Microorganisms & their effects on living things

Chapter 1

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The classification of micro organisms

Micro organisms are living things which are tiny (so small) that cannot be seen with the eye. There are five groups of micro organisms:
Bacteria Fungi protozoa Virus 3algae Jan 2008

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Bacteria
Structure : Have cell wall, nucleus Have various shape (rod, spherical) Reproduction : Binary fission, conjugation Feeding :
Parasitic (get food from other living organisms) Saprophytic (get food from dead & decaying matter)

Habitat : air, water, soil(all over the place)

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 Structure : the smallest m/organisms. Have many shape: sperical, rod-shaped, rocket-shaped. Have nucleus (DNA) but doesnt have plasma membrane, cytoplasm. Reproduction : only in living cell Feeding : Do not feed at all.

Virus

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 Structure : Have hyphae, cell wall, nucleus Do not have any chlorophyll. Reproduction : by spores, conjugation Feeding : Habitat : air, water, soil, on the bodies of living things
Saprophytic (get food from dead & decaying matter)

Fungi

mucor
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Protozoa
Structure : unicellular, have plasma membrane, nucleus Reproduction : binary fission, conjugation Feeding :
Saprophytic (get food from dead & decaying matter) Parasitic (get food from other living organisms)

Amoeba

Habitat : in aquatic habitat (ponds, drain, sea)

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Paramecium

Algae
Structure : unicellular, multicellular Have oval shaped, sperical or filammentous Have chloroplast Reproduction : Binary fission, conjugation, fragmentation Feeding : Habitat :
Photosynthesis Aquatic (ponds, drains) Semi aquatic (damp, rough bark on tree)

Chlamydomonas
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Factors that effect the growth of microorgasnisms

Nutrients: the absence of nutrients, m/organisms can die off or become spores Humidity : when condition are dry, m/organisms become spores / die. Light : m/organisms active in the dark Temperature : m/organisms active at 400C pH : m/organisms active in neutral condition (pH 7)

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Uses of m/organisms
Food digestion:
Helps herbivores (cow, rabbits) to digest cellulose from grass Bacteria in human large intestine produce vitamin K and vitamin B12 that can be used by the humans Bacteria & fungi decompose dead organisms (plant, animals) into ammonia to maintain the balance of nature.
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Decaying process:

Uses of m/organisms
Medicine
Antibiotics (poison produced by bacteria to kill other m/organism) Vaccines (Weaken /dead m/organisms is injected into the body to stimulate the production of Antibodies)

Agriculture:
Bacteria, fungi decompose dead organisms which add humus that improve the fertility of the soil

Industry
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Harmful effects of micro organisms

Tooth decay:
Bacteria act on food left in the mouth & produce lactic acid that corrodes the teeth

Food poisoning:
Illness caused by eating food that contaminated by bacteris, fungi or other m/organisms Symptom: vomitting, abdominal pain, diarehoea

Disease
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The spread of disease

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The spread of disease

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The spread of disease

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Ways to prevent infection

Disease that spread through air:
Covering nose & mouth while sneezing Dont spit! Avoid crowded area

Disease that spread through water:

Improve sanitary system Boil water before drink Add chlorine into tap water
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Ways to prevent infection

Disease that spread through food:
Covering food to prevent contamination by houseflies Wash hands after using toilets Cooking food sufficiently

Disease that spread through contact:

Maintain personal hygine Avoid sharing personal belongings
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Ways to prevent infection

Disease that spread through vectors:
Controlling the breeding

Preventing disease through sterilisation

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Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the body to fight the disease Immunity is due to the presence of white blood cells in the body that produce antibodies There are 4 types of immunities:
Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity
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Treating disease caused by microorganisms

Some diseases are treated by antibiotics & antifungal drugs Antibiotic (a poisonous substances produced by a microorganisms too kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms Antifungal drugs can be used to treat disease caused by fungi (athletes foot and ringworm) 3 Jan 2008 Hak cipta Pn. Naida SMKSI 19

The End

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Uses of m/organisms

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Controlling the breeding

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Natural active immunity

Body produce its own antibodies

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Artificial active immunity

BCG

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Natural passive immunity Antibodies are

given to the body

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Artificial passive immunity

Antibodies are given to the body

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