-)
e [( +-) [(E
(c)
a 2 S E 0 [E2+(E0 + -- ) I
o
while at B the components are given by (c) with of Part b
0.
In the x direction, because the fields are independent of x and z,

fx = cb-a)[(TxyA -(T y D = (b-a)DEo f (d)
or simply the area multiplied by the surface charge density and x component
of electric field intensity.
In the y direction
2 of
= (b-a)(T jA
- T
)D = (b-a)D[E Y B
f + 2]
0o
(e)
Note that both (d) and (e) could be found by multiplying the surface
charge density by the average electric field intensity and the area, as
shown by Eq. 8.4.8.
-46
FIELD DESCRIPTION OF MAGNETIC AND ELECT IC FORCES
PROBLEM 8.7
, =L
(4)
Before finding the force, we must calculate the H field at xl = L. this field let us use To find
Bnda = 0
At x1 = + L, (b) 1idirection, where
over the dotted surface. H(xl=L) = Hoi 1
over surface (4) H = 0, and over surface (2), H is in the n = 12. Thus over surface (2) B'n = 0.
Hence, the integral in (a) reduces to -
I
(1)
H 0da +
pf oH(xl = + L)da = 0
(3)
Thus:
oHo a +
oHb = 0
per unit depth
H(x, = + L) = a/b)Ho i Tij
Hi o
-j 2
o kHk
(2) and (3) is:
0 2
H 1
Hence, the stress tensor over surfaces (1), -OH2 2 1.

T 0 2 0 1o ij
0
o 2
- H
2 1
-47
PROBLEM 8.7 (Continued) over surface (4)

T = [01
the 1 direction is
Thus
the force in
fl
Tij n-da
T 11da+ (1) f T 1 1 da+ (3) f T 1 2 da (2)
fl=-f
Thus, since the last integral makes no contribution,
11
2 Ho (a)
Vo 2 a 2 + -2 H2 () *b =
0o
2 o b2
1}
Since Tij = 0 over surface (4) there is no contribution to the force from this surface. and by symmetry, surfaces perpendicular 1 direction is (k). PROBLEM 8.8 The appropriate surface of integration is shown in the figure there is no contribution to the force from the Thus, the force per unit depth in
to the x 3 axis.
'I)
tI
-I
The stresses acting in the x direction on the respective surfaces are as

shown. Because the plates are perfectly conducting, all shear stresses
The only
required to complete the integration of Eq. 8.1.17 vanish. contributions are from surfaces (i), (ii),
(iii) and (iv), where the fields
-48
PROBLEM 8.8 (Continued) are known to be V

E =
V
i
a V a
-i=
(i)
;E =
(ii) ; E
b V -si b
(iii)
(a) y (iv)
Thus, f = (T 1 1) i = dV2 ad + (T11 ) ii 1 ]
ad
(T
iii
bd (T1 1 ) bd iv
(b) (c)
oob
The plate tends to be drawn to the right, where the fields are greater. PROBLEM 8.9
A-
- -
)Z .
The volume enclosing the half of the plate is arbitrary so lo6ng as it is

defined so that it does not include additional charge. Thus the volume shown
More
in the figure encloses no more than the desired distribution of charge. over, surfaces (i) and (ii pass through the fringing fields half way
between the plates where by symmetry there is no x2 component of E. (i) and (iii) support no shear stress T 2 1 .
Thus surfaces
There is no field at surface (iv)
and hence the only contribution is from surface (i), where the square of the field is known to be
E2 1 V2o 2
(a)
and it follows that because T 2 2 on (i) negative

f 2
is - 2 CeoE
and the normal vector is
4wse
o 22
V2
o (b)
-49

The fringing field tends to pull the end of the plate in the + x 2 direction. PROBLEM 8.10
-----------'1 I:
-----------
;I(7
IB~
Part a Consider the surface shown in Figure 1. direction is: f= f T 1,3 da 5,7
T
The total force in the x
da + 4
da
TT 8
f 2,6
da
(a)
four integrals disappear because: The first T

xy
= CE E
xy
= 0 on 1, 3, 5 and 7 because we are next
to the conducting plates (Ex = 0)

T Hence f=
x
xx
= 0 an 4 and 8 because the E field = 0 there
T 2,6
xx
da 2,6
E2 da
y
(b)
where Tij is evaluated
using Eq. 8.3.10.
E =
y
(c)
and hence:
-50
f
x
=
-2
Sd2 (
da= -
--
(d)
2,6 Part b
The coenergy of the system is
W' = where
2
C(x)v2
(e)
C(x) = 2(a-x)d(f)
Thus, (see Sec. 3.1.2b)
fx
= =W' ax
de 2 1 3C(x) v2 = ---2 v s 2 ax
(g)
which is the same value determined in part (a).

Part c
The equation of motion of the plate is:
2
M
dt2
2x
+ K(x-a) = f
= --
(h)
When the system reaches equilibrium with the switch closed,
K(X -a) =-dE

0 s o
(i)
thus X = a
o sK
2 V
()
After the switch is opened, M

2 dt
+ K(x-a) =
dt
dc v 2 (t)
(k)
The electrical circuit is like an R-C circuit with time varying elements
v
v + R(x)i(t) = 0 d v + R(x) d v + R(x)C(x)
R(x)
(M) (m) dx
dt
[C(x)v] = 0 dv dC(x) - + R(x) dxv

dt dx
(n)
-51

where:
R(x) Hence
s 2ad(a-x) and C(x) 2d(a-x)E s
(o)
v + Part d
d-- -x
a dt La (a-x)
dt]
v = 0
(p)
Dropping the inertial term from (h) leaves: K(x-a) = - _c v2(t)

S
from (k)
(q)
But we may write the identity

1 (a-x) dx dt 1 d
= K(x-a) dt
K(x-a)
(r)
and then, from (q)

1 dx (a-x) dt s dev 2 t) 1 2 d dt
d
s
2 dv v dt
d 2 dt v t
(s)
Substituting back into (p) we have
v+ E - dv + - 2E dv = a dt a dt
Solving we find
( t)
v = V e-(/3E) t
o
(u) 2a
and substituting back into (q),
2 x = a - dE V e sK o
3 E
(v)
Along relaxation time is consistent with neglecting the inertial terms, as
then x(t) varies slowly.

Part e
Proceed as in (c), and record the time constant T of a-x(t) by measuring Then, (w)
the mechanical displacement.
= 22
3
-52

This problem should raise questions as to the appropriate form of Tij
used in (b). Note that the surface of integration encloses liquid as well
We want only the force on the plate, so our calculation is
The electrical
as the plate.
correct only if there is no net force on the enclosed liquid. force density in the liquid is given by Eq. 8.5.45.
There is no free charge
or gradient of permittivity in the bulk of the liquid and hence the first
two of the three contributions to this force density vanish in the liquid.
However, there remains the electrostriction force density. Note that it is
ignored in our calculation because the electrostriction term was not included
in the stress tensor (we used Eq. 8.3.10 rather than 8.5.46). Our reason for
ignoring the electrostriction is this: it gives rise to a force density that takes the form of the gradient of a pressure. Hence, it simply alters the distribution of liquid pressure around the plate. Because each element of the
liquid is in static equilibrium and can give way to motions of the plate without changing its volume, the "hydrostatic pressure" of the liquid is altered by the electric field so as to exactly cancel the effect of the electrostriction force density. Hence, to correctly include the effect of electrostriction in integrat
ing the stresses over the surface, we must also include the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid. If this is done, the effect of the electrostriction will cancel
out, leaving the force on the plate we have derived by two alternative methods here.
PROBLEM 8.11
I
L_
_ _
(C-2)I
--
-53

First, let us note the E fields over surfaces (1), (3), (5) and (7), on each of the surfaces of the figure E1 = 0 (a)
over surface
(6) E2 = -a
= 0
E 1 =0 E1 = 0
(b) (c) (d)
V
(4) E2
-
V
(2) E 2 = From Eq. 8.3.10, Tij= ij oEE -E oij 2 (3), F F 0ok k
(5) and (7)
(f) (e)
c
Hence, over surfaces (1), T12 = 0
and over surfaces

E (6) T1 1 = V 2 (g)
( S v
2 (h)
(4) T11 = C
(2) Now;
f= fTij nfda = T 1 lnlda + T 1 2 n 2 da + fT1 3 n 3 da T1 1
V 2
(i
(j)
IT 1 3 n 3 da =
because the problem is two dimensional.
(k)
Let us consider each of the other integrals: fT1 2 n 2 da = 0 because the surfaces which have normal n 2 are (1), (f) we have shown that T12 = 0 over these surfaces. contribution to the force over surface (8),
area 4 m. Hence the calculation of the force reduces tc
(a)
(3),
+
(5)
and (7)
and by
Also, we get no 0 faster than the
because E
-54

fl
i=
T6) da
T (4)
da
T) (2)
da2
(m)
(6) f 1
(4)
2
EDDV
o
0+ 0
1 a
1 b
1(n) c
(n)
Note: by symmetry, there is no contribution to the force from the surfaces

perpendicular to the x 3 axis.
PROBLEM 8.12
Part a
,,
7
0-~
,-
,,
T1
S, --
From elementary field theory, we find that = o sin -'-
wx2
a
- wxl/a
e (a)
satisfies V25 = 0 in the region between the plates and the required boundary conditions. E The distribution of E follows from
= -
V4
(b)
Hence,
E
-
w
-a
0 o
wxla 1
In
wx 'r2 a a
os2 a - cos -a 2 l
wx2
(c)
The sketch of the E field is
obtained by recognizing that E is directed
perpendicular to contours of constant 4.
-55
Part b
To find the force as the bottom plate, we use surface (2). where except on the upper side where the normal n = 12 and the field is
E = 0 every (d)
o$
- Txl/a
= - -a e
Hence,
fl = ITi
f2 =
i
2
da = 0
T2 j n
da =
T 2 2 n 2 da
per unit x 3 , this reduces to

f2 1 F
T 2 2 dIx
2.2
-o
but, T
22
EE o 2 2
1 = -E
a
0 e
and thus
2
f2
2
2a
dx
1
4a
-56

Part c
On the top plate, use surface (1). and the result is
Only the sign of the normal changes,
fl =0
2
2 4a
or the force is equal and opposite to that on the bottom plate.

PROBLEM 8.13
Part a Tij Hence: EiEj
-
EKEk
2V 3a
22
2V 2 x1x
2
T21 Part b
ooE2E1
3a
Consider the surface of integration shown in the figure.
O
f2 =T
2 jnjda 2
T22 n2 T2 1 n 1da + f22 2 da + f~l3/3da = f22

(2)(3)
(1)(4) -57
by symmetry

Let us look at each of these integrals separately
(1)(4)
ST22n2da
T22da
-
22da
(1)
0
*
(4)
T22 0 and hence, the integral is merely:
over surface (1), E
Sxl=a
E
0
2V
T2 2 da 4 = -
Jx =-a
x 2 = 2a
(-
3a
(x2
xl) wdx1
2a
a
E V2 44 o0 o
T7
Thus,
Snda 44
SV2w
oo
S22n2 (1)(4)
=27
Let us now evaluate:
T 2 1 nlda
(2)(3)
Consider the surface shown.
in this region field = 0
hence, no contribution to the
integral over this area.
Zr =
-58

Thus;
x2= a5d IT21da

=
2V
2 awx2 dx
2
2a
(3)
x2a
xl=a
0 V2 w
3a
oo
Over surface (2), we have essentially the same thing, except n = - i

and xl = - a.
I
Hence: 2
E V2w
oo
"a
a9
ST21 da2
(2)
force in the f2 direction is Therefore, the total 56 27
E V2w
00
2 Part c
f1
Tllnlda (1)(4) (2)(3)
T12n2da + f1T
da
by symmetry
over (1) we get
0 as before
(1)(4)
I T 1 2 n 2 da
f-T 1 2 da
(4)
x2 wdx 1 = 0 02 fa 2V 3a2 -a x X X2WdX x 2= 2a
Now, over surfaces, 2 and 3
n Tl 11
da
= -
T 1 1 da2
Tllda 3
(2)(3)
because,
(2)
T1 1 12
hence fl = 0.
T1113
-59

Part d
a = n E0 (o)
at the lower surface of the movable conductor.
The functional relation,
f(xl 2), for the lower surface if the movable conductor is given as
f(x1 x2 ) = 4a2 + x - x2 = 0 (p)
to this surface is
the outward unit normal
n ~Vf(xlx2) l'2
xl [ 2
- i
(q)
at x 2 =
4a
2 + x1
2 2 x
S1/2
2
2
2xl
12 /

of
Eo[n l E
+ n 2 E2 ] = 32
x2
3a
J4a
4a 2
+2x
The surface force density (see Eq. 8.4.8) is equal to:
-E
f where,
+ E
2
Eb = field just below the charge sheet
Ea = field just above the charge sheet

Since
a = 0,
thus T 2- 2
T = 1 a
2 2 2 1/2 2
(t)
e o 2V o 2 x 0
)
4a
+ x2 x1il2i 2
+ x
(u)
4a2 +
3a
x2
4a
+ 2x1 J
To find the total force, the surface force density must be integrated over the
surface. Hence, we find
V f2 = 22c 0 2 a a 1/2 2 + 4a2 1/2 dx1 (v)
3a
-a
j2x
fx2 + 4a2}
If the student wishes, he may carry out this integral, but the complexity of
the integration shows the value of the stress tensor in calculating such a
-60

force. We realize that by using the stress tensor, we have essentially
carried out this difficult integral by an integration by parts.

PROBLEM 8.14 Part a
V i a
= - V hence, V a
1
xY 2
(a)
(b)
E
and, from Eq.
(
a 8.3.10
2 x2) +
xl)
(c)
T stress ijhe
tensor becomes2
Thus, the stress tensor becomes: V
Ti
= CEE
- 6j
1E
(d)
2
(x2-x )
V (-)
2 o(xlx2) 0
(-) a V
Tij
(X 1 X2 )
0
(- )
V 2 E
-2- (x-x2) a V 2
-(-)
a
02
)
-xx
2
(e)
Part b Consider the surface shown, bounded by the line segment x2 = 2a, x2 = a, and xl = a/2 and x1 = a. XK
-61

As before, because the geometry and fields are two-dimensional, the force in the 13 direction is zero. Also, since along surface (1)
,
= constant, then
the E field = 0, and hence Tij = 0 along this surface. of the force on AB reduces to:
Thus the calculation
fl = -
T11da (2)
T12 da
(3)
(f)
f2 = -
T2 1 da (2) V 2
T 2 2 da
(g)
(3)
2
x2
a
2 ) ]dx - (
+ a/2
fl
and hence fl
2 a
V -=-Eo () a
a
oD
2 Da3 [*] 17
(h)
(i)
Similarly: V 2a 1 a 2 2
f2
and hence
Do
x(x-a 2 x2d2 2 a/ 2
)dxl
(J)
V
f 2 Thus, -
48 (k)
oD a 3 (- ) o a
2
v
f = - E o a PROBLEM 8.15
Part a
D [i
17 1 12
i
2
31 4 48
(-)
The E field in the laboratory frame is zero since the two perfectly
conducting plates are shorted. This can be seen by integrating E around a
fixed contour through the block and short and recognizing that the enclosed
flux is constant. Hence,
E'E+vx
and thus
E'
E ,
(a)
v x B = - V1
oHi2
(b)
Therefore we may now calculate J in the moving block.
-62
PROBLEM 8.15 (Continued) J' Thus:
aE'
ap
VHo
F
-
Jx
ap 2 VH 2i
0
i
o 1
(3 x B)dV =volume
oVH (abD) 0
1 1
Part b The closed surface of integration is shown in the figure below.

All,
""~~ "I'I
'
IX
I
(
A
XI
Since the field is uniform everywhere, tensor are the diagonal elements
T Thus f1 = i T1da3 - f Tllda2 (3) (2) = Similarly f2 = T22da T22da4 =0 H2 bD = 0 2o 2 H2bD o 11 =T 22 1 2 H2 oo T 33
the only non-zero components of the stress
1 2
H2 oo
(1)
f3
=
(4)
T 33da5
T 33da6 =0
(5)
Hence:
(6)

Part c
The magnetic field strength and the current density are inconsistant. The
quasi-static magnetic field cannot be uniform and irrotational in a region where

a finite current density exists. the aid of Ampere's field rotation.
The Maxwell stress tensor was developed with
Law (quasi-static) which relates current density and magnetic
S=VxH F Vo J x H = o(VxH)x H
(k) (1)
For this case, we have assumed that
V x H= 0
In the limit of small magnetic Reynold's number, (Rm << 1), appreciably affect the field, and the answer found in part a is a good
approximation.
(m)
the motion does not
There are some problems more easily handled with the stress tensor.
This problem illustrates that in other cases it is easiest to use the force
density J x B directly. Note that we could compute the field induced by J and
then use the Maxwell stress tensor and the self-consistent fields to find the
same force as given by (e).
PROBLEM 8.16
To find the force on the block, we will use the stress tensor surface shown in the figure. Note over the
that the surface is just outside the block.
X,
-64

In the region to the left of the block I
D o 13 = Thus:
,
and to the right H=0
f
but, since
+ n T11nda
T12 n2 da +
T 3 da 3 1 n
(a)
H1 = H 2 = 0; T 1 2 = T13 = 0 hence,
f = Tl1da5 + f T1dal
(b)
(c)
(5)
on surface (5),
T
(1)
J 12
o o (d)
11
on surface (1) T11 f 0 therefore f1 + 2 2 2

2D (e)
o o 2 .Dd = + D
(f) (f)
Similarly, f2 reduces to
f2 = 2 T22da2 6 T22da6 (g)
But, since T22 is a function of xl alone (1 is a function of x l alone) the two surface integrals are identical, and hence f2 = 0. shows that f
-
Similar reasoning
= 0 and thus the total force is d
~ood
2D i
f PROBLEM 8.17
Part a
2-B
o at
H = Re [H (x)e e-z
ax
V =po-
(a)
Assume a solution of the form: iWt (b)
- joZ 2
o H Z -65
(c)
Try
where
K 2
=
H (x) = H 2
Kx
eKx
(d)
(e)
and hence
K = + (1+j)
(f)
Let us define the skin depth as: 6 2 (g)
And thus
[
-H= e
(+j)
+He 2
iz
(h)
Because the skin depth 6 is assumed to be small, and the excitation is on the
left, Hz(large x)
Hence,
+
0
x(l+j) ejt
which implies
12 = 0 (i)
H(xlt) = H
But, our boundary condition at x = 0 is H(x=O,t) =ReHe

H(Ot)z
= - Re - e
D
(j)
and thus
(x) D e +J)ejt i
(k) - -K(l+j) ejt e
3H
J=Vx H=Part b
((6)i yx
(M)
E dV=
Jfx V RdV
e2jWt dV]
(m)
f Re
dV] + ReL 2
(n)
Now, solving each of these integrals:

S2x
2 dV =
T
oaD (1
(1+j)
dx
Da I (1+j)i
x
fixi
e
a o D
2x 2xT(1+j)
1 4
2jwt x
(p)
Hence, taking the real part, the force as in equation (n) is:
S1 Part c
o a 12(1 + cos 2wt)i
(q)
Using the Maxwell stress tensor, we choose the surface shown in the
figure,
T jnjda =
Txxn da +
n da
(r)
(1)(3)
(2)(4)
Along surfaces (2) and (4), Hx = 0 along the interface between the perfect conductors and the finite conductivity block. T = oHHy = 0 Thus, (s)
At surface (3),
the field is zero since all current filaments complete a Hence
closed loop circuit with the source through the block.
Txx
= 0 on surface (3)
Therefore the calculation of the force reduces to f =-
(t)
T o H2
da
(u)
T And thus,
xx
(v)
aDoH
o H2
(w)
-67
PROBLEM 8.17 (Continued) where the field H z is evaluated on surface 1, i.e. x = 0 and is simply given by the boundary condition (j). al
a=4D 2 Thus it follows
(1 + cos 2wt}ix
Note that the distribution of J and H, as found in
(x)
which checks with (q).
part (a), are not required to find the total force in this problem.
Even more,
(x) is not limited to 6 << x block d1lension, while the detailed integration is.
Note: We have made use of the rule for products, namely of:
a(t) = Re[Ae
Ae jwt j ] =
+ A*e 2
2
b(t) = Re[Be then
2 2
a(t)b(t) =
AB* + A*B 4
2 ABe jwt + A*B*e
- 2
jwt
+4
4
AB
2
= Re[ -* + Re[2
avg. value PROBLEM 8.18
AB*
2jwt
time varying part
Choose the surface shown in the figure.
r -----
/
I-. --
0j
r-
f fTijnjda
= f Tlnlda+ 3,4 5,6
T2n2da + 1,2
T3n3da
(a)
Since the plates are perfectly conducting, E 1 = 0 at surfaces (5) and (6) and .hence T12 = 0 on surfaces (5) and (6). are far from the body so Surfaces (1), (2), (3) and (4)
-68

V E= i (b) 0= . Therefore,
(c)
at each of them, and thus, on surfaces (1) and (3), T 1 3 fl

=
(3)
11 da3 + f Tllda (4) o (V
T (3)
11
T )
11
(d)
and a 3 = a 4 (areas).
Hence,
fl = 0 PROBLEM 8.19
Part a
Since the system is electrically linear, S= BI + Br where BZ and Br are respectively the fields from the left and right wires. The force on a unit length of the right wire is =r but, Jr x Br da = 0 ane hence, f
=
(e)
(a)
da = Jr x
, da +
x BE
da
(b)
(c)
x Bi da
(d)
Since, we don't need the fields near the wire,
(xl+a) 2 9 2 (xl+a) + x2
x2 1-
1l 0
r Hence, 2
-x2
1 + (x 1 -a)12 22 (x -a) +x 2 j
(f)
fr
rx B da - I p o1
2
x Bz (xx 1 a, x2 =0)
(g)
(2a)i
pl 2
4wa
2w1
(2a)
(h)
-69

Part b
I
I
Along the symmetry plane of the surface shown in the figure
-o =2w
(-2a) 2 2
(i)
(a +x 2 ) The terms of Tij go as B2 , but B2a - and the surface area goes as 27R on surface (2), hence the contributions of the
plane xl = 0
stress tensor will vanish on surface (2) as Because H1 0 in the
R-o; we need only compute the integral on surface (1).
f=
f-T 1 1 da =
dx 2
o Ia2
- -j -
(a +x2 )
dx 2
22 2
Solving this integral, we find

Io2
f 1 also
f2 since
T
P 4ra
(k)
f3
T
(Y)
21
31 = 0 that of (k) and it agrees with that determined
(m)
and hence the total force is in part (a).
-70
PROBLEM 8.20
ioL7
\ \
4-21
IF- O 0
I~/
.j~
I
/
X.
Part a
Use the contour indicated in the figure. At infinity the fields will go
to zero, and hence there will be no contribution to the force from the semi
circular part of the area, i.e. surface (2).
Along the line x2 = 0, E 2 = 0 by symmetry and
E1 = r 2
2
o
(
2
)sin8
= a
2
+ X x1
sinG =
r
o
x1 X1 2 a2+x2
Hence X E1 = o e
f2 =
T2jnda =
T21nda + t22n2da + T23n3da (1)

(1) (1)
first and last integrals = 0, n 1 and n3 = 0 on surface 1 2 T 22 2 2 1 2

2 2 2)o c ft (a +x )2
-71
PROBLEM 8.20 (Continued) Thus
f =- 2 2 f2
2 P4a
Part b
f2 2c r
2 SXl
o (a +x )
dxl x 2 22
From electrostatics,
f =
AE
From the figure, we see that E(x2=a)

Hence,
= 2
(2a)
4we 0 a
which is the same as we obtained using the stress tensor - (see equation (h)).
PROBLEM 8.21
Part a From Eq. 8.1.11, BB
Xy
lo
Tij
2L0
0
x 0
y
-
1 (-Bx 2 -By) 2 2v0 x y
where the components of B are given in the problem. Part b The appropriate surface of integration, which is fixed with respect to the fixed frame, is shown in the figure.
We compute the time average force,
an
d.h
ence contr
iUbL
rL U
ut. ons
LUL
rom SUL aces
to
(1) and (3) cancel.
Fields go to
zero on surface (2), which is at

y-. Thus, there remains the stress
The time average
on surface (4).
value of the surface force density T -72
+ c c~e a

is independent of x. T T Hence,
(y=O)>
2
y
y
= - <T
yy
(b) (c)
21p
<-B
+ B2> y
Observe that
^ -JkUt
Re A B* 22 where B* is complex conjugate of B, and (c) becomes T R-kx (-jklj 0 K) jkx (jki K ) Ty Re-( Koe kX ) (p K e )+ e e
0
j <Re A e kUt Re B e kUt>
(d)
jk x
2
= 4 (1
k2
aa* )
(e)
(f)
Finally, use the given definition of a to write (f) as

T =y 4 Note that T U 2 (g)
S1+ Y
(-10-)
is positive so that the train is supported by the magnetic field.
However, as U-O (the train is stopped) the levitation force goes to zero.
Part c
For the force per unit area in the x direction;
1 21 x y 1
(h)
-jk ( jk0 K ejkx
2V
Thus Tx K2
0
Re[VKek Re
K e jkx
a*
o0
(i) M
V aU Re j
SaU 2 1/2
1-
2[1 + (-)
U-O.
As must be expected, the force on the train in the x directions vanishes as Note that in any case the force always tends to retard the motion and
hence could hardly be used to propel the train. The identity sin(e/2) = + the form
-
/(l - cosO)/2
is helpful in reducing (j) to
K2
0
T=
(
11 0oU 2 1/2
1+
(-e-
p crU 2
1)
(k)
2-
--
-73
PROBLEM 8.22
This problem makes the same point as Probs. 8.16 and 8.17, with the
additional effect of material motion included. Regardless of the motion,
with the current constrained as given, the magnetic field intensity is zero to the right of the block and uniform into the paper (z direction) to the left of the block, where
I
H= i
zd
(a)
The only contribution to an integration of the stress tensor over a surface

enclosing the block is on the left surface. f x = ds T xx = - ds1 2 2
Thus
(b)
H 0oz
ds 1o
0)
(c)
The magnetic force is to the right and independent of the magnetic Reynolds
number. PROBLEM 8.23
In plane geometry, a knowledge of the charge on the upper plate is equivalent
to knowing the electric field intensity on the surface of the plate. surface charge density on the upper plate is
Thus, the
I
a and
E (x=a)
X
I
I coswt dt sin wt (a)
a)
Qf E
o
I 0 sin wt AE W
o
(b)
Now, we enclose the upper plate with a surface just outside the electrode
surface. The only contribution to the integration of Eq. 8.1.17 using the
A 2
stress tensor 8.3.10 is o E2(x=a) x xx 2 x

which we can evaluate from (b) as
f (x=a) AE I o2 (
o
= - AT
(c)
22
fx
ow)sin20t
(d)
The force of attraction between the conducting slab and upper electrode is not
dependent on 01 or a o .
-74
PROBLEM 8.24
The force on the lower electrode in the x direction is zero, as can be seen
by integrating the Maxwell stress tensor over the surface shown.
The fields are zero on surfaces (2), (3) and (4). unit depth into the paper is f Hence, the total force per
f=
dx
(a)
where contributions from surfaces in the plane of the paper cancel because the
problem is two-dimensional. Moreover, by symmetry the electric field intensity
on the surface (1), even in the fringing regions, is in the y direction only and T
xy
C E E
oxy
in (a) is zero.
Thus, the total x directed force is zero.
PROBLEM 8.25
The force density in the dielectric slab is Eq. 8.5.45. Not only is the
first term zero, but because the block moves as a rigid body (we are interested
only in the net force giving rise to a rigid body displacement) the last term,
which originates in changes in volume of the material, does not give a
contribution.
=
Hence, the force density is
E.Ev(a)
2 and the stress tensor is
T = EEIE - c
kE
(b)
Note that, from (a),
the force density in the xl direction is confined to the

Thus, we obtain the
right edge of the block,.where it acts as a surface force.
total force by simply integrating over a surface that encloses the right edge;
-75
PROBLEM 8.25 (Continued) fl = aD E ao(E2 +1

(Eb) (c) Also
where a and b are to the right and left of the right edge of the slab.
Ea = E
= - V/a.
0
fl 2
Hence (c) becomes V 2 (ECo) (o)
(d)
(d)
The force acts to the right, as could be computed by the energy method. PROBLEM 8.26
Part a
The force density for polarizable materials is:
F =-
1 1 - E*E VC + - V(E*E p -) 2 2 ap
(a) Note that
The second term on the right side represents electrostriction. this is a case where the material volume must change,
and hence the effect of
electrostriction is important. changes in permittivity and
Sincd free space and the elastic bulk are homogeneous,

ac/ap occur only at the boundary where
the permittivity is discontinuous. are constrained by the plates.
The upper and lower elastic bulk surfaces
Thus only the xl component of force is pertinent.
Since the left-hand edge is fixed, any stress arising from the discontinuity in
permittivity at that boundary is counterbalanced by the rigidity of the wall.
Therefore, move.
The closed surface of integration is shown in the figure.
all of the force arises at the right-hand boundary which is free to
-76
FIELD DESCRIPTION ON MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FORCES
Tij
EEi J
1 2
ij
- p
9e EkEk
(b)
Since a/c << 1 and b uniform.

