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5 SCIENTIFIC METHODS: OBSERVATION IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM CONSTRUCTING OF HYPOTHESES TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENTATION DEDUCTIVE LOGIC
GENERATING CONCLUSION
7 RELATED STUDIES PURE SCIENCE GEOLOGY (HISTORY) PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY/PHYSIOGRAPHY (FEATURES) AQUATIC SCIENCE METEOROLOGY/ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE PALEONTOLOGY ASTRONOMY
THERMOCOUPLE temperature
ASTRONOMY science
astron + nomos
ASTROLOGY belief
PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS CELESTIAL BODIES ARE ROUND HELIOCENTRIC THEORY UNIVERSE.MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES
ARISTARCHUS TRIED TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE AND SIZE OF THE EARTH, MOON AND SUN
ERATOSTHENES DETERMINED THE SIZE OF THE EARTH MOON AND SUN BY MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES
MONDAY MOON TUESDAY MARS WEDNESDAY MERCURY THURSDAY JUPITER FRIDAY VENUS SATURDAY SATURN SUNDAY SUN
TYCHO BRAHE CREATED THE DEVICE THAT MEASURED THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON, STARS AND PLANETS
GALILEO GALILEI IMPRVMT. OF THE TELESCOPE EVIDENCE FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
UNIVERSAL ERA
PHYSICAL COSMOLOGY BRANCH OF ASTRONOMY HOW THE UNVERSE FORMED AND EVOLVED ORGINATED FROM METAPHYSICS AND THEOLOGY
3 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS OF COSMOLOGY 2ND CENTURY: CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (PHYSICS OF ARISTOTLE) 16TH CENTURY: NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (PHYSICS OF NEWTON) 20TH CENTURY: EDWIN HUBBLE (PHYSICS OF EINSTEIN)
THE UNIVERSE DARK MATTER ANYTHING THAT EXISTS IN SPACE AND TIME 13.7 Ga
RED SHIFT HAPPENS WHEN LIGHT MOVES AWAY INCREASE IN WAVE LENGTH
BLUE SHIFT HAPPENS WHEN LIGHT MOVES CLOSER DECREASE IN WAVE LENGTH e.g. ANDROMEDA
WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE (WMAP) MEASURES COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION ARNO PENZIAS and ROBERT WILSON
STEADY STATE THEORY HERMAN BONDI, THOMAS GOLD and FRED HOYLE
HUBBLE TUNING-FORK
STARS HUGE; MASSIVE SPHERES INCANDESCENT GAS BEGINS AS GAS AND DUST
PARALLAX SLIGHT SHIFTING OF THE STARS DUE TO ORBITAL MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH
PARSEC 3.26 LIGHT YEARS DISTANCE FROM THE SUN OF ANY OBJECT WHICH HAS A PARSEC OF 1 ARC SEC
STELLAR BRIGHTNESS: APPARENT MAGNITUDE THE BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR VIEWED FROM EARTH FACTORS BIGNESS FARNESS HOTNESS
ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE APPARENT BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR VIEWED FROM A DISTANCE OF 32.6 LIGHT YEARS/10 PARSECS
HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSEL DIAGRAM (HR) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS
STELLAR EVOLUTION: PROTOSTAR STAGE COLLAPSING CLOUD AND GAS DUST DESTINED TO BE A STAR
MAIN-SEQUENCE STAGE 90% OF STAR-LIFE SMALLER STARS LIVE LONGER THAN BIGGER STARS
