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ho frqmxqwr gh pdwulfhv fxdgudgdv gh rughq 5 frq frhflhqwhv hq ] | +., od rshudflq ghqlgd sru 3 d . d3 e . e3 d e d e3 @ > . f g f3 g3 f . f3 g . g3 Vroxflq= Yhultxhprv txh P5 +], fxpsoh frq odv surslhgdghv gh juxsr e3 g3 33 d > f33 d e f g e33 g33 shuwhqhflhqwhv d P5 +],1 Vh wlhqh vxfhvlydphqwh= hqwrqfhv P5 +], hv xq juxsr1
P5 +], @
d e f g
= d> e> f> g 5 ]
l, Dvrfldwlylgdg= 3 d e d Vhdq > f g f3 @ @ @ @ @ @
ll, H{lvwhqfld gho qhxwur= 3 3 d e H{lvwh 5 P5 +], wdo txh sdud wrgr 5 P5 +], vh wlhqh 3 3 f g 3 3 d e d e 3 3 d e . @ . @ 3 3 f g f g 3 3 f g
33 d3 e3 d e33 . . f3 g3 f33 g33 d . d3 e . e3 d33 e33 . / sru ghqlflq gh . 3 3 f.f g.g f33 g33 +d . d3 , . d33 +e . e3 , . e33 +f . f3 , . f33 +g . g3 , . g33 d . +d3 . d33 e . +e3 . e33 / dvrfldwlylgdg hq ] f . +f3 . f33 g . +g3 . g33 3 d e d . d33 e3 . e33 . f3 . f33 g3 . g33 f g 33 3 e33 d d e d e3 . . f3 g3 f33 g33 f g
Revhuydflq= Pxfkdv yhfhv vh suhwhqgh ghprvwudu txh xq frqmxqwr hv juxsr prvwudqgr txh 5 6 hohphqwrv sduwlfxoduhv/ wrpdgrv do d}du/ vdwlvidfhq odv surslhgdghv gh fodxvxud/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwr qhxwur | h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwr lqyhuvr1 Wdo dfflq qr ghpxhvwud txh xq frqmxqwr hv juxsr> wdpsrfr vhu xqd ghprvwudflq yolgd vl vh wrpd xq prqwq gh hohphqwrv gho frqmxqwr1 Od qlfd irupd gh ghprvwudu hvwr hv wrpqgrorv wrgrv/ yhulfdqgr txh wrgrv hq frqmxqwr fxpsohq odv surslhgdghv gh fodxvxud/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwr qhxwur | h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwrv lqyhuvrv +Qrwh orv fxdqwlfdgruhv xvdgrv hq odv surslhgdghv,1 Hq ho fdvr txh vh txlhud suredu txh xq frqmxqwr qr hv juxsr/ edvwd ghprvwudu txh h{lvwh do phqrv dojxqd surslhgdg txh qr vh fxpsod1 Vhjq od uhjod lqglfd od qhjdflq gh od sursrvlflq=
lll, H{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwrv lqyhuvrv= d e d e Sdud wrgr 5 P5 +], h{lvwh 5 P5 +], wdo txh f g f g d e d e d e d e 3 3 . @ . @ f g f g f g f g 3 3
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR Wrgrv orv hohphqwrv gh J fxpsohq wrgdv odv surslhgdghv H{lvwh do phqrv xq hohphqwr gh J txh qr fxpsoh dojxqd surslhgdg
46
hv=
Hmhpsor 5 Vhd
Sru hvr hv txh fxdqgr vh txlhuh suredu txh xq frqmxqwr J hv xq juxsr vh wrpdq xqrv hohphqwrv gh J jhqulfrv txh uhsuhvhqwdq d fxdohvtxlhud gh orv hohphqwrv gh J1 E@ d 4 e 3 = d> e 5 ]
frq od vxpd +., ghqlgd hq ho hmhpsor 41 Hqwrqfhv +E> ., qr hv xq juxsr/ sxhvwr txh qr vh yhulfd od surslhgdg gh fodxvxud1 Hq hihfwr> 4 4 5 4 5E | 5E 4 3 3 3 shur |d txh od hqwudgd vxshulru ghuhfkd gh od pdwul} uhvxowdqwh qr hv 4/ frqglflq qhfhvduld sdud hvwdu hq ho frqmxqwr E 1 Hmhpsor 6 Vhd F @ i+{> | , = { 5 ]> | 5 Qj | vhd +{4 > |4 , +{5 > |5 , @ +{4 od rshudflq ghqlgd sru {5 > |4 . |5 , 4 4 4 3 . 5 4 3 3 @ 6 5 4 3 95 E
Hqwrqfhv +F> , qr hv juxsr1 Hq hihfwr> +4> 5,> +6> 8,> + 4> 7, 5 F Sru rwud sduwh
++4> 5, +6> 8,, + 4> 7, @ +4 6> 5 . 8, + 4> 7, @ + 4> 44, + 4,> 8 . 7,
Frpr + 4> 44, 9@ + 6> 44,/ hqwrqfhv qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg dvrfldwlyd1 e oodpdgr ho frqmxqwr gh orv Qphurv Udflrqdohv1 Frqvlghuh odv rshudflrqhv vxpd | surgxfwr ghqlgdv sru= d . e d e f g f g @ @ Hmhpsor 7 Vhd T @ qd = d 5 ]> e 5 ] r i3j >
+4> 5, ++6> 8, + 4> 7,, @ +4> 5, +6 @ + 6> 44,
.ef 5 T | df i3j1 +T> ., hv juxsr | Qrwh txh dgeg eg 5 T/ sxhvwr txh/ dg . ef 5 ]/ df 5 ] | eg 5 ] +T i3j> , hv juxsr1 Vh ghmd frpr hmhuflflr od yhulfdflq gh odv uhvshfwlydv surslhgdghv1
dg . ef eg df eg
Hmhpsor 8 = Vhdq J @ i+{> | , = { 5 T > | 5 ]j |
Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1
+{> | , +{3 > | 3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 ,
od rshudflq ghqlgd sru=
47 d, Ho hohphqwr qhxwur gh J hv +3> 3,1 f, Ho lqyhuvr gh +4> 7, hv +3> 7,1 g, +J> , hv xq juxsr1 Vroxflq= h, J fxpsoh od frqpxwdwlylgdg1 d, Idovr/ h{lvwh +5> 6, 5 J/ wdo txh
e, H{lvwh xq hohphqwr qhxwur sdud J1
e, Yhugdghur/ srutxh h{lvwh ho hohphqwr +4> 3, 5 J wdo txh sdud wrgr +{> | , 5 J> +{> | , +4> 3, @ +4> 3, +{> | , @ +{> |, +4> 7, +3> 7, @ +3> 3, 9@ +4> 3, +3> 3, +{> |, @ +3> | , 9@ +4> 3,
+5> 6, +3> 3, @ +3> 6, 9@ +5> 6,
f, Idovr>
g, Idovr/ srutxh h{lvwh +3> 3, 5 J wdo txh sdud wrgr +{> | , 5 J> h, Yhugdghur/ sxhv sdud wrgr +{> |,> +{3 > | 3 , 5 J> hv ghflu/ +3/ 3, qr wlhqh lqyhuvr1
oxhjr
+{> | , +{3 > |3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 , @ +{3 {> | 3 . | , @ +{3 > | 3 , +{> |, +{> | , +{3 > |3 , @ +{3 > | 3 , +{> |,
Dgplwluhprv od h{lvwhqfld gh xq frqmxqwr U fx|rv hohphqwrv vh oodpduq qphurv uhdohv1 Hq ho frqmxqwr U vh wlhqhq odv rshudflrqhv ixqgdphqwdohv= Od vxpd r dglflq= d . e Ho surgxfwr r pxowlsolfdflq= d e Frqvlguhqvh orv vljxlhqwhv d{lrpdv ll, +U > ., hv juxsr deholdqr ly, Glvwulexwlylgdg= l, 3 5 U / 4 5 U / 3 9@ 4
41515
D{lrpdv gh U frpr Fxhusr
lll, ++U
i3j,> , hv juxsr deholdqr
Vh glfh txh ho frqmxqwr U surylvwr gh wrgrv orv d{lrpdv gdgrv dqwhulruphqwh hv xq Fxhusr | vh hvfuleh> +U> .> , hv xq fxhusr1 Orv hohphqwrv qhxwurv gh U vrq ho 3 | ho 4 +sdud od dglflq | pxowlsolfdflq uhvshfwlydphqwh, shur qxqfd khprv sxhvwr hq gxgd txh hvwrv vrq orv qlfrv frq hvwd surslhgdg1 Hq hihfwr/ sru hmhpsor 4 hv ho qhxwur pxowlsolfdwlyr/ vhjq hvwdeohfh od sursrvlflq vljxlhqwh1
;d> e> f 5 U = d+e . f, @ de . df
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR Sursrvlflq 416 Hq orv qphurv uhdohv whqhprv l, Ho qhxwur dglwlyr hv qlfr ll, Ho qhxwur pxowlsolfdwlyr hv qlfr
48
lll, Ho lqyhuvr dglwlyr gh xq qphur uhdo hv qlfr
Vlq gxgd/ sdud od pd|rud gh qrvrwurv hvwd vhu od sulphud ghprvwudflq gh xqlflgdg | vlhqgr dvhv exhqr kdfhu qrwdu txh pxfkdv yhfhv ghehuhprv suredu txh dojq hqwh pdwhpwlfr hv qlfr1 Or xvxdo hq hvwrv fdvrv hv xvdu ho pwrgr gho devxugr txh frqvlvwh hq vxsrqhu +hq hvwrv sureohpdv, txh kd| grv hohphqwrv +hv ghflu/ txh qr hv qlfr, txh fxpsohq od surslhgdg txh orv ghqh +sru hmhpsor vhu qhxwur, | edmr hvwh vxsxhvwr oohjdu d xqd iudvh pdwhpwlfd txh vhd idovd1 Ghprvwudflq= +l, Vxsrqjdprv txh 3> 33 5 U vrq grv qhxwurv dglwlyrv glvwlqwrv +3 9@ 33 ,/ hv ghflu/ 3 | 3* fxpsohq ;d 5 U d @ 3 . d @ d . 3 ;e 5 U e . 33 @ 33 . e @ e 33 @ 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 @ 3
ly, Ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh xq qphur uhdo qr qxor hv qlfr
Frpr 33 5 U/ hq sduwlfxodu vh sxhgh wrpdu d @ 33 hq 414/ dvwhqhprv txh Dqorjdphqwh frqvlghudqgr e @ 3 hq 415 vh wlhqh Frqhfwdqgr odv fdghqdv 416 | 417 vh wlhqh txh hv ghflu/
+414, +415, +416, +417,
33 @ 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 @ 3 33 @ 3
or txh kdfh xqd frqwudglfflq frq 3 9@ 33 Vh ghmdq frpr hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru odv ghprvwudflrqhv gh odv sduwhv +ll,/ +lll, | +ly, gh od sursrvlflq1 Revhuydflq= Hv lpsruwdqwh dfodudu txh ho pwrgr gho devxugr hv px| wlo sdud ghprvwudu sursrvlflrqhv gho wlsr s,t +418, Ho pwrgr frqvlvwh hq vxsrqhu txh vh fxpsoh od qhjdflq gh 418 +s , t ,> sa t hv ghflu/ vxsrqhu txh vh yhulfd
| d sduwlu gh hood rewhqhu xqd frqwudglfflq/ od txh qrv shuplwh dupdu txh 419 hv idovr/ | sru or wdqwr txh od sursrvlflq 418 hv yhugdghud1 Frpr hmhpsor/ surehprv xqd surslhgdg txh qrv vhu wlo pv dghodqwh1 Hmhpsor 9 Vl s5 hv sdu/ hqwrqfhv s hv sdu1
5
5
+419,
Revhuyh txh od sursrvlflq hq 41: hv gho wlsr u , v grqgh u @= s hv sdu | od sursrvlflq v hv v @= s hv sdu1
5 Xvduhprv ho vperor % sdud lqglfdu txh od sursrvlflq d od l}txlhugd gh o hvw ghqlgd sru od h{suhvlq d vx ghuhfkd1 Dtx u s2 hv sdu vljqlfd txh od sursrvlflq u vh ghqh frpr od sursrvlflq s2 hv sdu1
+41:,
'G
'G
49
Ghprvwudflq= Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr/ hv ghflu/ s5 hv sdu | s qr hv sdu1 Frpr s qr hv sdu s gheh vhu lpsdu> oxhjr h{lvwh n 5 ] wdo txh s @ 5n . 4 shur s5 @ @ @ @ @ +5n . 4,+5n . 4, +5n . 4,5n . +5n . 4, 4 7n5 . 5n . 5n . 4 7n5 . 7n . 4 5+5n5 . 5n, . 4
Hmhpsor :
oxhjr s5 @ 5n3 . 4 frq n3 @ 5n5 . 5n 5 ] gh grqgh s5 hv lpsdu> or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr txh s5 hv sdu1 Hq frqvhfxhqfld Vl s5 hv sdu/ hqwrqfhv s hv sdu Qrwdflq= d 4 lqglfd ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gho qphur uhdo qr qxor d1 Frq orv d{lrpdv gh fxhusr ghprvwuduhprv dojxqdv surslhgdghv evlfdv gh U1 +d . e, @ + d, . + e, + d, @ d
4 4
l,
Sursrvlflq 417 Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv ll, @d e > d 9@ 3> e 9@ 3
lll, +de, ly, +d yl,
y, e 3 @ 3
@ d>
d 9@ 3
yll, + d,+ e, @ de
+de, @ + d,e @ d+ e,
Ghprvwudflq= l, Frpr d | e vrq qphurv uhdohv/ d . e wdpelq hv xq qphur uhdo1 Dv/ sru d{lrpd/ hvwh owlpr wlhqh vx lqyhuvr dglwlyr txh hv +d . e,/ sru or wdqwr Sru rwud sduwh/ sru frqpxwdwlylgdg/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr | d{lrpd gho qhxwur whqhprv txh +d . e, . + d, . + e, @ +d . + d,, . +e . + e,, @ 3.3 @ 3 +d . e, . + d, . + e, @ 3 +d . e, . + +d . e,, @ 3
Sru or wdqwr
hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg qrv glfh txh wdpelq + d, . + e, hv lqyhuvr gh +d . e,1 Gh hvwd irupd/ sru xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr/ vh wlhqh txh +d . e, @ + d, . + e, ll, Sru d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr h{lvwh + d, 5 U | + d, . d @ d . + d, @ 3 + d, 5 U | qrwhprv txh
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR |
4:
ljxdogdghv txh qrv glfhq txh wdqwr d frpr xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr
+ + d,, . + d, @ + d, . + + d,, @ 3 d@ + d,
+ d, vrq lqyhuvrv dglwlyrv gh + d,> hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru
Dqorjdphqwh vh ghpxhvwudq +lll, | +ly, fdpeldqgr vxpd sru pxowlsolfdflq | qdwxudophqwh fdpeldqgr od qrwdflq gh lqyhuvr dglwlyr d lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr1 y, Sxhvwr txh sru d{lrpd gho qhxwur dglwlyr hqwrqfhv whqhprv sru glvwulexwlylgdg oxhjr 3@3.3 e 3 @ e +3 . 3, @ e 3 . e 3 e 3@e 3.e 3
Vxpdqgr d dperv plhpeurv gh od hfxdflq BB ho lqyhuvr dglwlyr gho qphur uhdo e 3/ dvrfldqgr ghelgdphqwh/ | sru od surslhgdg gho qhxwur h lqyhuvr dglwlyr vh wlhqh txh e 3 . + +e 3,, 3 3 3 @ @ @ @ e e e e 3 . e 3 . + +e 3,, 3 . +e 3 . + +e 3,,, 3.3 3
oxhjr
yl, Od ghprvwudflq frqvlvwh hq suredu txh +de, | + d,e vrq lqyhuvrv dglwlyrv gho plvpr qphur= Fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh +de, hv ho lqyhuvr gh +de, oxhjr Sru rwur odgr sru od surslhgdg gh glvwulexwlylgdg/ d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr | sru BB whqhprv txh de . + d,e @ +d . + d,,e @ 3 e @ 3 de . + d,e @ 3 +de, @ + d,e de . + +de,, @ 3
e 3@3
oxhjr
ljxdogdg txh qrv glfh txh + d,e wdpelq hv lqyhuvr gh de/ dv/ sru xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr gh de vh wlhqh txh Dghpv/ sru frqpxwdwlylgdg/ BB vh wlhqh txh
sru or wdqwr
+de, @ +ed, @ + e,d @ d+ e, +de, @ d+ e,
4; txh hv od rwud ljxdogdg txh txhudprv suredu1 yll, Frqvlghuhprv + d,+ e, @ +d+ e,, @ + +de,, @ de + d,+ e, @ de
oxhjr
xvdqgr yl, xvdqgr yl, xvdqgr ll,
or txh suxhed qdophqwh od sursrvlflq1 Frurodulr 418 +e, @ l, + 4,+ 4, @ 4
ll,
Ghprvwudflq= Wrpdqgr d @ 4 | e @ 4 hq yll, vh wlhqh txh | wrpdqgr d @ 4 hq yl, vh wlhqh Qrwdflrqhv= Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv hvfuleluhprv + 4,+ 4, @ 4 +e, @ +4e, @ + 4,e
+4e, @ + 4,e
Hmhpsor ; Fxdqgr dqrwdprv
d . + e, @ = d 4 > d 4 @ d d > de 4 @ e {5 4 7
e 9@ 3
d 9@ 3
+41;,
hvwdprv kdeodqgr gho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh {5 71 Gh hvwd irupd/ {54 vl {5 7 9@ 3> hv ghflu/ vl { 9@ 5 | { 9@ 5/ dvod ljxdogdg hvw ghqlgd hq U vl | vor vl { 5 U {5 4 7 @ +{5 7,
4
vhud xq qphur uhdo vl | vor
Revhuydflq= Vl d> e 5 U
i3j/ hqwrqfhv>
i 5> 5j+hq rwur fdvr dpedv h{suhvlrqhv fduhfhq gh vhqwlgr,1 d e

4
hq hihfwr/ xvdqgr od sursrvlflq 417 | od qrwdflq dqwhulru> d e

4
e d
@ +de
@d
+e
@d
e @ ed
Pxfkdv hqwuh odv revhuydflrqhv dqwhulruhv | odv txh yhqguq/ vrq idplolduhv do ohfwru/ pv dq/ |d odv kd xwlol}dgr> shur or txh ghehprv qrwdu hv txh vrq sursrvlflrqhv txh vh sxhghq ghprvwudu | txh wrgdv surylhqhq gh orv d{lrpdv gh fxhusr txh fxpsoh U1
e d
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR Hmhpsor < Vhdq d> f 5 U> e> g 5 U i3j Ghprvwuduhprv txh vh wlhqh odv vljxlhqwhv ljxdogdghv d f . @ e g d f @ e g
4<
Xvdqgr od qrwdflq/ sursrvlflq 417 | orv d{lrpdv gh U vh wlhqh txh

dg.ef eg
dg . ef eg df eg
+4143,
+41<,
Dghpv=
@ @ @ @ @ @ @
d f e g
+dg . ef,+eg, 4 dg+eg, 4 . ef+eg, 4 dge 4 g 4 . efe 4 g 4 d+gg 4 ,e 4 . +ee 4 ,fg d4e 4 . 4fg 4 de 4 . fg 4 d. f e g @ +de
4
qrwdflq glvwulexwlylgdg 417lll, frqpxwdwlylgdg | dvrfldwlylgdg surslhgdg lqyhuvrv surslhgdg qhxwur qrwdflq g
4
Odv surslhgdghv dqwhulruhv wlhqhq od yhqwdmd gh txh qrv shuplwhq wudedmdu frq h{suhvlrqhv pv vlpsol0 fdgdv
,+fg
, @ dfe
@ df+eg,
df eg
Vxefrqmxqwrv Qrwdeohv
Dojxqrv vxefrqmxqwrv qrwdeohv gh U txh phqflrqdprv do sulqflslr gho fdswxor vrq Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Qdwxudohv1 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Hqwhurv1 Q @ i4> 5> 6> 7> 8> = = =j
Rwurv frqmxqwrv qrwdeohv vrq
Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Udflrqdohv1 qd = d 5 ]ae 5] T @ e
] @ i= = = > 6> 5> 4> 3> 4> 5> 6> 7> = = =j i3j r
Q3 @ Q ^ i3j @ ]. 3 L@U T
hvwh owlpr oodpdgr ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Luudflrqdohv1 Qdwxudophqwh vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh fdghqd gh ghvljxdogdghv | dghpv6
] @ i q = q 5 Qj
Q Q3 @ ]. 3 ] T U bL @ U T^ 3> 6>
Qrwhprv txh orv vljxlhqwhv qphurv uhdohv
4> 657>
6
lqglfd xqlq glvmxqwd1
4> 5 3> 69
53
vrq qphurv udflrqdohv/ sxhv hoorv vh sxhghq h{suhvdu gh od irupd d > e sdud dojq d 5 ]> e 5 ] 3> 6 @ 6 < 4> 5 @ 3> 69 i3j
45 43 69 433
Sru hmhpsor
4> 657 @
| vlpsolfdqgr fdgd xqd rewhqhprv h{suhvlrqhv udflrqdohv pv vlpsohv 4> 657 @

664 583
4657 > 4333
453 69
>
3> 6 @ 4 > 6 s 5>
4>5 3>69
43 6
Dojxqrv hmhpsorv gh qphurv luudflrqdohv vrq >
grqgh vh dsur{lpd do udflrqdo 6> 47 | h vh dsur{lpd do udflrqdo 5> :41 Hvwdv dsur{lpdflrqhv vrq xvdgdv sdud kdfhu dojxqrv fofxorv phqruhv pv vlpsohv/ shur hoorv wlhqhq lqqlwrv ghflpdohv | qr vrq shulglfrv1 s Sureduhprv pv dghodqwh txh 5 hv xq qphur luudflrqdo1 Uhfrughprv txh ho udglr gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld hvw frqwhqlgr 5 yhfhv hq vx flufxqihuhqfld1 Dkrud yhdprv dojxqrv hmhpsorv txh pxhvwudq dojxqdv gh odv surslhgdghv dojheudlfdv txh fxpsohq orv vxefrqmxqwrv gh U dqwhulruphqwh phqflrqdgrv1 Hmhpsor 43 Ghwhuplqhprv vl vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv 41 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv luudflrqdohv fxpsoh frq ho d{lrpd gh fodxvxud sdud od vxpd r ho surgxfwr ghqlgrv hq U
61 +]> .> , hv xq fxhusr Vroxflq=
51 +L> ., hv xq juxsr
71 +T > .> , hv xq fxhusr s 5|e@ s 5 vrq luudflrqdohv shur d.e@3
41 Idovr1 Orv qphurv d @
51 Idovr1 Sru or dqwhulru hv fodur txh +L> ., qr hv juxsr 61 Idovr1 Vl +]> .> , ixhud fxhusr/ hqwrqfhv +] lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr1 71 Yhugdghur1 +T > ., hv juxsr/ +T
/ sru hmhpsor,> sru or wdqwr qr fxpsoh frq od surslhgdg gh fodxvxud txh hv xq qphur udflrqdo +3 @ 3 4 s s s sdud od vxpd1 Sru rwud sduwh vl wrpdprv dkrud d @ e @ 5/ hqwrqfhv de @ 5 5 @ 5 txh hv xq qphur udflrqdo> sru or wdqwr qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh fodxvxud sdud ho surgxfwr ghqlgr hq U1 i3j> , vhud juxsr> shur ] qr fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh
i3j> , hv juxsr | vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg glvwulexwlyd hq T1
54
41516
Ghqlflq 419 Vhd d 5 U / q 5 ]. 1 Vh ghqh od srwhqfld uhdo gh edvh d | h{srqhqwh q sru= dq @ d ~} d d d

q
Srwhqfldv Hqwhudv
yhfhv
ll, dq.4 @ dq d/ ;q 5 Q3
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58
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59
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Vroxflq= Pxowlsolfdqgr sru 6 od vhjxqgd hfxdflq | vxpqgrvhod d od sulphud vh rewlhqh od hfxdflq gh grqgh { @ 4 1 Vxvwlwx|hqgr hvwh ydoru hq fxdotxlhud gh odv grv hfxdflrqhv vh rewlhqh | @ 6 1 7 7 Oxhjr od vroxflq gho vlvwhpd hv > |@6 {@ 4 7 7 49{ @ 7
r ho sxqwr +{> | , @ +4@7> 6@7, Od lqwhusuhwdflq jhrpwulfd gh hvwd vroxflq hv ho sxqwr gh lqwhuvhfflq gh odv uhfwdv fx|dv hfxdflrqhv vrq { 6| @ 5 | 8{ . | @ 5 frpr vh pxhvwud hq od vljxlhqwh jxud
64
Hmhuflflr 57 Xq flhuwr qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq xqd uhvlghqfldo1 Vl vh xelfdudq grv hvwxgldqwhv sru kdelwdflq hqwrqfhv txhgdudq 5 hvwxgldqwhv vlq slh}d1 Vl vh xelfdudq 6 hvwxgldqwhv sru kdelwdflq hqwrqfhv vreududq 5 slh}dv1 Fxqwdv kdelwdflrqhv glvsrqleohv kd| hq od uhvlghqfldo | fxqwrv hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq hoodB Vroxflq= Vhdq { = qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv | = qphur gh kdelwdflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv srghprv uhsuhvhqwdu ho sureohpd phgldqwh odv hfxdflrqhv { 5| @ 5 { 6+| 5, @ 3 ghvshmdqgr { gh od sulphud hfxdflq | uhhpso}dqgroh hq od vhjxqgd/ |@; Sru or wdqwr kd| ; kdelwdflrqhv | 4; hvwxgldqwhv1 { @ 4;
65
Vroxflq= Vhdq { @= orqjlwxg gh od fkdsd hq fhqwphwurv | @= dqfkr gh od fkdsd hq fhqwphwurv/ hqwrqfhv od fdmd wlhqh odv glphqvlrqhv vljxlhqwhv +yhu jxud yhujxud dqwhulru,= orqjlwxg = +{ ;, fp dqfkr = +| ;, fp dowxud = 7 fp
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or txh qr vh sxhgh gdu sru od uhvwulfflq1 Sru od plvpd ud}q qr vh sxhgh gdu txh { @ srvlelolgdg hv txh s {@ 6 ;{|} @ ;| 5 45 @ |5 +45 |@ |5, @ 3 s 45
{@3 b |@3 b }@3
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;{|} @ 4;} 5 }@ s 7 6 6
Sru rwud sduwh/ frpr {|} @ 45/ hqwrqfhv {|} @ @ 45

4 6 Frpr
s s s s s 6 45 7 6 7 45 5 6 @ @ 45 6 45 6
khprv qrwdgr/ h{lvwhq yduldv irupdv gh uhvroyhu orv vlvwhpdv gh hfxdflrqhv1 Qr h{lvwh xqd wfqlfd dsolfdeoh vlhpsuh>
or lps ruwdqwh hv qr frphwhu ho wslfr huuru gh ghmdu dojq fdvr vlq dqdol}du1
4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ Hq frqvhfxhqfld od vroxflq gho vlvwhpd 4165 hv s { @ 6>
84
Qrwd= Hv lpsruwdqwh uhfrugdu txh frq iuhfxhqfld vh udflrqdol}d dqwhv gh hqwuhjdu xq uhvxowdgr +frpr hq ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru, 7 vh fdpeld sru vx htxlydohqwh Sru hmhpsor ho uhvxowdgr } @ s 6 s 7s 7 6 6= }@ s s @ 6 6 6
s | @ 5 6>
s 7 6 }@ > 6
s 5 6 @ 6
41616
s s D frqwlqxdflq surehprv txh 5 qr hv udflrqdo +r elhq= hq jhqhudo/ vl s hv xq qphur sulpr/ hqwrqfhv s hv luudflrqdo,1 s Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr/ hv ghflu/ vxsrqjdprv txh 5 hv udflrqdo/ hvwr hv/ frq s 5 ] / t 5 ] hq wdo fdvr i3j1 Vlhpsuh hv srvleoh hvfrjhu s | t wdo txh od iudfflq s t hvw vlpsolfdgd do p{lpr/ s s t @ 5 / s5 @ 5t 5 /
s5 t5 @ 5
s 2 hv luudflrqdo
5@
s t
oxhjr s5 hv xq qphur sdu | sru 41:/ s gheh vhu sdu/ hv ghflu/ s @ 5n/ sdud dojq n 5 ]. 1 Sru or wdqwr | frpr s5 @ 5t 5 / vh wlhqh txh 5t 5 @ 7n5 / dvt 5 @ 5n5 1 Hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg qrv glfh txh t 5 hv xq qphur sdu | sru 41: t wdpelq hv sdu1 Sru or dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh t | s vrq sduhv/ or txh frqwudglfh ho khfkr txh s t hvwded vlpsolfdgd do s p{lpr/ gh hvwd irupd 5 qr sxhgh vhu xq qphur udflrqdo1 Dvkhprv rewhqlgr ho lpsruwdqwh uhvxowdgr= s 5 hv luudflrqdo +4168, s s Dvlplvpr/ 5 qr hv udflrqdo1 Hq hihfwr/ vl 5 ixhud udflrqdo/ hqwrqfhv gdgr txh +T > ., hv juxsr s vx lqyhuvr dglwlyr 5 gheh vhu udflrqdo or txh frqwudglfh 41681 s Frq dujxphqwrv vlploduhv vh sxhgh suredu txh sdud wrgr qphur hqwhur s vh wlhqh txh s 5 95 T s Hq irupd vlplodu d 4168 srghprv ghprvwudu txh 7 9s hv luudflrqdo1 s BcFpr srghprv ghwhuplqdu fxo gh orv luudflrqdohv 5 r 7 9 hv phqruB Xqd khuudplhqwd gh judq xwlolgdg sdud rughqdu uhdohv hv od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflq Sursrvlflq 414: l, Vhdq d> e> f> g 5 U. s5 @ 7n5
ll, Vhdq q 5 Q / d> e 5 U. Ghprvwudflq=
d ? e a f ? g , df ? eg d ? e / dq ? eq
85 l, Uhfrughprv txh oxhjr sru or wdqwr
ll, Sdud suredu hvwd sursrvlflq ghprvwuduhprv hq sulphu oxjdu txh | oxhjr sureduhprv od lpsolfdflq hq ho rwur vhqwlgr1 Gh +l, hv fodur txh d ? e , dq ? eq
+;d> e> f> g 5 U. ,+d ? e a f ? g , df ? eg,
df ? ef a ef ? eg , df ? eg
d ? e a f A 3 , df ? ef f ? g a e A 3 , ef ? eg
Lqgxfwlydphqwh vh sxhgh suredu txh d ? e , dq ? eq 1 Dkrud vxsrqjdprv txh Vhd frq d> e 5 U. ghprvwuhprv txh d ? e hqwrqfhv O @ +dq dq ? eq
d ? e , d ? e a d ? e , d5 ? e5 = +4169,
4 . dq 5e . dq 6e5 .
dq eq @ +d
. deq e,O
5 . eq 4,
frpr d> e 5 U. / hv fodur txh O 5 U. / oxhjr O 4 5 U. 1 Sru rwud sduwh frqvlghudqgr 4169 dq eq ? 3/ hv ghflu +d e,O ? 3 shur O dv/
4 A 3/ oxhjr +d
e,OO
4 ? 3/ gh grqgh
d
e?3
dq ? eq , d ? e ;d> e 5 U.
Frpr od ghvljxdogdg 7 ? 9 hv yhugdghud vh wlhqh txh s s 7 5? 9 wdpelq hv yhugdghud1 Frurodulr 414; Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. > q 5 Q
s s Dkrud xvhprv od htxlydohqfld uhflhq suredgd sdud orv qphurv 5 | 7 91 Vh wlhqh= s s s s 5 ? 7 9 / + 5,7 ? + 7 9,7 7 7 / 55 ? 97 / 7?9
s s q d ? e +, q d ? e
86
s s s s Ghprvwudflq= Frpr d 5 U. | e 5 U. hqwrqfhv d @ + q d,q | e @ + q e,q grqgh q d 5 U. | q e 5 U. / oxhjr sru od sursrvlflrq 414: vh wlhqh s s s s q q d ? e +, + q d,q ? + e,q +, q d ? e Hmhuflflr 78 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv 51 +;d> e 5 U,+d5 ? e5 , d ? e, 71 +;d 5 U,+d d5 , :1 +;d> e 5 U 41 +;d> e 5 U,+d ? e , d5 ? e5 ,
61 +;q 5 Q,+;d> e 5 U,+dq ? eq , d ? e, 91 +;d> e 5 U. ,+d ? e , d5 ? e5 ,
4 ? 4, 81 +;d 5 U. ,+ d
4 A 4, ;1 +;d> e 5 U. ,+d ? e , d e
Vroxflq=
4 A 4, i3j,+d ? e , d e
4 ? 4, 431 +;d> e 5 U. ,+ de d
41 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @
4 ? 4, <1 +;d> e 5 U. ,+ d. e d
51 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @ 5/ e @ 71 Idovr1 H{lvwh d @ 81 Idovr1
5/ e @ 4 wdohv txh d ? e shur d5 9? e5 1
61 Idovr1 H{lvwhq q @ 7/ d @ 5 | e @
6 wdohv txh d5 ? e5 shur d 9? e1
91 Yhugdghur1 Hvwh hv xq fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od sursrvlflq 414: ll,/ shur uhshwluhprv od ghprvwudflq sdud q @ 51 Ghprvwudflq= Vhdq d> e 5 U. wdohv txh d ? e1 Frpr d ? e/ hqwrqfhv d e ? 3> dghpv d . e A 3 sxhv d> e 5 U. / oxhjr/ +d e,+d . e, ? 3> gh grqgh/ sru or wdqwr/ d5 e5 ? 3> d5 ? e5
4 5 U wdo txh d 9 d5 5 4 . H{lvwh d @ 4 6 5 U wdo txh d 9? 4
6 wdohv txh 57 ? + 6,7 shur 5 9?
:1 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @
4 A 31 Frpr d ? e vh wlhqh txh ;1 Yhugdghur1 Vhd d> e 5 U. / hqwrqfhv de A 3 gh grqgh de 4 4 4 4 4 4 d ?e , ? , A de de e d d e
4 9A 4 5/ e @ 4 wdohv txh d ? e shur d e
87
FKDSWHU 41 ORV QPHURV UHDOHV <1 Yhugdghur1 Vhdq d> e 5 U. / hqwrqfhv d . e 5 U. | sxhvwr txh 4 4 ? d.e d Hvwd owlpd ghvljxdogdg hv px| wlo sdud dfrwdu h{suhvlrqhv uhdohv frpr yhuhprv pv dghodqwh1 sru od sduwh ;, vh wlhqh txh d.eAd
Hq ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru khprv suredgr txh flhuwdv ghvljxdogdghv qr vlhpsuh vh fxpsohq1 Od suhjxqwd qdwxudo hv= BcSdud tx ydoruhv uhdohv vrq yhugdghudv hvdv ghvljxdogdghvB Odv surslhgdghv txh hq vhjxlgd yhuhprv qrv shuplwluq ghwhuplqdu orv frqmxqwrv hq orv fxdohv hvdv ghvljxdogdghv vh yhulfdq1 Sursrvlflq 414< Vhdq d> e 5 U
431 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @ 5/ e @
4 7
4 9? 4 sxhv 4 @ 5 | 4 @ hq U. shur= de d de d
4 5
l, de A 3 / +d A 3 a e A 3, b +d ? 3 a e ? 3,
ll, de ? 3 / +d A 3 a e ? 3, b +d ? 3 a e A 3, grqgh odv sursrvlflrqhv vrq
Dqwhv gh hqwudu hq od ghprvwudflq h{solfduhprv or txh vh kdu hq hood hq wuplqrv ojlfrv= Od sursrvl0 flq l, vh sxhgh hvfulelu s / +t b v, s = de A 3 t = dA3aeA3 v = d?3ae?3
Sru rwud sduwh od htxlydohqfld dqwhulru vh vhsdud hq grv sursrvlflrqhv ^s , +t b v,` a ^s + +t b v,`
Frpr vdehprv/ sdud prvwudu txh xqd sursrvlflq irupdgd sru ho frqhfwlyr a hv yhugdghud qhfhvlwdprv prvwudu txh dpedv sursrvlflrqhv txh od frpsrqhq vrq yhugdghudv/ hv ghflu/ edvwd suredu hq irupd vhsdudgd txh s , +t b v, s + +t b v,
+416:,
Dv/ lqglfduhprv frq + , , od sulphud sduwh | frq + + , od vhjxqgd sduwh1 Ghprvwudflq= + , , Frpr de A 3/ l1h1/ de 5 U. | d wlhqh grv srvlelolgdghv +vhu srvlwlyr r qhjdwlyr, srghprv vhsdudu od ghprvwudflq hq grv vxe fdvrv
Fdvr 4, Vl d 5 U. hqwrqfhv d 4 5 U. / oxhjr sru D{lrpd ll, | dvrfldqgr dsursldgdphqwh vh wlhqh txh d 4 +de, @ e 5 U. > hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru or wdqwr47
Es
4 7 Dtxkd|
de 5 U. , d 5 U. a e 5 U. > de A 3 , d A 3 a e A 3
2 Es i t C s 2 t1
ydulrv sdvrv edvdgrv hq htxlydohqfldv ojlfdv txh qr kdq vlgr h{solflwdgrv> s ru hmhpsor/
88
Fdvr 5, Vl d 5 U hqwrqfhv d 4 5 U / oxhjr sru D{lrpd ll, | dvrfldqgr dsursldgdphqwh vh wlhqh txh d 4 +de, @ e 5 U 1 Hq frqvhfxhqfld hv ghflu/ de 5 U. , d 5 U a e 5 U > de A 3 , d ? 3 a e ? 3
Sru Fdvrv 4, | 5, whqhprv
Ghprvwudflq= ++, Hv fodur sru D{lrpd ll,= |
de A 3 , +d A 3 a e A 3, b +d ? 3 a e ? 3, +d 5 U. a e 5 U. , , de 5 U.
Hq frqvhfxhqfld +|d txh hq dperv fdvrv rewhqhprv or plvpr,
+ d 5 U. a e 5 U. , , + d,+ e, 5 U. , de 5 U. ^+d A 3 a e A 3, b +d ? 3 a e ? 3,` , de A 3
Hq irupd dqorjd/ vh ghpxhvwud ll,1 Dvlplvpr vh wlhqh txh |
de 3 / ^+d 3 a e 3, b +d 3 a e 3,`
Od ghprvwudflq vh kdfh phgldqwh ho xvr gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru | gho khfkr txh ^ +d e, / d A e` | ^+d / e, / + d / e,`1 41 { {5
de 3 / ^+d 3 a e 3, b +d 3 a e 3,`
Hmhpsor 79 Dkrud dsolfdqgr odv surslhgdghv dqwhulruhv/ ghwhuplqhprv edmr tx frqglflrqhv odv vljxlhqwhv ghvljxdogdghv vrq yhugdghudv hq U=
4 A4 51 | 4 4 61 |
91 { | ?{
{.} 81 { | |
71 {5 ? 4
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4 ?4 :1 {| {
Sru or wdqwr od ghvljxdogdg { {5 vh yhulfd sdud= { 3 b { 41
89
4 A 4 wlhqh vljqlfdgr hq U vl | 9@ 31 Oxhjr 51 Od ghvljxdogdg |