-
1 2- a the field at the dielectric interface is essentially

0o
E-= - i 2
aW
(c)
The relevant components of the stress tensor are: T 11 S 2 ae 2 1 2 p E2 2 + 2 2 ap 2 (d)

(e)
T 22da (f)
T12 = f =
E1EE 2 =0 T11nda n +
(1)(3)
Hence f
(4)
fT11da3 - fTldal (3) (1) S 2
T)
V 2
(aD)
E 1 V 2 (1 ) (aD) +
V 2
(aD) (g)
Thus;
(Ef Part b
In order to use lumped parameter energy methods, the charge on the upper
plate will be found. The permittivity of the dielectric bulk is a junction of
That is, if mass conservation is to
2a
Eo)V2 D 00 o
r(
V2 D 0(h) ) a
the displacement of the righthand edge. hold,

po abD = (po + Ap)aD(b+F) where P = Po + Ap, Ap = 0 if 5 = 0
(i)
(j)
Thus, if Ap << po and E << b, to first order Ap = -p -Po b (see Eqs. 8.5.9 and 8.5.10) Furthermore, to first order, using a Taylor series,
(k)
-77

a
1
p
1
+p
Po 2E
b ap
Also, the electric field will be assumed as uniform everywhere between the
plates. Hence; in the block
V
; -T 22 -2a [2 + l
to the right of the block

V
D=- 1 2a -E 2 a a 0 C2
Ap] }
(m)
(n)
(o
By employing Gauss's law, we find the charge on the upper plate as: V q = (P
-
p0
V p E}(b+)D + Eo--)(c-b-Q)D
(o)
dw
= fqdv +
f dx
(p)
integrating we find w' e = i(a 2 Thus, f e 1 1 E b ap (b+)D + 2 2 1 a o(c-b-)D (q)
Thus,
e c v=V
o
eo
(E-E)V2D
V2
1 o
_E
--
0 2a
pr)
(PD
Second order terms have been dropped in the co-energy expression (alternatively,
first order terms can be dropped in the force expression).
Part c
If the result of part (a) is written for p = po + Ap, where po >> Ap, then the answers to part (a) and (b) are identical to first order. This
should be expected since the lumped parameter approach assumed a value for permittivity which was correct only to first order. PROBLEM 8.27 The surface force density is T
m
= [Ta
mn
- Tbn
mn n Thus
(a)
For this problem, we require m = 1 and n = 12. T1 = (T

2
Tb2 )
(b)
From Eq. 8.5.46,
-78

T 1 =EoEEa EEbEb (c) Moreover, because there is no free charge
Note that E2 = E2 (see Eq. 6.2.31). coEa =
CE 1 (see Eq. 6.2.33).

- EEl] 1 2 ol T 1 = Ea[EoE I
Thus, (c) becomes (d)
f0
That the shear surface force density is zero in the x 3 direction follows the
same reasoning.
PROBLEM 8.28
The force density, Eq. 8.5.45, written in component form, is
ax
2 Ekk
ac
+a
EkEk
ac
(a)
(a)
The first term can be rewritten as two terms, one of which is in the desired form
a
i Because V x -x (i j ax = O, aDE/ax j =
i
Ej/Dx i
1
2 k
De
k ax ax
1
2
E)
k k -5p
(b)
(b)
so that the second term can be rewritten
and combined with the third.
(Note the j is a dummy summation variable.)
a
Finally, we introduce 6
a i
(see Eq. 8.1.7) to write (c) in the required form
aT
F= i ax where (E-p Tij = CE This is identical to E.

8.5.46.
This is identical to Eq. 8.5.46. (d)
(e)
-79
SIMPLE ELASTIC CONTINUA
PROBLEM 9.1
The equation of motion for a static rod is
d26
d
dx2
+ F
where F = pg
x
We can integrate this equation directly and get

2
6(x) = -
E 2
()
+ Cx + D,
where C and D are arbitrary constants.

Part a
d6
and therefore x The stress function is T(x) = E dx
T(x) = - pgx + CE. We have a free end at x = Z and this implies T(x=2)=O. stress as T(x) = - pgx + pg. = pg. The maximum stress occurs at x = 0 and is T max
Equating this to the
(c)
Now we can write the
(d)
maximum allowable stress, we have

2 x 109 = (7.8 x 103 )(9.8) hence t = 2.6 x 104 meters.
Part b From part (a) T(x) = - pgx + pg
(e)
The fixed end at x = 0 implies that D = 0, so now we can write the displacement 2
6(x) = Part c
6(R)
=
-
) +--E x)
g2
2E
For
2 = 2.6 x 10 meters, 6(.) = 129 meters. This appears to be a large
displacement, but note that the total unstressed length is 26,000 meters.
-80
PROBLEM 9.2
Part a
The equation of motion for a static rod is
0 = E 2 + pg dx
(a)
If we define x' = x-L 1, we can write the solutions for 6 in rod I and in rod 2
as
6 1 (x) = and
apg E
2 )
C2
+ D1
(b)
62 (x)
p2 g
,2
+ C2 x' + D2 Since T = E (c)
d6
1 we can also write
where C1,C2,D1, and D 2 are arbitrary constants. the tensions, T1(X ) = - plgx + EIC and
(d)
T2(x') = -
gx' + E2C 2
(e)
We must have four boundary conditions to evaluate the constants and they are:
6 (X=O) = 0, (f) (g) (h)
6 2 (x'=0) = 6 1 (x=L 1) 0 = - A 1T(x=L1 )+A2T 2 (x'=0) + mg, and

0
=
- A2T2(x'=L 2 ) + Mg + fex
(i)
where fe is found using the Maxwell stress tensor

x 2
e
x
o 0o 2d2
where we assume d >> 6(2) (x'=L ).

2 Equations (f), (g), (h) and (i) serve to define the constants of integration.
Substitution of (b)-(e) shows that
DI = 0
plg E L
+ C1 L 1 + D 1 - D 2 =0
(k)
()
-81

-A 1 [-PlgL 1 + E 1 C1 ] + A 2 [E2 C2 ] + mg = 0 E A V2 o M_2d = 0 2d
(m)
gL2 + E 2 C2 ] + Mg + -A2 -P2
(n)
Solution of these expressions, beginning with (n), gives
= +
C2 and hence
2d2
+P2gL
2A 2
A E2
(o)
C1 =
g +
gL1 A1 + A 2 E2 C2 ] A 1 E 1 SoA V 2 122

2 2d
2
= {[(M+m) + L1 AE
1 L1A1
+ P2 L 2 A 2 1M1A1 +oA+M 2 A2 P 2 L2 ] 2
AE
2
(p)
D= 2
{[ClL)++
0 2d2
(q)
D1 = 0 Thus, (b) and (c) are determined.

PROBLEM 9.3 Part a Longitudinal displacements on the rod satisfy the wave equation
(r)
2
p
2
= E and the stress T = E -(a) ax
ax 2 ] for sinusoidal excitations. = w w/p7E.
at 2
We can write 6(xt) = Re[6(x)e written as

6
6(x) can be
(x) = C1 sin x + C 2 cos fx where
The two constants are
found from the boundary conditions

2
M 2 at
(,t) = - AT(k,t) + f(t)
(b)
6(0,t) = 0.
These conditions become
-M2 6(k) and S(0) = 0 -82
(c)
- AE
ds -dx
(k) + f 0 o
(d)
(e)

for sinusoidal e xcitations.
Now we find C2 = 0 and f

Co (f)
AE~cos8t- MW sin8t2
Hence,
6(x,t) = sin~x 2 Re[foet (
AE$cos 8t-Mw sinat and
T(x,t) = E
x Part b
At x = 2,
EaEcosx AE~cos$Z-Mw sin
Re[f wt] e
2
(h)
6(t,t)
Re[foe et AEMcotaS-Mw
2
(i)
where 8cot8 = wv
7T cot (wt/r7E).
+
For small w, cot(wt/pE)
and
6(1,t)
MAE 2 f(t) MW
(j)
This equation is as used to describe a mass on the end of a massless spring:

2
Mdx = - Kx + f(t) (k)
o dt2
and x = Ref[eJWt],
- M or
Mto
x = - Kx + fo, f(t)
(0)
x K-M w Comparing (j) K

=
(m)
and (2) we note that AE and t = Z. (n)
is complete and since M >> pAt we can use the massless spring model
Our comparison with a mass M0 = M on the end. -83
PROBLEM 9.4
A response that can be represented purely as a wave traveling in the negative
x direction implies that there be no wave reflection at the left-hand boundary.
We must have
v(O,t) + 1 T(O,t) = 0 (a)
as seen in Sec. 9.1.1b.

This condition can be satisfied by a viscous damper alone:
AT(O,t) + Bv(O,t) = 0 Hence, we can write
B = ArpE
(b)
M = 0
K = 0. PROBLEM 9.5 Part a At x = k the boundary condition is 0 = - AT(,t) - B 2- (,t) + f(t) Part b
We can write the solution as
(c)
36
(a)
6(x) = C I sin Bx + C2 cos 8x, where a = w . At x = 0 there is a fixed end, hence 6(x=O) = 0 and C2
(b)
0.
At x = Z our boundary condition becomes F
o = JwB6(x=2) + AE dx dx
(x6=),
(c)
or in terms of C 1 ;
sin 8 + AESC1 cos at Fo = JwBC1 After solving for C1 , we can write our solution as
F sinSx
(x) =
(d)
AE~cosaB+jwBsini(
(e)
Part c
For w real and B>O, 6 cannot be infinite with a finite-applied force, because
the denominator of 6(x) can never be zero.

Physically, B>O implies that the system is damped and energy would be
-84
PROBLEM 9.5 (Continued) dissipated for each cycle of operation, hence a perfect resonance cannot occur.
However, there will be frequencies which will maximize the amplitude.
PROBLEM 9.6
First, we can calculate the force of magnetic origin, fx, on the rod. we define 6(9,t) to be the a.c. deflection of the rod at x = Z, then using Ampere's law and the Maxwell stress tensor (Eq. 8.5.41 with magnetostriction ignored) we find
If
(a)
X 2[d-6(,t).] This result can also be obtained using the energy methods of Chap. 3 (See
Appendix E, Table 3.1). f 2
2d
2AN22 +
Since d >> 6(t,t), we may linearize f : 2 2oAN2 d3
S(,t)
(b)
The first term represents a constant force which is balanced by a static deflection
on the rod. If we assume that this static deflection is included in the
equilibrium length X, then we need only use the last term of fx to compute the
dynamic deflection 6(,t). for sinusoidal variations
6 j (x,t) = Re[6(x)e1 t] 6
In the bulk of the rod we have the wave equation;
(c) (x) as (d) At x = Z
we can write the complex amplitude 6(x) = C where a = U4. sin
Bx + C cos x
At x = 0 we have a fixed end, so 6(o) =0 and C2 = 0.
the boundary condition is

0 = f or 0 =
- AE AN2 2 3
(,t), d
(e)
p AN
6(x9=)
- AE
dx
(x=9)
(f)
Substituting we obtain
p AN2 2 d3 Our solution is C1 j 0.
6
C 1 sin 8
C 1 AEa cos BZ
(g)
(x) = C 1 sin ax and for a non-trivial solution we must have
So, divide (g) by C 1 and obtain the resonance condition:
-85
i AN212
( d3
sin BU = AEB cos B$

and rearranging, we have
Substituting B = w 3
~(N212
= tan(
.-
N2 12t o1
Graphically, the first
which, when solved for w, yields the eigenfrequencies. two eigenfrequencies are found from the sketch.
I I StE~A
I I
3/~44
Ejc.A3'
,N
;IE-
Notice that as the current I is increased, the slope of the straight line decreases
and the first eigenfrequency (denoted by wl) goes to zero and then seemingly
disappears for still higher currents. be found from the equation
Actually w 1 now becomes imaginary and can
oL
10N212Z
( IfwlI I)
= tanh(
ol
Z)
" etc., so there are now
Just as there are negative solutions to (i), -wl, -w2 solutions + JIwlI
Thus, because wl is imaginary, the system is unstable,
-86

(amplitude of one solution growing in time).
Hence when the slope of the straight line becomes less than unity, the system
is unstable. This condition can be stated as:
Ed
STABLE or UNSTABLE
Ed
> 1
(k)
S0N2 2 Ed
< 1
(a)
pN2 2
PROBLEM 9.7 Part a 6(x,t) satisfies the wave equation
2 2 2--E 2 ax at ac
We can write
J t
(a)
and the stress is T = E 2-. ax 6(x,t) = Re[6(x)e
(b)
and substitution into the wave equation gives

d2 2 6 = 0. d + B2 dx (c)
For x > 0 we have, 6(x) = C1 sin ax + C2 cos ax and Ta(X) = C1ER cos ax - C2Ea sin and for x < 0 we have,
6
(d)
8x
(e)
b(x) = C 3 sin ax + C4 cos Bx cos ax - C4 EB sin ax
(f)
and
Tb(x) = C 3ER Part b
There are four constants to be determined; thus we need four boundary
conditions. At the right end (x=L), we have
(h) (g)
6 (x=L) = 0
-87
PROBLEM 9.7 (Continued) and the left end,

6
b (x-L) = 6oe
(i)
There are two conditions at the middle (x=O),
6a(= 0 + ) = 6^(x=O
and -Mo Part c Solving for C1 ,C 2 ,C
3
(1)
+
+ 6a(x=O) = ATa(x=
) - ATb(x=O)
- 4K6a(x0)
(k)
, and C4 we obtain
-j
-6 AEBe cotBL
2
sin6L(4K+2AEBcotBL-M
()
6 AEBe
C
sinBL(4K+2AEBcotSL-M 2)
11E 7
(m)
=
3
-j -j
cotBL 6 AE~e o sinL (4K+2AEBcot L-Mw2)
6 e
o sRL)
(n)
=4C2
(o)
Thus, (b), (e), and (g) with these constants give the desired stress distribution.
PROBLEM 9.8 In terms of the complex amplitudes, (k) and (r) become LI
T'(0) =
and T'(Z) = where i - Gv
0 LLI
(R) - text
(a)
o aA
i'
(r) - text
(b)
Equation (t) without the approximation becomes

^ v = - j GLo (P+p) 1-11 ^ o + j L I
a 6 o
(c)
Using the steady-state solutions for the rod, we can solve for T(x) in terms of
the boundary values T(O) and T(P):
-88
T(x) then
1
T(O) sin[k(k-x)] + T() sin[kt]

[ cos[k(-x)]
sin[kx] sin[k2]
cos[kx]
(d)
(e)
sin[kt] From (a) and (b), this becomes

6(M) = 60 o
sin[k]
)_
lo_
i i sin[kt] aaA
o aA
^ cos[kt~ vo sink
(f) f)
Thus, in view of (c) solved for 60, we obtain the system function
H(w) = i
cosfkt]+j/p
()(a
oI ) sin[kP]o
wGL (1+1)
AC G(+a )sin[k)]
(g)
I o
PROBLEM 9.9
Part a
First of all, y(t) = 6(-L,t) where
(x,t) = Re[6(x)eJet].
We can write the
solution for 6 as 6(x) = C1sinBx + C2 cosBx, where because of the fixed end at x = 0(6(0) = 0). 2
M
6 2
= w m/pE. The C2 is zero
At the other end we have

(a)
(-L,t) = A2 E
-xL
(-L,t) + fe(t)
Bt Using the Maxwell stress tensor, (or the energy method of Chap. 3) we find Ae N2

[ -(t)]2 [d-D+6(-Lgt)]
[I( + I(t)
(b)
[d-D-6(-L,t)]2
which when linearized becomes,

fe(t) where 2N2p AI
CI 0
2
- C I(t) - C
6(-L,t), 2N2 1oAI 2
(c)
(d-D) 2
; C 'y
(d-D) 3
Our boundary condition (a)becomes

-Mw
2
6(-L) = A2 E dx (-L) - C I - C
d6
6(-L)
(d)
for C1 we obtain
Solving
-89

CI CI
A 2 EcosSL
-
2 , (M -C )sinBL
(e)
and we can write our solution as
y(t) = Re[-C sinBL ejWt]. (f)
Part b
The transducer is itself made from solid materials having characteristics
that do not differ greatly from those of the rod. Thus, there is the question
of whether the elastic response of the transducer materials is of importance.
Under the assumption that the rod and transducer are constructed from materials
having essentially the same elastic properties, the assumption that the yoke
and plunger are rigid, but that the rod supports acoustic waves,is justified
provided the rod is long compared to the largest dimension of the transducer,
and that an acoustic wavelength is long compared to the largest transducer
dimension. (See Sec. 9.1.3).
PROBLEM 9.10
Part a
At the outset, we can write the equation of motion for the massless plate:
-aT(l,t) + fe (t) = M (,t) 0 (a)
at
Using the Maxwell stress tensor we find the force of electrical origin fe(t)
to be
(V0 - v(t))
'Z"to'-5
fe(t) [oaV
6
(d6 (L, t)
(b)
Since v(t) << Vo and 6(,t) << d, we can linearize fe(t):
2E AV2
(,t) +
2E AV
v(t)
(c)
Recognizing that T(,t) = E x (,t) we can write our boundary condition at x = R in the desired form: 2E AV2 2c AV 0 6(,t) + o2 v(t) d d (d)
ax (t)
-90

Longitudinal displacements in the rod obey the wave equation and for an
jWt
6 (x) = C sinax + C cosax,
1 2
assumed form of 6(x,t) = Re[6(x)et] we can write where
8 = wr/7E. At x = 0 we have a fixed end, thus 6(x=0) = 0 and C2
= 0.
From part (a) and assuming sinusoidal time dependence,we can write our boundary condition at x = 2 as
2c AV 2 2E AV
aE L(Z)
dx Solving
6()
+ d
(e)
C1
2E AV V o o
aEd28cos -
2 2c AV
(f)
o sin S
Finally, we can write our solution as
6(x,t) = 2eoAVo 0 FAV

a
jwt Re[Vet
(g)
Ed
2 2
cos S
2 AV d
sinat
PROBLEM 9.11
Part a
For no elastic wave reflection at the right-hand boundary we must have a
boundary condition of the form
v(0,t) +
(from Sec. 9.1.1b). --
T(0,t) = 0
Since v(O,t) = -6 (0,t), we can write
(a)
(O,t) = T(O,t)
(b)
If we write the boundary condition at x = 0 for our example we obtain

0 = ST(O,t) + fe(t), x
(c)
or for perturbations
0 =
Combining (b)
-
ST(0,t) + fe
a.c.
(t)
(d)
and (d)
fe
a.c.
(t)
SpE -
at
(0,t)
(e)
-91
PROBLEM 9.11 (Continued) and since 365/t (O,t) = dys/dt, dy_

f ec (t) = - SP a.c. dt
The perturbation electric force can be found using the Maxwell stress tensc (using a surface of integration similar to that illustrated by Prob. 8.10): e ft) x E V2D o -E V2D 2E V Dv oo + o s +
2E V Dv
(t) associate fe where we a.c. Equation (f) now becomes 2e V Dv o2 o s = a dy S/pf edt a
h) (O
Now that we have dealt with the force balance we can write the circuit equat ions.
The capacitance of the
+. V. device is found to be
C= q = Cv and i=d- . Note that v+iR = V =v+R o Substituting, we obtain

V = v + RC 2E DR dy +dv o
The basic circuit equation is =v+RC d+vd dt (i)
dt
dt
dt
dt
for perturbation quantities,

and 2E DV R dv s o o + 0 a o dt dy s
dt
O = v
Since w <<
s v
+ RC
RC
>> RC
R o
dv /dt and now we have
2E DV R dy
0 v s +
a dt
PROBLEM 9.11 (Continued) Equations (h) and (t) must be satisfied simultaneously and this can occur only if 2E DV0 R aSp (m)
o
a
(m)
2c VD
oo
Finally from (m) we have the condition on the d.c. voltage,
Vo= SV o - 2E D [SvR
PROBLEM 9.12
Part a
(n) n1/2 (n)
Note that there is no mutual capacitance between the two pairs. the capacitance of the left-hand pair of plates to be d( c - y2 ) Eod(' + y 2)
We can find
dC2/dt,
(a)
The current 12 can be found from 12 = dq2 /dt = d(VoC2)/dt = V and upon substitution of C2 we obtain
i 2
(E-E )Vd 2
d]dy 2
h dt
(b)
If we solve for y 2 in terms of vs our job will be done.

Define the y-axis from left to right with y
=
0 at yl
0.
Assume all
constant forces (with v = 0) to be balanced and consider only the perturbations. s If we assume for the rod 6(y,t) = Re[i(y)e j t ] then we can write 6(y) = C1 sin By + C2 cos By where = w/plE . (c)
(We have assumed that the electrical forces act only on the This is evident from the form of the force density, Eq. At y = 0 there is
surfaces of the rod.
8.5.45, if the effect of electrostriction can be ignored.)
no perturbation force and for a.c. deflections we have a free end condition:
A
= T(O,t)
d6
- (y = 0) = 0 dy At y = I we can write the boundary condition as
(d)
This forces C 1 to be zero.
0 = - hdT(t,t) + fe a.c. (t)
-93

Using the Maxwell stress tensor (or energy methods, as in Sec. 8.5.4)
fe~t )
fe(t)
(Ec-o)d
2h
(V + v )2
(e)
Linearizing and ignoring the d.c. term we have

e
(E-E )V d (t) =
o o
la.c.
v . s
From the boundary condition for complex amplitudes we obtain
0 = - hdE T () dy
(Ec-Eo)V d
h v h
(f) f
Substituting and solving for C 2 ;
-(E-E
2
o )Vo
^ v .
ks
(g)
S h2E sin
Recognizing that Y2 (t) = 6(0,t), we can now write
Eh 8 sin f3,
Since
2 =
-(CE-cE)Vod h h
i 2 = Re
dY2 dt
, we have 22
v e
t
h3 L E sin t
(i)
sv
Finally, we can write
2 o22
Y(jw)
Part b
^
v
s
3(j) r3 h ER sin
The poles can be found from
h 3 Ea sin Pt = 0 where
(k)
8 = wp7iE.
The lowest nonzero frequency can be found from
sin(wlJpEj
= 0 to be
Note that
the
A) = 0 is a pole because the rod is free to translate slowly between

-94
the plates.
PROBLEM 9.13
Part a
The flux for the left-hand transducer is
poN 2
2,
2 2wR(a-6(0,t))i
and for the right-hand one,
N 2
Xr =
2I7R(a+6(L t))i
(b)
2
21 Li
For this electrically linear situation we have W Hence we find, to linear terms N2
f
awl
Xi and f
g -
rR(I
2 2 + 21 i) o o
(c)
and, because ir = I
2
out
f r Part b
N2 g
rR(I
0
- 21 o
) Gv out
For the left-hand transducer, an acceptable stress-tensor surface is shown
below,
Ac eC
and of f
the mirror-image is acceptable for the right-hand transducer.
Application
= f Txjnda to the two surfaces yields the same result as in part (a). S
-95

Part c
The wave equation holds in the rod for 6(x,t). we have 6(x) = C1 sin B x + C 2 cos 8x, where which yields T(0) =
N 2I
211i0N 0
Assuming 6 = Re[6(x)eJWt], At x = 0, f= -T(0,t)(rrR)
= w/pE.
A1
Rg
= C I,
ci
which in turn implies C1 At x = k, fr = T(L,t)(,R ), which will yield C .

2 The only other relation we need is the electrical circuit equation, which
=E
we can find from

out to be
IoL1 ji 6(L)
v (e)
dt
Eze;G
out
a(l+j GII w)
1
where L1 =
N 2(27Ra)/g.
Finally we can write G(w) as
S= out
=
jIoL1CI aE~sin8L(l+jGL 1 w)-jwGC IoLcosf(
Part d
so that the self inductance of the output transducer is negligible
1
and the system is matched so that a/iE = G C IoL 1 we have
If G << 1
Vout ,out=oa
I and
Vout oL
JIoILICI
I CI(g)
aJrE [sinSL-jcosBL]
=0
a(h)
PROBLEM 9.14
Part a
With no perturbations and no volume force in the rod we know that the
stress, T(x 1), will be constant. 0 = - AT(x = 0) + fe SV where, using the Maxwell stress tensor, fe
=
At x1
0, 2 A Hence, 2d
(a)
-96

C V2A
T(x1 Part b The velocity of the wave will be v td = L/v p Using Table 9.1 we have
t
2Ad
21
and the transit time will be p-
1 = 1.96 x 10 - 4 sec. 5100
Part c
This part is similar to Prob. 9.11, where our condition for no reflection
fe (t) = - AA/ip-at a.c. Using the Maxwell stress tensor fe
(O,t)
Ao 1
2d
A v2
cA V2 olo 2d
2
E AV + ol o d2
v'
where v = v' + V .
o
Here, we ignore the effect on fe of the change in d resulting
from the motion of the plate.

Writing the circuit equation we have
iR + v = V = R + v = R C dC
dt
d-t
dt
The capacitance C is
ooA1o o
d-6(0,t)
Our equation becomes
oal
d2
6(0,t)
0 = v' + R and since SEoA1R

d
A1 d+RV E dt o d
1
2
6 at
,t)
dv'
dt '
we have
-97
PROBLEM 9.14 (continued)

RV e A
v' =
d
2 2
(0,t)
2
(g)
, and the condition
Now we can use this result to write fe = EAV v'/d o o a.c. that this force take the form of (c) requires
A/p$E d = RV2 o 2A o1
,
(h)
or equivalently
R = A/CpSd4
E2A2V 2
(: i)
PROBLEM 9.15
Part a
We have from the problem statement
ip(z+Az) - P(z) = 3TAz .