BURNOUT AND DEATH OUT OF NUCEAR FUEL BECOMES WHITE DWARF STARS WHICH IS THREE TIMES THE SUNS MASS DIES FASTER SUPERNOVA NEUTRON STAR COMPOSED OF NEUTRONS HIGH DENSITY BLACK HOLE MASSIVE STAR SMALL VOLUME
PLANETARY NEBULA ROUND CLOUD OF GAS CASTED BY MEDIUM-MASS STARS DURING RED GIANT STAGE TO TURNING INTO WHITE DWARVES
SOLAR NEBULA THEORY SUN IS FORMED DUE TO GRAVITY PULLING ALL MATERIALS TO THE SWIRLING CENTER SOLAR SYSTEM WAS COALESCED FROM FRIGID DUST AND ROTATING GAS PLANETESIMALS SMALL IRREGULARLY SHAPED MATTERS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
SUN 4.6B YEARS OLD WILL LAST TIL ITS PRESENT STATE FOR 10B YEARS PRODUCES ENERGY (HEAT) THROUGH NUCLEAR FUSION CORE 15MC PRESSURE 100B TIMES OF EARTHS ATOMS ARE VERY INTACT WHICH CAUSES FUSION 6000 K/ 10,000F
PHOTOSPHERE REGION OF THE SUN WHICH RADIATES ENERGY TO SPACE SUNSPOT DARK SPOT OF THE SUN COLD
JOVIAN PLANETS HUGE, GAS GIANTS JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE HAS RING VERYTHICK ATMOSPHERE OF: HYDROGEN HELIUM METHANE AMMONIA
8 PLANETS: MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JUPITER LARGEST AND MOST MASSIVE PLANET OBLATE 10HR ROTATION DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION 1% DENSITY OF ATMOSPHERE OF EARTH RED PLANET (IRON OXIDE) MASSIVE VOLCANOES OLYMPUS MONS (VOLCANO) VELLES MARINERIS (POLAR ICE CAPS) EARTHS TWIN THICK ATMOSPHERE RETROGADES 243 DAYS VOLCANIC PRODUCE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT HEAVILY CRATERED NO ATMOSPHERE LARGE IRON CORE
86% H 14% He ZONES (HIGHER; COOLER) BELTS (LOWER; WARMER) GIANT RED SPOT LIQUID METAL HYDROGEN PRESSURE 50M TIMES OF THE EARTH FAST ROTATING
SATURN LIQUID METAL HYDROGEN TILTS 27 ROTATES 10 AND A HALF HR ATMOSPHERE HAS COLORED BANDS WEAKER MAGNETIC FIELD THAN JUPITER VERY THIN RING (50m or LESS)
NEPTUNE EXHIBITS WEATHER PATTERNS IN THE ATMOSPHERE DENSEST OF THE JOVIAN PLANETS STRONGEST WINDS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
URANUS and NEPTUNE NEARLY TWINS IN SIZE 4 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE EARTH ATMOSPHERE SUBTLE BANDS STRONG WINDS STORMS 17HRS ROTATION
5 DWARF PLANETS: PLUTO ERIS LARGETS WAS THE 9TH PLANET FROM THE SUN KUIPER BELT WASNT IN THE ORBIT AROUND THE SUN WASNT MASSIVE ENOUGH TO BE A PLANET HADNT CLEARED THE NEIGHBORHOOD AROUND ITS ORBIT ROCKY AND ICY BODIES ECCENTRIC AND HIGHLY INCLINED ORBIT
153 SATELLITES
ASTEROID SMALL, ROCKY BODY CARBONACEOUS, SILICATE and METAL MOSTLY LIE BETWEEN THE ORBITS OF MARS and JUPITER
COMETS SMALL, ROCKY BODIES WITH METALLIC PIECES HELD TOGETHER BY FROZEN GASES AND WATER REVOLVE ABOUT THE SUN IN ELONGATED ORBITS
MOON EARTHS NATURAL SATELLITE SURFACE GRAVITY: 1/6 OF THE EARTH NO MAGNETIC FIELD 27.3 DAYS ROTATION
DOUBLE PLANET THEORY THE MOON WAS FORMED IN THE SAME MATERIAL WHERE THE EARTH CAME FROM
IMPACT THEORY A VERY LARGE OBJECT HIT EARTH WHEN IT WAS STILL MOLTEN, CREATING A NEW HEAVENLY BODY APOGEE FARTHEST PART OF THE ORBIT OF THE MOON TO THE EARTH
8 PHASES OF THE MOON: NEW MOON WAXING CRESCENT FIRST QUARTER WAXING GIBBOUS FULL WANING GIBBOUS LAST QUARTER WANING CRESCENT
NEAP TIDES WHEN SUN, MOON AND EARTH FORMS RIGHT ANGLE
ECLIPSE AN ASTRONOMICAL EVENT ANY BODY WHICH PASSES THROUGH THE LIGHT WHICH CASTS SHADOW