4 A4 / | / 4 | 4 | | 4A3 A3
4 A 4 vh fxpsoh sdud 3 ? | ? 4/ hv ghflu/ sdud | 5`3> 4^1 Dv/ srghprv dupdu Oxhjr od ghvljxdogdg | txh od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflq hv yhugdghud
+;| 5 U,+3 ? | ? 4 / | 4b| ? 3 4 A 4, |
/ / / /
+4 | A 3 a | A 3, b +4 | ? 3 a | ? 3, +| ? 4 a | A 3, b +| A 4 a | ? 3, 3 ? | ? 4 b Idovr 48 3?|?4
4 4 vh fxpsoh sdud wrgr | 5 U wdo txh 61 Dqorjdphqwh vh rewlhqh txh |

71 {5 ? 4 / / / / / /
Sru or wdqwr= 81 Vhd | 9@ 3>
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{ {.} | |
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4 8 Sru
} 3 | / +} 3 a | A 3, b +} 3 a | ? 3, { {.} | |
} 3 |
ojlfd
Idovr
Cs
+} 3 a | A 3, b +} 3 a | ? 3,
4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ 91 Vhd | 9@ 349 >
8:
{ ?{ / | / /
Oxhjr od ghvljxdogdg vh fxpsoh sdud= :1 Vhdq { 9@ 3 | 9@ 3
/ /
{?3 4 { 4 ?3 | 4 4 4 ? 3, b +{ ? 3 a 4 A 3, +{ A 3 a | | +{ A 3 a +| A 4 b | ? 3,, b +{ ? 3 a 3 ? | ? 4, +{ A 3 a | A 4, b +{ A 3 a | ? 3, b +{ ? 3 a 3 ? | ? 4, { ?{ |
{ |
+{ A 3 a | A 4, b +{ A 3 a | ? 3, b +{ ? 3 a 3 ? | ? 4, / 4 4 ?3 {| { 4 4 4 ?3 { | 4 4 4 4 4 ? 3, b + ? 3 a 4 A 3, + A3a { | { | 4 4 + A 3 a +| A 4 b | ? 3, b + ? 3 a 3 ? | ? 4, { { 4 4 4 + A 3 a | A 4, b + A 3 a | ? 3, b + ? 3 a 3 ? | ? 4, { { { +{ A 3 a | A 4, b +{ A 3 a | ? 3, b +{ ? 3 a 3 ? | ? 4, 4 4 ? {| {
4 4 ? {| {
/ Oxhjr od ghvljxdogdg vh fxpsoh sdud= /
Hq uhdolgdg or txh khprv khfkr hq ho hmhpsor 79 dqwhulru hv uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv hq xqd r pv yduldeohv1
+{ A 3 a | A 4, b +{ A 3 a | ? 3, b +{ ? 3 a 3 ? | ? 4,
41617
Vhd U ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq +yhu vhfflq 41517, gh odv h{suhvlrqhv S +{,/ T+{,1 Uhvroyhu xqd lqhfxdflq hq od yduldeoh { hv hqfrqwudu ho vxefrqmxqwr V gh orv { hq U txh vdwlvidfhq od ghvljxdogdg +r lqhfxdflq,1 Gluhprv txh V @ i{ 5 U = S +{, ? T+{,j r vlpsohphqwh V @ i{ 5 U = S +{, ? T+{,j +vxehqwhqglhqgr txh { gheh hvwdu U,1 hv ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq 416;1 Gluhprv txh grv lqhfxdflrqhv vrq htxlydohqwhv vl wlhqhq ho plvpr frqmxqwr vroxflq1
49 Ho
huuru pv frpq do wuded mdu hq hvwd ghvljxdogdg hv pxowlsolfdu s ru
Lqhfxdflrqhv
S +{, ? T+{, r S +{, T+{,
+416;,
|/
sxhv qr vh vde h vl
hv qhjdwlyr r s rvlwlyr1 Xqd
pxowlsolfdflq wdo ghe hud kdfhuvh ed mr frqglflrqhv h{suhvdv | s ru or wdqwr vh ghe hud frqvlghudu wrgrv orv fdvrv s rvleohv1
8; Hmhpsor 7: Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq hv V
4 A4 |
+416<,
Hmhpsor 7; Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq hv
4 A4 |5U = | @ i| 5 U = 3 ? | ? 4j {5 4 +4173,
Hmhpsor 7< Uhvroyhu odv vljxlhqwhv lqhfxdflrqhv
@ i{ 5 U = {5 4j @ i{ 5 U = 4 { 4j
Vroxflq=
4 41 { {.8 3 { { 4 { 5 51 {.5 {5 7 {.5 61 {.6 { 5 5{,+{.8, 71 ++6 {5 58,+{.4, A 3
41 Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflq
{ 4 3 {.8 Qrwhprv txh { . 8 9@ 3/ hv ghflu/ ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq gh od lqhfxdflq BB hv Sru rwud sduwh= U4 @ i{ 5 U = { . 8 9@ 3j @ U i 8j
{ 4 3 {.8
Sru or wdqwr
/ +{ 4 3 a { . 8 A 3, b +{ 4 3 a { . 8 ? 3, / +{ 4 a { A 8, b +{ 4 a { ? 8, / {4b{? 8 V4 { 4 {5U= 3 {.8 @ U4 _ i{ 5 U = { 4 b { ? @ ` 4> 8^^^4> 4^ @ { 5` 8> 4^ 0 . 0
+4174,
Qrwd=
8j
4 Od uhvroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq { {.8 3 gdgd hq 4174 vh sxhgh uhvxplu hq od vljxlhqwh wdeod>

{ 4 {.8 { 4 {.8 { 5` 4> 8^ 0 0 . {@ 8 3 < 2 {@4 3 3 `{ 5 4> 4^ . . .
8<
Grqgh ho vljqr . lqglfd hq tx lqwhuydorv ho idfwru fruuhvsrqglhqwh d od od hv srvlwlyr | ho vljqr 0 hq tx lqwhuydor hv qhjdwlyr1 Sru hmhpsor/ gh od sulphud od vh wlhqh txh ho idfwru { 4 hv srvlwlyr hq ho lqwhuydor `4> 4^ | qhjdwlyr hq ` 4> 8` | hq ` 8> 4^/ +hv ghflu/ hq ` 4> 4^,1 Gh od owlpd od 4 vh rewlhqh txh od h{suhvlq { {.8 hv qr qhjdwlyd hq orv lqwhuydorv ` 4> 8^ | ^4> 4^> oxhjr od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq { 4 3 {.8 hv ` 4> 8^^^4> 4^1 51 Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflq Hq pxfkrv fdvrv/ orv idfwruhv lqyroxfudgrv hq xqd lqhfxdflq gho wlsr dqwhulru vrq pv gh grv | sru hoor hv iuhfxhqwh xvdu od wdeod dqwhulru hq od uhvroxflq1 { 4 { 5 { {.5 {5 7 {.5 Dperv plhpeurv gh od ghvljxdogdg wlhqhq vljqlfdgr hq U vl hv ghflu/ ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq gh od lqhfxdflq 4175 hv U4 @ i{ 5 U = { . 5 9@ 3 a { { . 5 9@ 3 a {5 +4175,
7 9@ 3> i 5> 5j
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq=
5 9@ 3j @ U
/ /
Dkrud frqvlghuhprv od wdeod sdud od uhvroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq 41761 { 5 ` 4> 5^ 0 0 0 0 {@ 3 < 2 5 { 5 ` 5> 5^ 0 0 . . {@5 3 < 2
{ { 4 { 5 { . 5 {5 7 {.5 { { 4 { 5 3 { . 5 +{ . 5,+{ 5, { . 5 {+{ 5, +{ 4, +{ 5,5 3 +{ 5,+{ . 5, { 6 3 +{ 5,+{ . 5,
+4176,
Vh wlhqh gh od owlpd od txh hq orv lqwhuydorv `
{ 6 { 5 {.5 { 6 +{ 5,+{.5,
{ 5 `5> 6^ 0 . . 0
{@6 3 3
{ 5 `6> 4^ . . . .
4> 5^ | `5> 6` oxhjr od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq 4175 hv V5 @ U4 _ +` 4> 5^^`5> 6`, @` 4> 5^^`5> 6` +4177, i3j
{ 6 3 +{ 5,+{ . 5,
61 Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflq
{.6 5 { Ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq gh od lqhfxdflq 4177 hv
U4 @ i{ 5 U = { 9@ 3j @ U
93 Sru rwud sduwh/
{.6 5 / {
Oxhjr Uhvroydprv
/ / / /
{.6 53 { { . 6 5{ 3 { 6 { 3 { +6 { 3 a { A 3, b +6 { 3 a { ? 3, +{ 6 a { A 3, b +{ 63 a { ? 3, +3 ? { 6, b I 3?{6 V6 @`3> 6` _ U4 @`3> 6` +6 5{,+{ . 8, A3 +{5 58,+{ . 4,
Ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq gh od lqhfxdflq 4178 hv Frpr {5 58 @ +{ U4 @ i{ 5 U = {5
+4178, i 8> 4> 8j
8,+{ . 8,/ hqwrqfhv od lqhfxdflq 4178 hv htxlydohqwh d
58 9@ 3 a { . 4 9@ 3j @ U A3 frq { 5 U4 {@ 3 3
Rewhqhprv txh hq `
Frqvlghudqgr od wdeod { 5 ` 4> 4^ 6 5{ . { 8 0 {.4 0 +6 5{, . +{ 8,+{.4,
+6 5{, +{ 8,+{.4,
{ @04 3 < 2 {5
4> . 0 . 0
6 5
6 5
{5
0 0 . .
6> 8 5
{ @8 3 < 2
{ 5 `8> 4^ 0 . . 0
4> 4^^` 6 5 > 8^/ shur { 5 U4 oxhjr ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh 4178 hv V7 @ +` @ ` 6 4> 4^^` > 8^, _ U4 5 6 4> 8^^` 8> 4^^` > 8^ 5
+{
+6 5{, A3 8,+{ . 4,
Qrwd= Qrwhprv txh odv vljxlhqwhv sursrvlflrqhv vrq idovdv s 41 +;{ 5 U. 3 ,+ { {, s 51 +;{ 5 U,+;| 5 U. ,+{ | , {5 | , Hq hihfwr> Sdud 4, h{lvwh { @
4 5 U. 3 / wdo txh 7
4 4 4 @ 9 7 5 7
4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ Sdud 5, h{lvwhq { @ 5 5 U/ | @ 5 5 U. wdohv txh 5 s 5 shur
94
r gho wlsr
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433
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|5 . 4 8 m | m 5 |5 7
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i= U {
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y 5
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3.75
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i= U {
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frq grplqlr U ikj +pxfkdv yhfhv vh hvfuleh +| klsuerod htxlowhud1 +yhu vljxlhqwh jxud ,
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443
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444
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Hmhpsor ;8 Judtxhprv od ixqflq i = ^4> .4^ { $ U s $ { 4
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4.5
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hqwrqfhv od fxuyd vh wudvodgd kdfld duuled sxhv od lpdjhq gh { @ 4 hv i +4, @ 5 | vh rewlhqh ho jufr ghuhfkr gh od jxud dqwhulru1
7 Slhqvh
txh od jufd gh od ixqflq i E{ hvw khfkd gh xq dodpeuh ujlgr/ ho fxdo vh sxhgh wrpdu | pryhu1
445
Hmhpsor ;9 Judtxhprv od ixqflq
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i= U $ U 5{ { $ 6
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6 6 5 q { ? +q . 4, +, { @q 5 5 6
446
Hmhpsor ;: Judtxhprv od ixqflq
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447
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m{m
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Hmhuflflr 43; Ghwhuplqh xqd ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwh ho yroxphq gh xq flolqgur lqvfulwr hq xqd hvihud gh udglr d +frpr hq od jxud , hq ixqflq gh vx dowxud1
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Vroxflq= Vhdq u | k udglr | dowxud gho flolqgur uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Vdehprv txh ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hvw gdgr sru od iupxod Y @ u5 k +txh ghshqgh gh odv yduldeohv u | k,/ shur/ sru whruhpd gh Slwjrudv/ whqhprv 5 k . u5 = d5 @ 5 Oxhjr/ ghvshmdqgr u5 | uhhpsod}dqgr hq od iupxod gho yroxphq/ whqhprv 5 k 5 ,k Y +k, @ +d 5
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Hmhuflflr 443 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xqd fdmd frq wdsd gh edvh fxdgudgd frq uhd qr pd|ru gh 433fp5 frpr od gh od jxud / gh yroxphq 585fp6 1 Vl ho frvwr gh od wdsd hv ' 5 sru fp5 / od edvh ' 8 sru fp5 | ho gh orv odgrv hv gh ' 6 sru fp5 / h{suhvh ho frvwr F frpr ixqflq gh { | GrpS +F ,1
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4> 8`/ hv ghflu/ { 5`
+i . j,+{, +i j,+{, +i j ,+{, i +{, j
4> 3^/ hqwrqfhv
i +{, @ { . 4> j +{, @ 5 @ i +{, . j +{, @ { . 6 @ i +{, j +{, @ { 4 @ i +{,j+{, @ 5{ . 5 +{, {.4 @ i j+{, @ 5
61 Vhd { 5 ^3> 7^_` oxhjr/
4> 8`/ hv ghflu/ { 5 ^3> 7^/ hqwrqfhv s i +{, @ {> j +{, @ 5 +i . j ,+{, +i j ,+{, +i j ,+{, i +{, j
+i . j,+{, +i j,+{, +i j ,+{, i +{, j
Hq frqvhfxhqfld=
; 5?{ 4 ? {.5 { . 6 4?{?3 +i . j,+{, @ = s {.5 3{?7 ; 5?{ 4 ? { { 4 4?{?3 +i j,+{, @ = s { 5 3{?7 ; 5?{ 4 ? {.4 5s {.5 4?{?3 +i j ,+{, @ = 5 { 3{?7 ; 5?{ 4 ? {.4 i { .4 4 ?{?3 +{, @ = s5 j { 3{?7 5
s @ i +{, . j+{, @ s{ . 5 @ i +{, j+{, @ s { 5 @ i +{,j +{, @ 5 { s{ +{, @ i j+{, @ 5
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV +jufdv hq jxudv vljxlhqwhv,
474
Ghqluhprv xqd qxhyd ixqflq txh vh frqvwux|h d sduwlu gh rwudv grv ixqflrqhv i | j shur/ hq hvwh fdvr/ qrv edvduhprv hq odv surslhgdghv dojheudlfdv gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1 Ghqlflq 517 Vhdq D/ E | F frqmxqwrv gh qphurv uhdohv1 Vhd i xqd ixqflq gh D hq E | vhd j xqd ixqflq gh F hq G/ hv ghflu/ Vl Uhfi _ F 9@ >/ hv ghflu/ ho uhfruulgr gh i | ho grplqlr gh j wlhqhq hohphqwrv hq frpq/ hqwrqfhv hv srvleoh xvdu i | j sdud ghqlu xqd ixqflq gh D4 D hq G Wdo ixqflq vh ghqrplqd frpsrvlflq gh j frq i / | vh ghqrwd sru j i | vh ghqh sru= j i = D4 $ G { $ j +i +{,, D $E
51814
Frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv
a F $G
grqgh Grp+j i , @ D4 @ i{ 5 D = i +{, 5 F j/ vl Uhfi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hv ghflu/
Grp+j i , @ D4 @ i{ 5 Grpi = i +{, 5 Grpj _ Uhfi j
475
+yhu hq jxud ,1
9
Hmhuflflr 44: Vhdq |
Hq sduwlfxodu vl Uhfi Grpj/ hqwrqfhv Grp+j i , @ Grpi 1 i = ^4> 4^ $ U s { { $ j= U $ U { $ +{ 4.5 5,5
Ghwhuplqhprv j i 1 oxhjr/
Vroxflq= Sxhvwr txh Uhfi U @ Grpj / hqwrqfhv Grp+j i , @ ^4> 4^ | s s +j i ,+{, @ j +i +{,, @ j+ { 4 . 5, @ + { 4 . 5 5,5 @ { j i = ^4> 4^ $ U { $ { 4
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv i j 1 Hq hvwh fdvr ghehprv ghwhuplqdu Uhfj1 Fodudphqwh Uhfj @ ^3> 4^ | Uhfj 9 Grpi / vlq hpedujr Uhfj _ Grpi @ ^4> 4^9@ > oxhjr1 Shur Grp+i j , @ i{ 5 Grpj = j+{, 5 Grpi j @ i{ 5 U = +{ 5,5 5 ^4> 4^j
+{
oxhjr/
Dghpv/
Grp+i j , @ i{ 5 Grpj = j+{, 5 Grpi j @ ` 4> 4` ^ ^6> 4^ @ U `4> 6^ +i j,+{, @ i +j +{,, @ i ++{ 5,5 , @ s +{ 5,5
5,5 5 ^4> 4^ +, +{ 5,5 4 +, m { 5 m 4 +, {6 b {4
4.5
9 Dojxqrv wh{wrv srqhq frpr frqglflq qhfhvduld Uhfi \ Grp j sdud ghqlu od frpsxhvwd j i shur frpr vh yh hvwh hv xq fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od ghqlflq gdgd dtx1
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV oxhjr/ i j = U `4> 6^ $ s U +{ { $
476
Qrwh txh i j 9@ j i / hv ghflu/ qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh frqpxwdwlylgdg sdud od frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv1 Vlq hpedujr vh yhulfd od dvrfldwlylgdg Hq ho hmhpsor vljxlhqwh vh yhulfd hvwd ljxdogdg hq xq fdvr s s Hmhuflflr 44; Vhdq i +{, @ { . 4 5/ j +{, @ {5 4 | k+{, @ {5 ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq vxv grplqlrv p{lprv1 Ghwhuplqh +i j, k | i +j k,1 +i j , k @ i +j k,
5,5
4.5
. F Vroxflq= Fodudphqwh vh yh txh Grpk @ U/ Uhfk @ U. 3 / Grpj @` 4> 4^ / Uhfj @ U3 / Grpi @ ^ 4> 4^1 Sdud kdfhu od frpsxhvwd hv dsursldgr kdfhu ho gldjudpd gh od jxud vljxlhqwh
Dv/ vh wlhqh txh wdqwr +i j, k frpr i +j k, vrq ixqflrqhv frq ljxdo grplqlr hq hvwh fdvr1 Dkrud d qlyho gh iupxodv fdofxohprv ++i j , k,+{,1 Frpr s +i j ,+{, @ i + {5 4, s s {5 4 . 4 5 @
Grp+i +j k,, @ @ @ @
Grp++i j , k, @ @ @ @
Grp+j k, @ i{ 5 U = {5 5` 4> 4^F j @ i{ 5 U = {5 4j @ ` 4> 4^F s Grp+i j , @ i{ 5` 4> 4^F = s{5 4 5 ^ 4> 4^j @ i{ 5` 4> 4^F = {5 4 4j @ ` 4> 4^F
i{ 5 Grp+j k , = +j k,+{, 5 Grpi j s i{ 5` 4s > 4^F = {7 4 5 ^ 4> 4^j i{ 5 U = {7 4 4j ` 4> 4^F
i{ 5 Grpk = {5 5 Grp+i j ,j i{ 5 U = {5 5` 4> 4^F j i{ 5 U = {5 4j ` 4> 4^F
477 whqhprv txh
+i j , k,,+{, @ + i j ,+{5 , s s {7 4 . 4 @ Sru rwud sduwh hq ho fofxor gh +i +j k,,+{, whqhprv
i +j k, @ +i j , k |d txh wlhqhq ljxdo grplqlr/ uhfruulgr | uhodflq +iupxod, txh odv ghqh1 Hq orv gldjudpdv vljxlhqwhv vh ylvxdol}dq orv sdvrv khfkrv hq ho ghvduuroor1 Sdud i +j k, | sdud +i j , k Hmhuflflr 44< Vhdq ` U $ U. 3 >
Dv/
+i +j k,,+{, @ i ++j k,+{,, s @ t+j k,+{, . 4 5 s +k+{,,5 4 . 4 @ ss {7 4 . 4 5 @
4> 4^F $ U. ^ 4> 4^ $ ^ 5> 4^ 3 >
jk
4> 4^F $ U. ^ 4> 4^ $ ^ 5> 4^ 3 >
4> 4^F
i +jk,
` U $ U. 3 >
Vroxflq= Hq sulphu oxjdu ghwhuplqhprv +j i ,+{,1 s j + { 4,> { A 4 +j i ,+{, @ j+i +{,, @ j +{6 ,> {4 s 6 Shur od ixqflq j wlhqh glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl { 4 | { vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh fhur1 Frpr s { 4 A 3/ sdud wrgr { A 4 vh whqgu txh s s j + { 4, @ + { 4,5 > vl { A 4 Shur {6 wlhqh grv frpsruwdplhqwrv hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 4`/ d vdehu/ {6 A 3 vl { 5`3> 4` | {6 3 vl { 5` 4> 3`1 Dv/ ; s ? + { 4,5 > { A 4 { 5`3> 4` +j i ,+{, @ +{6 ,5 > = 5+{6 , . 4> { 3 Ilqdophqwh fdofxohprv +i j ,+{, {A4 i +{5 ,> +i j ,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ i +5{ . 4,> { 4
Ghwhuplqh i j | j i 1
i +{, @
s { {6 >
4> 4^F
i j,k,
$
4> 4^F $ ^ 5> 4^ ^ 5> 4^ {5 > {A3 5{ . 4> { 3
$ ^ 5> 4^
i j
4> { A 4 j+{, @ {4
Shur od ixqflq i wlhqh wdpelq glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl {5 | 5{ . 4 vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh xqr1 Fodudphqwh {5 A 4 vl { A 4 | 3 ? {5 4 vl 3 ? { 41 Sru rwur odgr 5{ . 4 4 vl { 31 Frq wrgd hvwd lqirupdflq whqhprv txh ; 5 6 3?{4 { , > ? + s +i j ,+{, @ {5 4> { A 4 = +5{ . 4,6 > { 3
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV
478
51815
D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv xqdv ghqlflrqhv txh qrv vhuq wlohv sdud uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv/ |d txh hoodv wlhqhq txh yhu frq or txh vxfhgh do dsolfdu xqd ixqflq d dperv odgrv gh xqd lqhfxdflq/ sru hmhpsor hohydu do fxdgudgr1 Ghqlflq 518 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh fuhflhqwh hq D/ vl hv yhugdghud od vljxlhqwh lpsolfdflq= ghfuhflhqwh hq D= hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq D= hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq D= +;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i +x, i +y,,> +;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i +x, i +y,,> +;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i +x, ? i +y,,> +;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i +x, A i +y,,=
Ixqflrqhv Fuhflhqwhv | Ghfuhflhqwhv
Fodudphqwh/ i hv fuhflhqwh vl p A 31 Vl p @ 3 vh wlhqh od ixqflq frqvwdqwh i +{, @ e txh hv fuhflhqwh | ghfuhflhqwh d od yh}1 Jufdphqwh vh lqwhusuhwd frpr vljxh= Xqd ixqflq vhu hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl hvwdqgr sdudgr hq fxdotxlhu sxqwr gh od jufd gh od ixqflq vh frplhq}d d fdplqdu vreuh od jufd hq od gluhfflq srvlwlyd gho hmh R[ / qhfhvduldphqwh vh frplhq}d d vxelu hq ho jufr1 Hq ho fdvr gh fuhflhqwh vor vh sxhgh dvhjxudu txh qr edmd1 Hmhpsor 454 Od ixqflq i +{, @ Hq jhqhudo= 1 s { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv sdud wrgr {> | 5 U. s s { ? | , { ? |=
Hmhpsor 453 Od ixqflq i +{, @ p{ . e hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl p hv qhjdwlyr1 Hq hihfwr/ vhdq x> y 5 U/ hqwrqfhv x ? y , px A py , px . e A py . e , i +x, A i +y,
Hv ghflu/ xqd ixqflq i vhu hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl lqylhuwh ho rughq/ hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl frqvhuyd ho rughq1
s Hmhpsor 455 Od ixqflq i +{, @ q { frq q 5 Q hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1 Hq hihfwr hq od vhfflq gh qphurv uhdohv vh sure sru ho frurodulr 414; txh s s +;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , q { ? q | , Hmhpsor 456 Od ixqflq i +{, @ ^{` hv fuhflhqwh1 Hq hihfwr +;{> | 5 U,+{ ? | , ^{` ^|`, { ? | shur ^{` @ ^| ` @ 4
shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv vl { @ 4> | @ 4> 8
479
Hmhpsor 457 Od ixqflq i +{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5 U. wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 > shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U/ sxhvwr txh h{lvwhq { @ 5 5 U/ | @ 4 5 U wdohv txh { ? | shur {5 9? | 5 = Sru rwud sduwh/ qrwhprv txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5 . U wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 oxhjr {5 A | 5 / hv ghflu/ Sursrvlflq 519 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwhv wdohv txh Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv j i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq Grpi 1 Ghprvwudflq= Hv fodur txh vl Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1 Vhd {> | 5 Grpj i wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv/ gdgr txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh whqhprv i +{, ? i +| , +;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , i +{, A i +|,,
| sxhvwr txh j wdpelq hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv hq frqvhfxhqfld j +i +{,, ? j+i +| ,, { ? | , +j i ,+{, ? +j i ,+|, i hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq 4 vh
hq frqvhfxhqfld Sru or wdqwr
Vroxflq= Vhd {> | 5 G wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv i +{, i +|, sxhv i hv fuhflhqwh/ pxowlsolfdqgr sru wlhqh i +{, i +| , i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq G1 {?|, i +{, i +|,
Hmhuflflr 458 Suxheh txh vl i hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh hq G hqwrqfhv G1
Hmhuflflr 459 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh1 41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh Grpi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv Uhf+i . j , @ Uhfi ^ Uhfj=
51 Vhdq i / j | k ixqflrqhv wdohv txh G @ Grpi @ Grpj @ Grpk 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv +i . j,k @ i k . jk hq G k+i . j, @ ki . kj hq G 61 Vl Uhfk _ Grp+i . j , 9@ > | G @ Grp+i . j , k/ hqwrqfhv
71 Vhd G @ Grpj _ Grpk 9@ >1 Vl Uhf+j . k, Grpi / hqwrqfhv
+i . j , k @ i k . j k hq G
81 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghfuhflhqwhv hq U hqwrqfhv i j hv ghfuhflhqwh hq U1
+i +j . k,,+{, @ +i j,+{, . +i k,+{,> ;{ 5 G
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 91 Vl i hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> d` | hq `d> 4^ hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh hq U i Lg @ Lg i @ i
47:
:1 Vhd i xqd ixqflq frq grplqlr G h Lg od ixqflq lghqwlgdg: / hqwrqfhv
;1 Vhd i ixqflq/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh j ixqflq wdo txh
Vroxflq=
j i @ Lg> ;{ 5 Grpi
41 Idovr1 Vhdq/ sru hmhpsor/
ixqflrqhv1 Uhfi @ i 4j/ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^1 Oxhjr Sru rwud sduwh/ fx|r uhfruulgr hv ^ 4> 4^1
j = ^4> 4^ $ U i= U $ U s { $ 4 { $ { Uhfi ^ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^î 4j 4 4
i . j = ^4> 4^ $ s U { { $
51 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv/
oxhjr/ gh grqgh Dqorjdphqwh vl { 5 G>
++i . j ,k,+{, @ @ @ @ @
+i . j ,+{,k+{, +i +{, . j +{,,k+{, i +{,k+{, . j+{,k+{, +ik,+{, . +jk,+{, +ik . jk,+{,
++i . j ,k,+{, @ +i k . jk,+{, ;{ 5 G +i . j ,k @ i k . jk
oxhjr/ gh grqgh
+k+i . j,,+{, @ @ @ @ @
k+{,+i . j,+{, k+{,+i +{, . j+{,, k+{,i +{, . k+{,j +{, +ki ,+{, . +kj ,+{, +ki . kj,+{,
+k+i . j ,,+{, @ +ki . kj,+{, ;{ 5 G k+i . j , @ ki . kj hq G
: Hq uhdolgdg ho vperor Lg hvw ghqrwdqgr ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq lghqwlgdg / shur jhqhudophqwh vhuq ixqflrqhv glvwlqwdv/ ghshqglhqgr gho Grplqlr gh ghqlflq1 Dvkd| LgU / Lgdf>o hwf1
47; 61 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv>
oxhjr/ gh grqgh
++i . j , k,+{, @ @ @ @
++i . j , k,+{, @ +i k . j k,+{, ;{ 5 G +i . j , k @ i k . j k hq G
+i . j,+k+{,, i +k+{,, . j+k+{,, +i k,+{, . +j k,+{, +i k . j k,+{,
71 Idovr1 Frqvlghuh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
hqwrqfhv Grp+j . k, @ Grpj _ Grpk @ U 9@ > | Uhf+j . k, U @ Grpi / dghpv +i +j . k,,+{, @ @ @ @ i ++j . k,+{,, i +j+{, . k+{,, i +{5 . 5{, {5 . 5{ . 4
i +{, @ { . 4 j+{, @ {5
k+{, @ 5{
Shur +i j,+{, @ i +j +{,, @ {5 . 4 | +i k,+{, @ i +k+{,, @ 5{ . 4/ oxhjr/ sru or wdqwr +i j ,+{, . +i k,+{, @ {5 . 5{ . 5> i +j . k, 9@ i j . i k i +{, @ j+{, @ {
81 Idovr1 Odv ixqflrqhv i | j wdo txh vrq ghfuhflhqwhv hq U/ vlq hpedujr ixqflq fuhflhqwh1
i j+{, @ i +j+{,, @ i + {, @ { { { vl { 5` 4> 4` vl { 5`4> 4^
91 Idovr1 Vhd
i +{, @
:1 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G | oxhjr/
i +{, @ { hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 4` | i +{, @ { 6 hv fuhflhqwh hq `4> 4^1 Vlq hpedujr i qr hv fuhflhqwh ` 4> 4`^`4> 4^@ U sxhv +sru hmhpsor,/ h{lvwh { @ 3 5 U/ | @ 5 5 U wdohv txh { ? | shur 3 @ i +{, 9? i +| , @ 41 +i Lg,+{, @ i +Lg+{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G i LgG @ LgUhf i i @ i i Lg @ Lg i @ i
+Lg i ,+{, @ Lg+i +{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV ;1 Idovr1 Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd sru
47<
| vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh Uhfi Grpj | j i @ Lg/ hqwrqfhv Vl { @ 4 vh wlhqh txh Vl { @ 5/ vh wlhqh txh +j i ,+{, @ {> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U +j i ,+4, @ j +i +4,, @ j +4, @ 4
i= U $ U { $ 4
Dqorjdphqwh/ vl i hv ixqflq gh D hq E qr qhfhvduldphqwh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh i j @ LgE > ;{ 5 Grpj= i j @ LgE
hv ghflu/ j+4, wlhqh grv ydoruhv 4 | 5 gh grqgh j qr hv ixqflq/ or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr1
+j i ,+5, @ j+i +5,, @ j +4, @ 5>
Vlq hpedujr/ edmr flhuwdv frqglflrqhv hv srvleoh txh hvwr rfxuud/ hv ghflu/ txh sdud xqd ixqflq i gh D hq E h{lvwd j gh E hq D +oodpdgd od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i , wdo txh |
Yhuhprv pv dghodqwh txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh lqyhuvd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1 Ho frqfhswr gh lq|hfwlylgdg ; lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho uhfruulgr gh i oh fruuhvsrqgh xqd qlfd suhlpdjhq hq ho grplqlr gh i 1 Ho gh hsl|hfwlylgdg lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd oh fruuhvsrqgh sru or phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq/ hq rwudv sdodeudv/ ho frqmxqwr gh lpjhqhv gh i +uhfruulgr gh i , gheh vhu ljxdo do frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1 Ghqlflq 51: Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl Hmhpsor 45: Vhd i od ixqflq ghqlgd sru +;x> y 5 D,+i +x, @ i +y, , x @ y, i= U i4j $ U {.4 { $ 5 { 4
j i @ LgD
Surehprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd1 Vroxflq= Hq hihfwr= Vhdq x> y 5 U
oxhjr/
; Rwur
i +x, 5x.4 , x 4 , +5x . 4,+y 4, , 5xy 5x . y 4 , x
i4j wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y,1 Vh wlhqh= @ @ @ @ @ i +y, 5y .4 y 4 +5y . 4,+x 4, 5yx 5y . x 4 y i4j
qrpeuh xwlol}dgr hq od olwhudwxud frpr vlqqlpr gh lq|hfwlyd hv 404 +vh ohh xqr d xqr ,1
i +x, @ i +y , , x @ y> ;x> y 5 U
483 Hmhuflflr 45; Vhd i od ixqflq ghqlgd sru
Ghwhuplqh vl i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd
i= U $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
Vroxflq= i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ hq hihfwr i +4, @ i + 5, @ 6/ shur 4 9@ 51 Hv ghflu d | @ 6 5 Uhfi oh fruuhvsrqghq grv suhlpjhqhv= 4/051 Revhuyhprv od jufd gh i hq ho sulphu jufr vljxlhqwh
Qrwhprv txh do wud}du xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ vwd sxhgh fruwdu d od fxuyd hq grv sxqwrv +h{fhswr hq | @ 6@7 d txlhq vor oh fruuhvsrqgh od suhlpdjhq {@0425, Fodudphqwh vh revhuyd txh vl vh uhvwulqjh od ixqflq do lqwhuydor ^ 4@5> 4^ do lqwhuydor ` 4> 4@5`/ hqwrqfhv vh rewlhqhq ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv/ hv ghflu/ i = ^ 4@5> 4^ $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
i= `
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv +jufrv fhqwudo | ghuhfkr gh jxud dqwhulru uhvshfwlydphqwh,1 Ghwhuplqhprv dqdowlfdphqwh hq tx lqwhuydor i hv lq|hfwlyd Vhdq x> y 5 U wdo txh i +x, @ i +y,1 vh wlhqh= i +x, @ i +y , +, x5 . x . 4 @ y 5 . y . 4 +, x5 y 5 @ y x +, +x y ,+x . y, . +x y , @ 3 +, +x y,+x . y . 4, @ 3 +, x@y b y.x.4@3 Qrwhprv txh x @ y a x . y . 4 @ 3/ vl x @ y @ 4@51 Exvfduhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr gh i hq ho fxdo vh fxpsod= Qrwhprv txh , , , , x @ y | x . y . 4 9@ 3 ;x> y 5 G i
4 5
4> 4@5^ $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
x @ y a x . y . 4 9@ 3 x @ y a +x . y . 4 A 3 b x . y . 4 ? 3, +x @ y a x . y . 4 A 3, b +x @ y a x . y . 4 ? 3, 5x . 4 A 3 b 5x . 4 ? 3 x A 4@5 b x ? 4@5
484
shur 4@5 shuwhqhfh do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg1 Oxhjr/ srghprv frqvlghudu frpr grplqlrv gh lq|hfwlylgdg= r elhq Dv/ G @` 4> 4@5`
G @ ^ 4@5> 4^ i mG = ` i mG = ^ 4@5> 4^ $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv frpr |d vh ylr jufdphqwh< Hmhuflflr 45< Ghpxhvwuh txh i = U $ U { $ {6 hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd1
4> 4@5` $ U { $ {5 . { . 4
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ U wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y, vh wlhqh i +x, @ +, x6 @ 6 +, x y6 @ 5 +, +x y,+x . xy . y5 , @ +, x@y b oxhjr/ @ y5 7y5 @
Shur ho glvfulplqdqwh gh od hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr x5 . xy . y5 hq od yduldeoh x/ hv 6y 5 ? 3> ;y 5 U i3j
i +y, y6 3 3 x5 . xy . y5 @ 3
Sru or wdqwr x @ y1 Rwud irupd gh yhu txh x5 . xy . y5 9@ 3 hv Hmhuflflr 463 Ghwhuplqh vl
x5 . xy . y5 A 3> ;x> y 5 U
i3j
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpj @ U wdohv txh j+x, @ j +y, vh wlhqh vxfhvlydphqwh= j +x, x +, x5 .8 5 +, x+y . 8, +, xy5 . 8x +, xy5 yx5 +, xy+y x, +, xy+y x, 8+y x, +, +y x,+xy 8, +, x@y
<
j= U $ U { $ j +{, @ {5{ .8 hv lq|hfwlyd1 Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor kdfhu odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv sdud txh or vhd1 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ b j+y , y y5 .8 y+x5 . 8, yx5 . 8y 8y 8x 8+y x, 3 3 xy 8 @ 3
4 6 x5 . xy . y5 @ +x . y,5 . y 5 A 3 ;x> y 5 U 5 7
i3j
Revhuyhprv txh j qr hv 404 +lq|hfwlyd,/ sxhv j+4, @ j +8, @ 4@9 | 4 9@ 81
iG
lqglfd
uhvwulqjlgd do grplqlr
485
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr grqgh j vhd lq|hfwlyd1 Qrwhprv txh
vl
x@y x@y@
Sdud ghwhuplqdu ho grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg vh gheh yhulfdu x @ y a xy 9@ 8 +, +, +, +, +, +, x @ y a xy 9@ 8=
s 8 b x@y@
a xy @ 8
Shur
s s 8 | 8 shuwhqhfhq do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg/ oxhjr/ s s 8> 8` $ U j4 = ^ { $ j +{, @ {5{ .8 j5 =` 4> s s 8` ^ ^ 8> 4^ {
x @ y a +xy A 8 b xy ? 8, +x @ y a xy A 8, b +x @ y a xy ? 8, x5 A 8sb x5 ? 8 s m x mAs 8 b m x m?s 8 s s +x A 8 b s x ? s 8, b + 8 ?s x a sx ? 8, x 5` 4> 8^^` 8> 4^ b x 5` 8> 8^
Dkrud elhq=
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
$ U $ j +{, @ {5{ .8
Hmhuflflr 464 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E lq|hfwlydv/ hqwrqfhv k wdpelq hv lq|hfwlyd1
Revhuyhprv ho jufr gh j hq
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpk wdohv txh k+x, @ k+y ,1 Ghehprv ghprvwudu txh x @ y k+x, @ k+y, +, +j i ,+x, @ +j i ,+y, +, j +i +x,, @ j +i +y,,
$ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i 1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl i | j vrq
Sursrvlflq 51; Vl i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r elhq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ hqwrqfhv i hv lq|hfwlyd1
Hmhuflflr 465 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E $ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i 1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl k hv lq|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv i wdpelq or hv1 Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ D wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y ,1 Ghehprv qxhydphqwh ghprvwudu txh x @ y1 Frpr i +x, @ i +y, | j hv ixqflq whqguhprv txh j+i +x,, @ j +i +y,, gh grqgh k+x, @ k+y,/ shur frpr k hv 404 vh wlhqh txh x @ y1
Frpr j hv 404 vh wlhqh hqwrqfhv txh i +x, @ i +y,/ | vlhqgr i lq|hfwlyd/ uhvxowd txh x @ y or txh ghpxhvwud od sursrvlflq
486
Ghprvwudflq= Vlq suglgd gh jhqhudolgdg +v1s1j1,/ vxsrqjdprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ hv ghflu/ +;x> y 5 Grpi ,+x ? y , i +x, ? i +y ,, +51<, | vxsrqjdprv dghpv txh i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwluq x> y 5 Grpi wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y , a x 9@ y xAybx?y gh grqgh
or txh frqwudglfh 51<1 Od ghprvwudflq hv dqorjd vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ txhgd sdud ho ohfwru uhsurgxfluod1 Qrwh txh ho uhfsurfr gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru qr hv flhuwr1 Xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd qr hv qhfhvduldphqwh hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuh od ixqflq | @ 4@{ uhsuhvhqwdgd sru od jufd gh od klsuerod htxlowhud> hvwd ixqflq hv lq|hfwlyd shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ql hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh Ghqlflq 51< Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh hsl|hfwlyd r vreuh|hfwlyd vl | vor vl Uhfi @ E 1 Hmhpsor 466 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru $ U i = U. 3 s { $ i +{, @ {
Hvwd ixqflq qr hv hsl|hfwlyd/ sxhv Uhfi @ U. 9@ U1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl vh uhvwulqjh ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd d 3 / hqwrqfhv U. 3 $ U. i = U. 3 3 s { $ i +{, @ { vhv xqd ixqflq hsl|hfwlyd1 Hmhpsor 467 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru i= ` Revhuyh txh xqd ixqflq i = D $ Uhfi hv vlhpsuh hsl|hfwlyd1 4> 4^ $ U { $ i +{, @
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @` vh wlhqh=
Uhvwulqmdprv grplqlr | uhfruulgr gh prgr txh i vhd lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1 4> 4^ wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y , i +x, @ 4 @ 4 5 4 y @ x,+x . y, @ x@y b i +y,
s {5
4 4
Qrwhprv txh vl x @ 3 hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd txh x @ y a y . x @ 31 Hv fodur txh orv lqwhuydorv gh lq|hfwlylgdg gh i vrq ^3> 4^ | ` 4> 3`/ hv ghflu/ odv ixqflrqhv i4 = ` 4> 3` $ U { $ i +{, @
, +, +, +y +,
s x5 s
s4 y5 4 x5 3 x.y @3
4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
s {5
4 4
i5 = ^3> 4^ $ U { $ i +{, @
s {5
4 4
Hmhpsor 468 Frqvlghuhprv i5 | ghwhuplqhprv vx uhfruulgr1
487 Vhd { 5 ^3> 4^ h | 5 U wdo txh | @ i +{,/ vh wlhqh= | +, | +, | 5 +, {5
dkrud elhq/ frpr { 5 ^3> 4^/ hqwrqfhv +, +, +, +, +, +,
@ i +{, @ s 44 {5 @ 4 4{5 5 @ | |5 4
|A3
shur | A 3/ oxhjr/ | 41 Dv/
t 5 | 4 ?4 |5 5 | 4 3 |5 ? 4 3 | 5 4 ? |5 3 | 5 4 ? |5 3 | 5 4 a |5 4 ? | 5 4 |5 a 4 ? 3 |5 4 3 i = ^3> 4^ $ ^4> 4^ { $ i +{, @
frq | 5
43
hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd
s {5
4 4
Hmhpsor 469 Odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq el|hfwlydv
Ghqlflq 5143 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh el|hfwlyd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd1 i = U. $ U3 3 { $ i +{, @ s {
j = U3 $ U. 3 { $ j +{, @ {5 k= U $ U { $ k+{, @ {6 o= U $ U s { $ o+{, @ 6 {
Qrwh txh/ sdud i | j / vh fxpsoh=
| hv ghflu/
+i j ,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ i + {5 , s {5 @ @ m{m @ +j i ,+{, @ j +i +{,, @ j+ i j @ LgU 3
+ {, @ {
s s {, @ + {,5 @ { ;{ 5 U. 3 a j i @ LgU. 3
;{ 5 U3
Dqorjdphqwh sdud k | o gh grqgh
+k o,+{, @ { > +o k,+{, @ { ;{ 5 U k o @ o k @ LgU
Odv ixqflrqhv txh fxpsohq frq hvwd surslhgdg vh glfhq lqyhuwleohv/ vhjq vh h{solfd d frqwlqxdflq1
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV Surslhgdg 5144 Vl i = D $ E hv el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh xqd qlfd i e, +i d, i i
4 4 4
488 gh E hq D wdo txh
grqgh
Ghqlflq 5145 Vl i = D $ E hv xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i vh ghqh frpr i 4= E $ D | $ { @ i 4 +| , Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru od lqyhuvd gh i hv j | od lqyhuvd gh k hv o1 Uhfsurfdphqwh od lqyhuvd gh j hv i | od | @ i +{, r {@i
4
Od ixqflq i
@ LgE | i @i
i @ LgD
gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru hv qlfd | sxhgh ghqluvh gluhfwdphqwh frpr vljxh=
+|,
lqyhuvd gh o hv k1 Revhuyhprv odv jufdv gh i | j 43 hq od jxud Sdud rewhqhu i 4 gh xqd ixqflq i el|hfwlyd ghehprv ghvshmdu { gh od hfxdflq | @ i +{,/ frpr vh h{solfd hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhpsorv1 Hmhpsor 46: Hq ho hmhpsor 467 ylprv txh od ixqflq i = ^3> 4^ $ ^4> 4^ { $ i +{, @ |@i +{, t 5 +, { @ | |5 4
4
hv el|hfwlyd | rewxylprv txh> oxhjr/ Sru or wdqwr
s {5
4 4
{@i i
4
+|, @
|5 4 |5 +| , @ t 5 | 4 |5
= ^4> 4^ $ ^3> 4^ | $ i
4
43 Gdgd od jufd gh i hq xqd krmd wudqvsdudqwh/ sdud frqrfhu od jufd gh vx lqyhuvd edvwd urwdu orv hmhv hq eD frqwud uhorm | gdu yxhowd od krmd | pludu sru ghwuv od jxud> hvwd owlpd fruuhvsrqghu d od jufd gh od lqyhuvd gh i 1
489
Hv frvwxpeuh uhvhuydu od ohwud { sdud orv hohphqwrv gho grplqlr gh xqd ixqflq/ oxhjr/ or dqwhulru vh hvfuleh i
4
= ^4> 4^ $ ^3> 4^ { $ i 4
4
Hmhuflflr 46; Vhdq
+{, @
{5 4 {5
ixqflrqhv1
$ ^ 4> 4^s i = U. 3 { $ i +{, @ {