If we take the limit Az + 0, then we obtain
T =
1 3I
Part b
3z a
We can write the equation of motion directly as

2
-
(JAz) at
= T(z+Az,t)
T(z,t).
Dividing by Az we have
j a = T(z+Az,t)-T(z,t)
at
Taking the limit Az
+
Az
0 we obtain
at2
Part c
az
Substituting the result of part (a) into the result of part (b) we get
9 2
at2 az
-9 s
PROBLEM 9.16 Part a
We seek to write Newton's law for motions in the z direction of a slice

In our situation the mass is of the material having x thickness dx. ?2 2 2 padzdx, where the acceleration is a 6 /3t . The net force due to the stress is
F and
= [Tx(x+dx) - T x()]a dz
(a)
3-6
S z dx adz = [T
2
(x+dx) -
(x)]a dz
(b)
zx
zx
Finally) in the limit dx + 0 we have 32 6 3T
p
Part b
Z zx = 3x ZX z t2
C) (c)
The shear strain, ezx , is defined so that it is proportional to 6 (x+dx) 6 (x) normalized to the distance between points dx. If T z=2G ezx
then in the limit dx + 0 T
zx
= G 36 /3x if we define
ezx 2 ax
(d)
The 1/2 is included to subtract out rigid body rotation, a point that is
important in dealing with three-dimensional motions (see Chap. 11, Sec.
11.2.la). Part c
From part (a),
a26
P 2z
3T
3x
zx
(e)
Using the result of part (b) we have

p326 3t = 326
Cf)
3x
the wave equation for shear waves with the propagational velocity
-99
PROBLEM 9.17 Part a Conservation of mass implies: net mass out per unit time = time rate of decrease of stored mass [pv + a(pv) AxA (pv)A =
-
ax
at
[p(Ax)A]
(a)
As Ax a
0, we have ap (b)
a jx (pv) + at If we write p = p
(b)
+ p'(x,t) and v = v(x,t) then we obtain by substitution
+-a(pv) p av o ax ax
at
(c)
Retaining only first-order terms we have

pav o ax ap at
(d)
as desired.
Part b
Conservation of momentum implies:
time rate of increase of stored momentum = net momentum in per unit time + externally applied force
(v -C(pvAxA) = - [pv 2 + ax at as Ax
+
Ax]A +(pv2)A + pA -
(p +
ax A x)A
(e)
0, we have a(pv) at
=
a(pv 2) ax
ax
(f)
Expanding we have
p(a
+ v 2)
+ v (a(Pv) +
()
this term is zero by conservation of

mass
-100
PROBLIEM 9.17 (continued)

Finally we have
p(
vper
= -
(h)
Substituting the perturbation quantities and retaining only the first order
terms we obtain
yv =
ax
0o t Part c
In terms of perturbation quantities we can write

2 p' = a 0'
where
a
Substitution for p' yields the two equations av ap'
Po ax =
and
-a 2
Combiningx weo obtaint
'
avy
Combining we obtain
2 at Part d
j If we substitute v = Re[v(x)e t ]
= a
3x
x2
(scalar wave equation)
in the above equation we obtain
dv(x)
2 d dx
2
2 v(x) +- a
which has solutions of the form v(x)=C sin(- x) + C 2 cos( a x).
-101
PROBLEM 9.17 (continued) A rigid wall at x = 0 imples that v(x=n) = 0. equations of part (c) imply that v
dx (p)
The drive at x = Z and the
a po
at x = 2.
The solution for v is

v()
j~o 0 apo
sin( cos((
x)
(q)
) for p real (r)
and we can now obtain v(x,t): p v(x,t)

=
sin(01 x)
a sin wt. apo cos (- )
PROBLEM 9.18
We can calculate the values of d6+/da and d6-/d8 for three regions of the
x-t plane as defined below.
Referring to equations Region A: d6+ da and v T E 2 v m p m d6 1 2 v ' d0
from text, 9.1.23 and 9.1.24,
9.1.27 and 9.1.28:
= 0 S-
(a)
(b)
-102

Region B:
d6+
d-
d6d6
1 Vm
2 v
E m 2v
P
ds
Region C:
d6+
de
dB
= 0 and T = 0.
Plotting T(x,t)
in
the x-t plane we have
-103
PROBLEM 9.19
We can find d6+/da and d6-/d3 for four regions of the x-t plane:
DD
a
-0
<1D
Referring to equations from the text 9.1.23, 9.1.24 and 9.1.27, 9.1.28 we have, Region A: d6+ da Region B: d6+
da 1 T(a) d6
2 E ' dB
1 T(a) d62 E ' dB
1 T(R) 2 E
(a)
Region C: d6+ da Region D: d6+

da d6
dB =0 (d)
d60'
df
1 T(a) 2 E
(c)
We can use these values in equation 9.1.23 and 9.1.24 from text and make the
-104
'F'/~
PROBLEM 9.20
Part a
The free end at x = 0 implies that T(0,t) = 0 and using equations 9.1.23
through 9.1.26 we can easily find that velocity pulses "bounce off" x = 0
boundary with the same sign and magnitude. the values for v(x,t):
For the x-t plane we can indicate
/P
-105

Part b
We can make use of part (a) if we use superposition. Consider the super
position of boundary and initial conditions; a free end, T(O,t) = 0 with the
initial conditions in part (a) and the T(O,t) as shown in Fig. 9.P20b with
initial conditions on T and v zero. Since the system is linear, we can add
the velocities that result from the two situations and thus have the net
velocity. For the response to the second set of conditions we have
0-/-VP o
Add this velocity set to the set in part (a) and we obtain:
vtY
-106
SIMPLE -ELASTIC CONTINUA
PROBLEM 9.21
Part a With the current returned on the inside surface the field in the air gap,
is H
I(t) D
/a / '
and the force per unit area acting on the inside surface is
-1 Ia 2 Tx=2o The force is is 326 S-(-,t) = 2

1 oa
,
aD =
2 D
(a)
=-T
I (t)
and the boundary condition at x = -
at
(t)
+ AT(-R,t)
(b)
Part b The current will flow on the surface when the time T is the characteristic diffusion time Td over the length b:
Td d Part c In order to ignore the mass M, the inertial term must be small compared to AT(-,t). For t < T, 6_ = 0 on the rod, and from Eqs. 9.1.23 and 9.1.24,
>>
much shorter than
or
oab o
>> T
(c)
T(-Z,t) = Thus M26
E a6
v Tt
(-Y,t)
(d)
t 2p
or p Our boundary condition In part (a) now becomes: M << AE T/v (f)
0 = 1
2
oa
(t) + AT(-,t)
(g)
Since there is a fixed end at x = 0 we know that a stress wave traveling in the +x direction will reflect at x = 0 with the same wave returning in the -x direction. To satisfy the condition v(O,t) = 0, Eq. 9.1.23 shows that Thus, from Eq. 9.1.24, the stress is twice that -107
d6 /da = d6 /dB at x = 0.
PROBLE1I 9.21
(continued)
initiated at the left end
pa
T r -=oa DA 12 o
(h)
PROBLFM 9.22 Part a We have W = W' and U = C + U' where W' and U' are perturbations from equilibrium. Rewriting the equations we have (-')
3W'
and
aU' aw' W + _
K (C+U')3
BU'
ax
= 0
(a)
at
aU' + (W') aU'

aw' (C+U') -L - = 0 ax ax
(b)
Neglecting all second-order perturbation terms we have
aW'
+ (1 + -)
3U'
= o
(c)
au' w' + ( (C) = 0

at Part b
Multiplying the above two equations by and x ' ax
(d)
respectively, we have
329'
2 t
(1 +
K
C
3
2U'e)
= 0
(e)
and
a U' axat
2
+ (C)
(C)
32W
-= o
(f)
Eliminating U' we obtain
aw2' a'= c(1

2
K ) a2 3 2
C
(8)
= C(I + K)3
at
ax
which is the familiar wave equation with wave velocity v We can write the solution as 14' = ReIW(x)e jt] where N(x) = C1 sin Ox + C2 cos Bx with = w ou/v
(h)
At x = 0,
p W = W' = 0 and hence C 2 = 0.
At x = - L, W =W'
= Wo cos wt, or equiv
alently
t"(-L) = Wo, hence C
=-Wo/sinpL.
Upon substitution we find that
-108

the solution is
W sin
W = W' = -
x
cos Wt . (i)
sin BL
PROBLEM 9.23 Part a

This part is similar to Prob. 9.24 with two simplifications:
V = 0 and o
the mass is M/unit width (M w)

the natural frequencies are
instead of 2M.
The two separate relations yielding
and sin
and
(L
) =
= tan (wL
(a)
(b)
(a) yields
wL
/~7 /S m
= nir where n = 1, 2, ... F(-x).
and corresponds to solutions
which are "odd", or (x) = -
(b) can be solved graphically and corresponds
to solutions which are "even", or (x) = F(-x).

Part b The effect of raising M is to reduce the eigenfrequencies of the "even" modes. The "odd" solutions predicted by (a) are independent of the mass M.
This is physically reasonable since there is a node at the mass,and since the mass doesn't move there is no inertial force. For the "even" solutions
predicted by (b), we notice that if M = 0 we have essentially the natural frequencies of a membrane of length 2L. two different membranes of length L. rigid boundary. PROBLEM 9.24
Part a
We can use the Maxwell Stress Tensor to find the forces of electric
origin. f If fe corresponds to the force due to the upper electrode and
u corresponds to the force due to the lower electrode, then we have:
C V2A A f(t) u
=
As M + -, the system responds like
The infinite mass acts like a
oo 2[d-_(O,t)]2
i y
(a)
-109

E V2A (t) = 2 0 2[d+(0,t)] 2 2 32
22C/~t = S a ax2 and if we assume (b)
Our equation for the membranes is a m E=Re[Q(x)ejwt 1, then we can write Z(x) = C1 sin for x > 0 and
Z(x) = C 3 sin x + C 4 cos 8x for x < 0 where 3 =
8x + C 2 cos fx
(c)
(d)
wr7T7S. m
We have
Our boundary condition will yield the four constants.

&(x = .(x
L) = 0
= L) = 0
) = (x= 0 )
(e)
(x = and 2M
2t
22 (0,t) = Sw
xx
+ ) (0
(0-)
+ fe(t) + f(t)
(f)
which reduces to
2
-2Mw
E(0) = Sw-
(0) Idx
dx ef(t)].
(0)
2E 0V2A 3 2+ A d
d3
(0) ()
(g)
after we linearize [fe(t) +
Substituting, we immediately find C2 = C4
Writing the remaining equations we have 0 = - C 3 sin L + C2 cos fL 0 = C 1 sin (h) (i)
BL + C 2 cos aL + 2Mw2
2
0 = SwB C1 + -
- Sw
C3
If we eliminate the constants by setting the determinant of the coefficients

C 1 , C 2 , and C 3 equal to zero, we obtain two separate relations:
sin 8L
=
0 and
SwI
S
E V2A o o +
3
= tan BL.
2M
(k)
-110

Substituting for a we have
SwW
( sin(WL
= 0 and
m-
= tan wL
M 2
2 E V2A
S+ d
The first relation implies that wLv/-7 m relation can be solved graphically. Part b As V When V
o
o
= nfl where n = 1, 2, ....
The second
is increased from V
= 0, the lowest natural frequency decreases.
approaches the value

CSSwd'
the lowest natural frequency approaches zero; as Vo is further increased, there

will be an imaginary solution for w and the system will be unstable.
PROBLEM 9.25
Part a
The force of the lower2 plunger is m = f W' =io 2 . By symmetry the upper
= (I + i ) = I magnetic force isu magnetic force is i
+ 21 i
and i
= (Io-il) o 1
= 1 I
21 i . o
Hence the total
2L a
i o1
2L,
oo
a
ax
3(
Writing the force balance on the tip of the wire at x = - Z we have
o o ag ff (-+,t) +X a (o,t) = 0 ax x
Part b Away from the ends
M =2f 2
2L IG
at 2
2 2
and if E=Re[(x)ejm t ] then

((x) = C1 sin Ox + C 2 cos fx where = Zw7/mT . E(O,t) = 0 implies that C 2 = 0. From part (a) we have
-111

d f 2L I G a d (o) =. dx
(e)
(-+) + dx
Upon substitution we obtain

2L I fB C cos 6k + ooa GBC 1 a '1
f)
Since C1 must be finite for a finite response, we have

fB cos or
B +
2L I oo G a 2L IG + a
00
= 0,
(g)
f cos Wk If
(h) A graphical solution
(We have ruled out one solution, because it is trivial.) of (h) is shown in the figure.
Part c
If G = 0, then
= (-n+l) 2
(i)
with n = 0, 1, 2,... Part d From the figure, wl increases toward wl7"/m/f the same value. af if G > 2L I
0O
= T and co 2 decreases toward I and seemingly disappear
They come together at G = af/2LT
-112
PROBLEM q.25 (continued)

Part e
If will
JGI
> 2L
O2O
00
'
then (h) has imaginary solutions for w, hence the system
be unstable:
PROBLEM 9.26
Part a
First of all we. notice that y(t) =
C(-L,t).
For the membrane
ma -- = _il m at
lt and if F=Re[l(x)ejO
3x
then
,(x) = Clsinfx + C2 cos(x where
Jo~m/S.
At x = 0,
((x=O) = 0 and therefore C
= 0.
At x = -
L, we can write
the boundary condition (-L,t) = SD at

2
(-L,t) + fm(t) y
(a)
We can find fe(t) using Ampere's Law and the Maxwell stress tensor 1 AN2 0 o 2 ( o_ d-D+ I(t))2
-
(I-
(t)) 2
fe(t)
t)
Since I
(-L,Qt))
o (d-D+C(-L,t))
(h)
>> I(t) and (d-D) >>

SI
,(-L,t) then we can linearize:
12I
I(t) + (d-D (d-D)3 U-Lt) 2N2A 2N2A oI o

E 2 and (d-D) (c) y
fe (t)
2 2N 2A
Substitution of 2NAI 2 C Y
(c) into (a) and definition of C
E
(d-D))
gives
2 M
(-SD ,t)) =
(-L)
t)+
Clt)
+ C
-l)
(e)
or in complex form, -Mw C(-L) = SD ax (-L) + CII + C After solving for C 1 , we can write C I sin
Cx
(-L) (e)
8x
((x) =
(f) (Mw 2 +C )sin(L-SD( cos 8L
or finally
-113
C sin BL I
Sf~ osf~.
SDB cos where y(t)
=
(ttC
si
T. - (MW +C )sin BL
Ie[y ejwt].
Part b To find the resonance frequencies we look at the poles of y/I. to finding the zeros of the denominator of y/I. SD
is-
This amounts
We have (h)
C w,. cos
[MW2 + C ]sinb L
U SDmW
MW +C
V. m
= tan(wL
V)
We can represent the solution graphically:
PROBLEM 9.27
Part a The boundary condition may be obtained by applying force equilibrium using the following diagram, s slope
3C
slope
ax
-114

thus
F(t) =f Part b
For the odd solution, EQ(x,t) = r(-X,t) and it follows that (0-) -
r+(
a5, ax
agr ax
= 0. This implies that the odd solution is not excited by the force F(t). ag a - = r and the boundary
Part c For the even solution,
Q(x,t) = Fr(-x,t), we have
condition (a) from part (a) becomes
F(t) = 2f -x at x = 0
For O<x< we have

m = f
ax 2
at2
with E(x,t) = 0 at x = k.
For t < 0, this reducss to
a2
= 0
ax
and we obtain
((x) F0
o = 2f (1 x ) for O<x<
Part d
We now have a combined transient and driven response, as discussed in Sec. 9.2.1.
By contrast with the developments of that section, we now have a boundary condition
at x = 0 on the slope following)
i. F Find the driven sinusoidal steady-state response, dary conditions: o cos wt = = 0
3&r/ax (see (b) of part (c)).
Our program is: (E5Hr in the
This satisfies the boun

(f)
2f
ax
(O,t)
((,t)
ii.
Find normal modes, which satisfy homogeneous boundary conditions;

(0,t) = 0 Tax
o E((,t) =
The sum of these modes takes the form of a Fourier series.
-115

iii. Superimpose (i) and (ii) and use the initial conditions found in
parts (a)-(c) to evaluate the arbitrary coefficients.
The driven response is of the form

S=Re(C1 sin
Bx + C2 cos Bx)eJ Jt;
(j)
a linear combination which satisfies (g)

= ReC 3 sin (x- 2 )ej Wt while (f) evaluates C 3 and the driven response is
(k)
F sin 8(x-k)ejWt
Re
0(2
2fM
cos B
Thus (m)
The normal modes are in this lossless case the resonances of the driven response and occur as cos Z = 0.
Sk
= (2 n+)r, n = 0, 1, 2, 3...
and the total solution for O<x<R is

F sinO(x-)
o0 2 nf = cos
jWnt
-jn
os
t +
n=0
[A
+ A
]sin[(-2
- (x-)] (n)
The coefficients An and A- are evaluated by requiring that

n n
Fo(xo 2, (x,0)
F o sinS(x-.) _+_o 2f cos +

n=O
+ 2n+l 2n+1 ( (An + A )sin[ 2 )
(x-k)]
(o)
and
__ S (x,)
= 0 = n=O
+ jw nAnA
j-
An]sin[.(-)T
2n+l 7
(x-2)]
(p)
This last condition is satisfied if A+ = A-. The A+ 's follow from (o) by using
n n n the orthogonality of the functions sin[(2n+1/2)j (x-Z)] and sin[(2m+l /2) (x-Z), m # n, over the interval R.
-116
DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTINUA
PROBLEM 10.1 Part a At x = 0, the net force on an incremental length of the string has to be zero. f n = 0 ax
-2B
at
This is the required boundary condition at x = 0. Part b

The power absorbed by the dashpots is the product of force 2B velocity 3&/3t. T us
P = 2B If we solve Eq. C/a3t and the
(Q
10.1.6 for
t-k x )
E(x,t) = Re[( ej(w and assume
that w < we we get
(x,t) = Re {[A where
L 1/2
I
sinhlklx + A 2 coshlklx]ejWt}
We can calculate A 1 and A2 using the boundary condition of part boundaiy condition at x = = Re E k(-Z,t)
ejwt
(a) and the
We then get
Al [f
j2o2
j0 2Bw
k cosh k Z + jw2B sinh kjkj
A2
[flklcoshlkl1
+ jw2B sinh kI]1
If we plug these values into the expression for power,.and then time average,
we have
B(f kljom)2
 = [(ffklcoshjkflZ) 2 + (2Bw sinhj)kJi)
2
where it is convenient to use the identity

1 AB* 2
<Re Aejwt ReBejt>
-117
PROBLEM 10.2
Part a
We use Eq. (10.1.6)
v2 32a
2 2 Ib
a
t2 at2
s s
2
x2 ax2
The dispersion equation is:
Assume solutions ( k2 = =
= Ref(Ae- j kx + Bejkx)ejtt].
k2
2
c
d
2
v S
Now use the boundary conditions, which require
A ejk
-jk[A (i)
+ Be-
j k
B] = 0
(below cutoff)
Wd < Wc
=d
cosh eax
cos wdt
cosh atd
a 2 v
(ii)
W d > Wc (above cutoff) Fs x

d cos os t cos W dt
((x,t) =
cos
8 2d
Part b
ti
CL) d
=0
WI
-118
DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMECITANICAL CONTINUA
Sd < W c
,(
Cd
>
Part c
The string might be attached to a massless (friction ess) slider at
x = 0, so that the end would be free to move in the transverse direction.
Force e0uilibrium for the increment or length at x
E/3ax = 0 at x = 0. U LIen
in
requL
PROBLEM 10.3
Part a
From Eq. 10.1.10 we have
2k
k 2v
21/2
with our solution of the form

E(x,t) = Re(A
1
e j(t-kx)
+ A2 e J(wt+kx)
We have the boundary conditions
-119
PROBLEM 10.3(continued)
-x ax
(O,t) = 0 and
x-(-Z,t) = 0. ax
From the first boundary condition, we obtain
j t Al = A2 ; E(x,t) = Re A 3 cos kx e w
From the second boundary condition, we obtain
sin kZ = 0
This implies that
k =
nIT
; n = 0,1,2,3...
Note that by contrast with the case where the ends are fixed, n = 0 is a valid (nontrivial) and crucial solution. simply a rigid body translation. From Eq. 10.1.7
2 2 2 2 S=-k v + 00
It corresponds to an eigenmode which is
Therefore,
the eigenfrequencies are

'22
-c + vs
1/2
For the n = 0 mode,
w = +
--
) .
c
Part b With I as in Fig. 10.1.q, we have the same equations as in part (a) if we 2 2 replace w by -0 . Therefore, for this case, the eigenfrequencies are
c c
W =
2
-
1/2
VS)
11/
Part c With I as in Fig. 10.1.9, the IxB force is destabilizing, as a small If w in part (b) became
perturbation from x = 0 tends to increase this force.
imaginary, the equilibrium 1,= 0 would become unstable as the solutions are unbounded in time. 2
S v Ss W
C
This will happen as
< 0
-120
PROBLEM 10.3
(continued)
or in terms of the current n11 I )2
b (T vs
that any finite current makes the n = 0 mode unstable, since for this mode Note there is no elastic restoring force.
PROBLEM 10.4
Multiply the system equation by ,
ma at
at 2
at
a 2f2 _
Ib
ax
at
at
* F(x,t)
Proper substitution of partial differential identities yields:

4f
o2
Ib
2]
F(x,t)
-t
2t
2x 3x
at
PROBLEM 10.5
We have that
F(x,t) = Re a
Part For k real, we might write this in the form
( e(
x)
5(x,t) = 2
+ e+*
+ e
j1at-kx)
(tkx)
e - j (wt-kx)
* e-j (wt+kx)
Prob. 10.4 we have that the power carried by the string is

From P = f a a
ax
at
If we do the indicated differentiations, then substitute into this expression,

and then time averagewe will obtain
<> = fwk
^ ^ ^ ^
 =
Part b
[5+
* - 5_
_*]
For k purely imaginary

k = j5 3 real, we can write F(x,t) in the form
with
-121
DYNAMICS IN ELECTROMECHANICAL
CONTINUA

5(x,t) =
1
^t eJO t+x +
et
e-Jwt+Bx + * e +
e jwt-8x + e +
_,e-jt-8x 1 *
If we again substitute into our expression for power and average over time
we obtain
 =2
+*
+
_ -
+ E_*l
+
From (b), we see that it is possible to have a net power flow from two evanescent
waves, but not from a single evanescent wave. Suppose that a single evanescent
This would correspond physicall,
With Wd<
c,
wave did carry power away from the driving source.
to a string driven at the left and infinite to the right. response as x x + oo.
the
*o becomes vanishingly small; clearly there can be no power flow at
Yet, there is no mechanism for power absorption by the string and so there With a dissipative load, a
can be no power flow into the string from the drive.
second evanescent wave is established, decaying to the left, and the conditions for power flow are met. PROBLEM 10.6 From the dispersion relation, we calculate:
V
ak
= v
r[ 1
w2 1/2
2
wave:
Now, assuming a single forward traveling S= E+ cos[wt - k(w)x] Then:

<W> =
fk 2 + 4
+
(m0
Ib n
 =
Thus, substitution gives

 <W>
fkw/2
2 2
2-1/2
= vs
-
=Vg
which is the desired relation.
This result is of some general significance, but
has been shown here for a particular case.
-122
DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMECIANICAL CONTINUA
PROBLEM 10.7 Part a The equations
of motion
for the membranes are
2 1
a m t2 = S
2
+ T
gm
2Fx =S
F2 + T 2 forces/area. If the membranes extend
where T1 and T 2
are the transverse magnetic
a distance w into the paper, and if we define regions 1, 2, and 3 as the top, middle, and bottom regions respectively in Fig. 10P.7, the flux in each region is
11 2
=
o 1 w(d-
1)
2
PoHl2 w(d+ 1 -
3 = l o113 w(d+E 2 ) where ll, H2, and H 3 are the magnetic field intensities within each region. '2
=
Since
the flux is conservedwhen E1 =
0 we have = + lH wd
A
Therefore,
= I
=d
plio wd
1
+
ix Hod-q od
d+E2
i
x
1 and and
3
1 2 H d d+F,
o i
We will use the Maxwell stress tensor to calculate T 1 and T 2 , using a pill-box
volume enclosing a section of surface on each membrane.
We then obtain
TI T= o 2 [11 2
H ]
and T2= 2
2
2 2[
23
H3 for the H fields, and realizing that (1
<<
Substituting the expression
d and
E2
<<
d,
we finally
obtain for the forces
-123
T1 T 1
H2 P~ o
(2 C1 1 d d 2
F) 2
and
T2
PIt12 (2 ,2
0 0
2 Our equations of motion are then

2 2 ~ 12 1E 1 o o
a m -- 2 = S
2
(2Fi-F2 1 2
and 32
m t2
2 32
x2
0 10
Part b
We assume that
F = Re F1 eJ(rlt-kx)
and
F2
Re F2
e j
(tAt-kx)
We can substitute these functions into the equations of motion from part (a),
and solve for the relation between w and k such that the 2 equations of motion
are consistent.
-(
2
m
+ Sk
This dispersion relation is

p H2 2'),10 2 0 01oo
+ d = + d If we
we see
We see that the dispersion equation factors into two dispersion relations. substitute this relation back into the equations of motion from part (a),
that we obtain even and odd solutions.

