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Profa.
Mnica
F.
Naccache
PUC-Rio
Escoamento
na
CL
Equaes
completas
(uido
Newtoniano
incompressvel,
reg.
permanente):
u v
+
=0
x y
u
u
p 2 u 2 u
u + v = + 2 + 2 + gx
y
x
x
x y
v
v
p 2v 2v
u + v = + 2 + 2 + gy
y
y
x
x y
T
T
k 2T 2T
u +v
=
+
+ q
+
x
y
C x 2 y 2 C
2 u
u
u
P
u + v = + 2
2 u
u
y
x
u
P
x
x
u + v =
+ 2
y
x
x
P
P P x
= 0 Py =0 = Py =
=
y
x x
2
T
T 2T u
C u + v = k 2 + + q
y y y
x
dU
dP
Fora
da
CL,
=0,
v=0:
U dx = dx
Profa.
Mnica
Naccache
PUC-Rio
2 u
u
u
dU
u +v
=U
+ 2
x
y
dx
y
2
T
T
T u
u +v
= 2 +
x
y
y
C y
2
2 2
3
Eq. momentum :
= 3
y xy x y 2
y
CC : y = 0 u = / y = 0
y / y = U
( x, y) ( x,) :
=
+
=
x y x x y x x y x 2x x
=1
x
=
+
=
y y x y y x y x y x
=0
= 3 3
y y x 2xy 2xy 2 x y 2 2 2x y 2 2
y
Mtodo Separao variveis : ( x,) = g( x) f ()
g
3
2
gf ' g'f ' f ' gg' ff ''= gf '''
2x
y
y
gy g'y
f '2 g'
ff ''= f '''
2x
1/ 2
x 1/ 2
x 1/ 2
U
g
2
mas
=
f ' g'
1/ 2
g' U ff ''= f '''
y x
U
2(Ux )
Para que esta eq. independa de x (da hip. inicial, u/U = h()) :
x 1/ 2
g' = C1
U
x 1/ 2
g
e g'
1/ 2 = C 2
U
2(Ux )
Profa.
Mnica
Naccache
PUC-Rio
g
2x1/ 2
ou
dg 1 dx
=
g = Cx1/ 2
g 2 x
g'= 1/ 2Cx 1/ 2
x 1/ 2
1/ 2
mas g' = C1 C = (U )
U
1/ 2
1 U
g = ( xU )
e g'=
2 x
A eq. de momentum fica :
1
f '''+ ff ''= 0
equao de Blasius (1908)
2
CC : y = 0 u = v = 0 = 0 f = 0 f '= 0
y u U f '1
1/ 2
1/ 2
U
u
u=
=
= gf '= Uf ' = f '()
y y x
U
1/ 2
1 U
v=
= +
=
g' f +
gf '= g'( f f ') = ( f f ')
x
x 2x
2x
2 x
=g / 2x
u
(Uf '() )
U
=
=
Uf ''(0)
y ( x, 0)
y
x
( =0)
w
2
U
=
U
f ''(0)
1/ 2 U 2 U 2
x
f ''(0)
0,66412
Cf = 2
Cf x =
Re x
Re x
Cf =
= 0,99 em = 5 =
Re x
U
x
5
=
x
Re x
f '=
A w dA =
0 wWdx =
L
0
u
Wdx
y y =0
U 1/ 2
= W 0 Uf ''(0)dx
x
L
UL 1/ 2
= Uf ''(0)W
=Re L
Def . : Cf L
F
1/ 2 U 2 A
Cf L =
2 Uf ''(0)W Re1/L 2
WLU 2
2
Cf L = 4 f ''(0) Re 1/
L
1
Em
geral
Cf
Cf dA
Profa.