4
j= U $ U { $ j +{, @ { . 8
d, Suxheh txh i hv el|hfwlyd | ghwhuplqh i
e, Hqfxhqwuh xqd ixqflq/ k wdo txh k i @ j 1
od h{suhvlq +| . 4,5 hvw ghqlgd sdud wrgr | hq U/ shur | . 4 3/ Sru or wdqwr i hv hsl|hfwlyd1 Dvsru +l, | +ll, i hv el|hfwlyd1 i e, Sxhvwr txh Uhfi od ljxdogdg k i @ j/ hv ghflu/
4 4
Oxhjr i +x, @ i +y, , x @ y> ;x> y 5 U. 3 ll, Vhd { 5 U. h | 5 ^ 4> 4^ wdo txh | @ i +{, hqwrqfhv 3 s | @ s{ 4 +, |.4 @ { > |.43 +, +| . 4,5 @ { Uhfi @ ^ 4> 4^
Vroxflq= d1l, Sureduhprv txh i hv lq|hfwlyd1 wdo txh i +x, @ i +y, hqwrqfhv= Vhd x> y 5 U. 3 s s x y s 4 @ s 4 x @ y +, +, x @ y
@ U. Grpj hqwrqfhv h{lvwh j i 3 ki +, k +i i +, k Lg +, k

4 4 4
= ^ 4> 4^ $ U. 3 { $ i 4 +{, @ +{ . 4,5

4
1 Oxhjr/ sdud ghvshmdu k dsolfdprv i
Sru or wdqwr Grpk @ Grpj i
@ Grpi
k+{, @ j+i
Hmhuflflr 46< Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq Yhugdghudv r Idovdv 41 Vl j hv lqyhuwleoh/ hqwrqfhv j
4
k = ^ 4> 4^ $ U { $ +{ . 4,5 . 8
+{,, @ j ++{ . 4,5 , @ +{ . 4,5 . 8
@ ^ 4> 4^ |
@ , @ @ @
j ji ji ji
4 4 4
@4 j +grqgh 4 lqglfd od ixqflq frqvwdqwh 4,1
5191 ODV IXQFLRQHV H[SRQHQFLDOHV \ ORJDUWPLFDV 51 Vl j = D $ E hv lqyhuwleoh/ hqwrqfhv
48:
61 Vl i = D $ E | j = E $ F vrq ixqflrqhv lqyhuwleohv/ hqwrqfhv j i hv wdpelq lqyhuwleoh | Vroxflq= +j i ,

4
jj
@j @i
j
j
41 Idovr1 Od ixqflq j ghqlgd sru hv lqyhuwleoh | vlq hpedujr/ oxhjr 51 Idovr1 Frqvlghuhprv od el|hfflq
. $ U j = U. 3 s3 { $ { 4
4 4 j +{, @ j+{, @ j
4
= U. $ U. 3 3 { $ {5
s{ >
4
9@
4 j
;{ 5 U.
j= j
| vx lqyhuvd
hq fdpelr oxhjr/ j j
4
519
61 Yhugdghud1 Vx frpsuredflq txhgd gh hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru1
9@ j
j srutxh wlhqhq glvwlqwrv grplqlrv1
+j
+j j
4
= U. $ ^4> 4^ 3 { $ {5 . 4
4
^4> 4^ $ s U. 3 { $ {
j ,+{, @ { ;{ 5 ^4> 4^
,+{, @ { ;{ 5 U. 3
Frqvlghuhprv ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd= Vl xqd edfwhuld hq flhuwr fxowlyr vh gxsolfd hq fdgd krud | ho qphur gh edfwhuldv txh kdeud do lqlfldu ho h{shulphqwr hv xqd/ hqwrqfhv ho qphur i +q, gh edfwhuldv txh kd| hq ho fxowlyr ghvsxv gh q krudv hv i +q, @ 5q
Odv ixqflrqhv H{srqhqfldohv | Orjduwplfdv
Qrwh txh od h{suhvlq dqwhulru hv xqd ixqflq fx|r grplqlr hv Q/ hv ghflu i =Q q $ U $ 5q
Txhuhprv h{whqghu od ixqflq i d xqd ixqflq pv jhqhudo/ frq grplqlr U1 Shur/ Bctx vhqwlgr wlhqh h{whqghu d od h{suhvlq 5{ frq { 5 UB
48; Vdehprv txh vl { 5 Q/ hqwrqfhv Vl { 5 ] / { 5 ]. / hqwrqfhv
5{ @ 5 5
5 +{ yhfhv,
Vl { @ p q 5 T/ hqwrqfhv
s s Shur vl { 95 T/ hv ghflu/ { hv xq luudflrqdo/ sru hmhpsor/ { @ 5/ Bctx vljqlfdgr wlhqh 5 5 B s Frqvlghuhprv odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d 5 | iruphprv ho frqmxqwr
Sxhvwr txh D hv xq s5frqmxqwr dfrwdgr/ hqwrqfhv sru d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr h{lvwh VxsD1 Vhd VxsD @= 5 1 Hq jhqhudo vl e A 3 | { 5 U/ vh ghqh | e{ =@ Lqiie{3 >{4 > e{3 >{4 {5 > e{3 >{4 {5 {6 > = = =j i =U { $ U $ 5{ e{ =@ Vxsie{3 >{4 > e{3 >{4 {5 > e{3 >{4 {5 {6 > = = =j vl e A 4 vl 3 e 4 D @ i54>7 > 54>74 > 54>747 > 54>7475 > = = =j
s q 5{ @ 5p
4 5 {@ { 5
grqgh {3 > {4 > {3 > {4 {5 > {3 > {4 {5 {6 > Oxhjr srghprv ghqlu od ixqflq=
vrq odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d { 5 U1
Od uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd gh hvwd ixqflq hv xqd fxuyd gh wud}dgr frqwlqxr/ frpr vh yh hq ho judfr ghuhfkr vljxlhqwh
Dqorjdphqwh/ j ghqlgd frpr
vh uhsuhvhqwd jufdphqwh sru od fxuyd gh wud}dgr frqwlqxr/ frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq ho jufr ghuhfkr dqwhulru/ fx|r uhfruulgr hv U. 1 Hq jhqhudo srghprv ghqlu od ixqflq h{srqhqfldo hq edvh e frq e A 3 frpr
j=U {
$ U $ +4 ,{ 5
5191 ODV IXQFLRQHV H[SRQHQFLDOHV \ ORJDUWPLFDV
48<
h{se = U { fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd hvw hq od jxud
$ U $ e{
Qrwh txh vl e A 4 od ixqflq h{se hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh | vl 3 ? e ? 4/ od ixqflq h{se hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Hq dperv fdvrv hv lq|hfwlyd | vx uhfruulgr hv U. 1 Revhuyhprv txh od fxuyd qr fruwd ho hmh {/ hv ghflu/ qr fruwd d od uhfwd | @ 31 Gluhprv txh od uhfwd | @ 3 hv xqd dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh od ixqflq | @ e{ 1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh vl e A 4 | { ghfuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh/ odv lpjhqhv | @ e{ wlhqghq d fhur1 Hq hvwh fdvr hvfuleluhprv>
Hq fdpelr vl 3 ? e ? 4 | { fuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh/ hqwrqfhv odv lpjhqhv | @ e{ wlhqghq d fhur1 Hq hvwh fdvr hvfuleluhprv Vl { $ 4/ hqwrqfhv e{ $ 3 |@4 h { h {
Vl { $
4/ hqwrqfhv e{ $ 3
Hmhuflflr 473 Judtxh od ixqflq
Vroxflq= Revhuyhprv od jufd gh | @ h { | gh | @
493
Hq hvwh fdvr e @ 4 h ? 41
Dv/ | @ 4 h { hv xq wudvodflq gh | @
h { frpr vh pxhvwud hq od jxud
Qrwh txh od dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh | @ 4
h { hv dkrud | @ 4/ sxhv vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv 4
h { $4
494
Hmhpsor 474 Ghwhuplqh od jufd gh od ixqflq | @ de{ . f sdud orv glihuhqwhv ydoruhv srvleohv gh d/ e | f hq U
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuduhprv glvwlqwrv fdvrv txh vh pxhvwudq hq odv jufdv

10 -4 -2 0 2 x 4 -4 -2 0 10 2 x 4
-10
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
d ? 3> e A 4> f A 3
d ? 3> e A 4> f ? 3
495
Surslhgdg 5146 Vl d 5 U. / e 5 U. | {> | 5 U/ hqwrqfhv l, d{ d| @ d{.| ll, d{ e{ @ +de,{ lll, +d{ ,| @ d{| ly,
d { @ d{ e e{ Hmhpsor 475 Uhvroydprv odv vljxlhqwhv hfxdflrqhv h{srqhqfldohv 41 8{ 6{ 4 @ 6{.4 8{ 4

Vroxflq= 41 51 5{.4 . 7{ @ ;3
8{
6{
@ 6{.4
8{
51 Frqvlghuhprv ho fdpelr gh yduldeohv x @ 5{ / hqwrqfhv 5{.4 . 7{ @ ;3 +, 5{.4 . 7{ ;3 @ 3 +, 5 5{ . +5{ ,5 ;3 @ 3 +, x5 . 5x ;3 @ 3 +, +x . 43,+x ;, @ 3 +, x @ 43 b x @ ;
oxhjr/ V @ i5j1
+, 8{ . 8{ 4 @ 6{.4 . 6{ +, 8{ 4 . 4 @ 6{ 6 . 4 8 6 9 43 { { +, 8 8 @ 6 6 { 5 8 @ 8 +, 6{ 65 5 8 { @ 8 +, 6 6 +, { @ 5
496
Iljxuh 514= | @ vlqk+{, / | @ frvk+{, oxhjr/ V4 @ i 43> ;j/ shur x A 3/ oxhjr/ V @ i;j/ oxhjr/ Od edvh h{srqhqfldo gh xvr pv iuhfxhqwh hv h1 Sru vx xvr wdq h{whqvr/ d od ixqflq i +{, @ h{ vh oh oodpdu ixqflq h{srqhqfldo1 Hq edvh d hvwd ixqflq srghprv ghqlu od vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv= Ghqlflq 5147 Vh ghqh od ixqflq vhqr klshueolfr frpr> vhqk = U { frvk = U { $ U { $ h 5h gh grqgh { @ 6 5{ @ ;
| frvhqr klshueolfr frpr>
Odv jufdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv vrq odv txh vh pxhvwudq hq od jxud Khprv ylvwr txh vl e 9@ 4 od ixqflq h{se hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd frq uhfruulgr U. / oxhjr/ od ixqflq hv el|hfwlyd1 Sru or wdqwr h{lvwh vx lqyhuvd h{se 4 txh ghqrplqduhprv od ixqflq orjdulwpr hq edvh e | hvfuleluhprv h{se 4 @ orje hv ghflu/ od ixqflq orjdulwpr hq edvh e vh ghqh frpr orje = U. { $ U $ orje +{, @ | h{se = U { $ U. $ e{
$ U { h $ h . 5
grqgh
| @ orje +{, +, { @ e|
497 Hmhpsor 476 41 orj5 +7, @ 5 sxhv 55 @ 71