The dispersion relation
9
a
2 2
Sk' Sk a m
li 0~ 0
ad
m
yields
F =F1. The dispersion relation
h)
Sk'+
0 0 Oad m
yields FL = -
E12
-124
DYNANICS OF ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTINUA
PROBLEM 10.7
(continued)
Plotting w versus k, we obtain
k real - - - - k imaginery From the plot we see that the lowest frequency for which we have propagation (k real) for the even mode is ce ad
For the odd mode, the cut off frequency is
Wco
=
/
-(md
ad o Part d We are given the boundary conditions that at x = 0

i= and at x = 0 2 = 0
= -
F = Re o ejt '2 o
-125
DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMECIIANICAL
CONTINUA

From the boundary condition, we see that our solution is purely odd. 2
k= k
Therefore
1/2
m
m
0o
Sd
We assume a solution of the form

j Sl(x,t) = - C 2 (x,t) = Re{A 1 e w ( t-
kx) + A2
e j(wftkx)}
Evaluating A1 and A 2 through the boundary conditions,we obtain
= -
'o
jk2_
-Jk
-jk2
Therefore
(x,t)=-2(x,t)= Re
0 [e -jkx _ e+jkxle jt
jk [eJk
-jk k
_ eI
For w = 0,
k is
pure imaginary.
We define k = j3, with
8 real with value
2 1/2 OO
Sd
Therefore
Y1 (xt) 0Wfx
0inh
sinh 8
A sketch appears below.
-126
PROBLEM 10.8
Part a
The given equations follow by writing out Maxwell's equations and assuming
E and H have the given directions and dependences.
Part b
The force equation for an incremental volume element is
mn
e t
v
-
(a)
where F is the force density due to electrical forces on the electrons
F
Thus,
= -
en E
x ex
(b)
3v
-en exE
Part c
= mn e at
(c)
As the electrons move, they give rise to the current density

J Part d
j ( Assume e wt-kx) dependence and (c) and (d) require 2 en
- ene v x (linearized)
(d)
J
x
=-jj
eE
m
X
(e)
o[W2
x (See page 600)
where
e2n /me o e
is called the plasma frequency.
c2 2 = k
c
Part e
1 ACoIo
(g)
We have a dispersion which yields evanescent waves below the plasma (cutoff)
frequency. Below this frequency, the electrons respond to the electric field
associated with theuave in such a way as to reflect rather than transmit

an incident electromagnetic wave.
Part f
Waves impinging upon a boundary between free space and plasma will be totally
reflected if the wave frequency w < wP . The plasma frequency for the ionosphere
-127
DYNAMICS
OF ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTINUA
PROBLEM 10.8 (continued) is typically

f This result % 10 MH
z
explains why AM broadcasts (500 KH!z < f < 1500 KH z ) can commonly be < f < 108 MH
monitored all over the world, whereas FM (88 MH limited to "line-of-sight". PROBLEM 10.9
has a range
In the regions
x < -
and x > 0
the equation of motion for the string is 2F, t2 2 a2

s x
at
ax~
2
x
2
In the region -Z < x < 0,
this equation is
modified due to the magnetic
force to
2
2
v2
s
2(j
at
If we assume
F(x,t) = Re {
e (w
t-
kx) }
and substitute back into the equations of motion we obtain the dispersion
relations
2 2W1/2
v
V
k = + [W2
< x < 0
at x=-
at x = 0
F and
ax
must be continuous.
lie assume that
(x,t) = Re {[A e-
x + B e+x] ejwt}
for - < x < 0
-128
PROBLEM 10.9 where

=
(continued)
1/2
2
=
C2
s
2 1/2
for w < w
U(x,t) = Re where v b
s
b e-j k b x
ej
3t}
for x > 0
Using the above boundary conditions,
we obtain
0o(1 0
+ jkb)
2(1
cosh 1 + jkb sinh 12)
%o(1 - jk b ) 2(1 cosh 3, + jkh sinh 1R)

But F = A + B
Therefore
co
[cosh Part b As
1 +
sinh 1S]
-b
As -+ k
-+
Eo PROBLEM 10.10
Part a
The equation of motion for the string is
2 2
-;2E _ f
t2 at
2 ax
+ S
mg
-129

where, for small deflections F in the "l/r" field from Q,
S qQ [1 + E1 2n7 d d
O
In static equilibrium, 5 = 0 and from (a)

qQ= 2Pdco'mg Part b The perturbation equation of motion remains;
= f
2 ax
(
2 d
0
at 2 Assume e j ( wt -k 2
x
) dependence and qQ
2
2nTd e m 0
(c) requires (vs = /f7n)
v2k2 s
or from (b),
7(1(11~e
2 = v2k
s
_ g
The boundary conditions require k = nw/9,, and for stability the most critical
mode is n = 1; thus
v2()2 >
(e)
s m< 8 g Part c
fd
() 2(f)
(f)
Increase f, d, or decrease PROBLEM li.11
R.
+ S-mg
at
where S (IxB)
ax
and r=o ad
B
2 r
, r the radial distance from the fixed wire.
Therefore S =
2or
2trr
For static equilibrium
-130

oo 2rF,
S = mg =
Therefore
27rmg
I =
o
olo
Note that I I > 0 for the required equilibrium. o Part b
The force per unit length is linearized to obtain the perturbation equation.
O S27Therefore
Therefore
10
32 S 2 St
= f
2 3x
2
11oo 00
Part c
Assuming ej (wt-kx) solutions, the dispersion relation is
-m
2
f k2 2
oo
2o
Solving for w, we obtain w =
k2
lIoJ 1/2 S1/2
X 'jjI
As
long as I
> 0 the equilibrium will always he stable as w will always be
real.
Note that this condition is required for the desired static equilibrium
to exist.
PROBLEM 10.12
The equation of motion is given as
,2, ,2,
m d_
= f d2L + p,
3t,
Part a
3x'
Boundary conditions follow from force equilibrium for the ends of the wire
-131
PROBLEM 10.12
(continued)
(i)
-2KE(O,t) + f
(
(,
ax
= 0
(b) (c)
(ii) 2 Part b
(,t)
+ f
(xt)
= 0
The dispersion relation follows from (a) as
w2 = v2 k2 s
; v
= V7TF
(d)
where solutions have been assumed of the following form:

E = Re[(A sin kx + B cos
t kx)e jO) ]
(e)
Application of the boundary conditions yields a transcendental equation for k: tan k =
4Kf(f) f2k2_4K2
where, from (d),
k = 1 s Thus,
a2
+ P/m
(g)
(f) is the desired equation for the natural frequencies.
-132
PROBLEM 10.12 (continued) Part c As K + 0, the lowest root of graphic solution goes to k + 0, for which stability criterion is: P 0 >
m
PROBLEM 10.13 Part a This problem is very similar to that of problem 10.7. reasoning as in that problem, we obtain 2 a2 E V a2I 1 _ 2 + 0 (2tl-62) m 2 = S ax d 2 a
m at 2
2
Using the same
ax2
7+
3 Dxd
(22 -_1)
Part b
Assuming sinusoidal solutions in time and space, the dispersion relation is
2 2 V 2
2E V2
oo oo 3 + 0 3 -- d
d3 d The odd mode,
-a(w
+ Sk
We have a dispersion relation that factors into two parts.

S= 2 has the dispersion relation
2 m
3E ad
2] 1/2
The even mode, E 2 [Sk 2
= E2 has the dispersion relation V2] 1/2
Part c A plot of the dispersion relation appears below.
-133
,-,
Coe
cog
Part d The lowest allowed value of k is k = x = 0 and x = L. This happens as 3C V

2
since the membranes are fixed at the even mode.
Therefore the first mode to go unstable is
2
7r
06D
Sd
L2
J2 0 L2
Sd 31/2
Eo0
-134
PROBLEM 10.14
The equation of motion.is
2 a2
at Part a
2 v2 a2
s ax 2
Ca
at
(a)
The dispersion for this system is:

2 2 = 0 - v2k
s
W2 _ jv
(b)
We may solve for w,
w= j
J[a + Y
()
- v2k2
(c)
We assume solutions of the form:
[Ane E(x,t) Ref I n odd
- (a+yn ) t
+ B e
- (a-Yn ) t
]sin nx and B .
nt x
(d)
Now, we may use the initial condition on-
to relate A
Thus we obtain:
U(x,t) = Re{(
n odd
A [e
(
a nn
le
sin
(e)
Now, we apply the initial condition on E(x,t = 0) to determine A .
U(x,O)
n odd
An
LYn-aJ
sin
(f)
iA' sin nl
I n odd
The coefficient A' is determined from a Fourier analysis of the displacement:
n
4E
A' = -n So that: n'
(g)
y -an 4E
An
n
n
(h)
Part b
There is one important difference between this problem and the magnetic
diffusion problems of Chap. VII. While magnetic diffusion is "true diffusion"
and satisfies the normal diffusion equation, the string equation is basically a
wave equation modified by viscosity. Hence, we note (c) that especially the
-135

higher modes in the solution to this problem have sinusoidal time dependence as
well as decay. Magnetic diffusion as discussed in Chap. 7 exhibits no such
oscillation, because there is no mathematical analog to the inertia of the

string. If we had included the effects of electromagnetic wave propagation
(displacement current) the analogy would be more complete.

PROBLEM 10.15
From Chap. 10, page 588, Eqs. dE+ da (e) and (f) we have
(vs-U) DE
2v
S
1
2v
;t
ax
dE_ d---
(v + U) 2v x
S
_
+
1
2v-
Since
-C (x = 0) = 0, we have the following relations in the three regions. axRegion
Region 1
d + + Vo0
d&
da
2v
' d
Region 2
dF+
d Region 3 d+
da
d_
' dB
V0
2v
s
Vo
-v
d_
s
2v
s
'
-136

In the other regions, the derivatives are zero. d( ~x we have
From Eq. 10.2.10 on page 586,
dS
d_
de+
H- =- o-2 [u (B)-u 1 (B-b) -1 2v ax

s
- ul(a) + u _l(-b)
Integrating with respect to x, we obtain

V + u- 2 ( -b)] - u_2() [u-2(0) - u_ ( l 2 (-b) s A sketch of this deflection is shown in the figure. F(x,t) =
-137
PROBLEM 10.16
Part a
The equation of motion is simply
2 m at
2
= f ax
The dispersion equation follows as:

2 22 2 (m-kU) = v2k
Where solutions are assumed of the form:

E(x,t) = Re{(E+e
j
ix
+ _e-jX)e
j (
wt-ax)}
The boundary conditions are both applied at x = 0, because string is moving at a "supersonic" velocity. ((x,t) = Part b
ol{cos 6x cos[wt-ax] - U sin x sin[wt-ax]}
IP
I I I \ .
U1
W/d
Ix
-138
PROBLEM 10.17 We use Eq. 10.2.9
2
-t + U-)
-v
2 32E 2 .
Assuming sinusoidal solutiors in time and space we obtain the dispersion relation
22
2 (w-kU) = k v s
Thus SW(U U+v We let wU U
2 2
_ v
+ vs ) U2 2 s
Wv
s2
U2 -v
s
Therefore, k = a +
and
(a + ) x ] e j
E(x,t) = Re[A e - j ( a- 8 ) x + B e j
wt

=(x =
0) = 0 which implies A = - B
E(x = - 9) = Eo
Therefore
E(x,t) = Re A[e
- 8
j(a
)x_
e-j(a++)x]eJwt
However,
= Re A2j sin E(-t,t) = Re E ejwt
Bx ej(wt-ax)
Therefore
U(x,t) = - si sin
Bx cos[wt-a(x+t)]
Part b
For 5 = 0 at x = 0 and at x = - a we must have a = n7rw/ Wv s niT
2
U2_v 2
U-v or
-139
(U2 - v )2
W=
v s
These are the natural frequencies of the wire.

Part c The results are meaningful only for
IUI < Ivs . If this inequality were not
true, we would not be able to use a downstream boundary condition to determine

upstream behavior and arrive at a result that would be obtained by "turning the driv
on". > vs the predictions are not consistent with causality.
That is, if U
PROBLEM 10.18 Part a In the limit of wavelength short compared to the radius, we may "unwrap" system: the
2
m + U
2 a) az
Then, it follows that
(a)
Now let z + RO, U - RQ.
a + 0 a 2
(b)
where Part b
f/(
R 2)
The initial conditions are
ac/at(e,t = 0) = 0
(,t = 0) = < o0 -< e --
, elsewhere
Solutions take the form

S= where
(c)
(d)
(e)
d/4
+(a) + S_()
-140

a= 8
=
s s
O -30 t
Because aE/at (t = 0) = 0,
d+
= Also, (t=0) = s
-3sd
s dc
s dB
(f)
dE+ d
_ +d0 da
[ ( u (0) - uo(/4)] 0 0
(g)
Thus, from (f) and (g),
dE+
3
da 5o[u (0) - Uo(O/4)]; on a
dSE= -a T
(h)
o[uo(0) - u (7/4)]; on B
The solution in the 0-t plane follows from

a dE+ dE_
-+ -d
+
(j)
The result is shown in the figure.
(J) Note that
and an integration at constant t on e.
the characteristicsthat leave the interval 0 < 0 < 27W atO= 27r reappear at account for the reentrant nature of the rotating wire.
e = 0 to
-141
PROBLEM 10.19
In the moving frame we can write
2 fa 2 + F(x',t') ax,2 at,2 and so from Prob. 10.4, we can write
at
(a)
Pin
where
P'
-"
aw'
at'
+ -
aP'
()
ax'
in =
at
2 2
1 f(
2
(c)
W' =
P
'
m (,)
f
(d)
(e)
= -
ax' at'
But a
ax
a
ax
da
at
a
at
U a+
ax
Therefore (c)-(e) become P'in = F( W'=
+ U -)) + U ~ )+
+ U ) ax
(f) 2 (g)
(h)
m(-
P' = - f
a -ax ( at
The conservation of energy equation, in terms of fixed frame coordinates,
becomes
P in
p aW'
aW'
P'
-- + ax at +U ax S+ (P + W'U)
(i--)
(j)
at
ax
If we let
P in = P' in
W'
(k)
P = P' + W'U
we can write
P.
=
aw + a ax
at in
which is the required form.
-142
PROBLEM 10.20
The equation of motion is given by Eq. 10.2.33, and hence the dispersion
equation is 10.2.36;
k = where
=
n + jy
WdU/(U 2-v
(a)
y = v
(U2_
)k2
/(U 2 -
Solutions are assumed of the form

= Re[A sinh yx + B cosh yx]ei(0t-nx) Boundary conditions require; B = 0o (c) (d)
(b)
A = jnEo/y Thus = Re Eo[y sinh yx + cosh yx]e j (t-nx)
(e)
The deflection has an envelope with an essentially exponentially increasing dependence on x, with the instantaneous deflection traveling in the + x direction.
PROBLEM 10.21
f
.'
.ouL6B s
6' "
7NrH606//#j
peROfLL
Part a The equation of motion is
am E
with T
a t
V2
+ U
a x) 2
= S
2
ax
mg + T
(a)
o -o -o 2 2 (d-_)2
2 V2 [1+ o d 2 +3
For equilibrium, E = 0 and from (a)
SV
S= mg
(b)
2d or
Vo [ L 0
2 /J
(c)
-143
PROBLEM 10.21 (continued) Part b With solutions of the form ej(w

E V2
t- k x )
the dispersion relation is (d)
(w-kU)
om
oo
0d)
a d m
Solving for k, we obtain S 2 U2 S o
k = wU +
) (e)
m
(U For U >
2 _ S 2 -- )
m S/a , and not to have spatially growing waves m
am
or w >
-2 _(U2
am
S>
,e V2
a d3 m
> 0
(f)
(U-
i-)
(g)
POOBLEM 10.22 Part a Neglecting the curvature of the system, as in Prob. 10.18, we write:
a
t
P(
Ra
= S2
82
+ T
(a)
where the linearized perturbation force/unit area is

2 2e V
Tr
(---a
(b)
Therefore, the equation of motion is + 0

s
a
2
2n
2 + m2 ()
(c)
aR
m
2 c
2 2E V
oo 3
R S
-144
PROBLEM 10.22 Part b
(W-)2 2
2 (m2m2)
(d)
ioW + mi) m = -
2 n2 _
+ ( 2 2
Q2 )
2m2 (f)
-145
PROBLEM 10.22
Part c
Because the membrane closes on itself it can be absolutely unstable regardless of
0 relative to s. Allowed values of m are determined by the

Thus, Note
requirement that the deflections be periodic in 6; m = 0, 1,2,3,... from (e) any finite me will lead to instability in the m = 0 mode.
however that this mode does not meet the requirement that wavelengths be *short compared to R.
PROBLEM 10.23
We may take the results of Prob. 10.13, replacing iat I -by replacing w by w-kU.
a + U
and ax
Part a
The equations of motion
2
am +
a2
=
2
E V
x)
S --2
ax
o3 d
E V 2
0
(2
-2)
a2E
am
Part b
it
a + U
S
-x)2 = S
ax
'2 +
(22
1 1
The dispersion relation is biquadratic, and'factors into 2e V2

-a (w-ldM) + Sk
2
e V2
+ 03 d 1
E2 and
(c)
1l = 2 respectively, as will
d The (+) signs correspond to the cases be seen in part (d).
Part c
The dispersion relations are plotted in the figure for U > S-/jm. m
-146
and
1%
0;..
-147

Part d
Let
=1
2.
Then (a) and (b) become
a a a(- + U -
2
)
825
=
Eoo V2
d
1E
ax S+
2
V2
oo 3
ax
the minus sign.
a m (-a Now let 1 =
2 2 ax
(e)
These equations are identical for 5i =
2; the dispersion equation is (c) with
(b) require - E2 and (a) and a2

I 2 3E V
+U
a )2 E = S ax2
ax
d 2+
(f)
am t
m(+ 3x
2 a22 E2
=
2 3E V
00
ax
ax2
d3
= -
2
2; the dispersion equation is (c)
These equations are identical for with the + sign.

Part e
#%A ,
E (0,t) = Re E ejWL = A1
)(0,t)
ac 1 ax
a1 = 2 = 0 at x = 0 ax
i, Hence we u,se the + sign in (c)
The odd mode is excited. -am(w-kU)

2
+ Sk2
38 V
S
=0
3E V
o0 d3 O 0
3
Z
d3
w2 k2 (S-0mU2) + 20 m WkU - am Solving for k, we obtain
where a =
wU U2_v2
s
[v22 s
3 2 2 2 1/2
3E oo V (U -V s
)
8=
2
U
a d3 ad
m
- v
-148
with v
2
s
= S/a m . m
Therefore
E1 = Re {[A e-J(a+a)x + B e-j(a-8)x ]ejWt Applying the boundary conditions, we obtain A= 2( -) 28
(o)
(p)
B = 21 W
Therefore, if is real S (x,t) Part f We can see that growing curves. x
(c+B)
(q)
(q)
cos 8x cos(wt-ax)-
sin Ox sin(wt-ax)
(r)
8 can be imaginary, for which we will have spatially

2
This can happen when 3E V m d3
22 w 2s
or
2 oo 2 d 3 (U
2 v2
2
)
< 0
(s)
v2
Part g With V
o
m
0
(t)
= 0 and v > v ; s
%
J
f-
-149

Amplifying waves are obtained as (t) is satisfied;
PROBLEM 10.24
Part a
The equation of motion for the membrane is:
at
where T z
=S
Fx2
21
3
+T
=T
= 2E V2 E/S zz
The equation may be rewritten as follows:
-150
A2 = 2
at where 2 _
2
22
ax
2
(c)
ay2
2E V oo
3
Ss
Assume solutions of the following form:
j(wt-k x-k .y)

E(x,y,t) = Re[E e The dispersion is:
w2 = v2[k2 + s x
k2
(d)
- k2 c
(e)
The mode which goes unstable first is the lowest spatial mode: k k 'T (f)
a-
Instability occurs at
2 2
k or,
k2c
ar + (b
a)
(g)
3
Vo =
2
[2(a[ +()]
1/2
(h)
o
Part b The natural frequencies follow from Eq. (e) as
2
2 mn ( + V[a s sn Part c
b+
1/2 _ k2 ] c
(i)
eigensolutions to obtain the membrane motion for t > 0.

The solution that already satisfies the initial condition on velocity is
We superimpose E(x,y,t) =
mn
Emn sin marx sin nb- cos
mnt
()
where m and n are odd only, since the initial condition on ((x,y,t=0) requires
no even modes. Now use the principle of orthogonality of modes. Multiply
(j)by sin(pwx/a) sin(qfy/b) and integrate over the area of the membrane.
The left hand side becomes
-151
.DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTINUA
PROBLEM 10.24 (continued
fb fa
1b
f:[(x,y,t=o)sin pIx sin 0b 0a =
dx dy
(k)
ba
0 o
J u
ooJ
(x- a) o(
b)sin plx sin
dx dy
Thus, (j) reducesto

(pq (0)
which makes it possible to evaluate the Fourier amplitudes

4J
mn
a
4J
(m)
The desired response is (j) with Emn given by (m).

(x,y,t) = mn
(o) sin sin n cos
'ab' sin-si
mn
(odd)
Note that the analysis is valid even if the lowest mode(s) is (are) unstable,
for which case:
cos w PROBLEM 10.25 The equation of motion is (see Table 9.2, page 535): pq t + cosh a pq t
32
22
t
S ( 22
x
y2
(a)
j(wt-k x-k y)
With solutions of the form 5 = Re C e k2 + k 2 x y x yy, the dispersion equation is
+v -- s
(b)
A particular superposition of these solutions that satisfies the boundary

conditions along three of the four edges is
f A sin nry sink (x-b) cos w t o x a where in view of (b),
w2
o
(c)
2
s
n(i)2
a
(d)
Thus, there is a solution for each value of n, and

-152
I== A sin k (x-b)cos w t sin nay a

o n n 1 n=1
n=
(e)
where, from (d) k

kn
2
-
2 1/2
(f)
At x = 0,
(e) takes the form of a Fourier series (y=0O) = I -A n=1 sin k b cos w t sin ng)
This function of (y,t) has the correct dependence on t. The dependence on y is made that of Fig. 10P.25 by adjusting the coefficients An as is usual in a Fourier series. Note that because of the symmetry of the excitation about y = a/2, only odd values of n give finite An
. Thus 12 - y sin
a = o
y dy +
a/2
a/2
(a-y)sin n- y dy
(h)
sin knb sin ny sin 'Y dy
Evaluation of the integrals gives

4E a
(mW)
Ssin ()=
2
A a sin k b
n n 2
(i)
Hence, the required function is (e) with kn given by (f) and An given by
solving (i)
A = n PROBLEM 10.26 The force per unit length is#o 0 evaluated at the position of the wire. S = p1I[H iy - H i ]. x H, where H is the magnetic field intensity That is, (a) m2 sin (')/sin 2 k b n (1)
To evaluate H and H at ui + vi note that H(0,0) = 0. By symmetry x y x y Then, V*B = 0 requires that H (0O,y) = 0 and therefore aH /ay (0,0) = 0. y y aH /Dx(0,0) = 0. Thus, an expansion of (a) about the origin gives
-153

I
EaH
ay
vi
- --
aH
ax
i ui
x
(b)
Note that because Vx H = 0 at the origin, aHx/ y = becomes aH S
a~ /lx. Thus, (b)
oI a
[-ui
+ vi ]
(c)
and 3H /lx (0,0) is easily computed because
1 (x,)o [ H (x,O) =
y 2w Thus, S
1
a+x
a-x
2w
o2x [ 2]
(d)
2
Ira
[-ui
x + vii y
(e)
It is the fact that V x H = 0 in the neighborhood of the origin that requires that the contributions to (e) be negatives.
Part b
(i) Assume u = Re[u e Then
tVs = Vp, k
( t- k z )
(f)
2k2
f
=-m
Ib
-(g)
The w-k plots are sketched in the figure

)(~~e~~oh
&,
-154
PROBLEM 10.26 (continued) Y, Co%?eAX C-)
40'r 'rec,9t
--------
civ
v = Re[v e j(t-kz)] Then 22 2 2 = v2k2 2
(h)
and the w-k plots are as shown
LtA ee6A-ZOL^S
or VQcj .
-155
PR
COrP\P)
Cj
o rec
21
04
6j,
direction, it must destabilize motions in the other direction. Part c Driven response is found in a manner similar to that for Prob. 10.2. Thus for w < 4b (cutoff) u sinh a x u(z,t) =sinh ct v sin v(z,t) = sin k t
V
cos
o t o
(j)
k x r
sin w t o
(k)
u sin k x u(z,t) =
-
i k sin
u
cos wut o
()
v sin k x v(z,t)
= -
sink
v
sin
(m)
where
211/2
k
Uk =[w;
2 2 1/2 o - Wb 2 ~l/
-156

k= 2 +21/2
Part d
We must suppress instability of lowest natural mode in v.
2 T 2 > 2
II
<
for evanescent waves
2
3
%
2 < v2 (w/9) 2 .
o
Thus, from (n) and (p), Part e
U4
if
'p.
-2
64
< 00</1o,
I~fl
-157
L,
z
0
o
b/m
-41
The effect of raising the current is summarized by the W-k plot, with complex k plotted for real w.
As I is raised the hyperbola moves increases and k
u decreases to zero and becomes imaginary.
outward. Thus, k v Thus, wavelengths for the v deflection
shorten while those for u lengthen to
infinity and then deflections decay.
Note that v waves shorter than
A=2k
will not be observed because of
instability.
PROBLEM 10.27
Part a
We may take the results of problem 10.26 and replace -by + U z in the
differential equations, and w by w-kU in the dispersion equations.
Therefore, the equations of motion are
2u
- Ibu (a)
m(- + U
at
u = f- 2 ) a az 2 ) v = f
m( Part b
+ U
az2
+ Ibv
(b)
For the x motions, the dispersion relation is

-m(w-k
2
fk 2 - Ib
(c)
We let
-158

Ib f m
= V
2
2
Therefore w=kU + or solving for k
wU +
2v
2 k (U
22
(U -V 2 )
k=
- v
)2
The w-k plot for x motions is sketched as
-W'0
For real w, we have only k real. For the y motions, we obtain
For real k, we have only real w.
WU + V
lf r
Tks
22 2 2 v 2
2 2 2
2
v
-ss
Thus for real w, the sketch is
-159
Tj
Ul
/p
(Ar
(01
23
while for real k,
the w-k plot is
-160
Part c
Since the wire is traveling at a "supersonic" velocity, we cannot impose
a downstream boundary condition to determine upstream behavior.
We are given
u(O,t)i + v(O,t)i = u cosw t i + v sinw t i (h)
and the boundary conditions
(o,t) = o0
(o,t) = 0
(i)
We let 2 2
WU s
+, +A
2
b
s
2 2_ (U v)
2_v2 s U w2v c 2 2
2
(U2_v )
(j)
(U
(2
- v)
2v)
(u (U
- vs )
the allowed values of k are For the x motions,

kI = a + 8 with w = wo
k2 =
Therefore
(k)
u = Re
Al e-
k z
+ A2 e- Jk2]ejo
()
Applying the boundary conditions and simplying, we obtain u

= 1 u Re[(C
0 o
sin z + cos z) ej (
t-
)]
(m)
the allowed values of k are

For the y motions,
k3 = a + y (n)
k4 = a - y Therefore
v = -v 0 Re[(-
sin yz + j cos yz)e (wt-az) ]
(o)
-161

Part d
~N000
"I(-
'I
what As long as U > vs this is the form of u, no matter/the value of I (as long as I > 0). unchanged. As the magnitude of I increases, B increases but a remains
-1
-162

This is the form of v, as long as
2 2 2
(U
Svs -
_p2
) > 0
(p) At
As I is increased, we reach a value whereby this inequality no longer holds. this point y becomes imaginary and we have spatial growth.
~7N
As I is increased beyond the critical value, v will begin to grow exponentially

with z.
Part e
To simulate the moving wire, we could use a moving stream of a conducting
liquid such as mercury. We would introduce current onto the stream at the
nozzle and complete the circuit by having the stream strike a metal plate at
some downstream postion.
PROBLEM 10.28
Part a
A simple static argument establishes the required pressure difference.
The pressure, as a mechanical stress that occurs in'a fluid, always acts on a surface in the normal direction. Az from the membrane. The figure shows a section of length
Since the volume which encloses this section must be
in force equilibrium, we can write
-163
2R(Az)[pi - po] = 2S(Az)
(a)
C I
ltp
. 4-- .
1<
required pressure difference is
where we have summed the forces acting on the surfaces.
It follows that the
P - p
Part b
(b)
To answer this question, and other questions concerning the dynamics of

the circular membrane, we must include in our description a perturbation
displacement from the equilibrium at r = R.

surface by the relation
r = R + E(e,z,t)
Hence, we define the membrane
(c)
The pressure difference p -po is a force per unit area acting on the membrane in the normal direction. It is the surface force density necessary to counter
act a mechanical force per unit area T

m T
m
= - S
(d) We wish
which acts on each section of the membrane in the radial direction.
now to determine the mechanical force acting on each section, when the surface is perturbed to the position given by (c). We can do this in steps. First,
consider the case where 5 is independent of 6 and z, as shown in the figure. Then from (d)
Tm
R +
S-1 R
2 about r = R.
(e)
where we have kept only the linear term in the expansion of T
When the perturbation depends on 6, the surface has a tilt, as shown.