Mnica
Naccache
PUC-Rio
10
11
Mas,
u = f 'U v =
1 U
( f f ')
2 x
Logo,
* * 1 U
U *
U 2 *
Uf '
=
( f f ')
x
x 2
x 2x 2 x
* 1 * 2 *
f'
f
=
x 2x x 2
Hip : * ( x,) = H( x) ()
Ento : f 'H'
1H
1 H
f '=
''
2 x
Pr x
12
T Tw
T Tw
Pr
f '= 0
2
CC : = 0 = 0
1
''+
13
''
Pr
d '
Pr
=
f
=
f
'
2
'
2
Pr
( )
2 0
Pr
() = '(0) 0 exp
f
(
)
d
2 0
Usando a CC para :
Pr
= 1 = '(0) 0 exp
f ()dd '(0) =
2 0
Pr
exp
2
f ( ) d d
14
Nmero
de
Nusselt:
=(U /x )1 / 2 (Tw T ) '( 0)
hx
qw
x k
Nux =
=
=
k (Tw T ) k
T / y y =0
(Tw T )
x
k
Ux 1/ 2
Nux = '(0)
1/ 2
1/ 3
Pr > 10
0.339Pr
obs:
Pr=1,
(0)=f(0)=0.332
15
q dA =
A w
L
0
qwWdx =
L
0
T
y
Wdx
y =0
U 1/ 2
= kW 0 (T Tw ) '(0)dx
x
L
UL 1/ 2
= 2k (T Tw ) '(0)W
=Re L
Def . : h
Qw
AT
Nu L
hL
k
1/ 2
Qw
L 2k (T Tw ) '(0)W Re L L
Nu L =
=
WL(T Tw ) k
WL(T Tw ) k
Nu L = 2 '(0) Re1/L 2
Nem sempre h =
1
A
hdA
A
16
m=
2m
ou =
2
1+ m
17
Na
equao
de
momentum,
2 u
u
u
dU
u +v
=U
+ 2
x
y
dx
y
dU m 2
U
= U
dx
x
Utilizando como varivel de similaridade :
U 1/ 2
y
=
Re x = y
x
x
chega - se a :
m +1
f '''+
ff ''+m(1 f '2 ) = 0 eq. Falkner - Skan
2
CC : f (0) = f '(0) = 0 f '() = 1
18
2
= WU Re L f ''(0)
3m +1
(Cx m ) x
onde Re x =
19
f(0)
1.6
2.6344
1.2326
0.5
1/3
0.75746
0.2
1/9
0.51199
0.33206
-0.14
-0.06542
0.16372
-0.1988
-0.09041
9po escoamento
placa
plana
separao
de
cam.
limite
20
T
T
2T 2 u
+v
= 2 +
x
y
y
C y 2
m +1
x d(Tw T )
U2
2
''+
Pr f '=
( 1) Pr f '+Pr f ''
2
Tw T
dx
c p (Tw T )
Para que a dependncia em x seja eliminada, necessrio que :
x d(Tw T )
1.
= cte = n
Tw T
dx
d(Tw T )
dx
=n
Tw T = C1 x n
Tw T
x
U2
2.
= cte = E
c p (Tw T )
(nmero de Eckert)
C 2 x 2m
= E 2m n = 0
c p C1 x n
Ento a eq. fica :
m +1
''+
Pr f '+2m(1 ) Pr f '= E Pr f ''2
2
CC : (0) = 0 () 1
Profa.
Mnica
Naccache
PUC-Rio
21
''+
U 1/ 2
T
qw = k
= k (T Tw ) '(0)
x
y y =0
1
C 1/ 2 2n +m
qw = kC1 x 2 '(0)
Para que o fluxo de calor seja cte :
2n + m 1 = 0 ou n = (1 m) / 2
Assim, para qw cte para placa plana (m = 0), a
distribuio de temperatura na parede deve ser tal que :
(T Tw ) = C1x1/ 2
Para o caso de escoamento normal a uma superfcie plana,
m = 1. Assim, a condio qw cte implica n = 0, i.e., Tw = cte!
Profa.
Mnica
Naccache
PUC-Rio
22
Nux = '(0) Re x
Qw =
qw dA = kW
L
0
U 1/ 2
T ) '(0)dx
(Tw
x
=C1 x m
CLm +1 1/ 2 n
2
= kW
C1L '(0)
2n + m +1
Qw = kW (Tw T ) Re L '(0)
2
2n + m +1
e
NuL =
hL
Qw
L
2
=
= Re L '(0)
k
2n + m +1
WL(Tw T ) k
Profa.
Mnica
Naccache
PUC-Rio
23
Pr=0.7
Pr=1.0
Pr=10
-0.0753
0.242
0.282
0.570
0.292
0.332
0.780
0.333
0.384
0.440
1.013
1.0
0.496
0.570
1.344
4.0
0.813
0.938
2.236
24
U2
E=
c p (Tw T )
25