5
61 orj 4 5 +7, @
51 orj5 + 4 ,@ 7
5 sxhv 5
5 sxhv + 4 , 5
@4 1 7
5
@ 71
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s 81 Yhugdghur1 Odv h{suhvlrqhv { 4 | orj4@8 { wlhqhq vljqlfdgr hq U vl { A 4/ shur orj4@8 { ? 3 | s{ 4 8 A 3 sdud { A 4 gh grqgh hv fodur txh ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq hv ! Ghqlflq 514; Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh Grpi _ Grpj 9@ !1 Vl i +{, A 3 hq dojq vxefrqmxqwr D gh Grpi hqwrqfhv vh ghqh od ixqflq k frpr frq grplqlr G @ D _ Grpj/ hv ghflu/ k+{, @ i +{,j+{, @= hj+{, oq i +{, Hq edvh d od ixqflq h{srqhqfldo | orjdulwpr qdwxudo srghprv ghqlu rwud ixqflq gh judq lqwhuv
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61 Ghwhuplqh Uhfi / sdud fdgd xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
51:15
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{5 { ? 4 ; s ? 4 m{m m{m 4 =
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Hmhpsor 4:6 Uhfrughprv od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd txh vdwlvidfhq orv qphurv uhdohv1 4 ; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh 3 ? ? %= Q 4 4 Frq hvwd surslhgdg vh sxhgh suredu txh od vxfhvlq +{q ,4 q@4 @ + 5q . 4,q@4 hv frqyhujhqwh |d txh olpq$4 {q @ 41 Sdud suredu hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg ghehprv wrpdu % A 3 duelwudulr +|d txh hv ; % A 3, | sdud hvh qphur uhdo ghehprv hqfrqwudu xq Q wdo txh vl q A Q vh whqjd txh 4 %? ? % m{q 4m ? %> or txh htxlydoh d 5q 4 4 4 frpr 54 q A 3/ ghehprv suhrfxsduqrv gh suredu txh 3 ? 5q ? % shur frpr 5q ? q / vl orjudprv suredu txh 4 3 ? q ? % d sduwlu gh xq Q +hv ghflu/ vl q A Q , rewhqhprv od ghvljxdogdg exvfdgd
Hmhpsor 4:5 Od vxfhvlq frqvwdqwh +f, hv frqyhujhqwh d f/ sxhv olpq$4 f @ f Od vxfhvlq +5q , hv glyhujhqwh/ sxhv qr h{lvwh olpq$4 5q / |d txh sru ho hmhpsor dqwhulru whqhprv txh hv fuhflhqwh | qr dfrwdgd1
olp { @ O +, ; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q , m{q Om ? % q$4 q Ghqlflq 61: Xqd vxfhvlq txh wlhqh oplwh vh glfh frqyhujhqwh | hq fdvr frqwudulr/hv ghflu/ vl qr wlhqh oplwh/ vh glfh glyhujhqwh
6161 OPLWH GH XQD VXFHVLQ Sru ghprvwudu= olpq$4 {q @ 41 Sru surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd whqhprv sru or wdqwr ; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh 3 ?
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Ghprvwudflq= Whqhprv txh ghprvwudu txh
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FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
: ? % sdud q A Q / whqguhprv od ghvljxdogdg +615,1 Sru or Hv fodur sru +614, txh= vl h{lvwh Q wdo txh q wdqwr exvtxhprv wdo Q 1 : : ? % htxlydoh d : Revhuyhprv txh q % ? q1 Hqwrqfhv gdgr % A 3/ frqvlghuhprv ho uhdo % | xvdqgr od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd ghprvwuduhprv +BB,1 Ghprvwudflq= Vhd % A 3/ hqwrqfhv sru surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh Q A : %1 : : Vhd q 5 Q wdo txh q A Q / shur Q A : / oxhjr q A / or txh htxlydoh d ? % shur % % q 5q 8 : : : ? | 5 @ q.4 q q.4 q.4 q 8 : sru or wdqwr 5 q.4 5 ? q ? %= Dv/ khprv suredgr +BB,1
Hmhpsor 4:9 Ghpxhvwuh gdgr s> t 5 ]. 1 Sru ghprvwudu
4 olp @3 q$4 qs@t 4 +;% A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+;q 5 Q,+q A Q , s@t ? %, q 4 Q A + ,t@s % 4 q A + ,t@s %
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6161 OPLWH GH XQD VXFHVLQ
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Frq hvwh plvpr hmhpsor yhprv od qhfhvlgdg gh ghprvwudu txh ho oplwh gh xqd vxfhvlq hv qlfr sru hvr xvdprv ho% | qr orv%1 Whruhpd 61; +Xqlflgdg gho Oplwh, Ho oplwh gh xqd vxfhvlq +{q ,4 q@4 hv qlfr/ hv ghflu/ olp {q @ d a olp {q @ e , d @ e
Ghprvwudflq= Surfhghuhprv sru ho devxugr/ hvwr vljqlfd txh vxsrqguhprv txh d 9@ e | oohjduhprv d xqd frqwudglfflq1 Hvhqfldophqwh kduhprv or plvpr txh hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru1 Frpr d 9@ e vh wlhqh txh ho qphur md em 9@ 3 | srvlwlyr1 \d txh olp { @ d/ sdud % @ md em h{lvwh xq Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q> { 5 Y > q q d> % 7 7 sru rwud sduwh vh wlhqh txh olp {q @ e/ dv sdud ho plvpr % h{lvwh xq P 5 Q wdo txh q A P> {q 5 Ye> % 1 Qrwh txh Yd> % _ Ye> % @ ! +frpr hq od jxud Q Q frq d @ 4 | e @ 4,/ shur vl wrpdprv q wdo txh q A Q a q A P vh wlhqh txh {q 5 Yd> % a {q 5 Ye> % / hv ghflu/ {q 5 Yd> % _ Ye> % / dv Yd> % _ Ye> % 9@ !/ or fxdo qrv oohyd d xqd frqwudglfflq1 Hvwh whruhpd hv px| wlo sdud prvwudu txh xqd vxfhvlq hv glyhujhqwh/ sru hmhpsor
4 4 q +{q ,4 q@4 @ + 4, +6 . q ,q@4 glyhujh 4 +{q ,4 q@4 @ +vhq+ ; q,,q@4 glyhujh
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nq frq q nq
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Or txh glfh ho frurodulr hv txh sdud hvwxgldu od frqyhujhqfld gh xqd vxfhvlq qr lpsruwd or txh rfxuud frq orv sulphurv wuplqrv +orv n sulphurv wuplqrv, q 5 q 4333 q A 4333
{q @ frqyhujh d fhur +sru Frurodulr 6143,1
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4 4 4 Hmhpsor 4:< + 5q 5 ,4 q@4 frqyhujh d fhur |d txh hood hv xqd vxevxfhvlq gh + 5q ,q@4 1
4<9 Hmhuflflr 4;3 Fdofxodu ho q5
FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
4 q vl vh vdeh txh olpq$4 +4 . q , @ O1 5 q5 q q5 q5 r 4 4 4 q Vroxflq= \d txh qq.4 @ 4. q | 4. q , irupd xqd vxevxfhvlq gh +4 . q 5 5 5 +wrpdqgr q5 frpr od ixqflq fuhflhqwh, hqwrqfhv
olp q$4
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Ghprvwudflq= Vhd +{q ,4 q@4 frqyhujhqwh d O/ sdud % @ 4 h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q vh wlhqh txh {q 5 YO>4 +hv ghflu/ O 4 ? {q ? O . 4,1 Vhdq @ pd{i{4 > {5 > {6 > > {Q 4 > {Q > O . 4j | dv sdud wrgr q 4 vh wlhqh {q 5 ^> ` sru or wdqwr ho frqmxqwr i{q = q 5 Qj hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh sru h lqihulruphqwh sru sru or wdqwr +{q ,4 q@4 hv dfrwdgd1
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6171 FOFXOR GH OPLWHV Whruhpd 6145 Whruhpd frqyhujhqfld prqwrqd= Wrgd vxfhvlq prqwrqd dfrwdgd hv frqyhujhqwh
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+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+q A Q , {q 5 Y> % , or txh vljqlfd txh olpq$4 {q @ Revhuydflq= Vl +{q , hv ghfuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd lqihulruphqwh hqwrqfhv olp {q @ grqgh @ lqi i{q = q 5 Qj Vl +{q , hv fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh hqwrqfhv olp {q @ grqgh @ vxsi{q = q 5 Qj1 Hmhpsor 4;7 Od vxfhvlq +{q ,4 q@4 frq {q @ 4 . 4 4 . . 4$ 5$ . 4 q$
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617
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. Ghprvwudflq= Frpr +|q ,4 q@4 hv dfrwdgd/ h{lvwh n 5 U wdo txh m|q m ? n> ;q 5 Q1 Dghpv frpr +{q ,4 frqyhujh d 3 vh wlhqh txh q@4
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FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
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Hmhpsor 4;: Ghprvwudu
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{q olp + q$4 |q
d ,@3 e
q5 .5 Hmhpsor 4;< Fdofxohprv ho oplwh gh od vxfhvlq +{q ,4 q@4 grqgh {q @ 8q5 .q 1 Frpr q5 . 5 5 q5 . 5 q5 q5 @ 4 . q5 @ 8 {q @ 5 5 4 q q 8q . q 8. q q5 . q5
5 4 | |d txh olpq$4 +4 . q 5 , @ 4 | olpq$4 +8 . q , @ 8 vh wlhqh txh 5 olp+4 . q 4 5, olp {q @ @ 4 q 8 olp+8 . q ,
533
FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
Revhuyhprv txh sdud fdofxodu hvwh oplwh/ qr srghprv xvdu gluhfwdphqwh od sduwh +6, gho whruhpd dqwhulru sxhv qr h{lvwhq orv oplwhv olpq$4 8q5 . q | olpq$4 q5 . 51 +Hq hvwh fdvr whqhprv txh olpq$4 8q5 . q @ 4 | olpq$4 q5 . 5 @ 4 shur 4 95 U1 Hq jhqhudo/ vh sxhgh ghprvwudu xvdqgr ho dojheud gh oplwhv txh= 4, dn qn . dn olp q$4 en qn . en qn n 4q
4 4 4
@qn ,1 +hq hvwh fdvr pxowlsolfdqgr sru 4 4@qn dn qn . dn 4 qn 4 . 5, olp q$4 eo qo . eo 4 qo 4 . q 5 r .4 Hmhpsor 4<3 Od vxfhvlq q q6 .5 frqyhujh d 31
Vroxflq= q5 . 4 olp 6 q$4 q . 4
. .
dn . d3 @ . e3 en 3 qr h{lvwh
. d3 @ . e3
vl o A n vl o ? n
6 .5 Hmhuflflr 4<4 Ghpxhvwuh txh olpq$4 q q5 .4 qr h{lvwh
5 .4 oxhjr olpq$4 q q6 .5 @ 31
q5 . 4 4@q6 olp 6 q$4 q . 5 4@q6 4@q . 4@q6 @ olp q$4 4 . 5@q6 3 olpq$4 +4@q . 4@q6 , @ @3 @ 6 olpq$4 +4 . 5@q , 4 @
Vroxflq= +Sru ho pwrgr gho devxugr, 6 .5 Vxsrqjdprv txh ho olpq$4 q 5 .4 h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv O 5 U q 6 .5 q Gdgr txh olpq$4 q5 .4 h{lvwh +sru hmhpsor dqwhulru, hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv/ q6 . 5 q5 . 4 h{lvwh olp 5 q$4 q . 4 q6 . 5 q6 . 5 q5 . 4 q6 . 5 q5 . 4 @ olp olp @O 3@3 olp 5 q$4 q . 4 q6 . 5 q$4 q5 . 4 q$4 q6 . 5 q6 . 5 q5 . 4 olp 5 q$4 q . 4 q6 . 5 +617,
| Dv
Sru rwud sduwh/ hv fodur txh/
Vroxflq=
q6 . 5 q5 . 4 olp 5 +618, @ olp 4 @ 4 q$4 q . 4 q6 . 5 q$4 Dv sru +617, | +618, | sru od xqlflgdg gho o plwh vh wlhqh txh 3 @ 4 or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflq1 Od q6 .5 qr h{lvwh1 frqwudglfflq vh surgxmr do vxsrqhu txh h{lvwd ho oplwh/ sru or wdqwr olpq$4 q 5 .4 Fdofxodu + 7,q . 8q O @ olp q$4 + 7,q.4 . 5+8,q + 87 ,q . 4 O @ olp q$4 + 7,+ 87 ,q . 5
6171 FOFXOR GH OPLWHV Shur olpq$4 + 87 ,q @ 3 sxhv m Oxhjr sru ojheud gh oplwhv
7 8
534 m?4
7 8
Sursrvlflq 6149 +Pdqwhqflq gho vljqr gho oplwh hq xqd vxfhvlq , Vl olpq {q @ O/ frq O 5 U. vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q hqwrqfhv {q 5 U. Ghprvwudflq= Frpr {q $ O vh wlhqh txh wdo txh ; % A 3 <Q 5 Q
+ O @ olp q$4 +
,q . 4 olpq$4 ++ 87 ,q . 4, 4 @ @ 7 q 7 q 5 , .5 olpq$4 + 7,+ 8 , . 5 8
q A Q , {q 5 YO> % = O Dv wrpdqgr xq % elhq sduwlfxodu % @ 7 A 3 vh wlhqh txh <Q 5 Q wdo txh {q 5 +O wdqwr vl q A Q vh wlhqh O 6O @O @O % ? {q 3? 7 7
%> O . %, sru or
Frurodulr 614: Vl {q $ d/ |q $ e | vl vh wlhqh od ghvljxdogdg {q |q d sduwlu gh xq qglfh Q3 / hqwrqfhv Frurodulr 614; +Whruhpd gho Dfrwdplhqwr, Vhdq {q }q |q d sduwlu gh xq qglfh Q hq dghodqwh1 Vl olp {q @ olp |q @ O hqwrqfhv olp }q @ O olp {q olp |q +r htxlydohqwhphqwh d e, q q
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr {q $ O/ vh wlhqh txh sdud %4 A 3 h{lvwh Q4 5 Q wdo txh m{q wrgr q A Q4 1 Frpr |q $ O +, ; %5 A 3 <Q5 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q5 hqwrqfhv m|q Om ? %5 / sru or wdqwr wrpdqgr Q @ pd{iQ4 > Q5 j vh wlhqh vlpxowdqhdphqwh txh vl q A Q dv/ xvdqgr od wudqvlwlylgdg gh od ghvljxdogdg vh rewlhqh O O %4 ? {q ? O . %4 a O %4 ? {q }q |q ? O . %5 vl q A Q
Om ? %4 / sdud
%5 ? |q ? O . %5 a {q }q |q Om ? %1 frqfoxvlq
Hmhpsor 4<5 Suredu txh olpq$4 gh grqgh
Wrpdqgr %4 @ %5 @ % +lqlfldophqwh, vh wlhqh txh <Q wdo txh vl q A Q hqwrqfhv m}q txh qrv glfh txh }q $ O
vhq +
Vroxflq= Sdud wrgr q 5 Q/ vh wlhqh>
q, @ 3 xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr

4 vhqq 4
Frpr olpq$4
4 q @ olpq$4
Hq jhqhudo/ vh wlhqh>
4 vhqq 4 ;q 5 Q q q q 4 q @ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vhqq @3 olp q$4 q
535
q Hmhpsor 4<6 Vl i{q j hv xqd vxfhvlq dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv olpq$4 { q @3
FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
Vroxflq= Vl i{q j hv xqd vxfhvlq dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv h{lvwh N 5 U. wdo txh/ m{q m n> ;q 5 Q oxhjr> n {q n ;q 5 Q or txh lpsolfd Frpr olpq$4
Fdofxodu
n q @ 3 | olpq$4
{q n n ;q 5 Q q q q {q n q @ 3/ sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh hqwrqfhv txh olpq$4 q @ q . vhq +q, O @ olp q$4 q + 4,q 4. O @ olp q$4 4 a
vhq +
Vroxflq= shur sdud wrgr q 5 Q
q q
q,
q
4,
vhq +q, 4 4 q q q Oxhjr sru ho whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr olp q$4
4 + 4,q 4 q q q olp q$4
olp
4 @ 3= q
Dv/ sru ojheud gh oplwh/
vhq +q, @3 q
+ 4,q @3 q
Hmhpsor 4<7 Fdofxodu
q 4 . vhq q @ 4 @4 O @ olp q + 4, q$4 4 4 q

olp q$4 q . frv +q, 6q ;q 5 Q
Vroxflq=
5 5q + ,q @ q 6 6 q @ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru ho whruhpd gho , | olpq$4 + 5 6 Sru rwud sduwh
q olp @ 3= q$4 6q
q 5q 5 @ + ,q q q 6 6 6 dfrwdplhqwr
dghpv olpq$4 + 4 ,q @ 3 6 Oxhjr sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr Hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru ojheud gh oplwhv olp q$4
4 frv q 4 q q 6 6 6 frv q olp @3 q$4 6q
q . frv q q frv q @ olp q . olp @3 q q $4 q $4 6 6 6q
6171 FOFXOR GH OPLWHV Hmhpsor 4<8 Fdofxodu olpq$4 {q grqgh {q @ s {q @ + q s q s q . 41
536
Vroxflq= oxhjr shur
4 s @ olp { @ olp s q$4 q q$4 q . q . 4
s s s 4 q. q.4 s s @s q . 4, s q. q.4 q. q.4
4 | olpq$4 s q @ 3/ oxhjr sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
4 4 s s 3 s q q. q.4 4 s @3 olp s q$4 q . q . 4
4 s olp s q$4 q . q . 4
Hmhpsor 4<9 Ghprvwudu = Vl mum ? 4 hqwrqfhv olpq$4 quq @ 3 Vroxflq= Frqvlghuhprv 3 ? u ? 4 Vhd k @ 4 u 4 Sdud q 5/ vh wlhqh Oxhjr shur Sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr Hmhpsor 4<:
| sru frqvljxlhqwh olpq$4
s q
s q . 4 @ 31
+4 . k,q @ 4 . qk .
q+q . 4, 5 k . 5
q+q . 4, 5 . kq k 5
3 ? quq @
5q 5 @ olp @3 olp q$4 q+q 4, q$4 q 4
q q 5q @ +4 . k,q q+q 4,@5 q+q 4,
Frpr olpq$4 qmumq @ 3 sxhv 3 mum ? 4 hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh olpq$4 quq @ 31 Hmhpsor 4<; Uhwrphprv orv hmhpsorv 49; | 49< {q @ 4 . |q @
4 4$
5, Vhd 4 ? u 3 Sdud wrgr q 5 Q/ vh wlhqh
olp quq @ 3 q$4 mumq uq mumq
4 5$
q$ q, .
4
Frpr |q {q ;q | dpedv frqyhujhq vh wlhqh O5 @ olpq |q olpq {q @ O4 / sru or wdqwr O5 O4 1 Qxhvwur remhwlyr hv suredu txh O4 @ O5 sru or wdqwr vor qrv idowd yhu txh O4 O5 Sdud s mr od vxfhvlq +sq ,4 q@4 frq sq @ 4 . 4 . 4 . 5$ 4 +4 s$ 4 ,+ q ,+4 s q 4 ,
4 4. q
@4.4. 4 +4 5
q$ +4
4
q ,+
4
,+4
4 q ,
537
FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
frqyhujh +sru rshudwruld gh oplwhv, do wuplqr {s fxdqgr q wlhqgh d 41 Shur sdud fdgd s mr vh wlhqh |q sq +sxhvwr txh sq frqwlhqh d orv sulphurv s . 4 sulphurv gh |q ,/ wrpdqgr oplwh fxdqgr q $ 4 vh rewlhqh/ phgldqwh ho xvr gho frurodulr 614:/ txh O5 {s Dkrud srghprv kdfhu whqghu s $ 4/ dv sru or wdqwr Dv/ odv vxfhvlrqhv +{q ,4 q Revhuydflq= | +|q ,4 q O5 olp {s @ O4 s$4 O5 O4
frqyhujhq dpedv do plvpr ydoru/ oodpdgr h +Xvdqgr od fofxodgrud @4 @4 | fxdotxlhud gh odv vxfhvlrqhv dqwhulruhv ylvxdolfh txh h @ 5=:4;5;4;===,
n olp +4 . ,q @ hn q$4 q Mxvwlfduhprv vor hq sduwh9 hvwd revhuydflq1 Vl n @ 4 s > s 5 Q/ od vxfhvlq vh sxhgh yhu frpr xqd 4 p vxevxfhvlq gh {p @ +4 . p , |d txh +4 . Hmhpsor 4<< Fdofxodu n q 4 q 4 sq n , @ +4 . , @ ++4 . , , > q sq sq q 4 olpq$4 q q.4 olpq$4
5
grqgh p @ sq | frq d|xgd gho whruhpd 61< srghprv rewhqhu od revhuydflq d, e, d,
Vroxflq=
q 6 q 8q.7
q 4 olpq$4 q q.4
q+4 4 , q @ olpq$4 q+4. q 4, q @

olp olp
4 q q$4 +4 q , 4 q +4. q$4 q,
4 @ hh4
e,
olpq$4
@h 5 q 6 5q+4 q 6 q @ olp 5q , 7 , q$4 8q+4. 8 8q.7 q

5
6 q olp $4 +4 5q , @ olpq$4 + 5 ,q olpq 7 8 q$4 +4. ,q 8q
@ 3 h 75 h8
6
Hmhpsor 533 Vxsrqlhqgr txh od vxfhvlq +{q ,4 q@4 frqyhujh1 Fdofxodu vx oplwh/ grqgh od vxfhvlq {q hv ghqlgd uhfxuvlydphqwh frpr vljxh {4 A 3
9 Hq
@ 3=
4 d {q.4 @ +{q . , 5 {q
ehqhflr gho fofxor/ khprv ghvduuroodgr hvwd revhuydflq frpr wfqlfd gh fofxor gh oplwhv gh vxfhvlrqhv1
d 5 U. >
538
Vroxflq= Vl olpq$4 {q @ O 9@ 3 wrpdqgr oplwh hq dperv odgrv gh od ghvljxdogdg dqwhulru vh wlhqh +olpq {q . olpq {q.4 @ 4 5 d, +O . O O @4 5
olp
q {q
s s 4 5 5 5 d/ shur frpr od vxfhvlq hv srvlwlyd dv O s @ 5 +O . d,1 Sru or wdqwr O @ d dv s O @ d O @ O @ d1 Qrwh txh= dq qr vdehprv vl { $ d / wrgr vh edv hq od frqyhujhqfld gh {q 1 Sru rwud sduwh vl q s d {4 kxelhvh vlgr qhjdwlyr {q $ s Hmhpsor 534 Vhd {q @ q d> d 5 U. 1 Srghprv yhu txh {q frqyhujh/ |d txh vl= d, d A 4 hqwrqfhv {q hv ghfuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd lqihulruphqwh r elhq vl e, d 5 `3> 4^ hqwrqfhv {q hv fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd s s vxshulruphqwh1 hv ghflu/ olpq$4 q d @ O h{lvwh Sru or wdqwr q d frqyhujh/ s s Vl d A 4 O @ lqi i q d = q 5 Qj | vl 3 ? d ? 4/ O @ vxsi q d = q 5 Qj= Sru yhu txh hq dperv fdvrv O @ 4/ fodudphqwh vh yh txh O 9@ 31 4 s 4 Frpr {q @ q d @ d q wlhqh frpr vxevxfhvlq d q+q.4, sru whruhpd 61< whqhprv txh O @ olp q$4
4
shur oxhjr Dv/ O @ 4 Sru or wdqwr
s 4 q d @ olp d q+q.4, q$4

4
d q+q.4, O @ olp q$4
dq
q.4
@
4
d q.4
4
dq
4
d q+q.4,
4
olpq d q O @ @ @4 4 O q .4 olpq d ;d 5 U.
s Hmhpsor 535 Fdofxodu olpq$4 q q1 s Vroxflq= Vdehprv txh |q @ q q irupd xqd vxfhvlq ghfuhflhqwh +d sduwlu gho whufhu wuplqr, | dfrwdgd lqihulruphqwh> sru or wdqwr frqyhujh1 s Vhd O @ olpq$4 |q / fodudphqwh O 4/ frpr 5q 5q hv xqd vxevxfhvlq gh |q vh wlhqh txh vx oplwh wdpelq hv O Sru or wdqwr whqhprv s s 4 4 s 5q q s O5 @ olp + 5q,5 @ olp +5q, q @ olp 5 q q q @ olp 5 q q @ 4 O q$4 q$4 q$4 oxhjr O5 @ O/ dv O @ 4/ sru or wdqwr olp q$4 s q q@4
olp q$4
s q d@4
Hmhpsor 536 Fdofxodu
Sursrvlflq 614< Vhd s 5 ]. s A 41 Vl olpq$4 {q A 3 hqwrqfhv t s olp s {q @ s olp {q q$4 q$4 olp q$4 u
6
;.
5 q6
539 Vroxflq= Hmhpsor 537 Fdofxodu u

6
FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ u
6
olp q$4
5 ;. 6 @ q
s 5 6 olp +; . 6 , @ ; @ 5 q$4 q
O @ olp q$4 4 u
q
u
q
Vroxflq= Frpr
q 4 .4. s 6 q +5q,6 . 5 q5
4.
4 , @ 4/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gh1 dfrwdplhqwr Sxhvwr txh olpq$4 4 @ olpq$4 +4 . q u 4 q 4. @4 olp q$4 q
4 4 4. q q
Sru rwud sduwh>
Hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru ojheud gh oplwhv= O @ olp q$4 Hmhpsor 538 Fdofxodu Vroxflq= u
q
q q @ olp t olp s q$4 6 +5q,6 . 5 q$4 6 q ;.
4 4 @ olp t @ q $4 5 5 5 6 ;. q 6 q6
4.
q 6 4 4 .s @4. @ 6 q 5 5 +5q,6 . 5 q5 frv +q$,
s q7 . 6q . 5 O @ olp q$4 q . q$
shur/
s q7 . 6q . 5 olp q$4 q . q$
q5
6q . 5 @ olp s 7 q$4 + q . 6q . 5 . q5 ,+q . q$,
dghpv
6q . 5 6q . 5 3? s ?s 7 5 7 + q . 6q . 5 . q ,+q . q$, q . 6q . 5 . q 5
6 5 6q . 5 q . q5 t @ olp olp s 7 @3 q$4 q . 6q . 5 . q5 q$4 6 5 4. q 6 . q7 . 4
Oxhjr sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
| frpr od ixqflq frvhqr hv dfrwdgd vh wlhqh sru whruhpd 6146 txh O @ 3 Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu dojxqrv oplwhv ixqgdphqwdohv+|d phqflrqdgrv, txh ghehprv whqhu suhvhqwh sdud ho fofxor gh rwurv o plwhv1
s q 7 . 6q . 5 olp q$4 q . q$
q5
@3
53:
Oplwhv Ixqgdphqwdohv
4 61 olpq$4 qs@t @ 3> s 5 ]> t 5 ] vl mum ? 4 71 olpq$4 uq @ 3> kq k5U 81 olpq$4 vhq q @ 3> s 91 olpq$4 q d @ 4> d 5 U. s :1 olpq$4 q q @ 4> 4 q @ h> ;1 olpq$4 4 . q n q @ hn > n 5 U <1 olpq$4 4 . q 4 5$ 4 51 olpq$4 qk @ 3>
41 olpq$4 f @ f>
f5U
k5U
431 olpq$4 +4 . 4 .
4 . .q ,@h $ 441 olpq$4 +4 . u . u5 . . uq , @ 4 4 u > vl mum ? 4 ; 3 > vl t A s ? s ds d sq vl t @ s 451 olpq$4 dt qt @ dt = glyhujh vl t ? s 4 6$
Rwur oplwh ixqgdphqwdo txh ghprvwuduhprv pv dghodqwh xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh hqodfh hv n olp q vhq+ , @ n q$4 q n5U
Hmhuflflr 539 Fdofxodu
s 6 frv+q, 5 vhq+6@q, Vroxflq= Vhd dq @ q q.7 / eq @ 4@q Fdofxohprv olp dq | olp eq 1 +Gh h{lvwlu/ srghprv dsolfdu dojheud oplwhv, Sdud wrgr q 5 Q/ vh wlhqh u s s 6 6 4 q q 6 4 ? s ? ? 3? 6 5 q.7 q q q5
frpr olpq$4
olp q$4
s 6 q frv+q, 5 vhq+6@q, . q.7 4@q
s 6 5 q
4
@ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr s 6 q olp @3 q$4 q . 7 olp d @ 3 q$4 q
| frpr od vxfhvlq +frv q, hv dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv sru ho whruhpd gho fhur dqltxlod Sru rwud sduwh/ dsolfdqgr ho oplwh ixqgdphqwdo
@q, @ 5 olp rewhqhprv txh olpq$4 5 vhq+6 q$4 q vhq+6@q, @ 5 6 @ 9 oxhjr olpq$4 eq @ 9 | dsolfdqgr ho 4@q dojheud gh oplwhv/ vh wlhqh olp d . eq @ 3 . 9 @ 9 q$4 q
olp q vhq+n@q, @ n q$4
53;
FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
Hmhuflflr 53: Ghpxhvwuh txh vl olp {q h{lvwh | olp |q qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp {q . |q qr h{lvwh Vroxflq= +Sru ho pwrgr gho devxugr, Vxsrqjdprv txh olp {q . |q h{lvwh1 Gdgr txh olp {q h{lvwh hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv> olp+{q . |q , olp |q {q h{lvwh
hv ghflu
Hmhuflflr 53; Ghwhuplqh vl ho vljxlhqwh oplwh h{lvwh>
or txh frqwudglfh ho khfkr txh olp |q qr h{lvwh1
h{lvwh
Vroxflq= Vhd {q @
oxhjr h{lvwh olpq$4 {q 1 Vlq hpedujr sru hmhpsor 4;< olpq$4 |q qr h{lvwh sru frqvljxlhqwh dsolfdqgr ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru whqhprv txh ho oplwh gdgr qr h{lvwh1 .4 q${q Hmhuflflr 53< Ghwhuplqh { 5 U i3j wdo txh olpq$4 dq dq ? 4 grqgh/ dq @ qq 1 Vroxflq= hqwrqfhv dq.4 +q . 4,${q.4 qq m{mqq @ dq +q . 4,q.4 q${q @ +q . 4,q
6q 6q 6 @ olp s olp { @ olp s @ olp s @6 q$4 q q$4 7 q7 . 8 q$4 q 7 4 . 8@q7 q$4 7 4 . 8@q7
q s 7 7 q
6
.8
6 .5 | |q @ q q5 .4
6q q6 . 5 olp s . q$4 7 q7 . 8 q5 . 4
gh grqgh
Hmhuflflr 543
Ghwhuplqh sdud tx ydoruhv gh { hq U i3j ho oplwh dq.4 olp q$4 dq 4 q hv phqru txh 4/ vlhqgr dq @ q 5 +{ . 4,
:
: Hvwd
dq.4 ? 4 +, m{m 4 ? 4 olp q$4 dq h +, m{m ? h a { 9@ 3 +, h ? { ? h a { 9@ 3 +, { 5` h> h^ i3j
q dq.4 @ olp m{mq olp q$4 dq q$4 +q . 4,q q q @ m{m olp q$4 q . 4 q 4 @ m{m olp q$4 4 . 4@q 4 4 @ m{m olp @ m{m q$4 +4 . 4@q,q h
wfqlfd hv xvdgd hq or txh vxhoh oodpduvh lqwhuydorv | udglrv gh frqyhujhqfld gh vhulhv gh s rwhqfldv1
6171 FOFXOR GH OPLWHV Vroxflq= Frpr whqhprv dq.4 q5 q5 4 .4 q @ @ m{ . 4m dq +q . 4,5 +{ . 4, +{ . 4,q +q . 4,5 oxhjr .4 q5 olpq$4 dq dq @ olpq$4 +q.4,5 m{ . 4m q5 @ m{ . 4m olpq$4 q5 .5 q.4 @ m{ . 4m 4 Sru or wdqwr .4 olpq$4 dq dq ? 4 +, m{ . 4m ? 4 a { 9@ 4 +, 4 ? { . 4 ? 4 a { 9@ +, 5 ? { ? 3 a { 9@ 4 +, { 5` 5> 3^ i 4j
53<
Hmhuflflr 544
Hmhuflflr 545 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 41 Vl idq j hv dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv idq j hv frqyhujhqwh 71 Od vxfhvlq hv dfrwdgd 51 Vl olpq$4 mdq m h{lvwh hqwrqfhv idq j hv frqyhujhqwh q 61 Vl idq j hv dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv olpq$4 d q5 @ 3
+ 5
Vroxflq=
81 Wrgd vxfhvlq frqyhujhqwh hv prqwrqd1 41 Idovr1 Od vxfhvlq dq @ vhq+ q , hv dfrwdgd shur qr frqyhujhqwh 5 51 Idovr1 Vhd dq @ + 4,q > mdq m @ 4 olpq$4 mdq m @ 4 shur idq j qr hv frqyhujhqwh1 dq n 5 > ;q 5 Q 5 q q q n Sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr/ gdgr txh olpq$4 q5 @ 3/ vh wlhqh dq @3 olp q$4 q5 n
5
q 5, q .7q
61 Yhugdghur1 Vl idq j hv dfrwdgd/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh n 5 U. wdo txh mdq m ? n ;q 5 Q1 Oxhjr
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547 Hmhpsor 554 Vhd {q @ q hqwrqfhv olp {q @ .4 hq fdpelr vl {q @ olpq$4 {q @ 41 Hmhpsor 555 Vhd {q @ dq vl d A 4 d hqwrqfhv {q $ .4 Vroxflq= Frpr d A 4 vh sxhgh hvfulelu frpr d @ 4 . k frq k A 3/ Hmhpsor 557 Vl e A 4 hqwrqfhv olpq$4 orje q @ .4 Vl 3 ? e ? 4 hqwrqfhv orje q @ 41 Srghprv revhuydu gh od jufd gh | @ orje { +yhu jxud ,
FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ q hqwrqfhv
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618
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4 q5 . q . 4 ll, olp @ q$4 5q5 . q 5
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q6 ll, olp 5 q$4 q . 4 olpq$4 olpq$4 9= olpq$4 ;= olpq$4 43= olpq$4 5, 45= olpq$4 5= 7= s q5 . 4 q
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548
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Hmhuflflr 563 Hvwdeoh}fd ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv
61 Vl +{qn , hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh/ +{q , wdpelq or hv 81 Vl +m{q m, hv prqwrqd hqwrqfhv +{q , wdpelq or hv1 Vl +{q , hv fuhflhqwh +|q , wdpelq or hv1 Vl +|q , hv dfrwdgd/ +{q , wdpelq or hv1
:1 Vhd {q |q ;q hqwrqfhv
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Vl +|q , hv ghfuhflhqwh +{q , wdpelq or hv1
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FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
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Fkdswhu 7
Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv
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714
Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv
71414
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Hmhpsor 56; Vhd D @` yhflqgdg gh 7 wdo txh +Y
Sursrvlflq 715 Vhd D U qr ydfr s 5 D3 vl | vror vl wrgd yhflqgdg gh s frqwlhqh lqqlwrv sxqwrv gh D
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54;
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4 Hmhpsor 56< D @ i q = q 5 Qj Fodudphqwh vh yh txh 3 5 D3 / pv dq D3 @ i3j + 4, ,q Hmhpsor 573 E @ i +4 q = q 5 Qj 5 .9q 3 E @ i5j
Hvwr vh sxhgh yhu hq od ghprvwudflq gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru
Hmhpsor 575 G @ `6> 7^^`7> :` G3 @ ^6> :`
Hmhpsor 574 F @ ivhq +{, = 3 ? { ? j @ vhq +`3> @7^, 7 s5 3 F @ ^3> 5 `
Hmhpsor 577 Vhd J @ ]1 Fodudphqwh vh yh txh qlqjq sxqwr gh ] hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq |d txh / hood vor wlhqh xq sxqwr hq frpq frq ]/ | vl s 5 U ] vlhpsuh h{lvwh wrpdqgr/ s 5 ]/ yhflqgdg Ys> 4 7 xqd yhflqgdg txh qr frqwlhqh sxqwrv gh ]1 Oxhjr whqhprv J3 @ !1
Hmhpsor 576 Vhd H @ T hqwrqfhv H 3 @ U/ or plvpr rfxuuh frq I @ L +luudflrqdohv,/ I 3 @ U1 Hvwrv uhvxowdgrv vh ghehq do khfkr txh wrgr lqwhuydor wlhqh lqqlwrv udflrqdohv/ hq ho sulphu fdvr/ r lqqlwrv luudflrqdohv/ hq ho vhjxqgr fdvr
Ghqlflq 717 Xq sxqwr s hq D vh glfh dlvodgr/ vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s/ Ys / wdo txh +Ys isj,_D @ !
4 = q 5 Qj Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru ] hvw irupdgr vor sru sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ or plvpr rfxuuh frq Q | frq i q 3 Revhuydflq= Vl s 5 D / whqhprv od fhuwh}d txh duelwuduldphqwh fhufd gh s vlhpsuh kd| hohphqwrv gh D/ hvwr qr rfxuuh vl s hv xq sxqwr dlvodgr gh D1
hv ghflu/ orv hohphqwrv duelwuduldphqwh fhufdqrv d s +orv sxqwrv gh od yhqflqgdg Ys ,/ vdoyr ho plvpr s/ txh vrq wrpdgrv sru i +{, +|d txh ghehq hvwu hq D @ Grpi , wlhqh vxv lpdjhqhv duelwuduldphqwh fhufdqdv d O +|d txh ghehq hvwdu hq YO , Qrwdflq= olp i +{, @ O olp i +{, @ O i +{, $ O {$s s {$s
Ghqlflq 718 Vhdq s 5 D3 > i = D $ U ixqflq | O 5 U Gluhprv txh ho oplwh gh i +{, hv O fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh O> YO > h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys / wdo txh4 i +Ys isj, @ i ++Ys isj, _ D, YO >
71415
Ghqlflq gh oplwh gh ixqflrqhv
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Hmhpsor 588 Vhd
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Revhuydflq= Hq wuplqrv gh > % od ghqlflq gh oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr | odwhudo l}txlhugr hv= +716, +717,
Dkrud/ vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwhq | vrq ljxdohv orv oplwhv odwhudohv gh xqd ixqflq i hq { @ d/ hv ghflu/ Hqwrqfhv srghprv dupdu txh olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | olp{$d i +{, @ O1 Hq hihfwr= Gdgr txh h{lvwhq orv oplwhv odwhudohv hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh 716 | 7171 Vhd % A 3 | frqvlghuhprv @ plqi 4 > 5 j hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh { 5 Grpi a 3 ? { d ? ? 4 , mi +{, { 5 Grpi a 5 A A { d A 3 , mi +{, ?{
gh grqgh=
Om ? % Om ? % Om ? %
Khprv ghprvwudgr gh hvwd irupd ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd1
Hmhpsor 58: Vhd
Whruhpd 71< Vl orv oplwhv odwhudohv hq { @ d h{lvwhq +vh sxhghq fdofxodu, | dperv vrq ljxdohv d O hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | olp{$d i +{, @ O1 i +{, @ +
+; % A 3,+< A 3,+{ 5 Grpi a
d ? a { 9@ d, , mi +{,
Ghwhuplqhprv vl h{lvwh olp{$4 i +{,1 6 4 @ olp{$4 {5 . { . 4 @ 6 Frpr olp{$4 i +{, @ olp{$4 { { 4 s | olp{$4. i +{, @ olp{$4. <{ @ 6 hqwrqfhv olp{$4 i +{, @ olp{$4. i +{, @ 61 Oxhjr/ sru whruhpd dqwhulru olp{$4 i +{, @ 61
{6 4 { 4 s <{
{?4 {4

