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INTRODUCTION
1. Drug:
• Any externally administered substance that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body.
II. Stimulants:
○ Speed up the action of the brain and make you feel alert;
○ Sometimes given to people who are suffering from severe depression;
○ e.g. coffee, tea and nicotine.
III. Hallucinogens:
○ Cause a person to experience illusion, hallucinations and distorted images;
○ e.g. cannabis.
IV. Opiates:
○ Include opium, morphine and heroin;
○ Relieve pain and induce sleep and stupor.
II. Dependence:
○ It is the condition in which the user cannot do without the substance;
○ e.g. cigarette smoking can cause emotional dependence - crave for it, may be bad-
tempered, anxious or depressed without it;
○ May also cause physical dependence (addiction) and cause withdrawal symptoms(??).
13.1 Antibiotics
1. Antibiotics:
• Chemicals that are widely used to treat many infectious diseases caused by microorganisms;
• Produced by certain bacteria and moulds and some are man-made;
• Do not harm viruses.
II) Cephalosporins:
○ Made by the mould Cephalosporium;
○ Useful against penicillin-resistant bacteria.
III) Tetracyclines:
○ Made by the bacterium Streptomyces aurofaciens;
○ Act against a variety of bacteria (Broad-spectrum antibiotics).
IV) Erythromycins:
○ Work against the same type of bacteria as penicillin;
○ Useful against penicillin-resistant bacteria.
3. Anaesthatics:
• Drugs that made the body unable to feel pain;
• e.g. Cocaine, which causes a loss of sensation in the area where it is injected.
4. Analgesics:
• Drugs that can relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting consciousness;
• e.g. Aspirin, which relieves minor pain and reduces fever,
• If taken in large doses, may produce some side effects, e.g. gastric ulcers.
1. Heroin:
• Obtained from opium;
• A type of painkillers;
• Used as a sedative and powerful analgesic;
• Highly addictive (drug dependence), often abused by drug users.
2. Effects of heroin:
• Social problems;
• Brain damage (affect the brain);
• Lung damage (affect the lungs);
• Affect the diet - lose of weight, constipation, lose of appetite, gastric ulcers;
• Withdrawal symptoms:
○ Physically ill (experiences nausea, vomiting, uncontrolled trembling);
○ Mentally disturbed (experience acute anxiety, depression, etc.).
1. Alcohol:
• A depressant;
2. Effects of alcohol:
• Slow down some brain functions;
• Reduce nervous tension and worries;
• Self-control is reduced;
• Blurred vision and poor muscular co-ordination;
• Anaesthetize the brain and can cause unconsciousness;
• Addiction (drug dependence).
• Damage the liver because alcohol is broken down in the liver;
• Social problems.
2. Effects of nicotine:
• Stimulates the brain making the smoker alert and relaxes the muscles then, dulls the brain and
senses;
• Release adrenaline - increase the rate of heartbeat and blood pressure;
• Clots the blood easily - increasing the risk of blood clots blocking the blood vessels - clotting of
the coronary arteries cause heart attack, clotting of the capillaries of the brain cause stroke;
4. Effects of tar:
• Contains cancer-causing (carcinogens) chemicals;
• Uncontrolled multiplication of cells results in outgrowths or lumps of tissue (cancer) - blocking
off the air sacs, reducing the efficiency for gaseous exchange;
• Paralyses the cilia from removing dust particles from the lungs and trachea.
5. Smoking-related diseases:
• Lung cancer;
• Chronic brochitis;
• Emphysema.