We can sum the components to S acting on the section in the radial direction
as
-164
S Rm AORA
lim
3 - 1 R 6 G 0+ A
1 2
(f),
Similarly, a dependence on z gives rise to a radial force on the section due to

the mechanical tension S,
S lim
2 3z
Ale-0
Az
In general, the force per unit area exerted on a small section of membrane under
the constant tension S from the adjacent material is the sum of the forces given
by (e), (f) and (g),
Tm =
T = S(-
1 +
+2
2)2
(h)
It is now possible to write the dynamic force equation for radial motions.
In addition to the pressure difference pi-Po acting in the radial direction,
2 we will include the inertial force density om/( 2/at ) and a surface force
density Tr due to electric or magnetic fields.

2 m at2
Hence,
r + p io
S(- - + R
1
2
-+ 2
a) 2
z2
) + T
(i ()-P
Consider now the case where there is no electromechanical interaction.

Then Tr = 0, and static equilibrium requires that (b) hold. Hence, the constant
terms in (i) cancel, leaving the perturbation equation

326
( R
1__2 _
m2 at
ae 2 2
-165

Parts c & d
This equation is formally the same as those that we have encountered
previously (see Sec. 10.1.3). However, the cylindrical geometry imposes
That is, if we assume solutions
additional requirements on the solutions. having the form,

( = Re ((wt+ me)
(z()e jRe
(k)
the assumed dependence on 0 is a linear combination of sin me and cos me. If the displacement is to be single valued, m must have integer values. wise we would not have E((,z,t) = C(B + 27,z,t). With the assumed dependence on 6 and t, (j) becomes,
d E + k2
Other
2"
= =()
dz
where
2 1 (-m2)
2a
m
2 R
The membrane is
S attached to the rigid tubes at z

=
0 and z =
R.
The
solution to (Z) which satisfies this condition is
= A sink n x
where
k nW
-- , n = 1,2,3,...
(m)
P,
The eigenvalue kn determines the eigenfrequency, because of (Z).

2 n 2 (m 2 - 1) S
R2
To obtain a picture of how these modes appear, consider the case where A is
real, and (m) and (k) become
C((,z,t) = A sin
Tx cos mO cos wt
(o)
The instantaneous displacements for the first four modes are shown in the
figure.
There is the possibility that the m = 0 mode is unstable, as can be seen from (n), where if
n7
1
2
)
2
(P)
(i)
<R
we find that the time dependence has the form exp +
Iwit.
The first mode to
meet this condition for instability is the n = 1 mode.

-166
Hence, it is not possible
Mv'
m=1 Vi = i
k=2.
tj =
-167
DYNAMICS OFp ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTINUA

to maintain the uniform cylindrical shape of the static equilibrium if
R7t/ < 1 This condition for static instability is easily understood if we remember
that in the m = 0, n = 1 mode, there are two perturbation surface forces on a small section of the membrane surface. One of these is the perturbation part This force (q)
of (e) and arises because of the curvature in static equilibrium.
acts in the same direction as the displacement, and hence tends to produce static instability. It is counteracted by a restoring force proportional to Condition (q) is
the second derivative in the z direction, as given by (g).
satisfied when the effect of the initial curvature predominates the stiffness from the boundaries.
Part e
With rotation, the dispersion becomes:
(w-mp)
2
[M
12_-m2 c
with 2
oR
aR m
2
2E V
=
oo
3
Because there is no z dependence (no surface curvature in the z direction) the equilibrium is unstable in the m = 0 mode even in the absence of an applied voltage. PROBLEM 10.29 The solution is of the form = where (a) + (_(8) (a)
= x + y
We are given that at x = 0
dl+
d-_ and that
dl
d A[U-(y)-U(y-a)] (b)
-168
PROBLEM 10.29
(continued)
which implies
that d+ dE + do d0 (c)
--r = 0 = ay We therefore have d+
A d 2 = [u(-a)
u l(-C-a)]
and
d_
A
d 2 [U-0() U 1(8-a)] (e)
Then
Ty
= -
do
dR
2 -1
_(Y-X)-
-1
(y-x-a) + U-l(x+y)-ul(x+y-a)} 1
(f)
Integrating with respect to y, we obtain
{-u
(Y-x)
+ u_2(y-x-a)
+ u2(Y+X)
u_2(y+x-a)
(g)
where u_2 is a ramp function; that is u_2(y-b) is defined as
aJ
Part b
The constraint represented by Fig. 10P.29 could be obtained'by ejecting
the membrane from a slit at x = 0 that is planar, but tilted over the range
0 < y < a. Thus, the membrane would have no deflection at x = 0, but would
have the required constant slope A over the range 0 < y < a, and zero slope
elsewhere.
-169
-170
PROBLEM 10.30
For this situation, the governing equation is (10.4.15) of the text.
2 2 (M -1) a 2
ax2 Here M 2
2 a 2
ay2
= 2; so we have the equation:
2
2 =
(b)
ax
av
The characteristics are determined from equations (10.4.17) and (10.4.18) to be:
a= x-y
B= x+y
The x-y plane divides into regions A...F, as shown in the sketch.
Tracing
back on the characteristics from points in regions A, D, F... shows that in

these regions C = 0; the characteristics originate on "zero" boundary conditions.
At points in region B, only the C+ characteristic originates on finite data;
+(a) = o' _(B) = 0 and hence
E = co in region B
-171
PROBLEM 10.30 (continued) In C, deflections are determined by waves, both originating from the initial
data. Hence E+(a) = o,' but E_(() is determined by the reflection of an incident = 5o and 0_()
wave on the boundary at y = d. S= 0 in region C In region E only the on zero conditions and
E = -
THence
_((3) wave is finite because the
+(a)
wave originates
0oin region E
The deflection has the stationary appearance shown in the figure.
PROBLEM 10.31
From equation 10.4.30, we have
2 k2v2 S=k
SkB I
We define
IB
2mv
BI \2
2my S
vS
-172
PROBLEM 10.31 (continued) The four allowed branches of k as a function of w are therefore k = + kl, and + k 2 , where k =a + (d)
k, = - a + B
The sketch shows complex w for real k. k are given if w is k for real w.
(e)
Note however, that only real values of
real and hence the solid lines represent the plot of complex
C3, C3;
-173
PROBLEM 10.32
The effect of the longitudinal convection is accounted for by replacing w
in Eq. 10.4.3 by w-kU (see for example page 594). Thus,
(w-kU)
2
= k2
kB I
o
s) -
(a)
This expression can be solved to give

BI B IBI B 1B2 m (b)
(2wU +---)
k = s2
2(U
+ 40U
2
- v2)
++
The sketch of complex k for real oiis made with the help of the following
observations:
Consider the modes that are represented by -Bo
1) Asymptotes for branches are k = w/(U + vs) as w +
o.
2) As w is lowered, the (-B ) branches become complex as
4v22 + 4BU
I+
or at the frequencies
BI
2v2 m
--
--V s
Thus, for U > vs there is a lower as well as an upper positive frequency at

which k switches from real to complex values.
In this range of complex k, real k is
BI
k = (2wU
-
2 )/2(1I2 - v )
or a straight line intercepting the k = 0 axis at BI

o
2Um
3) as w + 0,
2 2
k + 0 and k - + B I/m(U2 _ v)
-o
where the - sign goes with the unstable branches.
4) As w + m
the values of k are real and approach the asymptotes
k = W/(U + vs).
-174

Similar reasoning gives the modes represented in (b) by +B . modes have a plot obtained by replacing w
+
Note that these
- w and k
- k in the figure.
-175
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Solutions Manual for Electromechanical Dynamics For any use or distribution of this solutions manual, please cite as follows: Woodson, Herbert H., James R. Melcher, and Markus Zahn. Solutions Manual for Electromechanical Dynamics. vol. 3. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare). http://ocw.mit.edu (accessed MM DD, YYYY). License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike For more information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
INTRODUCTION TO THE ELECTROMECHANICS OF ELASTIC MEDIA
PROBLEM 11.1 Part a We add up all the volume force densities on the elastic material, and with the help of equation 11.1.4, we write Newton's law as
2
11 x p
P p2
where we have taken
(a) (a)
a 1
a
a
a = 0. Since this is a static problem, we let
a
-- = 0. Thus,
x3
aT(
= pg.
(b)
From 11.2.32, we obtain
a6
T11 = (2G + X) (c)
Therefore
(2G + X) 21 pg (d)
ax1
Solving for 61, we obtain
2(2G+X)
+ C x + C
(e)
where C 1 and C2 are arbitrary constants of integration, which can be evaluated

by the boundary conditions
61(0)
and
T 1 (L)
(f)
6
= (2G + X) (L) = 0 (g)
since x = L is a free surface. pg x

1
2(2G+X)
Part b
Again applying 11.2.32
[x
Therefore, the solution is

(f)
- 2L].
PROBLEM 11.1 (Continued) T11= (2G+X) a6

-ax pg[x 1 - L)
T12 = T21 = 0
T 1 3 = T 3 1 = 0
ax 1
T22 =X 33 1
a61 3x1
1x
(2G+X) [
- L
T32 = T23 = 0
0 T22 0 PROBLEM 11.2 Since the electric force only acts on the surface at x 1 = - L, the equation of motion for the elastic material (-L p x I < 0) is from Eqs. (11.1.4) and (11.2.32), (a)
2 2 0 0
T33
T11
T 0
33
.a26 = a26 I (2G+X) 2

at2 ax
1

6 1 (0,t) = 0
a 6 1 (-L,t)
at2
a61
= aD(2G+X) (-L,t) + fe
3x1
1
fe is the electric force in the xl direction at xl = - L, and may be found by using the Maxwell Stress Tensor T for discussion of stress tensor),
f = CE E j 2 ij EEkEk to be (see Appendix G
E
2
2 E aD
with
+ V I cos Wt
d + 61 (-L,t)
E

Expanding fe to linear terms only, we obtain
fe
fe
EaDo
V2 d +
2V V d cos Wt
o 10 2
d
2V2
d3 61(-L,t d
(d)
We have neglected all second order products of small quantities.

Because of the constant bias Vo, and the sinusoidal nature of the
perturbations, we assume solutions of the form
^ J(wt-kx1 )
6 1 (x1 ,t) = 6 1 (x 1 ) + Re 6e where << 6 1 (x 1 ) << L
(e)
The relationship between w and k is readily found by substituting (e) into (a), from which we obtain
- k = + with -- v P
v = p
(f)
We first solve for the equilibrium configuration which is time independent.

Thus
2 6 1 (x
1
ax1
This implies
6 1 (x 1 ) = C x + C2 1 1 Because 61(0) = 0, C2 O0.
& (d)) (h)
From the boundary condition at xl = - L ((b) 2 V

aD(2G+X)C1 -
aD
Therefore
V 2
61(x
2 d2 (2G+X)
xl
(i)
Note that 6 1 (x1 = - L)
is negative, as it should be.
For the time varying part of the solution, using (f) and the boundary condition
6(o,t) = 0

we can let the perturbation
61 be of the form
(j)
61 (X1 ,t) = Re 5 sin kx1 ejt Substituting this assumed solution into (b) and using (d), we obtain
+ Mw
2
6 sin kL = aD(2G+X)k 6 cos kL CaDV V

2
(k)
EaDV
3
d6 sin kL
Solving for 6, we have
AaDV
d2 Mw2 sin kL - aD(2G+X)k cos kL +
CaDV 2 30 sin kL
Thus, because 6 has been shown to be real,
61 (-L,t)
Part b
V2 L o Sd(2G+X)
6 sin kL cos wt
(m)
If kZ << 1, we can approximate the sinusoidal part of (m) as

aDV V1 cos wt
61 (-L,t)
2 o+
aD(2G+X)
EaDV2
aDV 2
(n)
We recognize this as a force-displacement relation for a mass on the end of a

spring.
Pairt
We thus can model (n) as
/6
L4
PROBLEM 11.2 (Continued) where

EaDV V ol cos wt
d
aD(2G+X) L caDV 2 o
3
We see that the electrical force acts like a negative spring constant.
PROBLEM 11.3
Part a
From CL1.1.4),we have the equation of motion in the x 2 direction as
2
a t2
aT 2
2
From(11.2.32),
T21= G
1x1
3x
Therefore, substituting (b) into (a), we obtain an equation for 62

2
a 62
t2
a 62 G-2
axI
We assume solutions of the form

j(wt-kx 1 )
Re 62 e
where from (c)we obtain
wk -v Thus we let a eJ(wt-kx 1 ) b e(t+kx) +

p
v
G
P
62 = Re
with k = The boundary conditions are 62(,t) = 6 ejWt

and
x1
= 0 O (g)
since the surface at x1 = 0 is free.

There fore
6 e-jk'
a
and
+ 6b ejkt=6
(h)
(i)
-jk 6a + jk 6 b = 0 Solving, we obtain 6 6 Therefore a
=6
2cosk
(J)
62 xt)
and
Re
co
cos kx 1 ej
cos kx cos wt
(k)
T21(Xl,t)=-Re LFc
sin kx1 ej
()
G6 k cosk sin kx 1 cos Wt coskZ 1
Part b
In the limit as w gets small 6 2 (Xl,t) + Re[6 ej
t ]
(m) The slab of elastic
In this limit, 62 varies everywhere in phase with the source. material moves as a rigid body. x1 =
Note from (Z) that the force per unit area at

2
d
required to set the slab into motion is T 2 1 (L,t) = pt dtl o cos wt) or the.
2 -x 3 )
mass /(x Part c
area times the rigid body acceleration.
The slab can resonate if we can have a finite displacement, even as 6 This can happen if the denominator of (k) vanishes cos kZ = 0 or (2n+l)irv S= 2 22. n = 0,1,2,...
0.
(n) (o)

The lowest frequency is for n = 0 7v 2 or low PROBLEM 11.4
Part a
We have that
= Ti = Tijnj '
ijnj
It is given that the Tij are known, thus the above equation may be written as three scalar equations (Tij - a6ij)n = 0, or:
(T1 1 - a)n1 + T 1 2 n 2 + T 1 3n 3 = 0 T21n1 + (T2 2 - a)n 2 + T 2 3 n3 = 0 T31n1 + T 3 2 n 2 + (T3 3 - a)n 3 = 0

Part b
The solution for these homogeneous equations requires that the determinant of
the coefficients of the ni's equal zero.
Thus
(T1 1 - a)[(T
22
(a)
- a)(T 3 3 - a) -
(T 2 3 ) 2 ] (b) = 0 0)]
- T 1 2 [T1 2 (T 3 3 - a) - T 1 3T 2 3] + T13[T12T23 - T 1 3 (T2 2 where we have used the fact that

Tij = Tji. Since the Tij are known, this equation can be solved for Part c Consider T12 = T 2 1 = To , with all other components equal to zero. minant of coefficients then reduces to
a3+ for which or 20 a
=
(c)
a.
The deter
0 0 +T
(d) (e) (f)
The a = 0 solution indicates that with the normal in the x 3 direction, there is no normal stress. The a = t To solution implies that there are two surfaces To, respectively, as
where the net traction is purely normal with stresses
PROBLE' 11.4
(continued)
Note that the normal to the surface for which the shear
since a is known, and it is known that
found in example 11.2.1.
stress is zero can be found from (a),
In
1.
PROBLEM 11.5
From Eqs. 11.2.25 - 11.2.28, we have

1
ell E [11 (T22 + T33)] e -[T 1 - v(Tr + T) ] 22 =E 11 22 33 e33 and eij 2G, [T 33 - v(T + T 22 )]
These relations must still hold in a prim ed coordinate system, where we can use
the transformations
T and ej = aikaj ek = aika Tk
(e) (f)
For an example, we look at eli e = e = alkaltekt

- 1
v(T "
2
+ T
[T2
;31
This may be rewritten as
alkaltek= [ (( + v)alkalTk -
'kTk] kV
where we have used the relation from Eq.(8.2.23), page G10 or 439.
a
pr ps
ps
Consider some values of k and X where k
# Z.
Then, from the stress-strain relation in the unprimed frame,

a lkaltekk
=
alkal
T Tk 2k
a al, E (1+ v)T k
Thus
1 2G
l+v
E
= 2G(l +v) which agrees with Eq. (g) of
or
example 11.2.1.
PROBLEM 11.6
Part a
Following the analysis in Eqs. 11.4.16 - 11.4.26, the equation of motion for
the bar is
Eb 2 34 3p x4 02 0 (a)
t2
where & measures the bar displacement in the x 2 direction, T 2 in Eq. 11.4.26 = 0 b are free. The boundary conditions for this problem as the surfaces at x 2 = are that at xl = 0 and at xl 1 T21 = 0 L (b)
and T11 = 0
as the ends are free.

E =
w Re E(x)e
j t
(c)
As in example 11.4.4, the solutions for Z(x) are V(x) with = A sin ax 1 + B cos ax1 + C sinh 1 ax 1 + D cosh ax1 (d)
Now, from Eqs. 11.4.18 and 11.4.21, (x2 21 which implies

3E ax3 = 0 (f)
(T -b
2
b 2 )E
3 3
x1
(e)
at Xl= 0, x 1 = L
and
T11 which implies
=-
X2 2
E
2(g)
ax1
a2E =
ax 2 1 1 at xl 0 and xl = L
(h)

With these relations, the boundary conditions require that
-A - A cos cL +C + B sincL + C cosh cL + D sinh aL -B - A sin cL - B cos aL + C sinh +D = = = L = 0 0 0 0
aL + D cosh c
The solution to this set of homogeneous equations requires that the determinant
of the coefficients of A, B, C, and D equal zero. obtain
cos cL cosh cL = Thus,
B
=
Performing this operation, we
aL =
2 3p
Eb2 cosh cosh B follow from the figure.
Part b The roots of cos B =
Note from the figure that the roots aL are essentially the roots 3w/2, 57/2, ...
of cos aL = 0.
PROBLEM 11.6 (continued) Part c It follows from (i) that the eigenfunction is
= A'[(sin ax 1 + sinh aex l ) (sin aL + sinh aL)
(Z)
+ (cos aL - cosh aL)(cos ax + cosh ax1 ) 1 where A' is an arbitrary amplitude. This expression is found by taking one of Then, (d) gives the A sketch of this
the constants A ... D as known, and solving for the others. required dependence on xl to within an arbitrary constant. function is shown in the figure.
PROBLEM 11.7
As in problem 11.6, the equation of motion for the elastic beam is
2
+
Eb2 3p
.
4
x4
= 0
S2
The four boundary conditions for this problem are:
((x
= 0) = 0
S(xl
= L)
61(0) = -
x1 = 0 1
00 -Og 61(L)'
x2 3x
1
X13
(x t) = Re
it
(xt) (eJwt = Re
(x)e
I
, and as in problem 11.6, the solutions for
(c)
E(xl) are (x A sin A
ax1 + B cos
= 02
x 1 + C sinh ax1 + D cosh ax 1 1/4
with a
Applying the boundary conditions, we obtain
= 0
B A sin aL + B A A cos aL - B sin CL cos tL + C sinh aL + C
+ D cosh aL
-O = 0 = 0 0
+ C cosh aL
+ D sinh aL
The solution to this set of homogeneous equations requires that the determinant of the coefficients of A, B, C, D, equal zero. obtain
Performing this operation, we
cos aL cosh aL =
+ 1
To solve for the natural frequencies, we must use a graphical procedure.
The first natural frequency is at about

tL =
Thus
3w
w2
= 1/2
(3
L2 Part b
Eb2
3p ) -4
We are given that L = .5 m and b = 5 x 10
From Table 9.1, Appendix G, the parameters for steel are: E
% 2 x 1011 N/m2
3 p I 7.75 x 103 kg/m
w.
120 rad/sec.
Then, f
= -- L
2T
19 Hz.
Part c
For the next higher resonance, Therefore, f PROBLEM 11.8 Part a As in Prob. 11.7, the equation of motion for the beam is 2
2
52 f 1
53 Hz.
Eb2 3p
4 4 )xi
at
At x 1 = L, there is a free end, so the boundary conditions are:

T1 and
1
(x 1 =L)
T2 1 (x1 =L)
The boundary conditions at xl= 0 are
t)
St and
(T 2 1 )
D dx 2 + x =0
61(x1 = 0) =
The H field in the air gap and in the plunger is
S Ni H= -i
D
Using the Maxwell stress tensor

(e - P)o
e 2
N2 i 2 2
N2i2
2 2 o )2
D )( with i = I
O
+ i1 cos wt = I
+ Re i l ejWt
INTRODUCTION TO THE ELECTROMECHANICS OF ELASTIC !MEDIA

We linearize -e fe to obtain
N2 -2 (1 -o 2 o + 21oi 1
cos wt]i 2
) I
[
(g)
For equilibrium
N2
Fo Thus Part b
We write the solution to Eq. (a) in the form
F
=
0 2 ( - 2-(-olo )1 N2
12 i2- =
2 1
0
0 (h)
o)I
(xj,t) =
Re U(xl)
where, from example 11.4.4

E(xl ) = Al sin caxl + A2cos C x with
+ A3sinh aIx + A4 cosh cxx (i)
Now, from Eqs.
11.4.6 and 11.4.16 36 2 - Ex 1

(x 1 = L) = 0
T 1 1 (x=L) Thus 3 -i2 21
0 0
(j)
From Eq. 11.4.21
(x2 b2 3
21
(k)
1
and from Eq. 11.4.16
61(x1 = 0) = - x 2 (x10
=0
Thus
-(+
)10
= 0
Applying the boundary conditions from Eqs. (b), (c), we obtain the four equations
Al - Al sin caL - Al cos cL + + =0 + A 4 cosh aL L + A 4 sinh cL M 2A4 =0 =0 = + N Io o) (d) to our solution of Eq. (i),
A3
A2 cos at + A 3 sirnaL A2 sin cL + A 3 cosh 2 +MwA2+ 2
2 a 3b3 EDA DA - 2 1
3b3EDA
dX
V = dt
or
d dt
2-= D[N1
[-DI D o(0) +
D-(0)
v =-N1o( - o)jW(A 2 + A4 ) + N2 i1
PDjw
We solve Eqs. (m) for A2 and A 4 using Cramer's rule to obtain

( N Ioil
A 2
=
~'- )(- + sin aL sinh cL - cos aL cosh cL)
L)+ - (ab)3ED(cos CL sinh cL + sin aL cosh cL) 3
- 2Mw (1 + cos aL cosh
N21 il(A
1o)(- 1 - cos %L cosh aL - sin cL sinh cL)
4 (Cab) 3ED(cos 2Mw 2(1 + cos aL cosh cL) + 3 cL sinh cL + sin aL cosh cL)
Thus z(J) = v(j +

2
2 ,0 (i([N 0
2
j(+ 2 + 2 cos cL cosh cL)
il
- 2Mw (1 + cos cL cosh cL)+

+ N2 lDjw
(ab)3ED(cos aL sinh aL+ sin aL cosh cL)
Part c
Z(jw) has poles when + 2M 2(1 + cos aL cosh aL) =
3 (Cb) ED(cos
aL sinh cL + sin aL cosh aL)
PROBLEM 11.9
Part a
The flux above and below the beam must remain constant. field above is
H (a- b)
a (a- b-i) 1 Therefore, the H
and the H field below is Ho(a - b) ib (a- b +-C)
Using the Maxwell stress tensor, the magnetic force on the beam is
T o 2 (H-
2 a
2 b _
-
2 2 H
2 2
2p H
o_
2 (a-b)
ab
(a- b)
Thus, from Eq. 11.4.26, the equation of motion on the beam is
2 a2 t Again, we let
Eb 2
4 x4 1
1H0
0oHo2
(d)
3p
(a-b)bp
jt
E(x t) =
Re
(xl)e
(e)
with the boundary conditions
= 0 (xO=0) E(xl= L) = 0
6 1
6 1 (x1=O0)
Since 61= - x2 a /ax
1
(x 1 = L) = 0
from Eq. 11.4.16, this implies that:
(xl=0)
0 and
(x= L)
Substituting our assumed solution into the equation of motion, we have
2A
Eb2 4= 3P a4
oHo (a-b)bp
see that our solutions are again of the form

Thus we
U(x) =
A sin ax + B cos ax + C sinh ax + D cosh ax
PROBLEM 11.9 where now
(continued)
1/4
S (a-b)bp
/Eb
Since the boundary conditions for this problem are identical to that of problem 11.7,
we can take the solutions from that problem, substituting the new value of a. problem 11.7, the solution must satisfy
From
cos aL cosh aL = 1 The first resonance occurs when
(k)
3
or
w2
( 3& 4Eb \ 3
0213po
L4 Part c
(a-b)bp
The resonant frequencies are thus shifted upward due to the stiffening effect of the constant flux constraint. Part d We see that, no matter what the values of the system parameters will always be real, and thus stable. traintimposes aforce PROBLEMI Part a
We choose a coordinate system as in Fig. 11.4.12, centered at the right end of
d 1 the rod. Because -= T , we can neglect fringing and consider the right end of the 0 D 1 1 , we can assume that the electrical rod as a capacitor plate. Also, since force acts only at xl = 0. Thus, the boundary conditions at x1 = 0 are 11.10
w2 > 0, so W
This is expected as the constant flux cons
which opposes the motion.
T 2 1 D dx 2
fe =
(a)
2 2
(b x2 - b)
where T2 21
=
3
E a (Eq. 11.4.21) 3 fe, must balance the shear stress T 2 1 to keep the rod
since the electrical force, in equilibrium.,

and
T1 1(0) = - x2 E a
2
ax 1
(0) =
(b)
since the end of the rod is free of normal stresses. clamped so

= 0(-=) 0
At xl = -
L, the rod is
(c)
and
an(-) (-) = 0 (d)
We use the
Maxwell stress
tensor to calculate the electrical force to be
We use the Maxwell stress tensor to calculate the electrical force to be
(e)
2eAV
d2
[
IVs +
V
d
'(0)]
The equation of motion of the beam is (example 11.4.4)
Eb2 3t 3p
a ax
0+
1
(f)
We write the solution to Eq. (f) in the form
C(x,t) = where
C(x) =
with
Re E(x)e
(g)
Al sin cx + A 2 cos
-C
ex + A 3 sinh ax + A4
cosh cx
Applying the four boundary conditions, Eqs. (a), the equations - Al sin cat + A 2 cos at Al cos at + A2 sin at +
- A2
2
(b), (c) and (d), we obtain
- A 3 sinh a A
+ A4 cosh cL
0 0 (h)
cosh at - A 4 sinh ct
+ A 4
2E AV2
= o o
0
2F AV v
- b DEA
2EAV , d12
A2
A 3 b3DEA3 --
-d ---
A = 4
os

dq s Now i dt s where q s (V + v ) + a o d-(0)
c A(v - V
d + E(0)
2e Av
o
2e AV
o o
Therefore
&(0)
d
V
2E A is =
where
(0) = A2 + A
jW o d
V^s do
((0)
use Cramer's rule to solve Eqs. (h) for A 2 and A 4 to obtain: We
- EoAVo s
dy A2 4 = 2 = A4 ~ 2b
3
[cos ctsinh at -sin at cosh at]

ft
q
3DE(l + cos tccoshca)+ 2Eo
3
Eq. (k) we obtain
Thus, from
i 3E AVV
d1(C3Lb)
o (cosct sinh at- sin arXcosh aR)
(2)
d3
Z(jO)
d 2
jw2E0 A
+ 3(o
o 3 (cos at sinhat - sin at cosh at) ED (1 + cos at cosh at )
(m)
Part b We define a function g(ak) such that Eq. (m) has a zero when
3U3V2AE
(aL)
3 g(aL)
= (1 + cosh at cos ae)(at) sin at cosh at - cos ct2 sinh ct2
o o
DEb 3 d3
(n)
Substituting numerical values, we obtain