5m Hmhpsor 58; Vhd i +{, @ { . m{ { 5 / yhultxhprv txh i +{, qr wlhqh o plwh hq 51 Frpr olp{$5. i +{, @ olp{$5. +{ . 4, @ 6 | dghpv olp{$5 i +{, @ olp{$5. +{ 4, @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh olp{$5 i +{, qr h{lvwh1
55<
Hmhpsor 58< Ghwhuplqhprv ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh odv vljxlhqwhv sursrvlflrqhv l, olp{$3. ll, olp{$3
4
m4 {m
{
@ 31 @ olp{$3
5
m4 {m
{
lll, olp{$4 ^{` qr h{lvwh1 ^{` {4 ly, Vl i +{, @ 5{ 4 { ? 4 Vroxflq=
hqwrqfhv ho olp{$4 i +{, @ 4
s 7.{5 y, olp{$3 { { @4

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Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv 4
ll, Idovr1 Sru or dqwhulru/ vh wlhqh= olp {$3
olp {$3
{ A 3 hq xqd yhflqgdg Y gho fhur/ oxhjr m4 m4 { {m @ olp {$3 {m m4 { 4 +4 { {, { @ olp @ 4 {$3 { {m { {
{m @ 4
{ hq Y sru or
oxhjr
m4 { 4
@ olp. {$3 {m
m4 { 5
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lll, Yhugdghur1 olp{$4. ^{` @ 4> olp{$4 ^{` @ 3/ oxhjr olp{$4. ^{` 9@ olp{$4 ^{`1 olp i +{, @ 4 {$4
Qrwh txh 4 { fdpeld gh vljqr fhufd gho sxqwr 4 | do wrpdu { whqglhqwh d fhur hvwdprv wrpdqgr sxqwr fhufd gh fhur grqgh 4 { wlhqh ho ydoru srvlyr1
olp {$3
9@ olp {$3
ly, Yhugdghur1 olp{$4. i +{, @ olp{$4. ^{` @ 4 | olp{$4 i +{, @ olp{$4 +5{ 4, @ 4 oxhjr orv oplwhv odwhudohv vrq ljxdohv sru or wdqwr
Hmhuflflr 594 Ghwhuplqh d 5 U gh prgr txh O @ olp {$d
s{5.4 s 7.{5 ms 5 @ olp{$3 m{m { @ olp{$3 m{ ly, Idovr1 olp{$3 { { { { . 41 Fdofxodqgr orv oplwhv odwhudohv s s 5 whqhprv olp{$3. { $3. {5 . 4 @ 4 | sru od l}txlhugd { { . 4 @ olp{ s s { 5 {5 . 4 @ 4 olp{$3 { { . 4 @ olp{$3
{5 m{ m{ dm dm d5 h{lvwd
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FKDSWHU 71 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV { . d vl { ? d/ oxhjr fdofxohprv orv oplwhv {5
O. @ olp. {$d
{5
Sru rwud sduwh O @ olp {$d {5
d5 +{ d, { d {5 d5 +{ d, olp { d {$d. +{ d,+{ . d 4, olp { d {$d. olp. { . d 4 {$d 5d 4 olp {$d. {5 d5 . +{ d, +{ d, 5 { d5 . +{ d, +{ d, +{ d,+{ . d . 4, +{ d, +{ . d . 4,
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olp {$d @ olp {$d @ +5d . 4,
Hmhuflflr 595 Fdofxohprv
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6{ hv srvlwlyr/ oxhjr m4 4 4 m4 6{m { +4 6{, {
6{m @ 4
6{ sdud wrgr
olp {$3 olp {$3
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71514
Oxhjr olp{$3
m4 6{m
{
@ 61
6{ olp {$3 { @ 6 @
Dojheud gh Oplwhv
7151 OPLWHV ODWHUDOHV e, oplwh gho surgxfwr i j h{lvwh hq s | vh wlhqh olp +i j ,+{, @ olp i +{, olp j +{, {$s {$s {$s f, oplwh gho fxrflhqwh i @j h{lvwh hq s fxdqgr olp{$s j+{, 9@ 3 | vh wlhqh olp{$s i +{, olp +i @j ,+{, @ {$s olp{$s j+{,
564
Ghprvwudflq= Xvdu uhvxowdgr gh dojheud gh oplwhv gh vxfhvlrqhv | whruhpd gho hqodfh/ txh yhuhprv srvwhulruphqwh1 Revhuydflq= Hq sduwlfxodu gh +e, vh ghgxfh txh Vl 5 U hqwrqfhv olp{$s i +{, @ olp{$s i +{,1 Revhuydflq= Hv lpsruwdqwh hqidwl}du txh sdud dsolfdu ho dojheud gh oplwhv/ ghehprv hvwdu vhjxurv gh txh vh yhultxhq odv klswhvlv1 Vl qr hv dv srghprv rewhqhu frqwudglfflrqhv frpr yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflq1 { 5 @ olp Hv fodur txh olp{$5 { {$5 4 @ 41 5 Vlq hpedujr/ vl hvfulelprv { olp {$5 { 5 @ olp +{ 5 {$5 5, { 4 5
| dsolfdprv ho dojheud gh oplwhv vlq dvhjxuduqrv gh txh dpedv o plwhv h{lvwdq srghprv ghflu htxlyrfdgd0 phqwh txh1 olp +{ {$5 5, { 4 5 @ olp +{ {$5 5, olp {$5 { 4 5 @ 3 olp {$5 { 4 5 @3
5 4 gh grqgh olp { { 5 @ 3 or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflq +| hvwr vxfhgh srutxh olp{$5 { 5 qr h{lvwh1 Revhuydflq= Vl olp{$s i +{, @ O vh wlhqh txh
Wrpdqgr/ hq sduwlfxodu/ % @ 4 vh wlhqh txh ;{ 5 +Ys
+; % A 3, +< A 3,+^{ 5 Grpi a 3 ? m{ isj, _ Grpi > O
sm ? ` , mi +{, 4 ? i +{, ? O . 4=
Om ? %,=
Hv ghflu/ txh i hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh sru O . 4 hq od yhflqgdg Ys ruphqwh sru O 4 hq ho plvpr frqmxqwr1
isj | wdpelq dfrwdgd lqihul0
Whruhpd 7144 +Dfrwdplhqwr, Vhd D U> s 5 D3 > i> j> k = D $ U1 Vhd Y xqd yhflqgdg gh s wdo txh 4, ;{ 5 +Y isj, _ D vh wlhqh= i +{, j +{, k+{, | dghpv 5, olp{$s i +{, @ olp{$s k+{, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp j +{, @ O {$s
565
Ghprvwudflq= +yhu jxud dqwhulru, Gdgr % whqhprv sdud i | k or vljxlhqwh shur +mi +{, Om ? % +, O +mk+{, Om ? % +, O +< k A 3,+3 ? m{ +< i A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? i a { 5 D, , mi +{, sm ? k a { 5 D, , mk+{, % ? i +{, ? O . %, | % ? k+{, ? O . %, dv/ ;{ 5 Y _ i{ = m{ O Sru or wdqwr/ Om ? % Om ? %
vh wlhqh
sm ? i a m{
sm ? k j
% ? i +{, j +{, k+{, ? O . %= sm ? , , mj+{, Om ? %
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; % A 3 < @ plqi i > k j+{ 5 D a 3 ? m{ olp j +{, @ O {$s
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566
Sru rwud sduwh/ shqvdqgr hq od ghqlflq gh odv ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv xvdqgr xq wulqjxor uhfwq0 jxor/ vh wlhqh txh7 wdq { @ fdwhwr rsxhvwr GV @ fdwhwr dg|dfhqwh RV
Iljxud
Gh hvwd irupd/ odv frrughqdgdv gho sxqwr G vrq +4> wdq+{,, Sru ho khfkr txh od flufxqihuhqfld wlhqh udglr 4 | ho qjxor { hvw gdgr hq udgldqhv/ vh wlhqh txh ho dufr gh flufxqihuhqfld gh S d V> g S V hv od orqjlwxg {1 / shur fodudphqwh vh sxhgh yhu txh vl { hv qhjdwlyr Qrwd= hq od jxud ho qjxor { vdwlvidfh 3 { ? 5 | pd|ru txh / vor kd| txh whqhu fxlgdgr frq ho vljqr hq odv uhodflrqhv txh d frqwlqxdflq gdprv sdud ^15 > {/ { 5` 5 5 m vhq+{,m m{m g S V @ m{m S F @ m vhq+{,m |d txh S F g SV +718,
Sru or wdqwr/ sdud { 5`
> ^ vh wlhqh od ghvljxdogdg 5 5
Hmhpsor 596 Sru or dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh olp{$3 vhq { @ 31 Hq hihfwr= Frpr m{m vhq { m{m > { 5` | olp{$3 olp vhq { @ 3 {$3
m{m vhq+{, m{m
> ^ 5 5 m{m @ olp{$3 m{m @ 31 hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh
Wdpelq xvdqgr od jxud vh sxhgh yhu txh fxdqgr { wlhqgh do qjxor fhur/ od klsrwhqxvd gho wulqjxor RFS / RS wlhqgh do fdwhwr dg|dfhqwh RF / gho plvpr wulqjxor/ shur frpr RS hv vlhpsuh ljxdo d 4 | RF @ frv+{, vh wlhqh txh olp frv+{, @ 4> {$3 oplwh txh mxvwlfduhprv gh rwud irupd pdv dghodpwh1
7 Qrwdflq
DE
lqglfd od glvwdqfld hqwuh
D E
|
r orqjlwxg gho wud}r gh uhfwd gh
D E
d
567 Hmhpsor 597 Surehprv txh
FKDSWHU 71 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV vhq { @4 olp {$3 { Sdud uhvroyhu hvwr xwlol}duhprv xqd uhodflq h{lvwhqwh hqwuh grv uhdv gh od jxud uhd gh vhfwru flufxodu RVS uhd gho wulqjxor RVG 4 { wdq+{, > 5 5 vl { srvlwlyr
Fdofxodqgr fdgd uhd8 vh wlhqh
Pxowlsolfdqgr hvwd owlpd ghvljxdogdg d dperv odgrv sru ho qphur srvlwlyr frv+{, vhq+{, {
5 frv+ ,
{ rewhqhprv
Xwlol}dqgr ho khfkr txh frv+{, hv xqd ixqflq sdu +frv+{, @ frv+ {,, | frpr vhq+{, {/ srghprv ideulfdu od vljxlhqwh fdghqd dsursldgd sdud xwlol}du ho whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr ghvljxdogdg yolgd sdud { 9@ 3 | { 5` fxrflhqwh hv sdu,1 Gh hvwd irupd sru whruhpd 7144 | xwlol}dqgr txh frv+{, $ 4 fxdqgr { $ 3 rewhqhprv Hmhuflflr 598 Fdofxodu Vroxflq= olp {$3 vhq+{, @4 { frv+{,
vhq+{, 4 { > ^ + |d txh od ixqflq vhq+{, | { vrq ixqflrqhv lpsduhv | vx 5 5
vhq { 5{ olp {$3 6{ . 7vhq{ vhq { 5{ O @ olp {$3 6{ . 7vhq{ vhq { 5{ 4@{ olp {$3 6{ . 7 vhq { 4@{ vhq { 5 @ olp { vhq { {$3 6 . 7 { @
Frpr |
vhq { vhq { olp 6 . 7 @ olp 6 . 7 olp @ 6 . 7 @ : 9@ 3= {$3 {$3 {$3 { { olp {$3 vhq { { 1 5 @ olp {$3 vhq { { olp 5 @ 4 {$3 5@ 4=
hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv O @ Vroxflq= Vdehprv txh
d grqgh d 5 U1 Hmhpsor 599 Fdofxohprv olp{$3. { vhq {

Pxowlsolfdqgr sru m{m od hfxdflq 719 rewhqhprv
8 uhfxhugh
txh
4 :
m vhq
d m4 {
+719, +71:,
{ hvw
hq udgldqhv1
d m{ vhq m m{m {
7151 OPLWHV ODWHUDOHV Dv/ 3 Frpr olp{$3
568
Hvwh owlpr fdvr vh sxhgh jhqhudol}du d ixqflrqhv dfrwdgdv1 Uhfrughprv txh xqd ixqflq i vh glfh dfrwdgd hq D vl h{lvwh n 5 U. wdo txh= mi +{,m n
d m{m { vhq + , m{m= { dm @ m{m @ 3 | olp{$3 m{m @ 3 hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr vh wlhqh olp{$3. m{ vhq {
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr mi +{,m n vh wlhqh hv ghflu/ Hmhpsor 59: Ghprvwudu Hq hihfwr olp{$4 { vh wlhqh 71;1
Whruhpd 7145 +Fhur Dqltxlod, Vhd i xqd ixqflq dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys +qr qhfhvduld0 phqwh ghqlgd hq s,1 Vl olp{$s j +{, @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$s j +{,i +{, @ 3 mj +{,i +{,m nmj +{,m
| sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr vh rewlhqh or uhtxhulgr1
nmj+{,m j +{,i +{, nmj+{,m
5 @3 +71;, olp +{ 4, frv {$4 { 4 4 @ 3 | od ixqflq i +{, @ frv+ { 5 4 , hv dfrwdgd/ oxhjr sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod/ vhq+ { 4 6 ,
4
Hmhuflflr 59; Fdofxodu
{ 6 vhq + { 4 6 , Vroxflq= O @ olp{$6 @ olp{$6 +{ 6, vhq { 4 6 1 4 { 6 Frpr olp{$6 { 6 @ 3 | i +{, @ vhq { 4 6 hv dfrwdgd/ hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod O @ 31
Hmhuflflr 59< Ghprvwudu xvdqgr ho whruhpd dqwhulru txh olp vhq +{, @ vhq +d, {$d { d
olp {$6
Vroxflq= Edvwd ghprvwudu txh olp{$d +vhq { vhq {
vhq d, @ 31 Xvdqgr od lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd 5 , frv+ {.d , 5
d , hv dfrwdgr | olp { d { d | ho khfkr txh frv+ {. {$d vhq+ 5 , @ olpx$3 vhq x @ 3 grqgh 5 @ x1 Vh wlhqh sru 5 whruhpd fhur dqltxlodgru txh= olp +vhq { vhq d, @ 3 {$d Hq irupd dqorjd vh sxhgh suredu txh
Hmhuflflr 5:3 Vhdq d A 3> e A 3/ Ghprvwudu txh olp frv { @ frv d {$d
vhq d @ 5 vhq+
D|xgd= Xvdu od vljxlhqwh surslhgdg gh od sduwh hqwhud {
e { e @ olp. d {$3 d {
4 ^{` { > ;{ 5 U=
569 Vroxflq= Sru surslhgdg dqwhulru whqhprv
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
pxowlsolfdqgr sru { d frq d A 3> { A 3 vh wlhqh { e {e { e 4 d { d { d{
e {
e e 4 { {
e sxhvwr txh olp{$3. d
Hmhuflflr 5:4 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 51 olp{$ 41 olp{$3
vhq +4 4 7
e { { e e 4 d d d { d { @ olp e e {$3. d @ d hqwrqfhv sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr d e { e @ olp. d {$3 d {
{ @ 31 61 olp{$3 vhq { { 71 olp{$ vhq { @ 41 { @ 31 81 olp{$3 frv {
+{ . 7,^{` @ 31
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frv+ ,
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;1 Vl olp{$d ij h{lvwh | olp{$d i h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d j h{lvwh1
{ { , qr h{lvwh1
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51 Yhugdghur1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ ^{` hv dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gho | olp{$ +{ . 7, @ 3 oxhjr sru whruhpd fhur dqltxlod 8 ^{` 7 i rudoo{ 5` 7/ hv ghflu/ 8> 6^
olp +{ . 7,^{` @ 3= {$ 7
{ @ olp 4 61 Yhugdghur1 olp{$3 vhq {$3 +vhq+{,,@{ @ {

+{, vhq + , 71 Idovr1 olp{$ vhq { @ @3 { @ 3 @3 81 Yhugdghur1 olp{$3 frv { frv+3,
4 4
@ 41
56:
{, 91 Yhugdghur1 Vxsrqguhprv txh olp{$3 frv+ { h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv O1 Gdgr txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh sru {, dojheud gh oplwhv olp{$3 frv+ { { gheh h{lvwlu shur
olp {$3 frv +{, { @ olp frv+{, @ 4 {$3 {
| sru dojheud gh oplwhv olp {$3
{ :1 Yhugdghur19 Vdehprv sru +4, txh> olp{$3 { vhq +4@{, h{lvwh +| vx ydoru hv fhur, | olp{$3 frv { qr h{lvwh sru +9,
Oxhjr frv { olp +{ vhq 4@{ . , qr h{lvwh= {$3 { |d txh gh h{lvwlu wdpelq ghehud h{lvwlu +sru oplwh gh od vxpd, olp +{ vhq 4@{ . {$3 frv { { { vhq+4@{,,
or fxdo hv xqd frqwudglfflq sru od xqlflgdg gho oplwh1 Sru or wdqwr ho ydoru O qr h{lvwh1
frv+{, frv+{, { @ olp olp { @ O 3 @ 3 {$3 { {$3 {
71515
4 4 | j+{, @ { oxhjr olp{$3 +i . j, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv fhur/ shur olp{$3 i +{, @ <1 Idovr1 Vhdq i +{, @ { 4 4 olp{$3 { qr h{lvwh | olp{$3 j +{, @ olp{$3 { qr h{lvwh1
4 > ;1 Idovr1 Vhdq i +{, @ vhq {> j+{, @ { olp{$3 i +{,j +{, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv 4/ dghpv olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh | vx ydoru hv fhur/ shur olp{$3 j +{, qr h{lvwh1
| hvwr owlpr hv idovr sru +9,1
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv shuplwh xvdu orv uhvxowdgrv rewhqlgrv hq vxfhvlrqhv
Oplwh gh ixqflrqhv 0 vxfhvlrqhv
Hmhpsor 5:5 Vhd i +{, @ {/ od ixqflq lghqwlgdg hq U1 Vh vdeh txh olp{$s i +{, @ s1 Xvhprv ho whruhpd dqwhulru sdud suredu txh = d, olp{$s {5 @ s5 1 e, olp{$s {n @ sn grqgh 5 U | . q {q f, olp{$s t +{, @ t +s,/ grqgh t +{, @ 3 . 4 { . 5 {5 . Vroxflq= d, Frpr {5 @ i +{,i +{, vh wlhqh olp {5 @ olp i +{, olp i +{, @ s s @ s5 = {$s {$s {$s
Dv/ olp{$s {5 @ s5 e, Hvwd vh kdu xvdqgr lqgxfflq hq n1 Sdud n @ 4 hv flhuwr |d txh olp{$s { @ olp{$s olp{$s { @ s Vxsrqguhprv dkrud txh hv yolgr sdud n | ghprvwuduhprv txh hv yolgr sdud n . 4 f, Od whufhud wdpelq vh kdu sru lqgxfflq hq n Sdud n @ 4/ vh wlhqh olp{$s 3 . 4 { @ 3 . 4 s1 Dv sru dojheud vh fxpsoh sdud n @ 41
9 Vh
yhu hq wuplqrv pv jhqhudohv hq hmhuflflr 5::1
olp {n.4 @ olp +{n ,{ @ olp +{n , olp { @ sn s @ sn.4 = {$s {$s {$s {$s
56;
Vxsrqjdprv txh ho oplwhv hv yolgr sdud q @ n ghprvwuduhprv txh hv yolgr sdud n . 41 Xvdqgr dojheud gh oplwhv vh wlhqh= olp . 4 { . {$s 3 . n {n . n.4 {n.4 @ olp 3 . 4 { . {$s . n {n @ 3 . 4 s . . n {n . olp n.4 {n.4 {$s . n sn
Od h{lvwhqfld gh hvwh oplwh vh jdudqwl}d sru od klswhvlv lqgxfwlyd olp . 4 { . {$s 3
dghpv sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru oxhjr
olp {n.4 @ n.4 sn.4 {$s n.4 . n {n . n.4 {n.4 @ 3 . 4 s . olp t +{, @ t +s, {$s . n sn . n.4 sn.4
Sru frqvljxlhqwh 1
olp . 4 { . {$s 3
Hmhuflflr 5:6 Fdofxodu
Vroxflq= Frpr olp{$5 { . 4 @ 6 9@ 3 | olp{$5 {5 . 6{ . 4 @ 44/ hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv +f, olp {$5 { 5 . 6{ . 4 {.4 @ @ olp{$5 {5 . 6{ . 4 olp{$5 { . 4 44 6
olp {$5
{ 5 . 6{ . 4 = {.4
Vroxflq=
Revhuydflq= Qrwdu txh qr vh wxhgh dsolfdu ho dojheud gh oplwhv1 Vl { wlhqgh d 41 Hq orv vljxlhqwhv h mhuflflrv wdpsrfr srghprv xvdu ho dojheud gh o plwhv gluhfwdphqwh/ shur hvr qr vljqlfd txh ho oplwhv qr h{lvwh/ frpr vh yhud d frqwlqxdflq1 s s Hmhuflflr 5:7 Vdelhqgr txh olp{$s t +{, @ t +s,/ vl t +s, A 31 Fdofxodu s 6 5{ . 4 olp 5 {$7 { 49 6 s 5{ . 4 {5 49 s s 5{ . 4 6 . 5{ . 4 s {5 49 6 . 5{ . 4 < +5{ . 4, s @ olp 5 {$7 +{ 49,+6 . 5{ . 4, 5+7 {, s @ olp {$7 +{ 7,+{ . 7,+6 . 5{ . 4, 5 s = @ olp {$7 +{ . 7,+6 . 5{ . 4, @ olp {$7 6
O @ olp {$7
Gdgr txh olp{$7 5 @
5 | olp{$7 +{ . 7, @ ;1 s s olp 6 . 5{ . 4 @ olp 6 . olp 5{ . 4 @ 6 . 6 @ 9> {$7 {$7 {$7
7151 OPLWHV ODWHUDOHV hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv vh wlhqh O@
56<
Hmhuflflr 5:8 Fdofxodu
Revhuydflq= Vh suredu hq od vhfflq gh frqwlqxlgdg txh vl q 5 Q> t +s, A 3 hqwrqfhv s s olp q t +{, @ q t +s, {$s s 6 +{ . d,5 olp {$3 { s 6 5 d > vl d 9@ 3=
5 4 olp{$7 5 s @ @ ; 9 57 olp{$7 +{ . 7, olp{$7 +6 . 5{ . 4
Vroxflq= Uhfrughprv txh d6 e6 @ +d s 6 +{ . d,5 O @ olp {$3 { s 6 +{ . d,5 @ olp {$3 { @ @
e,+d5 . de . e5 ,1 s 6 5 d s 6 5 d
+{ . d,5 d5 olp s 6 55 {$3 {+ 6 +{ . d,5 5 . s 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . s d , {5 . 5d{ s = s olp s {$3 {+ 6 +{ . d,7 . 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . 6 d7 ,
s 6 55 6 +{ . d,5 5 . s 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . s d s s s 5 6 6 +{ . d,5 . 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . d5 5
Vroxflq= Gdgr txh Grpi @ U
Hmhuflflr 5:9 Ghwhuplqdu d 5 U gh prgr txh h{lvwd olp{$5 i +{, grqgh + s s { s{{ s5; { A 5 i +{, @ = d{ . 4 { ? 5 i5j1 Ho oplwh h{lvwlud vl vor vl olp i +{, @ olp i +{, {$5. {$5
s s s s 5 6 5 6 Gdgr txh olp{$3 { . 5d @ 5d | olp{$3 @ olp{$3 6 +{ . d,5 . 6 +{ . d,5 d5 . d5 @ 6 d7 9@ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv vh wlhqh 5d O@ s 6 6 d7
olp i +{, @ {$5. @ @ @ @ @ @
s s { { ; s olp s {$5. { 5 s s s s +{ { ;,+ { 5 s s olp. s s {$5 + { 5,,+ { . 5, s s s s 5 { . { 5{ ; { 49 olp { 5 {$5. s s +{5 7, . +{ 5{ 5 5{, olp { 5 {$5. s +{ 5,+{ . 5, . +{ 5,+ 5{, olp { 5 {$5. s +{ 5,+{ . 5 . 5{, olp { 5 {$5. s olp { . 5 . 5{= {$5.
573 Frpr olp{$5. { @ 5> olp{$5 5 @ 5> olp{$5
FKDSWHU 71 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV s s 5{ @ 5 5 @ 5/ hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwh vh wlhqh
Sru rwud sduwh olp{$5 i +{, @ olp{$5 d{ . 4 @ 5d . 4/ oxhjr olp{$5 i +{, h{lvwh vl | vor vl 5d . 4 @ 9/ 1 gh grqgh d @ 8 5 Hmhuflflr 5:: Ghpxhvwuh txh> Vl olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j ,+{, qr h{lvwh1 + +s , t , vl | vor vl +s a t ,
olp i +{, @ 5 . 5 . 5 @ 9= {$5.
Vroxflq= Sru pwrgr gho devxugr
Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$d +i . j , h{lvwh/ oxhjr sru dojheud gh oplwhv/ gdgr txh olp{$d i h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j, i h{lvwh/ shur i . j i @ i or txh frqwudglfh od qr h{lvwhqfld gh olp{$d j 1 Hmhuflflr 5:; Ghpxhvwuh txh orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv qr h{lvwh1
4 51 olp{$3 +{ . { ,1 4 41 olp{$3 {
Vroxflq=
4 Hmhuflflr 5:< 41 Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh | vx ydoru ydoru hv O1 Gdgr txh olp{$3 { h{lvwh/ 4 { h{lvwh hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwhv/ h{lvwh ho oplwh gho surgxfwr/ hv ghflu/ olp{$3 {
4 51 Frpr olp{$3 { h{lvwh | olp{$3 { qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv sru hmhuflflr 5:: vh wlhqh
4 olp { @ olp 4 @ 4> {$3 { {$3 oxhjr sru xqlflgdg gho oplwhv vh wlhqh txh 3 @ 4 or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflq1 4 olp { . {$3 { qr h{lvwh
Sru rwud sduwh
4 4 { @ olp olp { @ O 3 @ 3= olp {$3 { {$3 { {$3
Revhuydflq= Hq jhqhudo/ vh sxhgh ghprvwudu sru ho pwrgr gho devxugr txh= +{, Vl olp{$d i +{, @ f 9@ 3 | olp{$d j +{, @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$3 i j+{, qr h{lvwh1 Hq hvwh fdvr vh glfh txh ho +{, f oplwh olp{$d i j+{, hv gh od irupd 3
f Hmhpsor 5;3 Orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv vrq gh od irupd 3

m{ . 5m olp > {$4 { 4 {.5 olp {$5 {5 7
oxhjr orv oplwhv qr h{lvwh1
olp {$6@5 6
^{` 5{
olp {$4
frv5 { { 4
Hmhpsor 5;4 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i +k, @
Ghwhuplqhprv sdud tx ydoru gh d 5 U/ ho oplwh olpk$3 i +k, h{lvwh1
d5 . d . 6dk5 k5
574 5@3
5 6dk5 5 sxhgh h{lvwlu vl: olpk$3 d5 . d . 6dk5 Gdgr txh olpk$3 k5 @ 3/ hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .dk 5 5 .d.6dk5 5 d 5 5 5@ 9 3 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 qr h{lvwh,1 +vl olpk$3 d . d . 6dk k5 Dkrud>
+, +d . 5,+d 4, @ 3 +, d @ 5 b d @ 4 5 9k5 dk5 5 @ olp Vl d @ 5 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .d.6 5 k$3 k5 @ 91 k 5 dk5 5 @ olp 6k5 Vl d @ 4 hqwrqfhv olpk$3 d .d.6 k$3 k5 @ 61 k5 5 5 dk 5 h{lvwh vl d 5 i 5> 4j1 Sru or wdqwr olpk$3 olp d .d.6 k5 s s Hmhpsor 5;5 Prvwudu txh olp{$d { @ d/ vl d 31 s s Vroxflq= Vl d A 3 edvwd suredu txh olp{$d + { d, @ 3 shur s s s s s s {. d s { d @ { d s {. d { d s @ s {. d 4 s +{ d, @ s {. d 4 4 s ?s 3? s {. d d s d@3 olp d5 . d . 6dk5 k$3 5 @ 3 +, d5 . d 5@3
| |d txh olp{$d { @ d sru whruhpd fhur Dqltxlod s olp { {$d
71516
Hmhpsor 5;6 Fdofxohprv
Whruhpd 7146 +Vxvwlwxflq, Vhdq [> \ U | i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U ixqflrqhv wdohv txh i +[ , \ 1 Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$s i +{, @ e | txh h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys wdo txh i +{, 9@ e1 sdud wrgr { 5 Ys isj [ 1 Vl olpx$e j +x, @ O hqwrqfhv olp{$s j +i +{,, @ O1 hv ghflu> olp j +i +{,, @ olp j +x, @ O= {$s x$e olp {$ vhq+{ , {
Whruhpd gh Vxvwlwxflq
Hmhpsor 5;7 Fdofxohprv
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuhprv od vxvwlwxflq r fdpelr gh yduldeoh x @ { 1 Hv fodur txh olp{$ { @ 3/ hv ghflu/ vl { $ hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ gh grqgh { 9@ 3 hq Y ij/ oxhjr sru whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflq +gdgr x txh olpx$3 vhq x @ 4,/ vh wlhqh vhq+{ , vhq x olp @ olp @4 {$ { x$3 x 6{ olp {$3 vhq+7{,
: Frqglflq
qhfhvduld shur qr vxflhqwh1
575
Vroxflq= Vhd x @ 7{1 Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ +dghpv 7{ 9@ 3 sdud { hq xqd yhflqgdg gho fhur vlq wrpdu ho fhur, hqwrqfhv/ 6 6{ 6 x @ olp @ olp olp {$3 vhq 7{ x$3 7 vhq x 7 x$3
vhq
sru whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflq/ dv
6 olpx$3 4 6 vhq x @ = x @ 7 olp 7 x$3 x x
Ghprvwudflq= Vhd j+e, @ f
Frurodulr 7147 Vhdq [> \ U | i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U | i +[ , \ 1 Vhd s 5 [ 3 a e 5 \ _ \ 3 a olp{$s i +{, @ e a olp{$e j+{, @ j +e, hqwrqfhv olp{$s +j i ,+{, @ j +e,= [ s $ i +[ , \ :$ e $ U : $ j +e,
6{ 6 x 6 olp @ olp @ x$3 vhq+7{, x$3 7 vhq x 7
Sdud xqd yhflqgdg gh f> Yf / sxhvwr txh olp{$e j+{, @ f/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh e> Ye / wdo txh j +Ye iej, Yf 1 Sru rwud sduwh/ frpr olp{$s i +{, @ e sdud od yhflqgdg Ye h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s wdo txh i +Ys isj, Ye 1 Sru or wdqwr j+i +Ys isj,, j +Ye ,1 Dv/ sdud xqd yhflqgdg Yf / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys wdo txh +j i ,+Ys isj, Yj+e, / hv ghflu/ Hvwh whruhpd vh xwlol}d hq or txh vh vxhoh oodpdu fdpelr gh yduldeoh r vxvwlwxflq olp +j i ,+{, @ j +e,= {$s
Hmhpsor 5;8
s t s +71<, olp {5 . 7 @ olp {5 . 7 @ 7 @ 5> {$3 {$3 s s s sxhvwr txh= Vl wrpdprv j+{, @ { | i +{, @ {5 . 7 | gdgr txh olp{$7 j +{, @ olp{$7 { @ 7 @ 5 | olp{$3 i +{, @ olp{$3 {5 . 7 @ 7/ hqwrqfhv sru ho frurodulr dqwhulru vh wlhqh 71< Hmhpsor 5;9 Vdelhqgr txh olp{$d h{ @ hd 1 Surehprv txh vl h{lvwh olp{$e i +{, hqwrqfhv
olp hi +{, @ holp{$e i +{, {$e Vroxflq= Vhd j +{, @ h{ frpr +j i ,+{, @ hi +{, | sxhvwr txh olp{$d h{ @ hd / hqwrqfhv olp{$e +j i ,+{, @ j +olp{$e i +{,, @ holp{$e i +{, 1 Dv whqhprv sru hmhpsor= s 6{ 4 olp h { 4 @ h4@6 {$4 s 6 Hq hihfwr1 Vhd x @ {1 Vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv x $ 4 | s 6{ 4 x 4 @ olp 6 olp {$4 { 4 x$4 x 4 x 4 @ olp x$4 +x 4,+x5 . x . 4, 4 @ olp 5 x$4 x . x . 4 4 @ = 6
7151 OPLWHV ODWHUDOHV Oxhjr
576
Sdud dsolfdu ho whruhpd dqwhulru/ ghehprv dvhjxuduqrv txh vh fxpsodq od klswhvlv1 Gh qr kdfhuor srghprv rewhqhu frqwudglfflrqhv1 Hmhpsor 5;: Vhd d 5 ] olp ^{` 9@ ^ olp {` {$d {$d >
olp h {$4
s s 6{ 4 6{ 4 { 4 @ holp{$4 { 4 @ h4@6 =
Hq hihfwr> Vdehprv txh olp{$d ^{` qr h{lvwh sxhv orv oplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv Vlq hpedujr> gdgr txh olp{$d { @ d/ hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh ôlp{$d {` @ ^d` @ d1 olp ^{` @ d {$d. olp ^{` @ d {$d 4
Revhuydflq= Qrwhprv txh1 Vl d 95 ] hqwrqfhv olp{$d ^{` @ ôlp{$d {`=
Hmhuflflr 5;; Suredu txh vl olp{$d mi +{,m @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{, @ 31
Hmhuflflr 5;< Fdofxodu orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv d, e, f, Vroxflq= d, olp {$3
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh olp{$d mi +{,m @ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$d mi +{,m @ 3 dghpdv mi +{,m i +{, mi +{,m | sru whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr whqhprv txh olp{$d i +{, @ 31 s 4 . {5 4 olp {$3 { s 4 6 4 5{ olp {$3 { s s 64 4 . {5 olp {$3 {
5{
s 4 . {5 {
e, Vhd x6 @ 4
5{1 Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 4 oxhjr/ s 4 6 4 5{ 4 x @ olp olp {$3 x$4 +4 x6 ,@5 { 4 x @ 5 olp x$4 +4 x,+4 . x . x5 , 4 @ 5 olp x$4 4 . x . x5 5 @ 6
s s 4 . {5 4 4 . {5 . 4 s { 4 . {5 . 4 5 4.{ 4 @ olp s {$3 {+ 4 . {5 . 4, { @ olp s {$3 4 . {5 . 4 @ 3 olp {$3
577 f, olp {$3
4 . {5
s 64
5{ @ @ @ @
Hv qhfhvdulr uhfrugdu/ sdud ho fofxor gh oplwh wuljrqrpwulfrv dojxqdv lghqwlgdghv1 41 frv5 { . vhq5 { @ 4 61 frv+5{, @ 5 frv5 { 81 vhq+{ :1 frv+{ 51 frv+5{, @ 4 5 vhq5 { 4
s 4 . 4 6 4 5{ olp {$3 { s s 4 . {5 4 4 6 4 5{ olp{$3 . { { 5 3. 6 5 = 6 4 . {5
71 vhq+{ . |, @ vhq { frv | . vhq | frv { 91 frv+{ . | , @ frv { frv | ;1 vhq { <1 frv { |, @ vhq { frv | vhq | frv { vhq { vhq |
| , @ frv { frv | . vhq { vhq |
| , vhq+ { | , vhq | @ 5 frv+ {. 5 5 |, frv | @ 5 vhq+ { 5 | , vhq+ {. 5
Hmhpsor 5<3 Ghprvwudu xvdqgr ho whruhpd dqwhulru txh olp vhq +{, @ vhq +d, {$d { d
Vroxflq= Edvwd ghprvwudu txh olp{$d +vhq { vhq {
vhq d, @ 31 Shur xvdqgr od lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd 5 , frv+ {.d , 5
vhq d @ 5 vhq+
d , hv dfrwdgr | olp { d { d | ho khfkr txh frv+ {. {$d vhq+ 5 , @ olpx$3 vhq x @ 3 grqgh 5 @ x1 Vh wlhqh sru 5 whruhpd fhur dqltxlodgru txh= olp +vhq { vhq d, @ 3 {$d
Hq irupd dqorjd vh sxhgh suredu txh olp frv { @ frv d {$d
Hmhpsor 5<4 Xvdqgr dojheud gh oplwh | lghqwlgdghv wuljrqrpwulfdv fdofxodu ho oplwh gh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq hq d . q > q 5 Q i +{, @ wdq { > d 9@ 5
7151 OPLWHV ODWHUDOHV Vroxflq=
578
Hmhpsor 5<5 Fdofxodu/ xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh fdpelr gh yduldeoh/ txh Vroxflq= Hq xqd yhflqgdg gh 3 vh wlhqh od lghqwlgdg s frv+{, @ 4 Wrpdqgr x @ 4 olp frv+{, @ 4 {$3
vhq+{, olp wdq+{, @ olp {$d {$d frv+{, olp{$d vhq+{, @ olp{$d frv+{, vhq+d, @ frv+{, @ wdq+d,
vhq5 +{,/ fxdqgr { wlhqgh d 3> x wlhqgh d 4 s s olp frv+{, @ olp x @ 4 @ 4 {$3 x$4 s s |d txh olp{$d { @ d1 Hmhuflflr 5<6 Fdofxodu wj+{ 5, olp s {$5 8{ . 9 7
vhq5 {
Vroxflq= Vhd x @ { 51 Vl { $ 5 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 +grqgh { Oxhjr sru whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflq
gh grqgh
wj+{ 5, wj+x, olp s @ olp s {$5 8{ . 9 7 x$3 8x . 49 7 @
5 9@ 3 hq Y5 7
i5j,1
wj+x, olp s x$3 8x . 49
Revhuydflq= Hq ho fofxor gh oplwhv +olp{$d i +{,, txh lqyroxfuh ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv/ or kdelwxdo hv kdfhu ho fdpelr gh yduldeoh x @ { d r x @ d {1 Hmhpsor 5<7 Fdofxodu 6 olp + {$@5 5 6 olp + {$@5 5 6{, wdq { {, wdq {
s vhq x 8x . 49 . 7 olp x$3 frv x +8x . 49, 49 s vhq x 8x . 49 . 7 @ olp x$3 8x frv x s 4 vhq x 8x . 49 . 7 @ olp olp 8 x$3 x x$3 frv x ; @ 4 = 8
Vroxflq= Vhd x @ 5
{ vl { $ hqwrqfhv x $ 3 oxhjr/ 5
6{, wdq { @ 6 olp + {$@5 5
579
6 olp + {$@5 5
Hmhpsor 5<8 Fdofxodu Vroxflq= Vhd x @ {
6{, wdq { @ 6 olp + {, wdq { {$@5 5 vhq +@5 x, @ 6 olp x+ , x$3 frv +@5 x, frv x , @ 6 olp x+ x$3 vhq x x @ 6 olp frv x+ , x$3 vhq x x , @ 6 olp frv x olp + x$3 x$3 vhq x @ 6 4 4@6 olp {$4 5 5 frv +{ 4, +{ 4,5
olp 5+ {$4
4 vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 oxhjr/ 4
Hmhuflflr 5<9 Fdofxodu +vl h{lvwh, olp{$4 i +{,/ olp{$3 i +{,1 Vl + 4 {5 4?{?5 vhq +{s , i +{, @ s dufvhq +{@ 5, 5 ? { ? 4 a { 9@ 3 { Vroxflq= l,
frv +{ 4, 4 frv x , @ 5 olp + , x$3 +{ 4,5 x5 vhq5 x @ 5 olp + 5 , x$3 x +4 . frv x, vhq x 5 4 @ 5 olp olp x$3 4 . frvx x$3 x 4 @ 5 4@4 5
d, Frpr i hvw ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh 4/ srghprv fdofxodu orv oplwhv odwhudohv1 4 {5 +4 {,+4 . {, O4 @ olp. i +{, @ olp. @ olp vhq+{, {$4 {$4 vhq +{, {$3 O4 x+5 x, olp x$3 vhq++4 x,, x +5 x, @ olp x$3 vhq+x, x 4 olp +5 x, @ x$3 vhq+x, x 4 @ olp olp +5 x, x$3 vhq+x, x$3 w @ 4 vh wlhqh txh oplwh dqwhulru hv vhq+w, @ O4 @ 4 5 4 5@ { ? 3,
Vhd x @ 4
{ vl { $ 4. hqwrqfhv x $ 3 +sxhv 4
|d txh olpx$3
vhq+
x @ olp w$3 x,
7151 OPLWHV ODWHUDOHV ll, Sru rwud sduwh/
57:
e, i hvw ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg shuirudgd gho fhur
Sru +l, | +ll, O4 9@ O5 oxhjr qr h{lvwh olp{$4 i +{,1
s s olp{$4 dufvhq +{@ 5, 4 dufvhq +{@ 5, @ @ dufvhq+ s , @ = O5 @ olp { olp{$4 { 7 {$4 5
Vl { $ 3 hqwrqfhv x $ 3 Dv
s dufvhq +{@ 5, olp i +{, @ olp {$3 {$3 { s s { oxhjr { @ 5 vhq+x, Vhd x @ dufvhq+{@ 5, hqwrqfhv; vhq +x, @ s 5 x olp i +{, @ olp s {$3 x$3 5 vhq+x, x 4 @ s olp 5 x$3 vhq +x, 4 @ s 4= 5
Hmhuflflr 5<: Suxheh txh Vroxflq=
Sru or wdqwr olp{$3 i +{, @
4 s 1 5
olp {$d wj { { wj d d
wj { {
vhq frv
wj d d
olp {$d
@ @ @ @ @ @
Whruhpd 7148 +gho Hqodfh, Vhd [ U> i = [ $ U ixqflq s 5 [ 3 Hqwrqfhv whqhprv od vljxlhqwh htxlydohqfld olp i +{, @ O +, {$s vh wlhqh txh olp i +{q , @ O q$4 Sdud wrgd vxfhvlq +{q ,4 q@4 frq {q 9@ s | {q $ s
{ vhq { d { d frv d vhq { frv d vhq d frv { frv { frv d olp {$d { d vhq+{ d, olp {$d frv { frv d+{ d, vhq+{ d, 4 olp {$d +{ d, frv { frv d vhq+{ d, 4 olp olp {$d +{ d, {$d frv { frv d 4 4 frv5 d 5 vhf d
olp {$d
; Dtx
vh wrpd
{ frpr xqd x ' @hUti?E I 2
ixqflq txh wlhqh lqyhuvd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh fhur sdud
x frpr
sdud
{1
57;
Ghprvwudflq= +,, Vhd +{q , vxfhvlq frq {q 9@ s | {q $ s1 Sru ghprvwudu txh olpq$4 i +{q , @ O1 Edvwd wrpdu ho frqmxqwr E [> E @ i{q = q 5 Qj1 Frpr {q $ s vh wlhqh txh s 5 E 3 | xvdqgr ho whruhpd 71: vh wlhqh olp{$s i mE @ O/ hv ghflu/ ++, Ghprvwudflq sru ho devxugr/ hv ghflu/ vxsrqguhprv txh sdud wrgr +{q ,4 q@4 txh vdwlvidfh od klswhvlv vh wlhqh txh olpq$4 i +{q , @ O | qr vh wlhqh olp{$s i +{, @ O1 Sru hvwr owlpr/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % wdo txh sdud wrgd Ys> +hvwr hv or plvpr txh ghflu 4 h{lvwh do phqrv xq sxqwr sdud wrgr , vh wlhqh txh î +Ys> isj, YO> % `/ hv ghflu/ sdud fdgd q @ q {q 5 Ys>q isj wdo txh i +{q , 95 YO> % 1 Dv/ khprv ideulfdgr xqd vxfhvlq +{q ,4 q@4 1 Frpr q $ 3/ {q $ s | dghpv i +{q , 9$ O +|d txh i +{q , hvw do phqrv % ohmrv gh O sxhvwr txh i +{q , 95 YO> % , or txh frqwudglfh ho khfkr wrgd vxfhvlq% gh odv shglgdv> oxhjr i +{q , $ O1 olp i +{q , @ O q$4
Hmhpsor 5<; Fdofxohprv
{ 4 Frqvlghuhprv i +{, @ vhq { | vhd {q @ q > {q 9@ 3> ;q 5 Q Vl q $ 4 hqwrqfhv {q $ 3 | sru whruhpd gh hqodfh vh wlhqh
4 olp q vhq q$4 q
Hmhuflflr 5<< Suredu Vroxflq=
4 , @ 41 Oxhjr olpq$4 vhq+ q
4 olp i +{q , @ olp q vhq+ , q$4 q$4 q 4 @ olp vhq { { vhq { @ olp { @ 4
q7 . 5q 4 4 olp vhq+ , @ q$4 8q6 . 6 q 8 4 4 q7 . 5q q6 . 5 olp vhq+ , @ olp q vhq+ , q$4 8q6 . 6 q$4 8q6 . 6 q q 4 4 @ 8 4 @ = 8
5 4 q .q Hmhpsor 633 Xvdqgr ho khfkr txh olp{$d {5 @ d5 1 Fdofxodu olpq$4 +4 . q 5, 5 4 4 5 q 4 q 5 4 q q Vroxflq= Frpr +4 . q . q5 , @ ++4 . q , , @ ++4 . q , , | olpq$4 +4 . q , @ h/ xvdqgr whruhpd gho 4 q 5 hqodfh vh wlhqh txh olp {5 q @ h grqgh {q @ +4 . q ,
Hmhpsor 634 Vxsrqlhqgr txh olp{$d oq { @ oq d> d A 3 Fdofxoh 4 4 olp oq+4 . . . q$4 4$ 5$ .
Vroxflq= Vl |q @
Sq 4 l@4 l$ / olpq$4 |q @ h xvdqgr whruhpd gho hqodfh olp oq |q @ oq h @ 4
4 , q$
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG Hmhpsor 635 Vxsrqlhqgr txh olp{$d h{ @ hd Fdofxohprv
57<
Vroxflq= Frpr olpq$4
s q.4
s h q.4 sq @ olp h q.4 O @ olp q$4 h q$4

s
sq
q @ 3 rewhqhprv sru whruhpd gho hqodfh O @ h3 @ 4
Gho whruhpd dqwhulru/ vh rewlhqh xqd khuudplhqwd px| wlo sdud suredu od qr h{lvwhqfld gh dojxqrv oplwhv1 Frurodulr 7149 Vhd [ U> i = [ $ U ixqflq s 5 [ 3 1 Vl h{lvwhq +{q ,> +|q , grv vxfhvlrqhv wdohv {q 9@ s> |q 9@ s> {q $ s> |q $ s shur r dojxqrv gh hoorv qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh1 Ghprvwudflq= +dsolfdu s , t +, t , s ,1 olp i +{q , @ O4 | olp i +|q , @ O5 frq O4 9@ O5 q$4 q$4
4 Hmhpsor 636 Surehprv txh olp{$3 vhq+ { , qr h{lvwh1 4 4 Frqvlghuhprv {q @ .5q > |q @ .5q 1
Fodudphqwh {q $ 3/ |q $ 3 grqgh {q 9@ 3> |q 9@ 31 4 ,= Oxhjr olpq$4 i +{q , @ olpq$4 vhq @ 3/ | Vhd i +{, @ vhq+ { @ 41 olpq$4 i +|q , @ olpq$4 vhq 5 4 , qr h{lvwh1 Sru or wdqwr/ sru frurodulr dqwhulru olp{$3 vhq+ {
5
716
Ghqlflq 714: Vhd D U> s 5 D/ gluhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh i +s,> Yi +s,> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh i +Ys> , < Yi +s,> %
Frqwlqxlgdg
Hmhpsor 637 i +{, @ 5{ hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 6 sxhvwr txh= Xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i +6, hv gho wlsr = Yi +6,> % @ì +6,
Gluhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq D vl i hv frqwlqxd hq fdgd sxqwr s 5 D1
%> i +6, . %^@`9
%> 9 . %^
< Qrwh
txh qr qhfhvduldphqwh
whqjdq lpdjhq hood hvwh fhufdqd d
Ys> a D ' i Es
Grp
/ or lps ruwdqwh hv txh orv
txh wrpd od ixqflq
/ hv ghflu/ orv
{ M Ys>
583
Vl sdud od yhflqgdg dqwhulru gh i +6,/ h{lvwlhud xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> `6 hv ghflu/ shur frpr i hv fuhflhqwh/ whqhprv Sru or wdqwr/ gheh fxpsolu Sdud % gdgr/ gheh fxpsolu hv ghflu/ 9 i +`6 i +`6 i +`6 > 6 . ^ Yi +6,> % >
%> 6 . %^ hvwd ghehud fxpsolu
> 6 . ^`9
%> 9 . %^ 5> 9 . 5 ^
> 6 . ^@`5+6 `9
,> 5+6 . ,^@`9 %> 9 . %^
5> 9 . 5 ^`9 5 a
%?9
9 . 5 ? 9 . % 5 ? % >
>
Sru or wdqwr/ sdud od yhflqgdg Yi +6,> % h{lvwh do phqrv xqd yhflqgdg gh 6 |d txh edvwd wrpdu 5 ? % +hv ghflu/ ? %@5, wdo txh i +Y6> , Y9> % 1 Yhu jxud dqwhulru Hmhpsor 638 Vhd Ghwhuplqdu vl hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 61 i +{, @ 5 {6 5=34 { A 6
5 ? %
Vroxflq= Gdgd xqd yhflqgdg gh i +6,> Y5> % / ghehud h{lvwlu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> / + hv ghflu/ h{lvwh A 3 , wdo txh i +Y6> , Y5> % Or dqwhulru hv htxlydohqwh d ; % A 3> < A 3> i +Y6> , Y5> %
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG Dv/ ghehud rfxuulu
584
i +`6
> 6 . ^, `5
%> 5 . %^ %> 5 . %^>
shur sdud % @ 3=334 r phqru hv lpsrvleoh rewhqhu od lqfoxvlq dqwhulru1 Frqfoxvlq= Frpr sdud wrgr % A 3 qr hv srvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> wdo txh i +Y6> , Y5> % vh wlhqh txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 61 Vh sxhgh yhu fodudphqwh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq orv rwurv sxqwrv Hmhpsor 639 Vhd i +{, @ 8/ +ixqflq frqvwdqwh,1 Hood hv frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv1
; % A 3> < A 3 wdo txh i +Y6> , @ i5> 5=34j `5
Vroxflq= Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr duelwudulr s1 Qrwhprv txh= ; A 3 i +Ys> , @ i8j %> 8 . %^ > ; % A 3
Dv/ ; % A 3> < A 3> i +Ys> , Yi +s,> % |d txh i +Ys> , @ i8j `8
71614
D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv fxdwur fdudfwhul}dflrqhv gh frqwlqxlgdg 41 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | s 5 D1 61 Vl s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq | s 5 D1 71 Fdudfwhul}dflq sru vxfhvlrqhv1 51 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg
41 Vl s hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | s 5 D hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl olp{$s i +{, @ i +s, Hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg glfh txh l, olp{$s i +{, h{lvwh ll, Ho oplwh dqwhulru hv ljxdo d i +s, h lpsoflwdphqwh hvwdprv glflhqgr txh i +s, h{lvwh1 d, olp{$s. i +{, h{lvwh e, olp{$s i +{, h{lvwh f, orv oplwhv dqwhulruhv vrq ljxdohv d i +s, 4 BcHv frqwlqxd hq 4 B
51 Vl D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s +sru or wdqwr s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq, whqhprv or vljxlhqwh= i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl Hmhpsor 63: Vhd i +{, @ s {
Revhuydflq= Qr srghprv xvdu od fdudfwhul}dflq 51 sxhv qr vh fxpsoh od klsrwvlv gh txh D frqwhqjd xqd yhflqgdg gh 41 Hq fdpelr/ vl srghprv xvdu ssxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | 4 5 D/ sod fdudfwhul}dflq 4/ sxhv s 4 hv xqd hqwrqfhv gdgr txh olp{$4 { 4 h{lvwh | olp{$4 { 4 @ 4 4 @ 3 @ i +4,1 vh wlhqh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq 41
Vroxflq= Qrwhprv txh Grpi @ D @ ^4> 4^/ | dtx ylhqh qdwxudophqwh od htxlyrfdgd frqfoxvlq i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 4 |d txh olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh%/ frpr vh h{ljh hq 5f1
585
FKDSWHU 71 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV Surehprv i hv frqwlqxd hq 4 hq wuplqrv gh yhflqgdghv1
Wrphprv xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i +4, @ 3> Y3> % qhfhvlwdprv hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> / wdo txh rfxuud= i +Y4> , Y3> % +7143,
Frpr Y4> @`4
Yhdprv tx frqglflq gheh fxpsolu sdud txh hvwd owlpd lqfoxvlq vhd yolgd1 > 4 . ^ | i hv fuhflhqwh +yhu jxud,
1.5
0.5
0 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 x
i +{, @ vh wlhqh txh= i +`4
s {
Dv/ od lqfoxvlq hq 7143 qrv txhgd Sru or wdqwr gheh fxpsolu
s > 4 . ^, @ i +^4> 4 . ^, @ ^3> ^ s ^3> ^` %> %^
61 Vl s 5 D qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq +s hv xq sxqwr dlvodgr, vh wlhqh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1 r htxlydohqwhphqwh
Oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 41
Uhvxplhqgr1 Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg Y3> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> +edvwd txh vhd phqru txh %5 wdo txh i +Y4> , Y3> % =
s ? % r htxlydohqwhphqwh ? %5 1
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +hv ghflu/ h{lvwh A 3, wdo txh Ys> _ D @ isj sru or wdqwr/ i +Ys> , @ i +isj, @ ii +s,j ì +s, `s > s . ^_D @ isj> %> i +s, . %^
Od lqfoxvlq owlpd rfxuuh sdud wrgr % A 3> gh hvwd irupd whqhprv od vljxlhqwh dupdflq1 i +Ys> , Yi +s,> %
Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh i +s,> Yi +s,> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +od wrpdgd do lqlflr, wdo txh Or txh txlhuh ghflu txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
586
Hmhpsor 63; Wrgdv odv vxfhvlrqhv {q = Q $ U vrq frqwlqxdv/ |d txh wrgr sxqwr gh Q hv sxqwr gh dlvodgr1 Hq od sufwlfd/ qr vh hqfxhqwudq pxfkrv grplqlrv frq sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ shur vl dsduhfhq hq vlwxd0 flrqhv hvshfldohv | sru hvh prwlyr or khprv ghvduuroodgr hq ghwdooh dtx/ dpq txh ohv idflolwdu ho/ hqwhqglplhqwr gho frqfhswr gh frqwlqxlgdg hq yduldv yduldeohv1 71 Ghqlflq wudglflrqdo1 i hv frqwlqxd hq s> s 5 Grpi @ D vl
81 Vhd i = D $ U> s 5 D1 i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl Or dqwhulru vh sxhgh hvfulelu frpr
Qrwh txh m{ sm ? | mi +{, i +s,m ? % kdeodq gh odv yhflqgdghv gh s | i +s, uhvshfwlydphqwh | od lpsolfdflrq +,, vh uhhuh d od lqfoxvlq gh frqmxqwrv> od phqflq h{soflwd gh { 5 Grpi hv sdud txh whqjd vhqwlgr od qrwdflq i +{,1 Sdud wrgd vxfhvlq43 +{q ,/ wdo txh {q frqyhujh d s vh wlhqh txh od vxfhvlq i +{q , frqyhujh d i +s,1 Hvwh fulwhulr hv pdv wlo sdud suredu od qr frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr txh od frq|lqxlgdg1 i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 +, ;+{q ,> {q $ s , i +{q , $ i +s, <+{q ,> {q $ s a i +{q , 9$ i +s, +i +{, qr frqyhujh d i +s,, i +{, @
4 vhq + { , { 9@ 3 4 {@3
; % A 3 < A 3> m{
sm ? a { 5 Grpi , mi +{,
i +s,m ? %
Dv/ od qhjdflq hv= i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | v*ror vl
Hmhpsor 63< Vhd
BcHv frqwlqxd hq 3 B
4 Vroxflq= Frqvlghuhprv od vxfhvlq +{q , frq {q @ 5q Fodudphqwh vh yh txh {q $ 3/ shur
i +{q , @ vhq+
Frqfoxvlq=
Dv/ i +{q , qr frqyhujh d 4
4 , @ vhq+5q, @ 3 ;q 5 Q 4@5q
Wdpelq srghprv ghflu txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 sxhv olp{$3 i +{, qr h{lvwh +yhu hmhpsor 636,1
43 Qdwxudophqwh
od qrflq ghe h vhu gh hohphqwrv gh
i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 3 |d txh h{lvwh xqd vxfhvlq +{q , frq {q $ 3 a i +{q , 9$ i +3, @ 4
587
71615
41 Frphqwdulrv lqwxlwlyrv44
Frphqwdulrv
51 Frphqwdulr Uhgxqgdqwh
ll, Xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq s qr sxhgh whqhu xq vdowr hq s/ qr sxhgh hvwdu fruwdgd hq s1
l, i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl odv lpdjhqhv gh sxqwrv fhufdqrv d s hvwq fhufdqrv d i +s, | sru px| h{ljhqwh txh vh srqjd +; % A 3, sdud shglu hvwdu fhufd gh i +s,/ vlhpsuh kd| xq prqwq gh sxqwrv fhufd gh s txh hvwq vxshu fhufd gh i +s,1
l, Fodudphqwh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s vl s 95 Grpi d, s 95 Grpi r d txh e, i +s, 9@ olp{$s i +{,1

4 4
ll, Gh od iudvh Xqd ixqflq hv glvfrqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s% qr vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh qr wlhqh oplwh |d txh shuihfwdphqwh od glvfrqwlqxlgdg sxhgh ghehuvh d txh
5 Hmhpsor 643 i +{, @ { { ho fdvr +d,

Hmhpsor 644
/ i +4, qr h{lvwh shur olp{$4 i +{, @ 51 Hvwd ixqflq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud
i +{, @
vhq+
Hq hvwd ixqflq vh wlhqh i +6, @ 8 9@ olp{$6 i +{,1Hvwd ixqflq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud ho fdvr +e,1
{
6
6,
{ 9@ 6 {@6
Hmhpsor 645
lll, Vl olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh/ qr hv frqwlqxd i hq s1 Od qr h{lvwhqfld gho oplwh vh sxhgh ghehu d yduldv fdvrv/ hq ho hmhpsor 645 whqhprv ho fdvr hq txh fdgd oplwh odwhudo h{lvwh/ shur olp{$s. i +{, 9@ olp{$s i +{, i +{, @ Frpr ; A A ? A A = {5 9{.< {6 5:
{5 < { 6 9
{A6 {@6 {?6
olp i +{, @ 9 @ i +6, 9@ olp i +{, @ 3 {$6. {$6 Sru or wdqwr qr hv frqwlqxd hq 6
Hvwd owlpr qrv glfh txh od frqwlqxlgdg hq ho sxqwr s ghshqgh vor gh orv sxqwrv txh hvwq fhufd/ | hvwr hv or txh vh vxhoh oodpdu frqfhswr orfdo1 Dv frqwlqxlgdg hv xq frqfhswr orfdo% do ljxdo txh oplwh1 Orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv vrq xwlohv sru ho khfkr txh qrv vluyhq sdud ideulfdu qxhydv ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv r sdud ylvxdol}du txh xqd ixqflq hv frqwlqxd1
4 4 Hvwr 4 5 Uhfxhugh
qr vluyh sdud qdgd hq odv ghprvwudflrqhv/ s hur vl sdud ylvxdol}du1 txh
Whruhpd 714; l, Wrgd uhvwulfflq gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hv frqwlqxd1 Glfkr gh rwud irupd Vhd i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s 5 U1 Vl s 5 \ [ | j @ 45 i m\ hqwrqfhv wdpelq j = \ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s ll, Hq ho fdvr hvshfldo gh txh \ @ L _ [ / frq L xqd yhflqgdg gh s hqwrqfhv od uhfsurfd vh fxpsoh1 Glfkr gh rwud irupd1 Vhd j @ i m\ frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s +frq \ @ Ys> _ [ hqwrqfhv i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd hv ho txh vluyh sdud prvwudu frq fodulgdg odv revhuydflrqhv +frphqwdulrv, dqwhulruhv
i\
hv od ixqflq uhvwulfflq gh
[ \
d
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
588
Whruhpd 714< +Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv, Vhd i = [ $ U > j = \ $ U frqwlqxdv fdgd xqd hq s 5 [ _ \ hqwrqfhv l, i . j> i j> i j vrq frqwlqxdv hq s ll, Vl j+s, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv i@j hv frqwlqxd hq s Hq ho fdvr txh s vhd xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh [ _ \ / od ghprvwudflq vh rewlhqh idflophqwh gho dojheud gh oplwhv1 Hq fdvr frqwudulr hv gluhfwd1 Frq hvwh owlpr whruhpd whqhprv/ sru hmhpsor/ txh orv srolqrplrv s+{, @ d3 . d4 { . d5 {5 . dq { q > frq dl frqvwdqwhv uhdohv
vrq ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv1 Uhfrugdqgr orv uhvxowdgr gh oplwhv whqhprv txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr vx grplqlr, 51 frv {1 41 vhq {1
. n> 61 wdq { vl { 9@ 5 81 6 frv { . fvf {1 :1 vhq5 {1 ;1 frv5 {1 71 vhq { . 5 frv {1 91 frw { . : vhq +{, vhf {1
n 5 ]1
Whruhpd 7153 +Od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv hv frqwlqxd, Vhdq i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq s/ j = \ $ U frqwlqxd hq t @ i +s, wdo txh i +[ , \ hqwrqfhv j i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s 41 vhq {5 |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh vhq { | {5 Hvwh whruhpd qrv d|xgd d prvwudu txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr U,1 51 frv +6{8 . :, |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh frv { | 6{8 . : 61 vhq +5 frv {, frpsxhvwd gh vhq { frq 5 frv { 71 6 vhq5 {6 . : frv {6 frpsxhvwd 6 vhq5 +{, . : frv +{,> {6
| pxfkdv rwudv frpelqdflrqhv gh ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv | srolqrplfdv txh vhd rshudflrqhv dojh0 eudlfdv hqwuh ixqflrqhv evlfdv frpr vhq +{,> frv +{, | d{1
Hmhuflflr 646 Frqvlghu od ixqflq i =`
Vroxflq=
Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh i 1
4> 4^$ U ghqlgd sru ; 5 {?3 ? { frv+4@{, 3 {@3 i +{, @ = {6 3 ? {?4 5 vhq+{ ,
Hmhuflflr 647 l, Vhd { ? 3/ hqwrqfhv i +{, @ {5 frv+4@{,1 Sru frpsrvlflq | surgxfwr gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxd/ i hv frqwlqxd hq ` 4> 3^1
589 ll, Vhd 3 ? { ? 4/ hqwrqfhv I +{, @ frqwlqxd hq `3> 4^1
vhq+
{6 sru frpsrvlflq | fxrflhqwh gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxd/ i hv {5 ,
lll, Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg gh i hq { @ 31 Fodudphqwh 3 5 Grpi | i +3, @ 31 Frpr 3 hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gho Grpi / ghehprv yhu vl h{lvwh olp{$3 i +{,1 Sdud hvwr/ fdofxohprv orv oplwhv odwhudohv {6 {5 @ olp. { olp. i +{, @ olp. @3 4@3 5 vhq {5 {$3 {$3 vhq+{ , {$3 olp i +{, @ olp {5 frv+4@{, @ 3 {$3 {$3 olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ 3 {$3. {$3 olp i +{, @ i +3, @ 3 {$3
sru fhur dqltxlod1
hv ghflu/ olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh dghpv
oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 31
Sru frqvljxlhqwh i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr vx grplqlr
71616
Vl i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr +frpsdfwr, ^d> e` vh ghehud whqhu txh 41 Hq qlqjxq sxqwr gh ^d> e` kd| vdowrv/ |d txh vl orv kxelhud vdowr orv olplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv jxud gh pdv dedmr
Ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv vreuh frpsdfwr
r elhq ho oplwh gh od ixqflq hq ho sxqwr qr frlqflgh frq ho ydoru gh od ixqflq hq ho sxqwr yhu od vljxhqwh jxud
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
58:
51 Wdpsrfr od ixqflq sxhgh lu d lqqlwr hq dojq sxqwr gh ^d> e` / yhu jxud txh vljxh/ |d txh hq hvh fdvr oplwh qr h{lvwh
61 Wdpsrfr sxhgh rvflodu hq xq sxqwr {3 +yhu jxud txh vljxh, |d txh ho oplwh qr h{lvwluld1
58;
Whruhpd 7154 gho Ydoru Lqwhuphglr Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U frqwlqxd1 Vl hv xq qphur uhdo txh fxpsoh i +d, ? ? i +e, hqwrqfhv wlhqh do phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^1 +hv ghflu/ < f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i +f, @ , Frurodulr 7155 +H{lvwhqfld gh Udlfhv, Vhd d> e 5 U wdo txh 4, i +d,i +e, ? 3 +hv ghflu/ i +d,| i +e, wlhqh glvwlqwrv vljqrv, 5, i frqwlqxd hq xq frqmxqwr txh lqfox|d do lqwhuydor ^d> e` hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xqd udl} hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^ +hv ghflu/ h{lvwh f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i +f, @ 3 , Frpr pv vh xwlol}d hvwh whruhpd/ hv hq od h{lvwhqfld gh udfhv gh xqd ixqflq1
Dv whqhprv +lqwxlwlydphqwh, txh od jufd gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr ^d> e` gheh vhu gh wdo irupd txh xqr od sxhgh judfdu vlq ohydqwdu ho osl} hpsh}dqgr hq +d> i +d,, | whuplqdqgr hq +e> i +e,,1 Hq ho irqgr xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` hv vor xqd ghvirupdflq gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ vlhqgr vx jufd vrodphqwh xqd fxhugd qr lqqlwd txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, | +e> i +e,,1 Or dqwhulru qrv shuplwh fuhhu orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv1
Hmhpsor 648 Od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 . {5 . 6{ . 5 wlhqh xqd ud} hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 3^ Hq hihfwr i + 4, @ 4 . 4 6 . 5 @ 4 ? 3 | i +3, @ 5 A 3 oxhjr i + 4,i +3, ? 31 Dghpv i hv frqwlqxd hq ^ 4> 3` oxhjr sru frurodulr dqwhulru h{lvwh xqd ud} hq ho lqwhuydor ` Hmhuflflr 649 Suxheh txh od hfxdflq h{ 6{ @ 3
4> 3^1
wlhqh do phqrv xqd ud} uhdo hq ho lqwhuydor `3> 4^1 Vroxflq= Vhd i +{, @ h{ 6{ i +3, @ h3 6 3 @ 4 A 3 | i +4, @ h 6 ? 3 oxhjr i +3,i +4, ? 3 Dghpv i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U hq sduwlfxodu hq ^3> 4`/ oxhjr sru ho frurodulr dqwhulru/ h{lvwh f 5`3> 4^ wdo txh i +f, @ 3/ hv ghflu f hv xqd ud} r vroxflq gh od hfxdflq1
Frurodulr 7156 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr L / hqwrqfhv i +L , wdpelq hv xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr1
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
58<
Frurodulr 7157 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr ^d> e`/ hqwrqfhv i +L , hv xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr/ sru or wdqwr i hv dfrwdgd1 Hmhuflflr 64: od frqwlqxlgdg gh s Hvwxglh s d, i +{, @ s { 5 . 5 s { s e, i +{, @ {5 4 . 8 {+4 {, . {+ 4 D|xgd= Fxlgdgr frq orv grplqlrv1 f, i = ] $ U i +{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud, g, i = U $ U i +{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud, {,
Hmhuflflr 64< ydoruhv gh > i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr lqglfdgr1 Sdud tx +{ , vhq+ { 4 , { @ 9 d, i +{, @ s@ s@3 3 {@ > s @ 3> s @ 5 e, i +{, @ { 7 f, i +{, @ { s@3 s@5 { 5 Hmhpsor 653 Frqvlghuh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq ; 7{ d oq+{ . h5 ,6 . e vhq {?3 A 5{ A A A ? d{ . 6 {@3 i +{, @ A A A s4.e{5 4 A = 3?{? vhq {5
Hmhuflflr 64; od frqwlqxlgdg gh od ixqflq hq orv sxqwrv s lqglfdgrv1 Hvwxglh frv+ { 4 6 , { 9@ 6 s @ 61 d, i +{, @ 3 {@6 { 6> s @ 6 | s @ 31 e, i +{, @ m{ 6m +{ 6, frv+ { 4 6 , { 9@ 6 s @ 6 | s @ 31 f, i +{, @ 3 {@6
grqgh d | e vrq qphurv uhdohv 4, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 3 5, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhgr gh i hq 3 6, Hqfxhwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e txh kdfhq frqwlqxd d i hq 31 7, Ghwhuplqh sdud tx ydoru gh e h{lvwh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq Vroxflq= 4, 4 . e{5 4 vhq5 { s s 4 . e{5 4 4 . e{5 . 4 s olp. 5 vhq { {$3 4 . e{5 . 4 5 +4 . e{ , 4 s olp {$3. vhq5 {+ 4 . e{5 . 4, e{5 s olp {$3. vhq5 {+ 4 . e{5 . 4, {5 4 olp. s e olp. 5 {$3 vhq { {$3 4 . e{5 . 4 4 e 4 5 e 5 s
olp i +{, @ olp. {$3. {$3 @ @ @ @ @ olp i +{, @ {$3.
593 5,
vhq 7{ , olp i +{, @ olp +d oq +{ . h5 ,6 . e 5{ {$3 {$3 vhq 7{ @ olp d oq +{ . h5 ,6 . olp 5{ {$3 {$3 5 vhq 7 { @ d oq +h5 ,6 . olp e 5 5{ {$3 vhq 7{ @ 9d . 5e olp 7{ {$3 @ 9d . 5e 4 @ 9d . 5e olp i +{, @ 9d . 5e {$3.
6, i vhu frqwlqxd hq 3 vl olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3, oxhjr olp{$3. i +{, @ olp{$3 @ i +3,/ hv ghflu/ e e @ 9d . 5e @6 5 5 Dv e @ 9 | d @ 6 5 s4.e{5 4 710 olp{$ i +{, @ olp{$ vhq {5 Vl e @ 3 hqwrqfhv i +{, @ 3 | olp{$ i +{, @ 3 Vl e 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv ho olplwh qr h{lvwh1 s Hq hihfwr> Vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ olp{$ i +{, @ O> O 5 U hqwrqfhv do fdofxodu olp{$ + 4 . e{5 4, gh grv irupdv glvwlqwdv whqhprv s 4 . e5 4 @ @ @ s olp + 4 . e{5 4, {$ s 4 . e{5 4 olp +vhq5 {, vhq5 { {$ s 4 . e{5 4 olp olp +vhq5 {, vhq5 { {$ {$ O 3 3
oxhjr hvwr hv xqd frqwudglfflq1
@ @
Hmhpsor 654 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 41 Od ixqflq i +{, @ ^5{` hv glvfrqwlqxd vor hq ] ^{` { 7 51 Od ixqflq i +{, @ hv glvfrqwlqxd hq { {?7
81 Vl i | j vrq glvfrqwlqxdv hq d hqwrqfhv i . j hv glvfrqwlqxd hq d1
71 Vhdq i> j ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq xqd yhflqgdg gh d/ wdo txh i hv glvfrqwlqxd d hqwrqfhv i . j hv glvfrqwlqxd hq d1
61 Vl i . j hv frqwlqxd hq d | i hv frqwlqxd hq d hqwrqfhv j hv frqwlqxd hq d1
G @ i{ 5 ] = { 7j
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG Vroxflq= 41 Idovr= od ixqflq hq h{lvwh1