33 V2A 3 o o DEb 3 d3 -3 1.2 x 10 1.2
3
3 x10l (106)1o0-(8.85x 102) - 9 10 - 9 10- (2.2 x 10)10
(o)
In Figure 1, we plot (at) 3g(at) as a function of at.
We see that the solution to
Eq. (n) first occurs when (at) g(ae) 2 0. Thus, the solution is approximately at = 1.875
(at) g(at)
3.0 2.8 2.4 2.0 1'.6 1.2 0.8 0.4
a
0.4
0.8
i -iiI
-I
1.2
1.6
Figure 1
"
2.0
at
From Eq. (g)

at
2
Eb t
k-
1.875
Solving for w, we obtain

w
Part c
The input impedance of a series LC circuit is
- LCw
1
2
1080 rad/sec.
jwC
Thus the impedance has a zero when

2 o
We let w = w LC
+ Aw, and expand
aylor series around wo to obtain (q) in a T;
Z(jw)
+ j
2A- =
+ 2j LAw
(m) can be written in the form z (jW)

S2jwC
[1 - f(w)] 2jwCo where f(w) and C o = 1
oA
=
d
For small deviations around w0
z (j )
j 2oW
O 0Iwo
(r) (s) and (t), we obtain the relations
Thus, from
2L =
2wC0
(q),
awlw
Ot
and
1
W2L
K
now
f(w) =
31E AV 2
where
o o d 3 (EDb 3 )
1.2 x 10-3
and g(at) =
1 + cos at cosh at sin at cosh at - cos at sinh at
Thus, we can write
df(w)
dw
Now from
o
(g),
=
d d(ca)
(a) 3g (at)- dw
o
d(cat)
d(ak)
3p
/4~
dw
Io
2o/, 2
0wo
d
d(at)
FK
(at) g (at)
- K [ ( a Z) g ( a Z)]
d
d ( a Z)
W O
K da) K d~ccx) since at w = o

o
[(at) ,g(a)]
0
(aa)
(ak)
3g(at)
K .
(aa), we finally obtain
0b)
Continuing the differentiating in d d(ca)

[(a)3(at)c
1
KI
I
g(at)3(a )
(at
-K 0 -3
d g(at d(aZ) gc
(at)3 d d() K
WO
g(
(cc)
d d() d(at) g() -
- sinat coshat + cos aisinh at (sin aicosh at- cos aisinh at) cos ti cosh at)
(1+cos ctcosh at)(+cosatcoshca+ sinaksinh at+ sin atsinh at(sinat coshat - cos atsinhat) = - 1
2n(at) (sin aisinh at)

(sin aicosh cacos atsinh at)
(dd )

Substituting numerical values into the second term of value much less than one at w = Thus, d d(at) g(a) Thus, using df dw
0O
(cc),
we find it to have
wo.
(y, (z),(aa) (bb) and (dd), we have
(ee)
01
4.8
(ff)
Thus, from
(v)
and (w)
l 4.8 x10
4(1080) (8.85 x10 -)(104)

1 -16
1.25 x 10
henries
X 10 6(102 = 1.25 x109(1080)
6.8
10
farads.
PROBLEM 11.11
From Eq. (11.4.29), the equation of motion is
a 263
p
/ 6 1a3
2
a26
+ ax-
(a)
We let 6
=
Re 6(x )e(t-kx)
2
(b)
Substituting this assumed solution into the equation of motion, we obtain
-pw2 6 = or
a2 6
2
k2 6
+xC
(c)
+^2
+ (
- k2)6
(d)
If we let 82 =
k2
(e)
the solutions for
6 are:
6(x ) = A sin
2
8x 2 + B cos 8 x 2
(f)

6(0) = 0 This implies that and that 8 d = nn . and 6(d) = 0 B = 0 (g)
Thus, the dispersion relation is
w
Part b
- k2
)2
(h)
The sketch of the dispersion relation is identical to that of Fig. 11.4.19. ever, now the n=0 solution is trivial, as it implies that
How
6(x ) = 0
2
Thus, there is no principal mode of propagation.
PROBLEM 11.12
From Eq. (11.4.1), the equation of motion is
p -7- = (2G+X)V(V.6) - GVx(Vx6) We consider motions 6 =

6
a 26
(a)
e(r,z,t)io
(b)
Thus, the equation of motion reduces to p

26'.-
2L 6
Tr a
a r6
= ij
(c)
We assume solutions of the form 6

j '(r,z,t ) = Re 6(r)e
t-kz)
(d)
which, when substituted into the equation of motion, yields
Tr
r ar
6 6 (r )(r + \
k2) 6(r)
(e)
From page 207 of Ramo, Whinnery and Van Duzer, we recognize solutions to this
equation as
F,,..PW2
6(r) =
A J
- k2
2)[ '
+ BN
- k
(f)
On page 209 of this reference there are plots of the Bessel functions J and N
. Now, at r = R
We must have B = 0 as at r = 0, N goes to 1
6(R) =
(g)
This implies that J( If we denote - k2 R] = 0 , i.e. (h)
ai as the zeroes of J
=
(a )
we have the dispersion relation as

2 - k2 (i)
ELECTROMECHANICS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE, INVISCID FLUIDS
PROBLEM 12.1 Part a Since we are in the steady state (C/Dt= 0), the total forces on the piston must sum to zero. pLD +(fe) where (fe)
(fe)
x
Thus = 0 (a)
is the upwards vertical component of the electric force

2x
2
LD
(b)
Solving for the pressure p, we obtain

p=
EoVo
(c)
2x
Part b
Because A small.
d
<<1,
we approximate the velocity of the piston to be negligibly
Then, applying Bernoulli's equation, Eq. (12.2.11) right below the piston
and at the exit nozzle where the pressure is zero, we obtain

1
2 p 2
EoVo 2
2x
Solving for V , we have

V Part c
The thrust T on the rocket is then
T = V dM p dt
2dD
x
V=
xp
C0
(e)
V 2 pdD p
(f)
PROBLEM 12.2
Part a
The forces on the movable piston must sum to zero. pwD - fe = 0 Thus
(a)
where fe is the component of electrical force normal to the piston in the direction
and p is the pressure just to the right of the piston.
of V,
fe=
(b)

Therefore
p=
---
(c)
Assuming that the velocity of the piston is negligible, we use Bernoulli's law,
Eq. (12.2.11), just to the right of the piston and at the exit orifice where the
pressure is zero, to write
PV
2
(d)
or V =
r1 (e)
W Part b The thrust T is

T = V dM
Vo V2 pdW =
2d
(f)
Part c
For I = 10 3 A
d = w=
p
=
.lm im
103 kg/m
the exit velocity is
V = 3.5 x 10 - 2 m/sec.
and the thrust is T = .126 newtons.

that the fluid is incompressible, we would prefer a dense
Within the assumption
material, for although the thrust is independent of the fluid's density, the ex
haust velocity would decrease with increasing density, and thus the rocket will
work longer. Under these conditions, we would prefer water in our rocket, since
it is much more dense than air.

PROBLEM 12.3
Part a
From the results of problem 12.2, we have that the pressure p, acting just to
the left of the piston, is
I2
(a)
2w
The exit velocity at-each orifice is-obtaineu by using Bernoulli's law just to the
left of the piston and at either orifice, from which we obtain
V
at each orifice.
Part b
(b)
The thrust is
T=
T =
2V 21
dM I d
2
2V2 pdw
(c)
(d)
PROBLEM 12.4
Part a
In the steady state, we choose to integrate the momentum theorem, Eq. (12.1.29),
around a rectangular surface, enclosing the system from -L < x V a + p[V(L)] b = P a - P(L)b + F <+ L. (a)
where F is the x i component force per unit length which the walls exert on the
fluid. We see that there is no x, component of force from the upper wall, therefore
F is the force purely from the lower wall.

In the steady state, conservation of mass, (Eq. 12.1.8), yields
V(t) = V a l (b)
Bernoulli's equation gives us
2 + P = 1 pV2 2 o 0
1 pV aV2+ P(L) 2 obj
(c)
Solving
(c) for P(L), and then substituting this result and that of
(b) into
(a), we finally obtain
F = P (b-a) + pV2
(-a +
2b
(d)
The problem asked for the force negative of F.

Thus
Fwall PROBLEM 12.5
Part a
=
2
on the lower wall, which is just the
- Po(b-a)o
pV
(-a +
2b
(e)
We recognize this problem to be analogous to a dielectric or high-permeability

cylinder placed in a uniform electric or magnetic field. dipole fields. We expect similar results here. The solutions are then
As in Eqs. (12.2.1 - 12.2.3), we

define V = and since Vv =
then V 0 =
2
- V
0
0.
Using our experience from the electromagnetic field problems, we guess a solution
of the form
= Then
A (T
Now, as r *
cos O r
+ Br cos
9
A
sin 9 + B sin 9)T
cos 9r - B
V = Therefore B =
Vo(cos Gi
- i
sin 9)
-V
The other boundary condition at r = a is that
Vr(r=a) Thus
A = B a
=
2
0
2
-Va
Therefore
V = V o Part b cos( a -)i r _ - V r
a sin 9 ( 1 + a)
2
vs
--
;10

Part c
Using Bernoulli's law, we have
1p2 1
2 po
o =
2+ Vo (1 + r-
a'
2a
a-cos 20) + P
Therefore the pressure is P = Part d

We choose a large rectangular surface which encloses the cylinder, but the
sides of which are far away from the cylinder. We write the momentum theorem as
pO 0
1 2 pV
2
a r
r
2a2
r
1 cos 2 9)
I pv(v'n)da =
-I
Pd7a + F
where F is the force which the cylinder exerts on the fluid. surface far away from the cylinder
V= Vi
S1
However, with our
and the pressure is constant
P = Po.
Thus, integrating over the closed surface

F=
The force which is exerted by the fluid on the cylinder is -F, which, however, is
still zero.
PROBLEM 12.6 Part a This problem is analogous to 12.5, only we are now working in spherical co ordinates. As in Prob. 12.5, V = - V
In spherical coordinates, we try the solution to Laplace's equation B Ar cos 0 + Cos 8 r Theta is measured clockwise from 'the x = Thus V V =
As r
+
(a) axis.
A cos
2B cos + r
B A + -)
sin
(b (b:)
oo
V Therefore At r = -a
Vo(i cos 8 0
sin 8)
:(c) (d)
A = - V
V (a) = Thus or
B
:(e)
3 -a
2B --
=A= -V
Va
o
3
2
3 a3 a
(f)
Therefore V=
with
V(l r o x
2
)cos +x
2
Or - Vo( + -) 2r 3
r o
sin
i 0
(g) (g)
r =V
+x
Part b
At r
=
a, 0 =
n, and
0
we are given that p = At this point V= 0
Therefore, from Bernoulli's law

p = Part c We realize that the pressure force acts normal to the sphere in the - i direction.
r
2
-
)2 cos 2 0
+ sin 2
(1
)2
(h)
PROBLEM 12.6 at r = a
(continued)
9 PV 2 sin 8 o
e
6, we look
direction is
Thus, by the symmetry, the force in the x
We see that the magnitude of p remains unchanged if, for any value of at the pressure at e + r. zero,
f PROBLEM 12.7
'art a
We are given the potential of the velocity field as
Vo V
xoo a xI . a (X2 1 + 1 2)
=
0.
If we sketch the equipotential lines in the x x plane, we know that the velocity dis
1 2
tribution will cross these lines at right angles, in the direction of decreasing
potential.
Part b
a =
dv
dt
av
at
+ (vV)v
=V
(xi
a)\ rfir
+ x i
(a)
(b)
a where r Part c =
/x
+ x2
2
and
is a unit vector in the radial direction.
This flow could represent a fluid impinging normally on a flat plate, located along the line x
1
+ x
2
0.
See sketches on next page.
PROBLEM 12.8
Part a
Given that x2 v = i V x1 + Tiv 2 oa (a)
1 oa
we have that
a dv av
T + ax + ,v 2. (v-V)v
v (b)
Acceleration
V2
x2
a=
(-) a
ri
r
yr
xl

Thus
2 a= v i ,
1 2
xi 0(
2 2
(Vc)
O T2
Part b
p S= 1 o 2
(xv (x 2
pX2+
(d)
+2)
V2
1 2P
2r
(e)
o
where
0 a2
2
r= PROBLEM 12.9
Part a
x+x
1
The addition of a gravitational force will not change the velocity from that
of Problem 12.8.
-
Only the pressure will change.

v 1 a
Therefore,
(a)
v
x
2
v Part b
+i
2a
-- x
The boundary conditions at the walls are that the normal component of the velocity
must be zero at the walls.
x - x = 0
Consider first the wall
(b)
We take the gradient of this expression to find a normal vector to the curve. (Note
that this normal vector does not have unit magnitude.)
n
Then
---
1i, v
o - (x - x)
a 1
(c)
v*n
(d)
Thus, the boundary condition is satisfied along this wall.
Similarly, along the wall

x
2
+x
(e) (f)
0 (g) Along the parabolic wall
(h)
n =
and
--
1 2 + i, a
o
v*n =
(x + x 2 ) =
Thus, the boundary condition is satisfied here.

x
2
2 1
a2
n =
x 2i 2 - xi
(Ci)
ELECTROMECHANICS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE,
INVISCID FLUIDS

v a
0n
(x x
1 2
- xx )
1 2
(j)
Thus, we have shown that along all the walls, the fluid flows purely tangential to
these walls.
PROBLEM 12.10
Part a Along the lines x = 0 and y = 0, the normal component of the velocity must be zero. In terms of the potential, we must then have = x=O
0
ax
- =0
y=O
= 0
(b)
To aid in the sketch of J(x,y), we realize that since at the boundary the velocity
must be purely tangential, the potential lines must come in normal to the walls.
Part b
For the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible, the potential must obey
ELECTROIECHANICS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE, INVISCID FLUIDS

Laplace's equaiion
V2 0 =
of the form
(c)
From our sketch of part (a), and from the boundary conditions, we guess a solution
S=
V v
ao (x
y2)
(d)
where -
is a scaling constant.
By direct substitution, we see that this solution
satisfies all the conditions. Part c For the potential of part (b), the velocity is
v
=
-V
2 -a
(xi x - yi )
(e)
Using Bernoulli's equation, we obtain
V2
p + 2
(X2 +y
(f)
The net force on the wall between x=c and x=d is
z=w x=d
I
z=O
f
v
(p - p)dxdz i
X=c
(g)
where w is the depth of the wall.

Thus
= + 6
V
2
w x 2dx
C
w (d'
c')f
(h)
6
Part d
The acceleration is
a =
or a =
(v'V)v =
4
2 a
x(2
ix) - 2
y (-2
-- y).
(xi + yi)
(i)
or in cylindrical coordinates
= 4 4(V a a= -- rir ri r
Va
) (j)
ELECTROMECHANICS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE. INVISCID FLUTDS
PROBLEM 12.11
Part a
Since the V*v = 0, we must have
V h =
OX
v x(x)(h -
&)
IL h v (x)= Part b
1 1 2
(1 +
SpVo
+ P
=
2
[Vx(x)]
P = Po
h 2 pV2 o (1 + h
Part c We linearize P around

P Po - pV 2
= 0 to obtain
oh
Thus
T
z
- P + P
pV2o
oh

Thus with C = Part d
We can write the equations of motoion of the membrane as
Tz = CE (g)
p V o
h
a2 m 3t2
Sa2 ax2 s 2
+ T z
+ CE
(h)
= We assume
E(x,t) =
(i)
Re ' j e (wt-kx)
(j)
Solving for the dispersion relation, we obtain

or W k2 - T] m02 = - Sk2 + C 2 (k)
Now, since the membrane is fixed at x = 0 and x = L, we know that k = Now if

S( ) - C <0 (n)
ni
n = 1,2,3, ..... (m)
we realize that the membrane will become unstable.

So for PV2 2
< -S ()
we have stability.
Part e
(0)
As increases, the velocity of the flow above the membrane increases, since
the fluid is incompressible. Through Bernoulli's law, the pressure on the membrane
must decrease, thereby increasing the net upwards force on the membrane, which
tends to make E increase even further, thus making the membrane become unstable.
PROBLEM 12.12
Part a
We wish to write the equation of motion for the membrane.
325
m m 3t2
a 25
ax
+ p ()-po 1
E
0"
Te + T
mg
(a) (a)
where
e e T
oS Vo 2 2 d- - ) % = -2
2 dd (1 +
V
o
-)
is the electric force per unit area on the membrane. In the equilibrium -p (0) = C(x,t) = 0, we must have
E V2
Po -
(d)
mg
(b)
As in example 12.1.3
P = -pgy
+
and, using the boundary condition of p1 = Part b

- pgy
+
(b), we obtain
V o 2
mg + Po -
Eo
(d)
(c)
We are interested in calculating the perturbations in p, for small deflections of

the membrane. D equals
E V 2
From Bernoulli's law, a constant of motion of the fluid is D, where
D =
U2+
mg
--
(d)
For small perturbations ix,t), the velocity in the region 0 < x< Ud
d+E
We use Bernoulli's law to write
21 2
+ ( +
L is
(e)
Since we have already taken care of the equilibrium terms, we are interested only in small changes of pi, so we omit constant terms in our linearization of pi.
Thus
(
) =
pg
(f)
Thus, our linearized force equation is
2 a
-= m)t 2
2-
pg
EV
a2
2
d
VO2
pg +
Cg)
We define
d-- d d3 and assume solutions .of the form C =pg + + E(x,t) = Re ej
(w t - k
x)
ELECTROMECHANICS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE. INVISCID FLUIDS
PROBLEM 12.12 (Continued) from which we obtain the dispersion relation

2= a
(h)
Since the membrane is fixed at x=0O and at x=L

k . n = 1,2, 3, ..... (i)
If C <0, then w is always real, and we can have oscillation about the equilibrium.
For C > S(
Part c
) , then w will be imaginary, and the system is unstable.
The dispersion relation is thus

Cs
2 2S
Sf mm
Consider first C < 0
for
1 W
C>0
lex w for
real k
~I~~
_I____

Part d
Since the membrane is not moving, one wave propagates upstream and the other
propagates downstream. Thus, to find the solution we need two boundary conditions,
If, however, both waves had propagated down
one upstream and one downstream.
stream, then causality does not allow us to apply a downstream boundary condition.
This is not the case here.
PROBLEM 12.13
Part a
Since
v
V-v = 0, in the region 0<

V d 01 o
x<
L,
(1 o d
] 2)
(a)
d+~l-
where d is the spacing between membranes. pressure p Thus

SpVo + p and
1 1 2
Using Bernoulli's law, we can find the
right below membrane 1, and pressure p 2 right above membrane 2.
1 2
2 p
1
+ p
2
(b)
SpV Thus
p =
+ p
pv 0
+ p 2
d
(c)
p2
Po
(d)
We may now write the equations of motion of the membranes as

a2 1
am
a2 2
a2 St2 S
2
a2 1
+
V
+
& )
1 d
S (p 1 - po) =
x
22 2
C (e) (e)
_pVO(-
2)
O m
t2
SX2
+ P.- P 2
= S
df)
Assume solutions of the form
1 2 =
=
Re
l eiwt-kx)
S j(wt-kx)
(g)
Re 52 e
Substitution of these assumed solutions into our equations of motion will yield the
dispersion relation
V2 = =
- Sk
+
2
(-
2)
(h)
SV S-Sk2c = - Sk2
+ PV-
d 2 1
These equations may be rewritten as
PROBLEM 12.13 (Continued) 2 + Sk2 [ Vm 0O d 2[ a m dj

2
+
2
2
L
V d
2d ] =
o
0
+ Sk
For non-trivial solution, the determinant of coefficients of 5 zero. Thus aO2 + Sk2
V2
and 5
must be
2 Od)
V2
2 dOQ
or aw m
2 2 + Sk
pV 2 od
pV 2
+ d (k)
If we take the upper sign (+) on the right-hand side of the above equation, we obtain
2pV 2 !/2
S= S k
2 -2Vd]
)
This can happen when
(m)
We see that if V
is large enough, w can be imaginary. Sk2d 2p
V2
o
Since the membranes are fixed at x=O and x=L k = n = 1,2,3, ..... (n)
So the membranes first become unstable when

2 S( -) d
V 2
o
L
2P = -
(0)
For this choice of sign (+),
so we w excite the odd mode.

If we had
taken the negative sign, then the even mode would be excited
E1 = E2
However, the dispersion relation is then
w
m
and then we would have no instability.
Part b
The odd mode is unstable.
.
---- i
--
or
PROBLEM 12.14
Part a
The force equation in the y direction is
3y
)y
Thus
p =
- pg
(a)
- Pg(y-0)
(b)
where we have used the fact that at y= 5, Part b V*v = 0 implies av 3v x +-
the pressure is zero.
ax
v
3y
av
x y
(c)
Integrating with respect to y, we obtain

+
ax
(d)
where C is a constant of integration to be evaluated by the boundary condition at
y = -a, that
v (y= -a) = 0 since we have a rigid bottom at y = -a. Thus v

Part c y
3v
ax
x (y+a)
(e)
The x-component of the force equation is
av
x 3
(f)
at
or
av
x
x x
3x
(g)
at
Part d
At y = 6,
=-gx
at y Thus, from part (b), at y =
(h)
3v
= -
at
3x
x (C+a)
(i)
However, since C << a, and v and v are small perturbation quantities, we can
x y
approximately write
av
at
Part e
a ax ax
(j)
Our equations of motion are now

av
.
and
at
3v
a -=
x ax
__
S- g If we take 3/ax of 32 V
x ---
xf
(k) and 3/at of (R) and then simplify, we obtain
ag
We recognize this as the wave equation for gravity waves, with phase velocity
V
P
/ag
PROBLEM 12.15
Part a
As shown in Fig. 12P.15b, the H field is in the - i
I, I
direction with magnitude:
I =
0o
Insl
2N
of integration (a) for the MST
If we integrate the MST along the surface defined in the above figure, the only
contribution will be along surface (1), so we obtain for the normal traction
n=
Part b
1 2 'o
20o0
s7 2 =
-77
Since the net force on the interface must be zero, we must have
Tn Pint o = 0
where pint is the hydrostatic pressure on the fluid side of the interface.
Thus Pint 1 olo 2 0o+ 8T (d)
Within the fluid, the pressure p must obey the relation
= pg (e)
or
p =
- pgz + C There
(f)
Let us look at the point z = z , r= R . 0O 02

p = pgzo + C = P
+
1 Voo 0
(g)
Therefore C = pgzo + p
+
2 o
(h) -~
Now let's look at any point on the interface with coordinates zs, r s
Then, by Bernoulli's law,
P
+
1 1
1olo
PR
2
pgzo
oo
-8
s
02
Po
pgzs
o Thus, the equation of the surface is

1 olo 1
(i)
pgzs+ Part c
pgzo +
0
(J)
The total volume of the fluid is

V = [Ro 2 ( )2 ]a. (k)
We can find the value of z0 by finding the volume of the deformed fluid in terms of z0, and then equating this volume to V. R Thus
2
o o0 rdrdz
oo
(+
10
2 !r
(a)
r [R
1)2 a =
r=r
where
r
z=O
is that value of r when z = o, or
2 r pgz + oo0 1
(m
Evaluating this
integral, and equating to

V, will determine zo0
ELECTRORECHANICS
OF INCOMPRESSIBLE,
INVISCID FLUIDS
PROBLEM 12.16
We do an analysis similar to that of Sec. 12.2.1a, to obtain
E = - i
and
(a) yw
(V + vB) = wd
J = i
Here Thus I =
V =
(b)
y (c)
IR + V o vBw - V
R +
Zda
The electric power out is

P = VI= (IR + Vo)I v Bw - Vo
= V + R(vBw .... - V) (12.2.23 - 12.2.25)

B
(e)
From equations we have
Ap = p(0) - p(a) =
Thus, the mechanical power in is Bw(vBw-V )v

P
Mi
(Apwd)v =
w R + ida
(g)
Plots of PE and PM versus v specify the operating regions of the MHD machine.
P>e
e
>
0 0
<
e
M>
0P e < 0 PM <
0 0
P >
PM
Generator
Brake
Pump
> 0 SPM Generator
PROBLEM 12.17
Part a
The mechanical power input is
PM
Jdf
Vpv 0 dxdydz
(a)
z=O y=0 x=O The force equation in the steady state is

- Vp + fe = 0 where
fe = Thus - J B yo
B
JY
(b)
(c) dxdydz (d),
PM= Lf I
z=0 y=O x=O

Now J
y
=a(E
y
+ vB)
0oo
(-
+ vB )
oo
(e)
Integrating, we obtain
P= P
ov2 B Lwd - oB v VLd

0o oo
(f) V)V
V2
oc
VV R
P out
oc
Ri Part b
Defining we have (V oc =
R.
(Voc
oc
out P
- V)V - aV2
(g)
S(Voc - V)Voc
First, we wish to find what terminal voltage maximizes Pout. Pout

= 0 and find that
V =
V
Voc
We take
oc 2(l+a)
maximizes P out
For this value of V, n equals

11
Plottlng 1 1
2 (1+2a)
(h)
1 n vs. -- gives a
.5
PROBLEM 12.17(Continued)
Now, we wish to find what voltage will give maximum efficiency, so we take
-- = 0
Solving for the maximum, we obtain

V = Voc I +ala
(i)
We thus obtain
We choose the negative sign, since V< Voc for generator operation. r = Plotting + 2a - 2 obtain a(l+a)
(j)
a , we n vs. a 9
7 8
910
PROBLEM 12.18
From Fig. 12P.18, we have
E and
J= i
y
i ( [
y
V w
+ vB] =
--
I -
LD
The z component of the force equation is 3z

or
LD
IB v p(l
) D =
Ap = Pi - P=
Solving for v, we obtain

v = IB D(1 )v

Thus, we have I LDa
or
V - + B(1 w
IB )v DApo o
2VW
(f)
V =I
w +
LD(
- v Bw
(g)
DAp
Thus, for our equivalent circuit

w vowB 2
t O
i
and
LDo = - v wB
o
DApo (i)
oc
We notice that the current I in Fig. 12P.18b is not consistent with that of Fig.
12P.18a. It should be defined flowing in the other direction.
PROBLEM 12.19
Using Ampere's law
NI + NI
H = o Within the fluid
IL J =
Zd
VL
w
(a)
(-
+ v
00
H ) T i
(b)
Simplifying, we obtain Si L [d v d
N
Ni NV
S=
Ova NI
0o
L w
(c)
For VL to be independent of IL, we must have

VpoNL d or N L 1
9d
= d
(d)
1 Zavy 0
(e)
PROBLEM 12.20
We define coordinate systems as shown below.
MHD #2.
MHD # 1
ELECTROMILCHANICS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE, INVISCID FLUIDS
Now, since
V*v = 0, we have vwd