4 5
594
hv glvfrqwlqxd |d txh olp{$ 4 . ^5{` @ 4 | olp{$ 4 ^5{` @ 3 oxhjr ho oplwh qr 5 5
51 Idovr= i hv frqwlqxd hq 7 sxhv olp{$7. i +{, @ olp{$7. ^{` @ 7 dghpv olp{$7 i +{, @ olp{$7 { @ 7 oxhjr olp{$7 i +{, @ 7 @ i +7,1 dghpv hv fodur sru od judfd +yhu jxud vljxlhqwh,
71 Idovr= H{lwhq i +{, @ ^{` | j+{, @ { glvfrqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vlq hpedujr +i . j,+{, @ { hv frqwlqxd hq d @ 41 81 = Ho plvpr hmhpsor1 Hmhpsor 655 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq
61 Yhugdghur= Sru dojheud gh oplwhv whqhprv1 Vl i . j / i vrq frqwlqxdv hq d hqwrqfhv +i . j, frqwlqxd hq d/ hv ghflu j hv frqwlqxd hq d1
txh i hv glvfrqwlqxd hq i{ 5 ] = { A 7j1
i hv
^{` ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq xqd yhflqgdg gh d @ 4 wdo txh i hv
Hv i frqwlqxd hq { @ 3B Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor uhghqlu i vl hv srvleoh/ gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd1 Vroxflq= { @ 3 hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gho Grpi @` vor vl 4, 3 5 Grpi 5, olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh1 6, olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3,1 Dv= 4, Hv fodur txh 3 5 Grpi sxhv i +3, @ 4 5, Fdofxohprv olp{$3 i +{, @5> 4^ oxhjr i vhu frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl |
{5 .5{ vhq 5{ i +{, @ 4 = oq+6{5 . h, 4
; ?
@5 ? { ? 3 {@3 {A3
595
olp i +{, @ olp {$3 {$3 @ @ @ @
{5 . 5{ vhq +5{, {+{ . 5, olp 5 frv { vhq +{, {$3 4 {+{ . 5,, olp 5 {$3 vhq+{, frv +{, 4 { {.5 olp olp 5 {$3 vhq +{, {$3 frv { 5 @ 4 4 5
4
Sxhvwr txh od ixqflq orjdulwpr hv frqwlqxd hq U. |
olp i +{, @ olp. oq +6{5 . h, {$3. {$3 olp 6{5 . h @ h 5 U. {$3
oxhjr h{lvwh olp{$3. i +{, @ 4 6, olp{$3 i +{, 9@ i +3, oxhjr i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 31 Vlq hpedujr/ gdgr txh olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh hqwrqfhv hv srvleoh uhghqlu i gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3/ gh od vljxlhqwh irupd= ; {5 .5{ @5 ? { ? 3 ? vhq 5{ i +{, @ 4 {@3 = {A3 oq+6{5 . h, 4 Hmhpsor 656 Vhd i =`3> ^$ U od ixqflq ghqlgd sru ; { ? frw { 5 frv { { ? @5 i +{, @ = d{ 4 { @5 Vroxflq= i vhu frqwlqxd hq @5 vl l, olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ i + , . 5 {$ { $ 5 5
olp i +{, @ olp. oq +6{5 . h, 4 {$3. {$3 @ olp oq +6{5 . h, {$3. @ oq olp. +6{5 . h, {$3 @ oq+h, @ 4
B BcTx ydoru +vl h{lvwh, gheh dvljqduvh d od frqvwdqwh d sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq 5 +7144,
{ i +{, @ olp olp frw { 5 frv { {$ 5 {$ 5 { vhq { @ olp frv { 5 frv { {$ 5 5{ vhq { @ olp 5 frv { {$ 5
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG Vhd x @ 5 l, { vl { $ 5 hqwrqfhv x $ 3. olp olp i +{, @ {$ {$ 5 5 @
596
x, vhq +@5 x, 5 frv +@5 x, + 5x, frv x @ olp. 5 vhq x x$3 +frv x 4, 5x frv x @ olp. 5 vhq x x$3 frv x 4 x frv { @ olp olp. . x$3 5 vhq x {$3 vhq x olp x$3.
5+@5
5{ vhq { 5 frv {
sru rwud sduwh>
frv x 4 olp x$3. 5 vhq x
dghpv
frv5 x 4 olp. x$3 5 vhq x+frv x . 4, vhq5 x @ olp. x$3 5 vhq x+frv x . 4, vhq x @ olp. x$3 5+frv x . 4, @ 3 @
x frv x x olp @ olp. olp frv x @ 4 4 @ 4 x$3. vhq x x$3 vhq x x$3. Oxhjr sru dojheud gh olplwh olp {$ 5 5{ vhq { frv x 4 @ olp. 5 frv { x$3 5 vhq x 4@ d 5 4@ d 5
ll, olp{$ 5 . i +{, @ olp{$ 5 . d{ sru or wdqwr whqhprv d @ 31
4 Sru +l, | +ll, | sru 7144 vh wlhqh 4 @ i+ , 5
x frv { olp. @ {$3 vhq x
Hmhpsor 657 Vhd
Vroxflq= d, Fdofxohprv orv oplwh odwhudohv
d, BcHv i frqwlqxd hq { @ 3B e, BcHv i frqwlqxd hq UB , i +3, f, H{lvwh G. @ olp{$3. i +{{ 3 , i +3, g, H{lvwh G @ olp{$3 i +{{ 3
; 6 4 ? { frv + { 5, { ? 3 3 {@3 i +{, @ = s 5 { . 5{6 { A 3
4 sxhv olp{$3 {6 @ 3 | frv + { 5 , hv dfrwdgd1
4 olp i +{, @ olp {6 frv + 5 , @ 3 { {$3 {$3
597
FKDSWHU 71 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV s {5 . 5{6 @ 3=
Oxhjr olp{$3. i +{, @ olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3, @ 3 Sru or wdqwr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 4 e, Vhd i4 +{, @ {6 frv + { 5 , sdud { ? 3 frpr i4 hv surgxfwr gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv hq ` 4> 3^ hqwrqfhv +sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv, i4 hv frqwlqxd1 Sru vxpd | frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv/ vh wlhqh txh i5 hv frqwlqxd hq `3> 4^1 Dghpv sru +d, i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3/ oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq U1 f, G. @ @ @ @ @ Oxhjr h{lvwh G. 1 g, G @ @ i +{, i +3, { 3 s {5 . 5{6 3 olp. > sxhv sdud { A 3 { 3 {$3 s {5 +4 . 5{, olp. { {$3 s m{m 4 . 5{ olp > sxhv sdud { A 3 m{m @ { { {$3. s +4 . 5{, olp {$3. 4 olp {$3.
olp i +{, @ olp {$3. {$3.
Hmhuflflr 658 Ghwhuplqh d> e hq U gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 ; vhq d{ vhq e{ {?3 ? { d{ . 6 { @3 i +{, @ = es7{5 .{6 { A 3 { Vroxflq= Hmhuflflr 659 41 3 5 Grpi> i 3, @ 61
sxhv j+{, @ frv+4@{5 , hv dfrwdgd | olp{$3 {5 @ 31 Oxhjr h{lvwh G 1
i +{, i +3, { 3 6 { frv+4@{5 , @ olp { 3 {$3 4 @ olp {5 frv+ 5 , { {$3 @ 3 olp {$3
sxhv i +{, @ {6 frv+
4 , sdud { ? 3 {5
51 olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh vl | vor vl olp{$3. i +{, @ olp{$3 i +{,1 s e 7{5 . {6 olp i +{, @ olp. { {$3. {$3 s em{m 7 . { @ olp. {A3 { {$3 s @ olp e 7 . { @ 5e {$3.
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG
598
olp i +{, @ olp {$3 {$3
sru or wdqwr d
e @ 5e/ dghpv i +3, @ 6/ oxhjr i vhud frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl d e @ 6 a 5e @ 6 +, d @ <@5 a e @ 6@5 {5 +e
vhq +e{, { vhq +d{, vhq +e{, olp e @ olp. d d{ e{ {$3 {$3 vhq +d{, vhq +e{, e olp @ d olp. d{ e{ {$3 {$3 @ d e
vhq +d{,
Hmhuflflr 65: Ghwhuplqdu e hq U gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 41 i +{, @
5.
Vroxflq= i vhu frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl olp{$4 i +{, @ i +4, olp i +{, @ olp {$4. {$4.
{A4 4,{ { ? 4
e5
f | qr Hvwh oplwh srgud h{lvwlu vl olp{$4. {5 5 . e5 @ 3 + hq fdvr frqwudulr ho oplwh vhud gh od irupd 3 h{lvwlud,1 Dkrud olp {5 5 . e5 @ 3 +, 4 5 . e5 @ 3 +, e @ 4 b e @ 4 {$4
l, Vl e @ 4 vh wlhqh txh olp {$4. {5 5 . e5 s { 4 {5 4 olp. s {$4 { 4 +{ . 4,+{ @ olp { {$4. s @ olp. +{ . 4, { {$4 @ 4,{ @ e
{5 5 . e5 s { 4
s 4, { 4 4@3 4
sru rwud sduwh/
Oxhjr olp{$4. i +{, @ olp{$4 i +{, | sru or wdqwr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl e @ 4/ sxhv olp{$4 i +{, @ i +4, @ 3 ll, Vl e @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh {5 4 . e5 {5 4 @ olp s @3 olp. s {$4 {$4. { 4 { 4 shur oxhjr olp i +{, @ olp +e {$4 {$4 4,{ @ e 4@ 5
olp i +{, @ olp +e {$4 {$4
4@4
gh grqgh olp{$4 i +{, qr h{lvwh | sru or wdqwr i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl e @ 41
olp i +{, 9@ olp i +{, {$4. {$4
599
717
Uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od Fxuyd
Hq od jhrphwud sodqd/ od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq xq sxqwr S vreuh xqd flufxqihuhqfld vh sxhgh ghqlu frpr od uhfwd txh wlhqh vrodphqwh ho sxqwr S hq frpq frq wdo flufxqihuhqffld/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud
Od qrflq gh oplwh hv ixqgdphqwdo sdud ho hvwxglr gh pxfkrv frqfhswrv gh odv pdwhpwlfdv/ gh od ivlfd | rwudv flhqfldv1 Sdud loxvwudu hvwr hvwxglduhprv ho sureohpd gh hqfrqwudu od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d xqd fxuyd hq xq sxqwr S gdgr1
1 Hvwd ghqlflq qr vh sxhgh dsolfdu d fxdotxlhu jufd/ |d txh xqd uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq xq sxqwr S sxhgh fruwdu d xqd jufd yduldv yhfhv frpr vh pxhvwuh hq od jxud/ jufr l}txlhugr,1 hq ho fdvr gh od jufd gh ixqflq ydoru devroxwr i +{, @ m{m1 Fxo hv od wdqjhqwh hq S @ +3> 3,B
Sdud lghqwlfdu od uhfwd wdqjhqwh O d od jufd gh xqd ixqflq hq xq sxqwr S / edvwd hvshflfdu od shqglhqwh p gh O/ |d txh vwd | ho sxqwr S ghwhuplqd frpsohwdphqwh d od uhfwd1 Sdud hqfrqwudu p/ frqvlghuduhprv odv uhfwdv OST / uhfwdv vhfdqwhv txh sdvd sru S 1 Vhd pST od shqglhqwh gh OS T 1 Fxdqgr T wlhqgh d S +S mr, sru od ghuhfkd jxud
txh vljxh
7171 UHFWD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD
59:
| sru od l}txlhugd jxud
vh revhuyd txh pST wlhqgh d p +shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd O,1 Hvwr qrv vxjlhuh txh vl pST wlhqgh d xq ydoru mr1 fxdqgr T wlhqgh d S / hqwrqfhv hvh ydoru ghehudprv xvdu sdud ghqlu od shqglhqwh p gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh O hq S 1 Hv fodur txh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh OST hv pST @ |d txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, | +{> i +{,,1 Frq hvwd qrwdflq srghprv vxvwlwxlu od iudvh T wlhqgh d S % sru { wlhqgh d d%/ dv oohjdprv d od vljxlhqwh ghqlflq i +{, { i +d, d
Ghqlflq 7158 Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d d1 Od shqglhqwh p gh
59; od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> i +d,, hv p @ olp {$d i +{, {
vlhpsuh | fxdqgr ho oplwh h{lvwd1+Yhu jxud ,
i +d, d
Hmhpsor 65; Vhd i +{, @ {6 | d xq qphur uhdo1 Hqfrqwuduhprv= d, Od shqglhqwh pd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> d6 ,1 e, Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd hq ho sxqwr +4> 4,1 f, Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd qrupdo +uhfwd shushqglfxodu d od uhfwd wdqjhqwh, d od jufd hq ho sxqwr +4> 4,1 Vroxflq= d, i +{, i +d, { d {6 d6 @ olp {$d { d +{ d,+{5 . d{ . d5 , @ olp {$d { d @ olp +{5 . d{ . d5 , @ 6d5 {$d olp {$d pd @ 6d5
| hq hvh fdvr vh glu txh h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> i +d,,1
pd
Dv/ od shqglhqwh hv
e, \d txh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh O hq ho sxqwr +4> 4, od srghprv rewhqhu frpr ho fdvr hvshfldo hq txh d @ 4/ whqhprv txh p @ 61 Hq jhqhudo od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru +d> i +d,, | frq shqglhqwh p hv Hq qxhvwur fdvr r | | i +d, @ p+{ 4 @ 6+{ | @ 6{ 5 d, 4,
59<
f, Vl p> p 9@ 3 hv od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh | pQ od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd qrupdo d od jufd gh | @ i +{, hqwrqfhv vh gheh fxpsolu p pQ @ 4 Dv/ od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd qrupdo d od jufd gh i +{, @ {6 hq +4> 3, hv/ +, +, | | i +d, @ pQ +{ d, +{ 4, 4 @ 4 6 {. 7 | @ 4 6 6
Revhuyh txh vl p @ 3 sdud dojq sxqwr hqwrqfhv od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hv krul}rqwdo/ fx|d hfxdflq hv | @ i +d,/ | hq hvwh fdvr od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd qrupdo hv { @ d1 Hmhpsor 65< d, Ghprvwuduhprv txh olp {$d vhq+{, { vhq+d, @ frv+d, d
Vroxflq= Vhd x @ {
| e, Ghwhuplqhprv od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d | @ vhq+{, hq S @ + > 4,1 5 d/ vl { $ d hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ oxhjr/ xvdqgr vxvwlwxflq/ O @ @ @ @ @ vhq+{, vhq+d, { d vhq+x . d, vhq+d, olp x$3 x vhq+x, frv+d, . vhq+d, frv+x, vhq+d, olp x$3 x frv+x, 4 vhq+x, olp +frv+d, . vhq+d, , x$3 x x vhq+x, frv+x, 4 olp frv+d, . olp vhq+d, x$3 x$3 x x olp {$d
Fdofxodqgr sru vhsdudgr orv oplwh whqhprv | olp x$3 olp vhq+d, x$3
vhq+x, frv+d, vhq+x, @ frv+d, olp @ frv+d, x $ 3 x x 4 @ vhq+d, olp x$3 frv+x, 4 x +frv+x, 4,+frv+x, . 4, vhq+d, olp x$3 x+frv+x, . 4, frv5 +x, 4 vhq+d, olp x$3 x+frv+x, . 4, vhq+x, vhq+x, vhq+d, olp olp x$3 x x$3 frv+x, . 4 vhq+d, 4 3 @ 3=
frv+x, x
@ @ Oxhjr sru dojheud gh oplwhv O @ @
vhq+x, frv+x, 4 . olp vhq+d, x$3 x x vhq+x, frv+x, . 4 @ frv+d, olp . vhq+d, olp x$3 x x$3 x @ frv+d, olp frv+d, x$3
5:3
e, Frpr od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh | @ vhq+{, hq fxdotxlhu sxqwr +d> vhq+d,, hvw gdgd sru vhq+{, vhq+d, p @ olp {$d { d rewhqhprv txh p @ frv+ , @ 3 | dv od uhfwd | sru +d, whqhprv txh p @ frv+d,/ uhhpsod}dqgr d @ 5 5 wdqjhqwh hv> | 4 @ p+{ , 5 | 4@3 |@4
Hmhuflflr 663 Ghwhuplqh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od sduerod | @ d{5 . e{ . f hq ho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , Vroxflq= p @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ i +{, i +{3 , { {3 d{5 . e{ . f +d{5 3 . e{3 . f, olp {${3 { {3 d{5 d{5 . e{ e{3 3 olp {${3 { {3 d+{5 {5 {3 , 3 , . e+{ olp {${3 { {3 d+{ {3 ,+{ . {3 , . e+{ {3 , olp {${3 { {3 +{ {3 ,+d+{ . {3 , . e, olp {${3 { {3 olp d+{ . {3 , . e {${3 5d{3 . e olp {${3
> 4, hv { @ 1 Revhuyh txh od hfxdflq gh od qrupdo hq S @ + 5 5
+, +,
Vroxflq= Odv frrughqdgdv gh D vrq +3> 3, | orv gh E vrq +;33> |3 , grqgh |3 @ d+;33,5 .e+;33,. f/ dghpv frpr +3> 3, wdpelq shuwhqhfh d od sduerod/ gheh vdwlvidfhu od hfxdflq gh hood/ dv3 @ d 3 . e 3 . f/ gh grqgh f @ 31 sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru/ rewxylprv txh od shqglhqwh gh | @ d{5 . e{ . f hq +{3 > |3 , hv p @ 5d{3 . e/ oxhjr hq {3 @ ;33 hv p @ 5d ;33 . e | hq {3 @ 3 hv p @ e1 Dghpv sdud frqhfwdu od dxwrslvwd gh shqglhqwh 4@8 frq od sduerod/ gheh rfxuulu txh | sdud frqhfwdu od dxwrslvwd krul}rqwdo +gh shqglhqwh p @ 3, frq od sduerod> Dv/ gh 7145 | 7146 whqhprv e@3 4 @d ;333 5d ;33 . e @ 4@8 +7145, +7146,
Hmhuflflr 664 Xq htxlsr gh lqjhqlhurv gh fdplqrv glvhd xq wudpr gh fduuhwhud txh gheh frqhfwdu xqd dxwrslvwd krul}rqwdo frq rwud gh shqglhqwh p @ 4@8 1 Ho hqodfh gheh/ uhdol}duvh vreuh xqd glvwdqfld krul}rqwdo gh ;33 slhv xvdqgr xqd fxuyd sdudeolfd sdud xqlu orv sxqwrv D | E 1 Rewhqjd xqd hfxdflq gho wlsr | @ d{5 . e{ . f sdud od sduerod uhvshfwlyd | ghwhuplqh odv frrughqdgdv gh E 1
5:4
4 > e @ 3> f @ 31 Sru rwud sduwh E @ +;333> |3 , shuwhqhfh d od sduerod/ oxhjr Hq frqvhfxhqfld d @ ;333 vdwlvidfh vx hfxdflq/ hv ghflu 4 +;33,5 @ ;3 |3 @ ;333
Sru or wdqwr odv frrughqdgdv gh E vrq +;33> ;3,1 Hmhpsor 665 Gdgd od ixqflq ; A A A A ?
i +{, @
s {
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A A A A = s 6 ;{6 . {8
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| ho rwur oplwh odwhudo hv olp i +{, @ olp {$3 {$3
| dperv vrq ljxdohv d i +3, vh wlhqh txh
| sru or wdqwr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 e, Gdgr txh i hvw ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh { @ 31 Yhdprv vl h{lvwh i +{, i +3, p @ olp {$3 { 3 i +{, {
olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ i +3, {$3. {$3
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5:5 sru rwud sduwh i +{, olp { {$3 i +3, 3 @ @ @ olp {$3 olp {$3
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olp {$3 @ olp {$3 s 6 @ ;
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oxhjr qr h{lvwh uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i +{, hq ho sxqwr S s @ +3> 3,1 f, i hvw ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh { @ 7 sxhv i + { , @ { sdud { | ? 7> dghpv +7> 5, s shuwhqhfh d od fxuyd | @ i +{,/ sxhv 7 @ 51 Frpr od shqglhqwh exvfdgd hv s 4 i +{, i +7, { 5 { 7 s @ olp @ olp @ olp {$7 {$7 { 7 {$7 +{ 7,+ { . 7, 7 { 7
Hmhuflflr 666 Xvdqgr dojheud gh oplwh | lghqwlgdghv wuljrqrphwulfdv fdofxodu ho oplwh gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv hq d 51 i +{, @ vhf { 41 i +{, @ frw { 61 i +{, @ fvf { . q > q 5 Q d 9@ 5 d 9@ q > q 5 Q d5U d dsursldgr d 9@ q > q 5 Q
oxhjr qr h{lvwh uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i +{, hq ho sxqwr + 4> 5,1
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4 frv
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7171 UHFWD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD Hmhuflflr 668 Vhd olp{$s i +{, @ O a O A 31 Pxhvwuh txh <Ys wdo txh i +{, A 3> ;{ 5 +Ys D|xgd= Xvdu uhvxowdgr dqwhulru
5:6
Hmhuflflr 66: Vhd D U> i = D $ U> s 5 D | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh olp{$s i +{, hqwrqfhv <Ys | N 5 U wdo txh mi +{,m ? N > ;{ 5 +Ys isj, _ D +hv ghflu/ i hv dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s, Hmhuflflr 66; Vhd i +{, @ { {5T 3 {5 9 T
Hmhuflflr 669 Vhd i +{, j+{,> ;{ 5 [> { 9@ s a olp{$s i +{, @ O a olp{$s j+{, @ P 1 Pxhvwuh txh OP D|xgd= Xvdu whruhpd gho dsuhwq d +j i ,+{,
isj, _ [
Prvwudu txh olp{$3 i +{, @ 3 | olp{${3 i +{, qr h{lvwh vl {3 9@ 3 D|xgd= Sdud od vhjxqgd sduwh xvdu hmhuflflr 668 | sdud od sulphud sduwh xvdu mi +{,m m{m
5:7
Fkdswhu 8
Ghulydgd
814
Ghqlflq 814 Vhd L U> i = L $ U | vhd s xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq Gluhprv txh i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr s fxdqgr ho vljxlhqwh oplwh h{lvwh Hq ho fdvr txh ho oplwh h{lvwd/ ho ydoru gh ho vh ghqrwd sru i 3 +s,/ lqglfdqgr gh hvwd irupd txh ho ydoru ghshqgh gho sxqwr s1 Ho ydoru i 3 +s, hv oodpdgr od ghulydgd gh i hq ho sxqwr s | vh xvdq odv vljxlhqwh qrwdflrqhv1 gi gi gi i 3 +s,> +s,> m{@s > ms g{ g{ g{ Revhuydflq= 4, i 3 +s, sxhgh vhu fdofxodgr gh rwud irupd |d txh= d, Wrpdqgr k @ { s vh wlhqh txh hv rwud gh odv irupdv txh dsduhfh od ghqlflq gh od ghulydgd hq dojxqrv oleurv1 e, Xvdqgr xqd fdudfwhul}dflq gh oplwh yld vxfhvlrqhv vh wlhqh/ txh i hv ghulydeoh hq s vl vor vl sdud fxdotxlhu vxfhvlq +{q ,> +{q , 5 L isj frq olpq$4 {q @ s vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh ho vljxlhqwh oplwh f, Jhqhudol}dqgr or dqwhulru/ whqhprv txh wdpelq whqhprv i 3 +s, @ olp |$e i +j +| ,, j +| , i 3 +s, @ olp q$4 i +{q , {q i +s, s i 3 +s, @ olp k$3 i +k . s, k i +s, olp {$s i +{, { i +s, s
Ghulydgd
grqgh j = [ $ L / olp|$e j+| , @ s +reyldphqwh e 5 [ 3 , | j +| , 9@ s ;|> | 9@ e 5, i hv ghulydeoh hq s vl sdud od jufd gh i h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh> lqyhuvdphqwh vh sxhgh ghflu= Vl od ixqflq hv ghulydeoh hq s vh wlhqh txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq +s> i +s,, h{lvwh1 Vl Xg1 frpsdud odv ghqlflrqhv gh uhfwd wdqjhqwh | ghulydgd/ vh sxhgh shufdwdu txh hv or plvpr1 6, Sru surslhgdg gh oplwh vh wlhqh txh vl h{lvwh i 3 +s,/ o hv qlfr/ sru hvwr vh sxhgh xvdu ho duwfxor od hq od ghulydgd/ rod uhfwd wdqjhqwh1 Gh od revhuydflq 5 vh frqfox|h txh |d whqhprv ydulrv hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ hoodv vrq odv gh orv hmhpsorv | hmhuflflrv gh uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv/ dghpv srghprv qrwdu iflophqwh txh od shqglhqwh p gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d i +{, hq ho sxqwr s4 vdwlvidfh
4 Fruuhfwdphqwh
glfkr hq ho sxqwr
i +s, s
Es> i Es1
5:8
5:9
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Sru or wdqwr> vl i hv ghulydeoh hq s vh wlhqh txh od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq ho sxqwr s hv i +s, @ i 3 +s, { s | @ +i 3 +s,,{ . i +s, i 3 +s,s |
p @ i 3 +s,
Xvdqgr wuljrqrphwud vh wlhqh txh ho qjxor txh irupd od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq s +hv ghflu/ hq +s> i +s,,,frq ho hmh gh odv { hvwd gdgr sru=
81414
Vroxflq=
Hmhpsor 66< Yhuhprv txh od ixqflq i +{, @ 6{ . 8 hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr s @ :1 i +: . k, i +:, k 6+: . k, . 8 +6 : . 8, @ olp k$3 k 6k @ 6= @ olp k$3 k Ho uhvxowdgr dqwhulru qr gheh vhu h{wudr |d txh qdwxudophqwh vh wlhqh txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i +od uhfwd | @ 6{ . 8, hv hood plvpd/ sru or wdqwr odv shqglhqwhv ghehq frlqflglu1 BcFxo hv od ghulydgd gh i hq rwurv sxqwrvB Sru ho dujxphqwr jufr txh khprv gdgr hq ho suudir dqwhulru ghehudprv whqhu txh i 3 +s, @ 6 ;s 5 U1 Frpsuxhehor Xg1 xvdqgr od ghqlflq gh ghulydgd1 i 3 +:, @ olp k$3 Vhd s xq qphur uhdo mr
Hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv
@ dufwdq+i 3 +s,,
Hmhpsor 673 Od ixqflq j+{, @ 7 +ixqflq frqvwdqwh, wlhqh frpr jufd od uhfwd | @ 7 txh hv xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo +sdudohod do hmh {, vlwxdgd do qlyho 7> reyldphqwh vx shqglhqwh hv fhur/ sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd hq wrgr sxqwr s gheh vhu qxod1 Frpsurehprv hvwr yd od ghqlflq1 j +{, j +s, { s 7 7 @ olp {$s { s @ olp 3 @ 3 {$s s Hmhpsor 674 Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd gh k+x, @ x hq ho sxqwr s @ 71 j3 +s, @ olp {$s Vl hv txh h{lvwh k3 +7, hvwd gheh vhu ljxdo d k3 +s, @ @ @ @ @ k+x, x s x olp x$7 x s x olp x$7 x x 7 olp x$7 x 7 4 4 s @ 7 5 7 olp x$7 k+7, 7 s 7 7 s s s 7 x. 7 s s 7 x. 7 4 s s x. 7
8141 GHULYDGD Vl uhshwlprv orv sdvrv dqwhulruhv xq sxqwr mr s +shur duelwudulr, gh U. rewhqguhprv txh 4 4 k3 +s, @ olp s s @ s x$s x . s 5 s
5::
Xwlol}dqgr od jufd gh k> yhu jxud txh vljxh/ qrwhprv txh od shqglhqwh gh O5 hv pd|ru txh od shqglhqwh gh O4 | d phglgd txh wrphprv s pv fhufd gho ruljhq rewhqguhprv shqglhqwhv/ fdgd yh} pd|ruhv/ khfkr txh srghprv frpsuredu wdpelq hq od ghulydgd gh k txh k3 +s, hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq s +s 5 U. ,/ k3 +s, hv od ixqflq txh do vhu hydoxdgd hq s qrv g od shqglhqwh gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh od ud} fxdgudgd1
Ghqlflq 815 gh i frpr
Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv lqgxfh d ghqlu od ixqflq ghulydgd% sru dexvr gh ohqjxdmh vh dfrvwxpeud oodpdu vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd1
5
Vhd i = L $ U xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq wrgr sxqwr gh M 1 Vh ghqh od ixqflq ghulydgd i3 = M s $ U :$ i 3 +s,
Gh od ghqlflq whqhprv txh M L 1
Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv whqhprv fdofxodgdv odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv i +{, @ 6{ . :> L @ U> M @ U i 3 +{, @ 6 j +{, @ 7> L @ U> M @ U j3 +{, @ 3= s 4 . k3 +{, @ s k+{, @ {> L @ U. 3 > M @ U 5 {
Hmhpsor 675 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, fdofxohprv od ixqflq ghulydgd gh i 3 +{, Hq orv hmhpsorv gh fofxor gh uhfwd wdqjhqwh sdud s 5 U rewxylprv i 3 +s, @ olp k$3 vhq+k . s, k vhq+s,
i/
Qrwh txh hq ho owlpr fdvr k+3, h{lvwh/ shur k3 +3, qr h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ M L 1
@ frv+s,
i1
5 Xq
s r fr pdv dghodqwh hq yh} gh ghflu od ixqflq ghulydgd gh
gluhprv vhqfloodphqwh od ghulydgd gh
5:;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Dv/ od ixqflq ghulydgd gh i +{, @ vhq+{, hv i 3 +{, @ frv+{,1 Ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor pxhvwud xqd ixqflq txh qr hv ghulydeoh hq wrgr sxqwr/ d shvdu gh vhu frqwlqxd hq wrgr U1 Hmhpsor 676 Vhd i +{, @ m{ Fofxor gh od ghulydgd hq {3 1 Vl { gh hvwd irupd= l, Vl {3 ? 7/ 7m1 Fdofxohprv vx ghulydgd hq wrgr sxqwr txh h{lvwd1 7 ? 3 vh wlhqh txh i +{, @ { . 7 | hq fdvr frqwudulr i +{, @ { 7/
i 3 +{3 , @ @ @
olp {${3 olp {${3 olp {${3
ll, Vl {3 A 7/ i 3 +{3 , @ 4 +fofxor dqorjr d orv uhflhq khfkrv,1 lll, Vl {3 @ 7 i +{, i +{3 , i 3 +7, @ olp {${3 { {3 Shur frpr i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr fhufd gho 7 sdud fdofxodu hvwh owlpr oplwh ghehprv wrpdu oplwhv odwhudohv | yhulfdu txh hoorv vrq ljxdohv i +{, i +7, { 7 3 olp @ olp. @4 { 7 { 7 {$7. {$7 i +{, i +7, {.7 3 @ olp @ 4 olp { 7 { 7 {$7 {$7
i +{, i +{3 , { {3 { 7 + {3 . 7, { {3 { . {3 @ 4 { {3
Frpr orv oplwhv odwhudohv txh ghqhq i 3 +7, vrq glvwlqwrv qr whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld gh i 3 +7,/ dv od ixqflq ghulydgd gh i hv i3 = U { i7j :$ $ U i 3 +{, @ 4 {A7 4 {?7
Qrwdu txh i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 71 Revhuydflq= Gh or dqwhulru/ srghprv dupdu txh vl i hv frqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s/ qr qhfhvduldphqwh i hv ghulydeoh hq d1 Vlq hpedujr ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv dupd txh vl i hv ghulydeoh hq xq sxqwr s/ hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq s1 Whruhpd 816 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq d/ hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq d1 Ghprvwudflq= Ghehprv ghprvwudu txh olp i +{, @ i +d, {$d i +d,, @ 3 i +d, olp +{ {$d d
r htxlydohqwhphqwh qrv edvwdud prvwudu txh= Frpr olp i +{, {$d i +d, @ olp +i +{, {$d
olp +i +{, {$d i +d,, +{ +{
whqhprv txh hihfwlydphqwh i hv frqwlqxd hq d1
d, i +{, @ olp d, {$d {
d, @ i 3 +d, 3 @ 3
8141 GHULYDGD
5:<
Revhuyh txh ho whruhpd dqwhulru hv gh od irupd s , t / od ixqflq i +{, @ m{ 7m txh ylprv hq ho hmhpsor 676 txh qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 7/ vlq hpedujr hood hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 7/ qrv vluyh gh frqwudhmhpsor sdud od dupdflq txh= frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr lpsolfd ghulydelolgdg hq ho sxqwr1 Qrwdflrqhv= Od ghulydgd gh i hq d hv ho oplwh i +d . k, i +d, k i + d . k , i +d, hv oodpdgd ghulydgd odwhudo l}txlhugd hq d ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i 3 +d,/ hv ghflu/ olpk$3 k | vh ghqrwd sru i 3 +d,1 Wdpelq vh ghqh od ghulydgd odwhudo ghuhfkd hq d txh fruuhvsrqgh do oplwh odwhudo 3 +d,1 ghuhfkr | vh ghqrwd sru i. i 3 +d, @ olp k$3 Hmhuflflr 677 Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh i +{,/ grqgh ; +{ 5,6 A A ? 5 7{ . 7 { i +{, @ < A A = vhq+{ . 4, {A5 4?{5 {@ 4 {? 4
Fodudphqwh orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv vrq { @ 5 | { @ 4 |d txh hq yhflqgdghv gh hoodv/ i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr | hvwh khfkr wudmr glfxowdghv hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru1 d, Yhdprv hq sulphu oxjdu vl i hv ghulydeoh hq s @ 5/ sdud hoor qhfhvlwdprv fdofxodu ho vljxlhqwh oplwh +vl hv txh h{lvwh,= i +{, i +5, @ i 3 +5, olp {$5 { 5 Hvwh oplwh ghehprv fdofxoduor phgldqwh orv oplwhv odwhudohv
3 +5, @ olp i +{, i +5, @ olp +{ 5,6 3 @ 3 i. { 5 { 5 {$5. {$5. i +{, i +5, {5 7{ . 7 3 @ olp @3 olp { 5 { 5 {$5 {$5 Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv txh i hv ghulydeoh hq 5 | txh i 3 +5, @ 31 e, Dkrud yhdprv vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr { @ 41 Frpr i +{, i + 4, {5 7{ . 7 < olp . @ olp . @ olp 5 { {.4 {.4 {$ 4 {$ 4 {$ 4 | frpr ho rwur oplwh odwhudo1
olp {$ 4 i +{, i + 4, vhq+{ . 4, @ olp {.4 {.4 {$ 4 <
8@
qr h{lvwh6 vh wlhqh txh i qr hv ghulydeoh hq 4 f, Yhdprv dkrud vl i hv ghulydeoh hq orv sxqwrv d txh vrq pd|ruhv txh 51 Hq hvwh fdvr od ixqflq wrpd od irupd i +{, @ +{ 5,6 1 i 3 +d, @ i +{, i +d, { d +{ 5,6 +d 5,6 @ olp {$d { d ^+{ 5, +d 5,`^+{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d @ olp {$d { d @ olp +{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d 5,5 @ 6+d 5,5 {$d olp {$d
q
'
5,5
6 Sdud
frq f
' f
suredu hvwr edvwd wrpdu od vxfhvlq {
3 n 2q
< 3
> i E{
q
glyhujh1 Qrwdu txh ho oplwh hv gh od irupd
5;3 g, Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd hq ho sxqwr d/ d 5` h, Ilqdophqwh/ fdofxohprv i 3 +d, fxdqgr d ? i 3 +d, @ @ @ @ @ @ olp {$d olp {$d i +{, { i +d, {5 @ olp {$d d 4 4> 5^
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
7{ . 7 +d5 { d
7d . 7,
@ 5d
hv
Gh hvwd irupd/ od ixqflq ghulydgd +txh frqvhjxlprv sru sduwh | dqdol}dprv hq orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv, {A5 {@5 i 3 +{, @ 5 { 7 4 ? {?5 A A = frv+{ . 4, {? 4 3 5,5 ; 6+{ A A ?
vhq+{ . 4, vhq+d . 4, { d vhq+x . d . 4, vhq+d . 4, olp x$3 x vhq+x, frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, frv+x, vhq+d . 4, olp x$3 x vhq+x, frv+x, 4 olp +frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, , x$3 x x vhq+x, frv+x, 4 +frv+d . 4,, olp . vhq+d . 4, olp , x$3 x x$3 x frv+d . 4,
Dkrud fdofxohprv dojxqdv ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv evlfdv/ hq ho vhqwlgr txh srvwhulruphqwh qrv d|xgduq d rewhqhu od ghulydgd gh rwudv ixqflrqhv1 Hmhpsor 678 Phgldqwh ho fofxor gh odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv1 Mxvwltxh ho vljxlhqwh olvwdgr1 41 Vl i +{, @ n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 3 51 Vl i +{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 4 61 Vl i +{, @ vhq+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ frv+{,
71 Vl i +{, @ frv+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ vhq+{, s 4 81 Vl i +{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 5s { / vl { A 3 91 Vl i +{, @ {q hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ q{q :1 Vl i +{, @ h{ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ h{ 41
4
/ vl q 5 Q
Vroxflq= Hq wrgrv orv fdvrv d lqglfdu xq hohphqwr jhqulfr gho grplqlr gh od ixqflq fruuhvsrqglhqwh1 i 3 +d, @ i +{, i +d, { d n n @ olp {$d { d 3 @ olp @3 {$d { d olp {$d
Dv/ i 3 +{, @ 3 hq ho fdvr i +{, @ n
8141 GHULYDGD 51
5;4
i 3 +d, @
i +{, i +d, { d { d @ olp {$d { d @ olp 4 @ 4 {$d olp {$d
61 Fdofxodgd dqwhulruphqwh/ hq orv hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv1 71 i 3 +d, @ @ @ @ @ olp k$3
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq lghqwlgdg i +{, @ { wlhqh frpr ixqflq ghulydgd i 3 +{, @ 41
i +d . k, i +d, k frv+d . k, frv+d, olp k$3 k frv+d, frv+k, vhq+d, vhq+k, frv+d, olp k$3 k frv+d,+frv+k, 4, vhq+d, vhq+k, olp k$3 k k +frv+d,,3 +vhq+d,,4 @ vhq+d,
81 Fdofxodgd dqwhulruphqwh frpr hmhpsor gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ gh hvwd irupd s 4 + {,3 @ s 5 { vl { A 3
g frv+{, @ Gh hvwd irupd g{
vhq+{,
91 i 3 +d, @ @ @ @ @ @
i +d . k, i +d, k +d . k,q dq olp k$3 k S q q n kn dq dq . q n@4 n d olp k$3 k Sq q q 4 kqd . n@5 dq n kn n olp k$3 k q [ q q 4 . olp qd dq n kn 4 n k$3 n@5 qdq 4 . 3 olp k$3
g {q @ q{q 4 vl q 5 Q Dv/ g{ Hvwd iupxod wdpelq hv yolgd sdud srwhqfldv glvwlqwdv gh xq qphur qdwxudo shur od ghprvwudflq khfkd hv vor yolgd sdud q 5 Q
5;5 :1
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
i 3 +d, @
Ghprvwudflq=
Whruhpd 817 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr d/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq i frq 5 U mr wdpelq hv ghulydeoh hq d | +i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,, gi m{@d g{ i +d . k, i +d, k i +d . k, i +d, , @ olp + k$3 k i +d . k, i +d, @ olp k$3 k @ olp k$3
81415
{ d Gh hvwd irupd gh g{ m{@d @ h
i +d . k, i +d, k hd.k hd @ olp k$3 k hk 4 d @ h olp k$3 k @ hd 4 @ hd olp k$3
Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv
Frpr i hv ghulydeoh/ ho owlpr oplwh hv vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd gh i hq ho sxqwr d1 Dv/ gi gi m{@d @ m{@d g{ g{ +i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,
txh hv or plvpr txh
Hmhpsor 679 Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd | orv uhvxowdgrv dqwhulruhv whqhprv txh 41 +6 vhq+{,,3 @ 6+vhq+{,,3 @ 6 frv+{,
g +:{7 , @ : g +{7 , @ :+7{6 , @ 5;{6 51 g{ g{
Whruhpd 818 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or hv i . j | dghpv vx ghulydgd vdwlvidfh gi gj g +i . j,+d, @ +d, . +d, g{ g{ g{
g + <h{ ,m g { oq+6, @ 71 g{ {@oq+6, @ < g{ +h ,m{@oq+6, @ <h g + ;s{,m g s 4 7 81 g{ {@< @ ; g{ + {,m{@< @ ; 5s< @ 6
g + frv+{,, @ g +frv+{,, @ + vhq+{,, @ 61 g{ g{
vhq+{, < 6@ 5:
Ho whruhpd glfh txh od ghulydgd gh od vxpd hv od vxpd gh odv ghulydgdv1
8141 GHULYDGD Ghprvwudflq=
5;6
+i . j,+d . k, +i . j ,+d, g +i . j ,+d, @ olp k$3 g{ k i +d . k, . j +d . k, i +d, @ olp k$3 k
j +d,
Vhsdudqgr orv vxpdqgrv | djuxsqgrorv sdud irupdu ho oplwh txh ghqh od ghulydgd +gh fdgd ixqflq, vh wlhqh +i . j ,3 +d, @ i +d . k, . j +d . k, i +d, j+d, k i +d . k, i +d, j+d . k, j+d, . olp @ olp k$3 k$3 k k @ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d, olp k$3
txh hv vlpsohphqwh ho uhvxowdgr shglgr/ vor txh hvw hvfulwr hq rwud qrwdflq1 s { . vhq+{, :{6
Hmhpsor 67: Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd whqhprv txh vrq ghulydeohv odv ixqflrqhv> 41 i +{, @ 51 j +{, @ frv+{,
71 o+{, @ 8h{
61 k+{, @ <{ . 7
7 vhq+{, s 8 {
7{8
s 41 i 3 +{, @ + {,3 . +vhq {,3 @ 51 j 3 +{, @ +frv,3 +{, 71 o3 +{, @ 8+h{ ,3 61 k3 +{, @ +<{,3 . +7,3
| vxv ghulydgdv vrq=
4 s { . frv+{,
:+{6 ,3 @
vhq+{,
:+6{5 , @
vl { 5 U.
vhq+{,
7+vhq,3 +{, @ < . 3 . 7 frv+{, @ < s 8+ {,3 @ 8h{ 53{7