1 1 1
vwd
2 2 2
In system (2),
I J2
2
=
V W2
v B)i
2
(a) y2
y2
2 d2
and I2B
AP2 In system (1),
= i I --y 1 id
0 p( +)
= p(0)
p(_) V -w ) =
(b)
1 and
v B) IB d = 0
(c)
Ap
p(Y'
(d) (right before'IdD system 1) and at
By applying Bernoulli's law at the points x xt =
+ (right after MHD system 1), we obtain
1 p2
or
+ p
(0) p (+)
v2
+ p(L
(e) (f)
p(0_) =
Similarly on MHD system (2):

p 2 (0_) Now, = = P2 (2+) 0 (g)
Now
C
Vp'd
Applying this relation to a closed contour which follows the shape of the channel,
we obtain
x
2
0
-
x =
2 2-
x
1
= 0
-
Vp-dZ
C x =O
1
V p-dZ +
+ 1
VpdZ +
x =
1+
Vpdt +
x =O
2
Vp-dZ
x =
2 2+
p (z1
)-
p (0+)
+ p2(O_)-
p1(+
) + p2
(2 (h)
- P2(O+) +
From
1 (0)
+) - p2 ( 2
(f) and (g) we reduce this to
bp +p A
=
(i)
or
I I d
12
1
-I 1
d 2
(1)
PROBLEM 12.20 (Continued) Thus, we may express v

S(+ I
as
- +
(a),
2
(k)
to obtain
() w
12
We substitute this into our original equation for J

I V w
2
wd wd
2
I do
ad 22
This may be rewritten as
w
V
2
wd
2* 2
d
12
= -
2 a
1 1 wkd d
2
11
2
The Thevenin
equivalent circuit is:

2
R eq
oc +
1V
v2
where
and
oc
=-
1
d
eq
jd2
_l
__
d2 2"
Z J
PROBLEM 12.21 For the MHD system

V a1--V
II
and
ap =
H) IpoH
(a)
P1 -
P2 =
(b)
Now, since
IVp'dk
C we must have
Ap =
(c)
kv =
poH
oo
LO( D
VoH ) oo
(d)
Solving for v, we obtain

v = POH LaV D V0 D[k+(poHi ) 2 Lo]
00
(e)
PROBLEM 12.22
Part a
We assume that the fluid flows in the +x Thus
J= direction with -velocity v.
I 3
o(
V d
VoHo) i
00
(a)
where I is defined as flowing out of the positive terminal of the voltage source V .
We write the x
p -ax
component of the force equation as

L pIpoHo
pg = 0 L w
.(b)
-Thus
p=
-
Lw
+ pg
For Ap = Then
p(O) - p(L) = 0 IL Ho IoV

Lw
For the external circuit shown,

V -IR + V
Solving for I we get

V
T +
OLw
v+ ooH 0
R
d
- pgLw
oPH
Solving for the velocity, v, we get
gL
H 0
R d
~oo
For v > 0, then
V 0, then we are supplying electrical power to the fluid. part (a), (f) and (h), Vo is always negative, but so is I. From
RL
w)
So the product
V I is positive.
PROBLEM 12.23
Since the electrodes are short-circuited,
= z Zd In the upper reservoir J i pi
=
OvB i o z
(a)
Po + pg(hI - y)
(b)
while in the lower reservoir
P2 = Po + pg(h
2
y)
(c)
The pressure drop within the MHD system is

Ap = p(O) - p(R) =
IB
(d)
1 2
Integrating along the closed contour from y=h through the duct to y=h then back to y=h Vp-d
Thus
, and
we obtain
= 0
1
=
-
- pg(h
h )d
2
- h )+
2
(e)
pg(h
(f)
B BR
and so
and so
I
atdB o
pg(h
h )
(g)
o9 B
PROBLEM 12.24 Part a

We define the velocity vh as the velocity of the fluid at the top interface,
where
dh
vh
dt
(a)
Since V-v = 0, w e have

vA =
h
wD
(b) We
where ve is the velocity of flow through the MHD generator (assumed constant). assume that accelerations of the fluid are negligible. we mustcheck that these approximations are reasonable. the pressure in the storage tank is
p = - pg(y-h) + Po (c)
When we obtain the solution,

With these approximations,
w:here po is the atmospheric pressure and y the vertical coordinate. drop in the MHD generator is
Ap = D (d)
The pressure
where I is defined positive flowing from right to left within the generator in the
end view of Fig. 12P.24.

We have also assumed that within the generator, ve does not vary with position.
The current within the generator is
I
LD
0
y=
L(- + v P H w eoo
IR
(e)
Solving
1=
for I, we obtain
Ho ve po
1 + R -L aLoD w
(f)
Now, since
Ap -
Vp'dZ = 0, we have
pgh = 0 (g)
Thus, using (d), - pgh +
(f) and (g),

Do
we obtain 1 ve
0
(h)
Using (b), we finally obtain

dh + sh = 0 RD 1 T, when the valve closes (i)
dt
where
h = Numerically
s =
pg w 10 e
, until time at h = 5.
T
()
7.1 x 10
-3
, thus
100 seconds.
For our approximations to be valid, we must have
vh or s 2h <<g.
<<
pg
(k)
Also, we must have << I pgh

(a)
2 or
1
h2
s2 h <<g
Our other approximation was

pL < (m)
which implies from (f) that
(o
psL << D L
Ho) 2
(n) + i
0o0
Substituting numerical values, we see that our approximations are all reasonable.
Part b
From (b) and (f)
I- =
wd
pH oo
]DIt
650 x 10
- s
amperes. -325 x 103 amperes. Once the valve is closed,
until t =
I = 0.
100 seconds, where I =
PROBLEM 12.25
Part a
Within the MHD system
J = and Ap = -1i LD 3 = ( V
iHo)iH
00
where V = -iR + V
p(O) -
p(-L ) =
D''D
We are considering static conditions (v=0) so the pressure in tank 1 is
p1 = -pg(x2 - h ) + po
and in tank 2 is
p - h ) + Po - pg(x = 2 2is 2 the atmospheric pressure,
where po is the atmospheric pressure, thus
i =
1
o
+
(e)
R

w[ w aL D Now since jVp.dk = 0, we must have
C + pgh + io H - pgh2 = 0 (f)
Solving in terms of V
we obtain
pg(h
oo
- h )wD
21
1
ar
For h
= .5 and h
= .4 and substituting for the given values of the parameters,
we obtain V = 6.3 millivolts
Under these static conditions, the current delivered is

pg(h 2 -hl)D
i = o and the power delivered is eP = o 2 = 210 amperes
e
Part b We expand h
h
1
P o= L
g(h2
Hh
w w
+ w wL D
R]
1.33
watts
and h2 around their equilibrium values h10 and h20 to obtain

=
2
h
10
0 20
+Ah
1
h2 =
h2
+ Ah a

Since the total volume of the fluid remains constant
Ah
2
= - Ah
Since we are neglecting the acceleration in the storage tanks, we may still write
PI=
P2
1
- pg(x
-
- h ) + po
1
(h)
+ 2g(x2 - h2)
PO
Within the MHD section, the force equation is
av S-at = - VpMD V MHD + + i1oHo
L(D LID
(i)
Integrating with respect to x

APMHD =
, we obtain
LD
-o pL
l
p(O) - p(-L) =
()
The pressure drop over the rest of the pipe is
APpipe =
2
dv
dt
Again, since C
pg(h
Vp-dk = 0, we have
- h2 ) +
pMHD +
pipe =
(k)
For t > 0 we have

2V
w V 0oHo
1 cL D
R w
()
and substituting into the above equation, we obtain
pg(h- h)
- p(L+) ~
V11 0H
1ol)t0
1 [L 1D + ;i-
o 0
(m)
We desire an equation just in dAh

vwD =
2
Ah .
2
From the V-v = 0, we obtain (n)
Mlaking these substitutions, the resultant equation of motion is

d 2 Ah2
dt2
(o Ho )2
1 R
dAh
dt
2gwdAh 2
(L + L2)A
V pH p(L +L2 )A -D +
58
(o)
INVISCID FLUIDS

Solving, we obtain
V0 Ah 2 where B
1
H D+ R + B e 1
st + B e 2
s 2tt (p)
= 2pgwd
and B
2
are arbitrary constants to be determined by initial conditions
and
H 2
[(H2]
S
2
' 1
o
L)) 2 aL D +pL w L +L 21 D D1 1 ID R w
gwd
(L + L )A 2
(q)
Substituting values, we obtain approximately
-1
s
1
= 2 =
.025 .94
sec. sec.
The initial conditions are

Ah (t=O) and dAh 2 dt
= 0 0
(t=0)
Thus, solving for B
and B 2 we have
= 2pgwD[ 11 1 D - Voo H w R 2
.051
(r)
1
B
000
2pgwD[
LID w
+ ---l R
(R 1
3
_
= + 1.36
10
sI)
.94t
Thus
h (t) =
2
h
20
+ Ah (t)
2
.55 + 1.36 x 10
.051e
-025t
(s)
From ()
we have 2Vo
i w
VoH
1
(t)
w +aL D Substituting numerical values, we obtain

st s2
i = 420 - 2.08 x 10
(Bzsze
- e94t)
+ B2 s 2 e
)
(u)
= 420 - 268 (e-* 025t
11h_ (t)
2
It
i
2 1 4 5 50 100 150 200
i(t)
420 -
----
210 -
LI/
5
--
50
--
100
150
I-.---------
200
250

Our approximations were made in (h) and (k). relations must hold:
32Ah
2 << gh
and
+
(v*V)vds
2
For them.to be valid, the following
-t
transition
region
Substituting values, we find the first ratio to be about .001, so there our approx
imation is good to about .1%. In the second approximation
/AL Pd
2
.3
2
.15
Here, our approximation is good only to about 15%, which provides us with an idea of
the error inherent in the approximation.
PROBLEM 12.26
Part a
We use the same coordinate system as defined in Fig. through the pump is
Nipo B = d i (a) 12P.25. The magnetic field
We integrate Newton's law across the length to obtain

av p 3t = p(O) Ap v Thus + Tt 0 - p(X) + JBZ = Apo v v + i d
B (b)
i2 v + Np d2
Ap
pzv
Nji
2 d Pz
12 sin 2
Nil
t 2d 2Pt
12 (1 - cos
2 wt)
(c)
Solving, we obtain
ot 0Ap t o \P ov cos 2wt + 2w sin 2w()
v= Part b
Npo12 0
Ap
Ao
2 + 4 W2
(d)
\ pvo
The ratio R of ac to dc velocity components is:
R =
[ Po
/v
(e)
4W2
/2
PROBLEM 12.27
Part a
The magnetic field in generator (1) is upward, with magnitude
Ni p o Nmip o
and in generator (2) upward with magnitude
Nilpo Ni2
o
io m= a
We define the voltages V I and V 2 across the terminals of the generators.

Applying Kirchoff's voltage law around the loops of wire with currents i
we have 1
and i
d
V
1
+N
dt
dX + Nm d t dX1 Nm j
+ i RL + i 2RL=
0 0
and where
dX2 V + N 2 dt
A
A
1
2
=
=
B wb B,1b B wb
2
From conservation of current we have

i,
and
abo
i2 -
VI
w
VB I
1 + + VB2
V 2
aba
-w
+ VB
Combining these relations, we obtain wbp di w (N + N)+ i w+ m dt a ab

wbp
2 (N2 + N
N]
pw
+
VN i
m 2
di 2
di 2 + i
dt
ab
w a a
N wVi 1
= 0
Part b We combine these two first-order differential equations to obtain one second-
order equation.
di +a a1 di2
UC
=
L
.)
,1,UC +ai.~
L=
',
whe re a 1
N2)Wbo] 2 (N2+ WmVJ a
wN Vp

a = 2 b-w + R2 abo
VN a 3 =
a oiw
/NNV
0 tN a
+ N ) mV
2)
If we assume solutions of the form

i
2
Aest
(9)
Then we must have
as 1
2
+ a as + a 2 3 - -Ia2 a 2 2
= 0 4a a
(m)
2 a
For the generators to be stable, the real part of s must be negative.
Thus
a 2
>
for stability
which implies the condition for stability is
Sw
NV
Part c
When a 2
ab
= 0
>
a
wo Nv
(n)
aba
= Sab
(o)
then s is purely imaginary, so the system will operate in the sinusoidal steady state.
Then
-a "
The length b necessary for sinusoidal operation is
b=
aakVWoN~
(q)
Substituting values, we obtain

b = Part d
Thus, the frequency of operation is
4 meters.
w4000 8
or
f v"
500 rad/sec.
80 Hz.
PROBLEM 12.28
Part a
The magnetic field within the generator is
po N i
B=
--
The current through the generator is

J i
+ VB)T ( Solving the for voltage across the channel
we obtain
v,
Solving for v, the voltage across the channel, we obtain
Gx
VJNw
We apply Faraday's law around the electrical circuit to obtain
1p N
v + L
J
idt +
iR
= w
diji
dt
Differentiating and simplifying

A2
Ai+2 dt2
this equation we finally obtain
/2 Rw \
N'
'd
n
+2 ,LT.. LJ
_ pNDV \
..
,.+
?-TOA( dC N
We assume that i =
Re I es
st
Substituting this assumed solution back into the differential equation, we obtain
Sw
s + + oN d oLw
D
-
oNDV
PoNzdC
Solving, we have iRLw

S
D
2
NDV'
S+ N Z
D OLw
o NDV )2
w
o
SN LdC
For the device to be a pure ac generator, we must have that s is purely imaginary, or
O S(
L=
NDV w
D) YLw
N2d w
(h)
Part b The frequency of operation is then
pN dC
PROBLEM 12.29
Part a
The current within the MHD generator is
J = - i Ld y YiV
(-+vB= 0 )1 w o y

where V is the voltage across the channel. iB
0 + av p at Ap = Pi - Po The pressure drop along the channel is
(b) With the switch
where we assume that v does not vary with distance along the channel. open, we apply Faraday's law around the circuit, for which we obtain
V + 2iR = 0
(c)
Since the pressure drop is maintained constant, we solve for v to obtain

2aR + _ dt !v B at Ud w In the state
steady
In the steady state
+ OvB o = d + 2R w Ap B (d)
v= and
i = Part b
d
Ap 2R
1 + -B
w aid Ap
For t > 0, the differential equation for v is
(F +
Bod 2-
+ avB
d
O
Ap
The general solution for v is
V = + d +o-t/T
where
T =
YR +2)
We evaluate A by realizing that at t = 0, the velocity must be continuous.

Therefore
v =
1
id
R
w
d ap
+ - -+w B Ap -t/) d
Bo dBR
Rd
- t/T
Ap (I + pY" Rd T w B
,Ap(1 +
=
A~kl wi.+!1d
PROBLEM 12.30
Part a
The magnetic field in the generator is
J Ni
d
The current within the generator is S =d
B
0 (
+ vB)

where V is the voltage across the channel.
Ap = Pi - Po= Ap (1 o
)
The pressure drop in the channel is
(c)
--
Applying Faraday's law around the external circuit, we obtain

V + i(RL + RC) =
d(NB~w)
dt
Lw
oN
di
(d)
Using (a), (b), (c) and (d), the differential equation for i is then
LN 2 dUN] (PoN 2
N
oN 2 di RL+ RC 1 d dt wd d o d AP o
In the steady state, we have
FRL+ RC
w iN
1
OV
oNvo1
d dAPo
(f)
i2 =
The power dissipated in RL is
P = i 2 RL
For P =
i
2
1.5 x 10 , then
= .6 xl0
e
(amperes)2
Substituting in values for the parameters in (f),

2
we obtain
N)40 10g)
.6 x
08 =
(.125 + 2.5 N2
10 10-6 N - 6.3 x l (4 x 10
-
Rearranging (g), we obtain
N 2 - 102N + 2.04 x 103 or N = 75, 27 = 0
The most efficient solution is that one which dissipates the least power in the coil's resistance.
N =
Thus, we choose
27
Part b Substituting numerical values into (e), using N = 27, we obtain (1.27 x 107) di dt
(6 x 107 )i + 13
= 0
(h)
or, rewriting, we have

dt 1.27 xlO' = di
i(6 x10 7 ) ()
Integrating, we obtain 9.4t + C = log 6 x10-i ()
We evaluate the arbitrary constant C by realizing that at t=O, i = 10 amps 66
Thus CThus
= 13.3
We take the anti-log of both sides of (j), and solve for i 2 to obtain
6 x 10 12
7
1+(13.3
-9.4t)
(k)
7.75 X 10 5.5 ,10 3
-4
10
'25
seconds
Part c For N = 27, in the steady state, we use (f) to write RL+ RC
P = i2RL =
2
ON)
2 2 R+ 1 d N VO 1
2.85 x 1O
1 +w cd
PNvoN
dj dAPoRL
or
P = where a and
dAP
o
2 2
a = -
dA
1oNvo 1.47 x 108
1.5 X10
RL
PROBLEM 12.31
Part a
With the switch open, the current through the generator is
= 0 =
_
Iy =
(-
+ vB B
(a)
y
where V is the voltage across the channel. in the channel is Ap Pi -o

iB
In the steady state, the pressure drop
B = 0 = APo(l -
v
)
(b)
Thus, v = vo and the voltage across the channel is V = Part b With the switch closed, applying Faraday's law around the circuit we obtain V = Thus id 2d and
Ap =
=
v B w.
00
(c)
i RL - oRL i + avB w o
iB t p t
(d)
(e)
v Ap (1 ) (f)
d+-
Obtaining an equation in v, we have

v aPo
vwL-o
GB
7+
w
AP
(g)

Solving for v we obtain
v =
-t/'T Aev
- t/T
_AP
where R i
(APo + Bow vo RL+ Ri)

and where
atd
Ap
'o
wB
RL + R
Therefore,
at t = 0, the velocity must be continuous.
APo
A
=
v.
0o
Ap
o+
w B
\vo Now, the current is

wB o v
i=
RL + R i
RL+ Ri
Thus
1=
(wB
RL
p v
APo
o 0 +
B(1
wB 0
e)
)+e
-v e-t/T
0i
RL +
Vo
Ap
W"o1 "
TR.+L)
Vo o
!+R.
PROBLEM 12.32
The current in the generator is
i zd
i = ( Y-
V w
vB)
(a)
where we assume that the B field is up and that the fluid flows counter-clockwise.
We integrate Newton's law around the channel to obtain
pt
4t
Iv -
JB
(b)
or, using (a),
3V
=d
w dt a d=
I
3i Tt
+-
B2 dpk
00
(c)
Integrating, we have
V =
Defining
w + B 2w I -+ -+ i dia dp2
R. = 1
C=
w
idt
(d)
atzd
and
i p2d 2
wB
we rewrite (d) as
V = iRi +
ifidt
(e)
The equivalent circuit implied by (e) is
R.
+ v
Ci
PROBLEM 12.33
Part a
We assume that the capacitor is initially uncharged when the switch is closed
at t = 0. The current through the capacitor is
dV C d
=
i =
or
dt
ud
V - w
vB
0 0
(a)
dV
dt
o'd V wC C
adv
oB
(b)
PROBLEM 12.33 (Continued) The solution for V C is VC =

with
vBw(l - e
-t/ I )
(c)
wC
, where we have used the initial condition that at t = 0, the vol atd
tage cannot change instantaneously across the capacitor.

t +
The energy stored as
m, is
2 C
(VW
Part b
The pressure drop along the fluid is
iBo 2 Ap = = B2v Ge
-t/T d 0oo The total energy supplied by the fluid source is
Wf = Ap vodwdt
-= I(v
(e)
B )2 awde- t / T dt
(f)
- UT(v B )2 Twdet/T 00 0 Wf : Part c

C(wv B )2
I
(g)
We see that the energy supplied by the fluid source is twice that stored in the
capacitor. The rest of the energy has been dissipated by the conducting fluid. This
dissipated energy is
wd J VC idt 0 =
= =
(h)
+ (v0 B )2w(
2
- e-t/T)rdet/T dt
Oidw(VBB) idw(v B Bo)2 0
aTdw(v B )2
0o
-t/T+ 1 e-2t/T
(i)
Therefore W = d 1 C(voBow) oo 2 elec

2
(j)
Thus
fluid dissipated (k)
As we would expect from conservation of energy.
PROBLEM 12.34
The current through the generator is
i = c( - - vB )
w o
Zd
(a)
Since the fluid is incompressible, and the channel has constant cross-sectional area,
the velocity of the fluid does not change with position. as in Eq. (12.2.41) as
p Thus, we write Newton's law
av
- V(p+U) + J x B
(b) We integrate this expression along
where U is the potential energy due to gravity. the length of the tube to obtain
iB
- pg(x
+ xb )
(c)
Realizing that
x a = xb and
v
dxa d
dt
(d)
We finally obtain
d2X
a+
aB2 2 dx
0 a
cB v 2
x
k
2
(e)
dt
pt dt
wp
We assume the transient solution to be of the form

xa = x e
^ st
(f)
Substituting into the differential equation, we obtain
aB2
o. s
s2+ o 2g = 0 (g)
Solving for s, we obtain
2
p o=B p9, 2-
/B2 t2
2 -22. (h)
Substituting the given numerical values, we obtain

s= - 29.4
s2 =
-.665 aB OV21
(i)
In the steady state x a
wp 2g
.075 meters
(j)
Thus the general solution is of the form x a = .075 + A es 1

t
+ A eS2t 2
and A2 are
(k)
where the initial conditions to solve for A

x a(t=0) = a
.0
d~-(t=0)
Thus, A
= 0
1 1
.075 s A2 = .0765 cad A

=
-
.075 s
.00174
Thus, we have:
x = a Xa .075 +
4 .00174e 29. t -. 0765e .665t
1 Now the current is
i = = = = V Z do( V B dx
d-)
0 ft) dtt t
91dY[
- Bo (s I A l esl
+ s 2 A2 eS2)]
2A 2 e t 2 ) amperes
(m)
100 - 2 x 103(sI AeSlt + 100(1 + e - e
Sketching, we have
i
100
t
1 2 3
PROBLEM 12.35
The currents I
1
and I
are determined by the resistance of the fluid between
the electrodes. Thus I and

I
I 2
VooDx
(a)
w V ODy
w
(b)
The magnetic field produced by the circuit is

B= or =
poNo
N
(I2 - I )i
(c) (d)
z VoD(y- x)i 2
From conservation of mass, y =

Thus -
(L - x)
N
(e) (f)
Vo oD
(L- 2x)1
The momentum equation is

av
at = -V(p+U) + J x B (g)
Integrating the equation along the conduit's length, we obtain

p -at (2L + 2a) = Now -pg(y-x) - J o BL (h)
v =
so we write:
ax
at
(i)
2p(L + a) -!-T +
(oNV
+
GDL
Pg + J
(2x -
)=
(j)

x =
Thus
Re x e
st
(k)
S 2 + -s+ (L + a) Defining
2 w2 o
=
2 NVo D
pw (L + a)
J L o
(C)
+ + (L +a)
NV OOg
ODJ - L pw (L+a)
(mO
our solution in the form

we have L A sin w t + B cos w t + 2
o o Applying the initial conditions x x(O) =
we obtain x =
(n)
and dx(O)
de
2 (1 + cos wot)
(0)
(p)
PROBLEM 12.36
As from Eqs. (12.2.88 - 12.2.91), we assume that
v = iev 0
B=
JI=
Biz + TOB 0
iTJ
(a)
rr
+TJ
z z
E= TE + TzE
rr z
As derived in Sec. 12.2.3, Eq. (12.2.102), we know that the equation governing Alfven
waves is
aZv2 0
B 2 a2v
.p0 z_ (b)
For our problem, the boundary conditions are:
at z = 0
at z = Z
E = 0 r
v =
Re[Ore j
(c)
As in section 12.2.3, we assume v

=
Re[A(r)v
(z)ejet]
(d)
Thus, the pertinent differential equation reduces to

2V dv 0 2,
dz-Vwhere
+ kv
(e)
k = W0
The solution is v0 = C 1 cos kz + c 2 sin kz (f)
Imposing the boundary condition at z = 2, we obtain A(r)[C We let cos kZ + C 2 sin k
i ]
(g)
A(r)
and thus
(h) C1 cos kZ + C2 sin kZ - VB 0
R = Now E =
(i) (j)
Thus, applying the second boundary condition, we obtain
v (z=0) = 0
or Thus C = 0 (k)
C
2
OR
sin kZ
Now, using the relations

Er =
- vOB
0 o
(m)
INVISCID FLUIDS
E = 0 (n)
aE
r
aE
3B
(o)
az
ar az
Be = 3(rB6 )
ar J r
at
(p)
1
Po
1
or we obtain v
Ssin
= Jz
ej t]
(q)
Re
k.
sin kz
(r)
= Re
nrB k
j cos kz eil
(s)
Rel =ej
?rBo k 2 sin k2 kt
j]
sin kz ej
(t)
= J z PROBLEM 12.37 Part a
Re F 2 2Bo k k 1j wsin k
cos kz e j
et
(u)
We perform a similar analysis as in section 12.2.3, Eqs. (12.2.84 - 12.2.88). From Maxwell's equation
VxE=
-t
(a)
which yields
aE
az
yz B (b)
at
Now, since the fluid is perfectly conducting,
E' =
E + vx vB xo
(c)
or
(d)
Substituting, we obtain
x Bz
yv
Bo
3B
x
tX
(e)
The x component of the force equation is
av
Pat where
aT =
xz
az
B
0
(f)
Thus
P at
Thus X
B O
0
JB
x
a Bz
a2v x
(h)
Eliminating Bx and solving for vx, we obtain
92 v x
B2 o
(i)
or eliminating and solving for Hx, we have
32i
where
B2 B o
(j)
pH
(k)
Part b
The boundary conditions are vx(-k,t) = E (0,t) = Re Vejwt 0 + vx(O,t)
=
(0)
0 (m)
We write the solution in the form

v where k"o Applying the boundary conditions, we obtain x = A ej ( wt - k z) + B ej(wt+kz) (n)
x Now
o az
S(,t) Re I =
x
at
sin kZ
in k
ejt
(o)
x(p)
or
- BoVk cos kz
sin Thus =Re
k2
=Jo =
Hx
(q)
B Vk cos kz
Hx =
Part c
Re
jw0po in
t ejet
(r)
From Maxwell's equations 3H x VxH= i Thus = J
(s)
Thus
Jjw
Re
[B BVk2 sin kzR sin
Rt
(t)

Since V*J = 0, the current must have a return path, so the walls in the x-z plane must be perfectly conducting. Even though the fluid has no viscosity, since it is perfectly conducting, it
interacts with the magnetic field such that for any motion of the fluid, currents are
induced such that the magnetic force tends to restore the fluid to its original
position. This shearing motion sets the neighboring fluid elements into motion,
whereupon this process continues throughout the fluid.
ELECTRO:ECHANTCS OF COMPRESSIBLE, INVISCID
FLUIDS
PROBLE4 13.1
In static equilibrium, we have

-Vp - pgi, = 0
Since p = pRT, (a) may be rewritten as - + pg = 0
RT Solving,
dx
we obtain p = p
a
e
-L x RT 1
PROBLEM 13.2 Since the pressure is a constant, Eq. (13.2.25) reduces to Ov dv = dz

JB
(a)
Now, from Eq. (13.2.21)
where we use the coordinate system defined in Fig. 13P.4. we obtain

Jy = (Ey + vB)
(b)
If the loading factor K, defined by Eq. (13.2.32) is constant, then
Thus, J KvB = + E
(c)
(d)
avB(1-K)
_-
Then
or
pv dv
avB (1-K)
B _ Ai
A(z)
(e)
o(I-K)
(f)
SP dv jdz
dv
GB2(1-K)
From conservation of mass, Eq. (13.2.24), we have

PiviAi = Thus
PiviAi dv 2
pA(z)v
(g)
dz =
-a(l-K)Bi Ai
(h)
Integrating, we obtain - a(l-K)Bi

9n v = z + C
(i)
-a
v= whereZ d
vie
Oi vi
Pi Vi a(l-K)B
(j)
and we evaluate the arbitrary constant b
y realizing that
v = v. at z = 0.
1
ELECTROMECHANICS OF COMPRESSIBLE, INVISCID FLUIDS
PROBLEM 13.3
Part a
We assume T, Bo, w, a, cp and c circuited,
J
are constant.
Since the electrodes are short-
E = 0, and so y
= vB
o,
(a)
We use the coordinate system defined in Fig. 13P.4. Eq. (13.2.26), we have
v
Applying conservation of energy,
v2) = 0, where we have set h = constant.
(b)
Thus, v is a constant, v = vi. dz Thus, p = - ViBo io

- viBz + p
2
Conservation of momentum, Eq. (13.2.25), implies (c)

(d)
The mechanical equation of state, Eq. (13.1.10) then implies

v.B 2 z +i V B 2 z
RT
-
RT
RT
(e)
From conservation of mass, we then obtain

Piviwdi = Thus
d(z) =
(pld viBoz
vi wd(z)
(f)
(
Pi
(g)
Part b Then
p(z) =
v.B i
z
(h)
1RT
RT
PROBLEM 13.4 Note: There are errors in Eqs. (13.2.16) and (13.2.31). 1
and
i2 d(M d )
2 )
They should read:

(13.2.16)
d(M 2 ) S dx
2 {(Y-1)(1+y1M )E 3 + y[2 +(y-1)M 2 ]v 1B 2 } J3 -M r
M2
dx
(1M) )
(1-
[(y-I)(I1+yM2)E
'2
2 } 3
(y-1)M v1 2] P 1 2 ypv
[2 +
2 (y-1)M ]dA
S
Part a
dx
(13.2.31)
We assume that
0, y , Bo, K and.M are constant along the channel.
Then, from
the corrected form of Eq. (13.2.31), we must have
0 =
1-
2 [(y-l) (l+M2)(-K) + y(2+(y-1)M )]
-K)
[2 +(y-1)M ]
(a)
Now, using the relations v2 and we write

v M2
2 M yRT
pRT
(b) B 2 0C(l-K)M 2 pVA

(c)
Yp Thus, we.obtain 1 dA A2 dz
pv
[(y-)(l+yM2 )(-K) + y(2+ (y-1)M2 )] 2 + (y - 1)M 2
From conservation of mass, pvA = piviAi Ai (d)
A Using (d), we integrate (c) and solve for to obtain A(z) Ai where [(y-1)(1+ 1 1 - z
(e)
2 )(-K) + y(2 +(y-l)M yM1
2 (1-K) 2M )]B
Sivi[ 2
+ (y-l)M2 ]
We now substitute into Eq. (13.2.27) to obtain

1 dv S
-v dz
d
(-M)
vB 2 (1-K)o
[(y-l)(-K) + y] o
(-M2)
2
Yp
A dz
1 dA
A dz
(f)
Thus may be rewritten as

=
(-M
[(y-l)(-K)
+ y]
iiAi
p viAi Ai
v dz
(1-M2)
(g)
Solving, we obtain
n v =
or v(z)
Vi =
- 82 (1 i
n(l -
8 z) + en vi
1
(h) (i)
01
8 z)2/
1
where
82 =
(-i
2 (1-K)M 2 [(y-l)(-K) +y]Bo i vi
Now the temperature is related through Eq. (13.2.12), as
2 M yRT =
v2
2
(j) (k)
Thus
T(z)i
From (d), we have

P(z) Pi
=
vi Ai v A
Thus, from Eq. (13.1.10)
p(z) = Vi Ai T
Pi
Ti
(m)
Since the voltage across the electrodes is constant,
w( - Kv(z)B (n)
or
w(z)
KviBoi Kv(z)B Kv(z)B0 vi

v(z)
A(z) i
Vi
wi v(s)
(o)
Thus,
Then
w(z) wi
d(z)
di Part b
Ai
w(z)
(q)
()
We now assume that a, y, Eq. (13.2.27) we have 0

=
Bo, K and v are constant along the channel.
Then, from
Cl-M 2 )
1-)
2 C(y-l) (-K) + y]viB 1l i0
(-K) yp
1 A A dz
But, from Eq. -Pi
(13.2.25) we know that

1
(l-K)v. B2 z =
Pi
1-
3z
(s)
ov.
where
=
(l-K)
1 0 Pi
Substituting the results
A(z)
of
b), (-Ka) pi into
and solvin
for
we obtain
A(z)
(u)
PROBLEM 13.4 (continued) and so, from Eq. (13.1.10) T(z) T. As in (p) w(z) wi Thus
d(z) di = A(z) A (x) vi = v(z) = 1 (w) = p(z) Pi Pi p(z) (v)
Part c
We wish to find the length Z such that
C T(i) + 1 [v
]2
z = .9 (y)
C T(o) +
[v(o)]
For the constant M generator of part (a), we obtain from (i) and (k)
C C Ti 1 [
()
2
]2
221 Ti
1
+1 2 2i
-28
/Bl
9
(Z
Vi
1 2
p T(z) i
Reducing, we obtain
(1 -
26 /8 2
.9
(aa)
Substituting the given numerical values, we have
,1 = We then solve .396 (aa) for and 2/8
- 7.3 x 10
-2
Z, to obtain
% 1.3 meters
(t), (u) and (v)
For the constant v generator of part (b), we obtain from (s), CT i pI

C T
)
+
+ S= 2
2 i
i .9 (bb)
p or
C T.
1 2 C T + L v 1 2 p i
(1 -
B )
(1- 8 4/ ) 3 1
2
v2
.9
(cc)
Substituting the given numerical values, we have

83
B
=
.45
and
B /B
.857
Solving for Z, we obtain
Z 1.3 meters.
PROBLEM 13.5
We are given the following relations:
B(z) E(z) wi di Ai'
B. and that v, Part a

From Eq.
J =
E.
w(z)
d(z)
/2
(z)
0, y, and K are constant.
(13.2.33),
(1-K)ovB (a)
For constant velocity, conservation of momentum yields

dp = (1-K)ovB 2 (b)
dz
Conservation of energy yields
pvC
pdz
K(1-K)G(yB)
(c)
Using the equation of state,
p = pRT (d)
we obtain
T dP -- + T dz + p dT dz B (l-K) -K OvB R
2
(e) (e)
or
T Thus, T
dz
+ =
C p 2 vB (1-K)
(-K) (1-K)ovB 2
(1-K)OvB 2
(f)
+
R
+
(g)
(g)
dz Also 2 B.i2 (A.)

1 1 A(z)
and
and
.A. =
11
p(z)A(z)
Therefore and pc
d =
T d-
dT
d
=
di ovB'f (1-K)(-2
Bp
-K(1-K)av
Pi
+ --- )
P(!)
(i)
p dz
PROBLEM 13.5 and so
(continued)
dT
dz Therefore T Let Let = Then T = Ti =
K(1-K)OvB2 pic p
()
2 OvB i - K(1-K) z + T PiCp -K(1-K)avBi Pi Cp

2
(k)
(i)
C-
az
1
+ 1)
(m) K cp i R
+ ovB (1-K)( i
dz
(n)
pi (az + Ti) We let

S vB(-K)(
K Cp Pi KR
1
R
P.
Integrating (n), we then obtain

in p = or 8 in(az + Ti) + constant
p=
Therefore
=z
1 )
8
(o)
A
A(z) = Ti
Part b
From (m),
()
T(a)
T()
at
Ti or
-l.
Ti
.8
Ti
Now
-. 2
E Ti
But c T
=
K(1-K)viBi
Pic Ti
R Ti Pi
=
pi
(1)
pi(1
2.5 x 10 6
Thus Thus - .5(.5)50(700)16

-
-2
8.0 x 10-2
Ti
Solving for R,
.7(2.5 X 10 6)
we obtain
z= Part c
2x 102
1.25 meters
p=
Numerically 8= Thus p(z)
=
pi
( (Xz
.+
1)
KR
- 1
(l1)K
6.
.7(1 -
.08z)
Then it follows:
7
p(z) = T(z) =
pRT = Ti(l -
Pi(1 .08z)
.08z)
= 5 x 10S(l - .08z)
From the given information, we cannot solve for Ti, only for
Pi v 2
s
7 x 10
RT. = I
Pi
-i
yM
v2
Now
vi yRT(z)
yp(z)
.5
1 Part d The total electric power drawn from this generator is p = = VI = -E(z)w(z)J(z)d(z)
.08z
E(z)(1-K)GvB(z)d(z)w(z)
- Eiwi(1-K)ovB diz
E Thus pe
-KvB
i = K(vB )2 = = w diO (-K)
.5(700)216(.5)50(.5)1.25 61.3 x 106 watts = 61.3 megawatts 86
ELECTROMECHANICS OF COMPRESSIBLE, INVISCID FLUIDS T (z)

T
ST
(z) Ti
(1 -
.08z)
1.25 p(z)
p(z) =
7(1
- .08z)
p(z)
1.25
p(z) =
5 x 10
(1 -
.08z)
1.25
m
(z) M2 (z) = (1-
.5
.08z)
1.25
ELECTROILECHANICS OF COMPRESSIBLE, INVISCID FLUIDS
PROBLEM 13.6
Part a
We are given that
E--i
4 Vo
x3 Lj/3
Eo VO L'3 x 4 9
x X
and
e
The force equation in the steady state is

dv
pv m xx d ix
=
pe E
Since pe/p
q/m =
constant, we can write
Vd O
dx2Vx
2 v2A = V4
/3
X!3
m)
L3
Solving for v
we obtain
Part b
The total force per unit volume acting on the accelerator system is
F = peE Thus, the total force which the fixed support must exert is
f total = FdVi x x -3 Adx Adx i x
=-f
EV 2 16 E0 0
27 L8
f total
PROBLEM 13.7
Part a
8 9
oo
2
Ai
We refer to the analysis performed in section 13.2.3a. for the velocity is, Eq. (13.2.76),
-22V
2 v 2 a 2(a) a ax 2
The equation of motion
3-
(a)

v(-L) = v(O) = V 0 cos Wt
We write the solution in the form

v(x t) =
where
Re[A ej(wt-kx )+ B ej(wt+kx l
) ]
(b)
Using the boundary condition at x 1 = 0, we can alternately write the solution as v = Re[A sin kx e j
t
Applying the other boundary condition at x = - L, we finally obtain V v(xt) = - sin kL sin kx cos wt.
1 sin kL 1
(d)
The perturbation pressure is related to the velocity throughEq. (13.2.74)

Pov'3 a(e)'
at
-x,
Solving, we obtain 0 Vo oL s sin kx sin wt = sinkL 1 or p =
f)
x
(f)
1
p V 0 k k 0 sin kL cos kx 1 sin wt
(g) a, through
where po 0 is the equilibrium density, related to the speed of sound Eq. (13.2.83).
Thus, the total pressure is P= + p p Vw + k sin kL cos kx - L is
sin at
(h)
and the perturbation pressure at x, = p'(-L, t) = Part b
00Voa
sin k cos kL sin wt sin kL
(i)
There will be resonances in the pressure if

sin kL = or Thus kL = 0 n7 n = 1,2,3.... (j) (k)
w
PROBLEM 13.8
Part a
(a)
We carry through an analysis similar to that performed in section 13.2.3b.

We assume that
E = iE
2
(xl,t) t)
i2J2 (x, J=
PROBLEM 13.8 B = i
3
[P 00 H +
03
H' (x 1 ,t)]
Conservation of momentum yields

Dv
D 1 = Dtax
.x
1
+J2
20
o(Ho + H3)
0
(a)
Conservation of energy gives us
D p Dt 1 (u + 2
2
v ) = 1 ax pv 1 + J E 22
(b)
We use Ampere's and Faraday's laws to obtain
aH'
ax
and
3x,
-@
J - -J
(c)
DE
a2 x
P oaH
at (d)
while
Ohm's law yields
J Since
+
([E
- v B
13
(e)
oo
E
2
vB
1 3 2
'
(f)
v p H
100 O
We linearize, as in Eq. (13.2.91), so E

Substituting into Faraday's law
av,
alH'3
Linearization of the conservation of mass yields
at
= o
)v
(h)
Thus, from (g)

,H'
ooy_
p
Then
Ho
H' 3
at
o at
()
Po
p'
(13.2.71), we obtain
o p D' Dt
Linearizing Eq. = p Dt
(k)

Defining the acoustic speed
as \ 0o/ where p is the equilibrium pressure,
(oH
P0o
we have
p' = as2 2 (p)
Linearization of convervation of momentum (a) yields av

p o at 1 =
-
3xl
9H'
H o(m)
x3 o oHo
1
(m
or, from (j) and (Z),

Iv, ao
a2
Po at=
-s
(n)
Differentiating (n) with respect to time, and using conservation of mass (h), we
finally obtain
S2v
2V=
Defining a2 a2
s
H
( a2
0 p1 H
+-0
p o
2v
(0 )
1 (p)
we have a2 v
I
3 v
a2V 1 2(V)
Part b We assume solutions of the form V =

1
( Re [A ej (Ct-kx )+ A e j wt+ kx
)]
(r)
where
k =
a = - L is
The boundary condition at x
V(-L,t) =
and at x = 0
cos wt =
V Re e jwt
s
(s)
M dViot) =
dt
'A' 1=0
+ poH H
oo
1=0
(t)
From (h),
(j)
and
(t),
1-g__ =
a2
s
P
ax
v
(o u)
at

H'
Ho Thus
M
a dv,(0,t) dt
Po
2 aoH
=A
I p' =A
2 az-T-
From (u), we solve for p'j
to obtain:
x =0
Substituting into (s) and (t), we have a 2/Poak

Mjw(A + A) 1 2 = A(~)
\ /
) (A 1 A2)
a'\W
Ale+jk+ A2e-jki Solving for A

A 1 =
and A , we obtain
2
(Mjw + Aap o)V

s
2(-Mw sin kZ + Aap cos k)
(Aap - Mjw)V
s
A2
2(-Mw sin kZ + Aa %cos kt)
Thus, the velocity of the piston is v (O,t) =

S1
Re
=
[A
j wt
+ A ]e
v (0,t)
Aap V w s + Aaos Wt -Mw

Elsin kk +Aap cos kZCOWt
(aa)
PROBLEM 13.9
Part a
The differential equation for the velocity as derived in problem 13.8 is

2v 3 1 Ft2 a 2
a2v
00
a
+
aX 1 2
Po
1o
(a)
where
s
a
2
with Part b
a S
(YPo2 where p -oP Po 0
p 1
p H 2 2
We assume a solution of the form
V(x ,t) = 1 Re [De J(t-kx1)] where k =
We do not consider the negatively traveling wave, as we want to use this system as a delay line without distortion. V(-L,t) = and at x = 0 is
dV
The boundary condition at x
- L is
Re V ejWt
s
;,
dt
p'(O,t)A -
BV (O,t)+
joHoH'
(b)
From problem 13.8, (h), (j) and (9)

av p a H' and
1
',
at
=t
o ax
a o
S 0
Thus, (b) becomes

-BDej where
t
ta 2
+ (-)
S
p'A
=0 2 se
(c)
PoD(- jk)
(d)
(d)
pI =w x0O
Thus, for no reflections
2 Ap0a2
- B + or
B = PROBLEM 13.10
(a) a
S
(e)
Aapo
(f)
The equilibrium boundary conditions are T[T[(L (L

1
+ L
+ A),t]
+ A),t]As =
- PoAc
Boundary conditions for incremental motions are

1) T[(L (L + L + A),t] = - p(-L T s (t)
2) - T[3) and 4 )
+ A),t]A
,t)Ac = M
(-L ,t)
v (-Ll ,t) = v (O,t) = 0
Ve[-(L
+ A),t]
since the mass is rigid
since the wall at x=0 is fixed.
PROBLEM 13.11
Part a
We can immediately write down the equation for perturbation velocity, using
equations (13.2.76) and (13.2.77) and the results of chapters 6 and 10.
93
ELECTROMECHANTCS OF COMPRESSIBLE, INVISCID FLUIDS

We replace 3/at by 3/at + v-V
(-+
to obtain
a
2
)v'
sax
2V
Letting we have
v'
= Re V j(t-kx)
a2k
2
)2 = (W- kV S
as
Solving for w, we obtain

W Part b
Solving for k, we have
k = Va
= k(V as )
V+a
For Vo > as, both waves propagate in the positive x- direction.

PROBLEM 13.12
Part a
We assume that
E = J = i z E (x,t) z
J (x,t)
B=
z i y
iz
o1 [H
+ H'(x,t)]
We also assume that all quantities can be written in the form of Eq. (13.2.91) . Vx
p' -
Jz
Ho
(conservation of momentum
(a)
linearized) The relevant electromagnetic equations are
aH'
ax Yx = and
J z
(b)
3E
3x
aH'
0o ---at
(c)
and the constitutive law is
Jz = z
(E + VxpoH ) z xoo
(d) eav
We recognize that Eqs. (13.2.94), (13.2.96) and (13.2.97) are still valid, so
1 I3'
at
ax
(e)
PROBLEM' 13.12 (continued)

and
p' a 2 P'
S
(f)
Part b We assume all perturbation quantities are of the form

v
x
Re[v e
j(wt-kx)
Using (b),
(a) may be rewritten as

pojwv = + jkp + p0HojkH (g)
and (c) may now be written as

- jkE =
jojwH
(h)
Then, from (b) and (d)

- jkH =
o(E
+ V oH o
(i)
Solving (g) and (h) for H in terms of v, we have

vOVoH H =
-
(j)
jk+po 9
From (e) and (f), we solve for p in terms of v to be

p= kP asv (k)
Substituting (j) and (k) back into (g), we find

2 jk(po Ho)2
v
0)
L2
Lk
k
00jk+ 'w
Thus, the dispersion relation is
j(MoHo)20 k, (02 - k2a2) -_
(+
(m)
+ j11w)po
We see that in the limit as a + m, this dispersion relation reduces to the lossless dispersion relation
_ -2 k2(a2 + = 0 (n)
Part c
If a is very small, we can approximate (m) as
W2-
k2a2
w s fo
_ j(
O
kr
)H =
(0o)
for which we can rewrite (o) as

kl
k2
2
2
Solv ing for k

()02_ j
, we obtain
2
w 2)
0p
22a
Po a
s
OHo
0 02
2 a
s
k2=
O+ o 2a s
Since a is very small, we expand the radical in (q) to obtain
[12
O A oo
S
2 a .
L o0
O2]
2
Thus, our approximate solutions for k
are
EW
k2 a
s
(IIoHo)2
H ) a (11
The wavenumbers for the first pair of waves are approximately:
while for the second pair, we obtain
+ o 0
k~+~lo~op
The wavenumbers from (u) represent a forward and backward traveling wave, both with
amplitudes exponentially decreasing. Such waves are called 'diffusion waves'. The
wavenumbers from (v) represent pure propagating waves in the forward and
reverse
directions.
PROBLEM 13.12 (continued) Part d If 0 is very large, then (m) reduces to

H2
H2
W2 - k 2 a 2 -
p0
k
Ow
0 ;
a2 = a 2
s
+
Po
(w)
This can be put in the form

k2= a
where
f(w,k), = 2
f(wk)
(x)
a
H 2 k0
2 pOwa
(Y)
As
a becomes very large, the second term in (x) becomes negligible, and so
k
2
However, it is this second'term which represents the damping in space; that is,
k + ,a f(w,k) j2a (z)
Thus, the approximate decay rate, ki, is
ki or f(w,k)a
ki
2a w
2
H2 k
o k
2poaw
H2
(aa)
2p
a0
a 2pa 0
ELECTROMECHANICAL COUPLING WITH VISCOUS FLUIDS
PROBLEM 14.1
Part a
We can specify the relevant variables as
v =
E =
v 1 (x2)
2E2(
)
+ 13E3 (x
J=
B =
i 2 J O
iB 20
+TB
11
(x)
The x
component of the momentum equation is
a2v 1
0 =
with solution
V
p sx
2
Cx +C 1 2 2 Applying the boundary conditions
1
V
=0
(c)
v
We obtain
V =
x2 = d
vx
'1
02
d
(d)
We note that there is no magnetic force density since the imposed current and mag
netic field are colinear. We apply Ohm's law for a moving fluid
T = oE+V + x B)
in the x
2
(e)
and x
=
directions to obtain
YGE 2
(f)
+ v Bo)
3
and
a(E
(g)
direction.
since no current can flow in the x Thus E

and 3
2
J
o T
VVoX2B d
(h)
(i)
As from Eq. (14.2.5),

d
V = o E2 dx 2 =
J d - x plane is
(j)
Thus, the electrical input pe per unit area in an x

J2 d p = J V =
(k)

We see that this power is dissipated as Ohmic loss. like a resistor from the electrical terminals. The moving fluid looks just
The traction that must be applied
to the upper plate to maintain the steady motion is

av, Iv0
T = -i 22 x=d
2
d
0
Again we note no contribution from the magnetic forces.

The mechanical input power per unit area is then
]V2
io
-- d
(m)
The total input power per unit area is thus
PtPe
+
(n)
The first term is due to viscous loss that results from simple shear flow, while the
second term is simply the Joule loss associated with Ohmic heating. electromechanical coupling. V =
V
There is no
Using the parameters from Table 14.2.1, we obtain

Pt
15 millivolts
2.2635 x 104
.015
______________________
B B 0
B0
and
Pt = 2.2635 x 10 4watts/m 2 , independent of B0 o

These results correspond to the plots of Fig. 14.2.3 in the limit as
B 1 0O
We see that the brush losses and brush voltage are much less for this configuration
than for that analyzed in Sec. 14.2.1. This is because the electrical and mechanical
equations were uncoupled when the applied flux density was in the x 2 direction.
This configuration is better, because low voltages at the brush eliminate arcing,
and because the net power input per unit area is lessno matter the field strength Bo.
The only effect of applying a flux density in the x 2 direction was to cause an
electric field in the x 3 direction. However, since there was no current flow in the
However, if E3 became too
x 3 direction, there was no additional dissipated power.
large, the fluid might experience electrical breakdown, resulting in corona arcs.
PROBLEM 14.2
The momentum equation for the fluid is
P + p(v*V)v = + -Vp +V2
We consider solutions of the form
v =
P =
i-z v z C(r)
-II\
Pkz,* av
Then in the steady state, we write the z component of (a) in cylindrical coordinates
as z
= 'r z (b)
rr
Now, the left side of (b) is only a function of z, while the right side is only a function of r. S
az
Thus, from the given information (c)
"= P2
L
Using the results of (c) in (b), we solve for v (r) in the form
p -p
v (r) = z
2
4Lp
r2 + A
r + B
(d)
where A and B are arbitrary constants to be evaluated by the boundary conditions

v (r = 0) is finite
v zr
I_ = 3\
n U
Thus the solution is
(p - p ) v (r) =
2L (r2 -
R 2)
(e)
We can also find relations between the flow rate and the pressure difference, since
R f v
0 PROBLEM 14.3
Part a
2Wrrdr
We are given the pressure drop Ap, the magnetic field Bo, the conductivity 0,
and the dimensions of the system. Now
+a +u
i where
J Jddx
-d E
1
-d
(E
+ v Bo)dx
- - is defined as the voltage across the resistor. w From Eq. (14.2.29), we have the solution for the velocity v, . We then perform the V= integrations of (a) and solve for the voltage V to obtain
(Ap)2d V=
where
M= B d(
0 11
tanh M
2a0d w tanh M
M
1 R
(b)
Then, the power pedissipated in the resistor is
2 e V1
A(o2d
tanh M)
(1
R
tanh M
where we have defined the internal resistance R i as
w
R. Part b To maximize p , we differentiate (c) with respect to R, solve for that value
of R which makes this quantity zero, and then check that this value does indeed
e maximize p . Performing these operations, we obtain
w
2a0,d
MR
R
Part c We must convert the given numerical values to MKS units, using the conversions 10,000 gauss = and 100 cm = 1 Weber/meter
2
max
tanh M
(d)
1 meter
For mercury a and Thus M = Bod( p =

=
106 mhos/m
1.5 x 10 - 3 kg/m-sec.
2 x 10 2
x 10'
M = and so
max
520
Then tanh M
%1
520 10
10
-
10 b
x 1 0Z
2.60 x 10-
-3
ohms.
101

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LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEENTS

We start with Maxwell"s equations for a magnetic system in integral form:

E=pH is to remain finite.

Thus we will only need to know

LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

determining the relative strengths of H 1 ,H 2 and H3 in this last This means

x/a << 1, y/b << 1

LURIPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

Because the charge is linearly related to the applied voltages we

q1 (V 1 ,O,) = q1 (O,V2 ,8)

S (n/4+6)R 1 ,2, ) = v 1 (+o -2 E ()+/4-O)R

Ampere's law can be

LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

PROBLEM 2.3 (Continued)

Similarly, to the right,

we use the values of H1 and H2 found from (a) -

(c), we obtain the

terminal relations of Prob. 2.3 with jo' rN2d L = o PROBLEM 2.4 2g

LIUPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

PROBLEM 2.4 (Continued)

2 M dx2 +B dx =- f(t) - UdMg dX1 dt 2

S=dx = d2 x Then since x(0 ) = -(0 ) -( dt2 dt

LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

PROBLEM 2.4 (Continued) I

LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

PROBLEM 2.5 (Continued)

Consider the node connecting the

suffer infinite acceleration.

1. Let y(t) = Auo(t)

x(t) = C e - K/Bt But at t = 0 B dx

LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

PROBLEM 2.6 (Continued)

K 2 (x1 -x2 )= K 3 (x2 -x3 ) K3 (x2-x3)= f(t)

We write the equation of geometric constraint

x3 + (x2 -x3 ) + (x1 -X2 ) + (h-x 1 )-h = 0

which is really a useful identity rather than a new independent equation.

K 3 (x2 -x3) (h-x

K 3 (x2 -x3) K 3 (x2 -x3)

= 3 (x 2 -x which can be plugged into (c)

LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

To find natural frequencies let f = 0

The general solution when f = 0 is then

LUMPED ELECTROMECHANICAL ELEMENTS

From the diagram, the change in ir in the time At is 1iA.

Then, the product rule of differentiation on v gives

and the required acceleration follows by combining these equations.

IH'dR! across the gap increases with x,

and hence the field in the gap is

By contrast with part b,

at constant X, the force is

PROBLEM 3.1 (Continued)

Energy input can result only through

We = o and using (a),

and for path A,

If instead of path A, we use C, the roles of ql and q2 are simply reversed.

Hence, for path C

PROBLEM 3.2 (Continued) q2 =

Then, (a) becomes,

and, from (b), where dq and Q dql/Q 2 2 1

Since ql and q2 are independent variables

Taking cross derivatives of these two expressions and combining gives

The electric field intensity between the plates is

while that next to the nonlinear dielectric slab is