5 8 s {
7+{8 ,3
Whruhpd 819 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or vrq i j | i @j/ +sdud hvwd owlpd j +d, qr qxor, l, +i j ,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i +d, j 3 +d,
vl { 5 U.
7 frv+{, vl { 5 U
54{5 vl { 5 U
3 , i +d, j3 +d, vl j+d, 9@ 31 ll, +i@j,3 +d, @ i +d, j++d j+d,,5
Xvdqgr rwud qrwdflq od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv gi gj gi j +d, @ +d, j+d, . i +d, +d, g{ g{ g{ gi g+i @j , md @ + md j +d, g{ g{ i +d, gj 4 md , g{ j5 +d,
| ho fxrflhqwh
5;7
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Ghprvwudflq= Od ghprvwudflq hv vlpsohphqwh xq hmhuflflr gh oplwhv/ vor txh hv qhfhvdulr ideulfdu orv o plwhv gh odv ghulydgdv> hq ho fdvr gho surgxfwr ho wuxfr hv vxpdu | uhvwdu +vxpdu fhur, ho wuplqr i +d,j +d . k,1 +i j,3 +d, @ +i j,+d . k, +i j,+d, k i +d . k,j +d . k, i +d,j +d . k, . i +d,j +d . k, i +d,j+d, @ olp k$3 k +i +d . k, i +d,, j +d . k, j +d, j +d . k, . i +d, @ olp k$3 k k olp k$3 +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,j +d, . i +d,j3 +d,
Frpr j hv frqwlqxd hq d rewhqhprv or exvfdgr
Sdud od rwud sduwh ghmduhprv do ohfwru exvfdu hq fxdotxlhu oleur gh fofxor evlfr1 Revhuydflq= Qrwhprv txh ho whruhpd qr glfh txh od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv ho surgxfwr gh odv ghulydgdv vlqr txh hv dojr edvwdqwh glvwlqwr/ hvwr wdpelq rfxuuh frq od ghulydgd gho fxrflhqwh1 Hmhpsor 67; Fdofxodu od ghulydgdv gh= 41 i +{, @ 6{7 frv+{,/ vl { 5 U1
51 i +{, @ wdq+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1 61 i +{, @ frw+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1 vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1 vl { 5 U. 1
91 i +{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,5 vl { 5 U1 Vroxflq= 41

: { s :1 i +{, @ 8 < {
81 i +{, @ vhf+{,/
71 i +{, @ fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
6 7 8
s{
{
i 3 +{, @ +6{7 ,3 frv+{, . 6{7 +frv+{,,3 @ 45{6 frv+{, . 6{7 + vhq+{,, @ 45{6 frv+{, 6{7 vhq+{, 51 i 3 +{, @ vhq+{, frv+{, 3 +vhq+{,,3 frv+{, vhq+{,+frv+{,,3 +frv+{,,5 frv+{, frv+{, vhq+{,+ vhq+{,, +frv+{,,5 frv+{, frv+{, . vhq+{, vhq+{, +frv+{,,5 4 @ vhf5 +{, frv5 +{,
@ @ @ @
wdq Dv djuhjdprv d qxhvwud wdeod gh ghulydgdv d phprul}du gg{ +{, @ vhf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]
8141 GHULYDGD 61 i 3 +{, @
5;8
frv+{, vhq+{,
3
@ @ @ @
71
frw Gh hvwd irupd gg{ +{, @
fvf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ] +rwud d phprul}du,1 i 3 +{, @ 4 vhq+{, 3 @ @ @
+frv+{,,3 vhq+{, frv+{,+vhq+{,,3 +vhq+{,,5 vhq+{, vhq+{, frv+{, frv+{, +vhq+{,,5 vhq+{, vhq+{, . frv+{, frv+{, +vhq+{,,5 4 @ fvf5 +{, vhq5 +{,
81
g fvf +{, @ g{
frw+{, fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1 i 3 +{, @ 4 frv+{,
+4,3 vhq+{, 4+vhq+{,,3 +vhq+{,,5 4+frv+{,, +vhq+{,,5 frv+{, +vhq+{,,5 frw+{, fvf+{,
3
91
g vhf +{, @ wdq+{, vhf+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ] g{
+4,3 frv+{, 4+frv+{,,3 +frv+{,,5 4+ vhq+{,, @ +frv+{,,5 vhq+{, @ +frv+{,,5 @ wdq+{, vhf+{, @
i 3 +{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,3 +8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,3 ^+8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,`3 @ +43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,++43{ . 45{6 , @ 5+43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 , :1 i 3 +{, @ @ Hq uhvxphq vh wlhqh +8{: +68{9 s s 6 {,3 +< { 7{8 , s +< { s 6 s ,+< { 7{8 , 5 { s +< { s s +8{: 6 {,+< { 7{8 ,5 s < +8{: 6 {,+ 5s { 7{8 ,5 7{8 ,3 53{7 ,3
5;9
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Dojheud gh ghulydgdv1
41 +i ,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,
Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq d hqwrqfhv i / i . j/ i j vrq ghulydeohv hq d | vl j +d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv i @j hv ghulydeoh hq d1 Dghpv 51 +i . j ,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
61 +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j +d, . i +d, j3 +d,
Frurodulr 81: Vhd j ixqflq ghulydeoh hq d/ j +d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv od ixqflq 4@j hv ghulydeoh hq d | Hmhpsor 67< Frq hvwh frurodulr fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ {4 q> q 5 Q Hmhuflflr 683 Fdofxoh odv ghulydgdv gh i +{, @ Vroxflq= gi +{, @ g{
5
i 3 +d, j+d, j3 +d, i +d, 71 + i j ,+d, @ j5 +d,
j+d, 9@ 31
g +4@j ,+d, @ g{
g g{ +j ,+d, +j +d,,5
4 + ,3 +d, @ j
j 3 +d, j 5 +d,
gi +{, @ g{
q q{q 4 @ q.4 = +{q ,5 {
4 { . vhq {
>
j+{, @ gj +{, @ g{
4 vhf { . 6 frw { +wdq { vhf { 6 fvf5 {, +vhf { . 6 frw {,5
81416
Vljxlhqgr frq whruhpdv txh qrv shuplwdq fdofxodu ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv xvdqgr odv |d fdofxodgdv/ yhdprv ho whruhpd gh od ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv frpsxhvwdv/ sru hmhpsor vdelhqgr txh i +{, @ vhq+{, | j +{, @ <{6 vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv Tx srghprv ghflu hq fxqwr d ghulydelolgdg/ gh +i j,+{, @ vhq+<{6 , | gh +i i ,+{,B Hmhpsor 684 Fdofxohprv xvdqgr od ghqlflq/ odv ghulydgd gh od ixqflq +i i ,+{, @ vhq+vhq {, hq ho sxqwr { @ d1 Vroxflq= i 3 +d, @ @ @ olp {$d
Uhjod gh od Fdghqd
+5{ . frv {, +{5 . vhq {,5
Revhuydflq= Yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflq xq uhvxowdgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd txh qrv shuplwlu fdofxodu hvwd | rwudv ghulydgdv +gh xqd ixqflrq frpsxhvwd, gh xqd pdqhud pv vlpsoh1
@ @
vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,, { d vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,, vhq +{, vhq +d, olp {$d vhq +{, vhq +d, { d vhq +x, vhq +e, vhq +{, vhq +d, olp olp frq x @ vhq { | e @ vhq +d, x$vhq d {$d x e { d frv +e, frv +d, frq e @ vhq d frv+vhq +d,, vhq +d,
8141 GHULYDGD
5;:
Whruhpd 81; +Uhjod gh od Fdghqd r Ghulydgd gh od frpsxhvwd, Vhd i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U/ i +[ , \> d 5 [ _ [ 3 > e @ i +d, 5 \ _ \ 3 Vl h{lvwh i 3 +d, | j3 +e, hqwrqfhv h{lvwh +j i ,3 +d, | r hvfulwd gh rwud irupd gj gi g ji md @ me md g{ g{ g{ s Hmhpsor 685 Vhdq j +{, @ frv+{,> i +{, @ :{6 . {/ i hv ghulydeoh hq U. | Uhfi U @ Grpj sru or wdqwr/ sdud d 5 U. +j i ,3 +d, @ j3 +i +d,,i 3 +d, s 4 @ j3 +:d6 . d, +54d5 . s , 5 d +j i ,3 +d, @ j 3 +e, j 3 +d, @ j 3 +i +d,,j3 +d,=
s 4 d,, +54d5 . s , 5 d s 5 Hmhuflflr 686 Vhd i 3 +{, @ {6 h{ / i +4, @ 3 | j +{, @ +{ . 4,5 . 6 Fdofxoh +j i ,3 +4,1 +j i ,3 +d, @ + vhq+:d6 . Vroxflq= Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd Oxhjr +j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,, i 3 +{,
|d txh j3 +{, @ vh wlhqh
vhq {
+j i ,3 +4, @ j 3 +i +4,, i 3 +4, 5 1 shur i 3 +4, @ 46 h4 @ h | j3 +{, @ s5+{.4, 5 +{.4,5 .6 5 @4 1 gh grqgh j 3 +i +4,, @ j 3 +3, @ 5s 5 7 Sru or wdqwr/ uhhpsod}dqgr hq 814 +j i ,3 +4, @ 4 h h@ 5 5
+814,
Hmhpsor 687 Vhd j +{, @ vhq+vhq {, grqgh j @ i i frq i +{, @ vhq { hqwrqfhv j3 +{, @ i 3 +i +{,,i 3 +{, @ frv+vhq {, frv {1 s Hmhpsor 688 Vhd i +{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . <> { 5 U
Frpr i sxhgh vhu hvfulwd frpr od frpsxhvwd s gh grv ixqflrqhv pv vlpsohv/ frpr vljxh= i +{, @ k+6{7 . frv+{, . <, @ +k o,+{, grqgh k+{, @ { | o+{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . </ vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ vh wlhqh xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd gi m{ g{ 4 @ k3 +o+{,,o3 +{, | frpr k3 +{, @ s 5 { 4 s +45{6 vhq+{,, @ 5 o+{, 45{6 vhq+{, s = @ 5 6{7 . frv+{, . <
Hmhpsor 689 Vhd i +{, @ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ ,1 Fdofxohprv i 3 +{,
5;; Whqhprv txh i +{, @ vhf+k+{,, frq k+{, @ 5{8 . 7h{ oxhjr i 3 +{, @
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 68: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq { @ d1 Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ +i +{,,q > q 5 ]1 gj md g{ @
g vhf gk mk+{, m{ g{ g{ @ vhf+{, wdq+{,mk+{, +43{7 . 7h{ , @ vhf+k+{,, wdq+k+{,,+43{7 . 7h{ , @ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ , wdq+5{8 . 7h{ ,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
Frpr j+{, @ +k i ,+{, grqgh k+{, @ {q / xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd whqhprv txh gj gi mi +d, md g{ g{ gi @ q+i +d,,q 4 +d, g{
4
Dv rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh irupxod
txh hq ho fdvr gh i +{, @ 6{5 . frv { qrv txhgd
gi q +{, @ q+i +{,,q g{
i 3 +{,
g+6{5 . frv {,8 @ 8+6{5 . frv {,8 4 +9{ vhq {, g{ Hmhpsor 68; Od uhjod gh od fdghqd sru lqgxfflq vh sxhgh jhqhudol}du d od frpsrvlflq gh pv gh grv ixqflrqhv sru hmhpsor fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ +j k m n o,+{,
Vroxflq=
i +{, m{ g{
@ @ @ @ @
Hmhpsor 68< Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh
g+j k m n o, m{ g{ +j k m n, go mo+{, +{, g{ g{ gn go +j k m , mno+{, mo+{, +{, g{ g{ g{ gm gn go +j k, mm no+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{, g{ g{ g{ g{ +j, gk gm gn go mkmno+{, mm no,+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{, g{ g{ g{ g{ g{
Vroxflq= Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd rewhqlgd hq ho hmhpsor 68; whqhprv
i +{, @ vhq+vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,,
Fdofxohprv fdgd ghulydgd lqglfdgd | uhdol}dqgr odv hydoxdflrqhv fruuhvsrqglhqwh whqhprv gi g{ ^vhf5 +{5 . : frv {,7 `^7+{5 . : frv {,6 `^5{ : vhq {`
g vhq { gi g vhf g wdq {7 @ mvhf+wdq+{5 .: frv {,7 , mwdq+{5 .: frv {,7 m+{5 .: frv {,7 +5{ g{ g{ g{ g{ g{ {5 .: frv {
: vhq {,
@ ^frv+vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,,`^wdq+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 , vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,`
8141 GHULYDGD Hmhuflflr 693 Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ suxheh txh vl i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ hqwrqfhv Vroxflq= Frqvlghuprv od ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq U +hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{, ;{ 5 G
5;<
Sru klswhvlv i = G $ U hv xqd ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ oxhjr sru ho whruhpd uhjod gh od { :$ i +{, fdghqd j i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G | grqgh +j i ,+{, @ j +i +{,, @ hi +{, | j3 +{, @ h{ 1 Dv j 3 +i +{,, @ hi +{, 1 Sru or wdqwr hq 815 vh wlhqh +hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{, Hmhpsor 694 Fdofxoh od ghulydgd gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv 41 hvhq{ +j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,,i 3 +{,
j= U $ U { :$ h{
+815,
Vroxflq=
s 51 h {.frv {
41 +hvhq { ,3 @ hvhq { +vhq {,3 @ hvhq { frv { vhq {,1
Hmhuflflr 695 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh Ghprvwudu txh
s s 4 51 +h {.frv { ,3 @ h {.frv { + 5s {
Vroxflq= Vdehprv sru surslhgdg gho orjdulwpr txh oxhjr sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru shur +j +{, oq i +{,,3
i +{, , ++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i +{,,j+{, +j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j +{, i +{,
j +{, +i +{,,j+{, @ hoq+i +{,, @ hj+{, oq i +{,
G @ i{ 5 U m { 5 Grpi _ Grpj | i +{, A 3j @ 9 !
;{ 5 G
hv od ghulydgd gh xq surgxfwr | gh frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv/ oxhjr +j +{, oq i +{,,3 @ j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j +{, i 3 +{, i +{,
++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ hj+{, oq i +{, +j+{, oq i +{,,3
+816,
Dv uhhpsod}dqgr hq 816
Revhuydflq= Gh or dqwhulru vh rewlhqh= +ui +{, ,3 @ ui +{, i 3 +{, oq u vl u hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd +i +{,u ,3 @ ui +{,u 4 i 3 +{, vl i +{, A 31
i +{, , ;{ 5 G ++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i +{,,j+{, +j 3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{, i +{,
5<3 Hmhpsor 696 Fdofxodu odv ghulydgdv gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv1
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
s 41 i +{, @ +{5 . 5, {
51 j+{, @ 5{
5
.frv
Vroxflq=
61 k+{, @ vhq6 +5{,
51 j+{, @ h+{
s 5 41 i +{, @ h { oq+{ .5, oxhjr dsolfdqgr ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru s s 5 i 3 +{, @ h { oq+{ .5, + { oq+{5 . 5,,3 s 4 s 5{ @ +{5 . 5, { + s oq+{5 . 5, . { 5 , 5 { { .5
5
.frv , oq 5
/ dqdorjdphqwh
5 j3 +{, @ h+{ .frv {, oq 5 ++{5 . frv {, oq 5,3 5 @ 5{ .frv { +5{ vhq {, oq 5
61 k+{, @ vhq6 +5{,/
Frphqwdulrv
k3 +{, @ 6 vhq5 +5{, +vhq+5{,,3 @ 6 vhq5 +5{, frv+5{, 5
Dqdol}dqgr orv jufrv gh i | j hq od jxud txh vljxh/ srghprv qrwdu txh O/ uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh j qr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh txh P / uhfwd wdqjhqwh d i sxhvwr txh odv rqgxodflrqhv gh j+{, +iuhfxhqfld gh rqgd, vrq pv uslgd txh odv gh i / reoljdqgr hvwr d whqhu pd|ru shqglhqwh O txh P1 gj @ 7 frv 7{/ yhdprv yld od ghqlflq frpr vh rewlhqh hvwh uhvxowdgr1 51 Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd g{ gj md g{ j +d . k, j+d, k vhq+7+d . k,, vhq +7d, @ olp k$3 k vhq+7d . 7k, vhq +7d, @ olp k$3 k @ olp k$3 vhq whqhprv
41 Yhdprv jhrpwulfdphqwh sru tx ghehprv xvdu od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ sdud hvr xvduhprv odv ixqflrqhv i +{, @ vhq { | j +{, @ vhq+7{,1 gj @ frv 7{/ dv hq @5/ gj m Vl qr xvdprv od uhjod frphwhprv ho wslfr huuru gh dupdu txh g{ g{ @5 @ frv 5 @ 41
Xvdqgr xqd lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd sdud vhq gj md g{ @ olp k$3
5 frv+7d . 5k, vhq+5k, k vhq +5k, @ 7 olp frv+7d . 5k, olp k$3 k$3 5k @ 7 frv+7d, 4
8141 GHULYDGD
5<4
Iljxuh 814= 61 Vreuh odv glihuhqwhv qrwdflrqhv Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq Y / yroxphq gh xq flolqgur gh dowxud o | udglr u/ hv ghflu/ od ixqflq yroxphq Y @ u5 o1 Vl qrv slghq fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh Y hq ho sxqwr d/ hv ghflu/ Y 3 +d, Tx ghehprv frqwhvwduB Qr hv or plvpr txh qrv slgdq i 3 +d,/ grqgh i +{, @ 6 vhq {/ |d txh hq hvwh owlpr fdvr hvw fodud od yduldeoh/ shur hq ho fdvr gh Y Fxo hv od yduldeohB Gheh vhu wrpdgd u frpr yduldeoh lqghshqglhqwhB R d or phmru oB1 Hq hvwh fdvr od qrwdflq Y 3 +d, hv dpeljxd | hv frqyhqlhqwh xvdu od qrwdflq gY mu@d gu r gY mo@d go
|d txh gh hvwd irupd txhgd h{soflwd od yduldeoh frq uhvshfwr d od fxdo vh txlhuh ghulydu1 gY mu@d gu Y +d . k, Y +d, k +d . k,5 o d5 o olp k$3 k 5do Y +d . k, Y +d, olp k$3 k u5 +d . k, u5 d olp k$3 k 5 u olp k$3
Phgldqwh od ghqlflq srghprv yhu txh orv uhvxowdgrv vrq wrwdophqwh glihuhqwhv vl vh wrpd xqd x rwud yduldeoh @ @ @ @
gY mo@d go
Hq ho fdvr txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh pv gh xqd yduldeoh +sru hmhpsor i +{> |> } , @ |5 vhq { . } 6 , vh gi dfrvwxpeud d lqglfdu od ghulydflq frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh | sru hmhpsor/ frpr Ci C| d fdpelr gh g| / dv/ Ci C} lqglfd od ghulydgd gh i frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh } vrodphqwh/ txhgdqgr odv rwudv yduldeohv frpr frqvwdqwh +hv ghflu/ vh frpsruwhq frpr qphur sdud ho prphqwr gh ghulydu1
5<5 Hmhpsor 697 Vl i +{> |> } , @ |5 vhq { . } 6 Ci C{ Ci C| Ci C}
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
@ | 5 frv { . 3 @ 5| vhq { . 3 @ 3 . 6} 5
Hmhpsor 698 Hq ho fdvr gho yroxphq gho flolqgur Y @ u5 o CY @ 5uo Cu CY @ u5 Co
Hmhpsor 699 Vhd j +{> |> } , @ 6{5 . :{6 vhq | hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh Cj C{ Cj C| Cj C}
@ 9{ . 54{5 vhq | @ 3 . :{6 frv | @ 3
Wrphprv dkrud od ixqflq i @ 8{5 .vhq {1 Fodudphqwh whqhprv/ sru or dqwhulru/ txh Ci C{ @ 43{ .frv { Ci | txh C| @ 3 |d txh hq hvwh owlpr fdvr ghehprv shqvdu txh od yduldeoh hv | / shur i vh frpsruwd frpr frqvwdqwh uhvshfwr d hvwd yduldeoh dv txh vx ghulydgd hv fhur Ci i +| . k, @ olp k$3 C| k i +|, @ olp k$3 8{5 . vhq { +8{5 . vhq {, @3 k
71 Qrwdflrqhv uhjod gh od fdghqd
Vhdq | @ i +x,> x @ j +{, vxsrqjdprv txh dpedv wlhqh ghulydgdv | txh hv srvleoh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd | @ i +j +{,,1 +hv ghflu/ vl gq odv klsrwhvlv gh od uhjod gh od fdghqd,1 Hqwrqfhv C| Cy C| @ C{ Cy C|
Hmhpsor 69: Vhd | xqd ixqflq gh {/ ghulydeoh frq uhvshfwr d {1 Fdofxohprv odv ghulydgdv txh vh lqglfdq
Qrwdflrqdophqwh ho wuplqr l}txlhugr gh od ljxdogdg vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | fdofxodgd ghvsxhv gh kdehu khfkr od frpsxhvwd gh i | j +i j ,/ hq fdpelr ho sulphu idfwru gho wuplqrv ghuhfkr C| vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | dqwhv gh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd1 Cy
g +{7 | 6 , @ {7 6| g| . 7{6 |6 41 g{ g{ g +{ vhq | , @ vhq | . { frv | g| 51 g{ g{ g| , g 5 61 g{ +wj {| , @ +vhf +{| ,,+| . { g{ g +5{| 6 . { vhq+{| ,, @ 5| 6 . 9{| 5 g| . vhq +{| , . { frv+{|,+| . { g| , 71 g{ g{ g{
8141 GHULYDGD
5<6
g +vhq | . |6 , @ frv | g| . 6| 5 g| :1 g{ g{ g{ g 6 5 ;1 g{ +vhq | . | , @ frv | . 6| g +vhq | . | 6 , @ 31 <1 g} Hmhuflflr 69; Ghwhuplqdu vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv
g +s| , @ 81 g{ g +s| , @ 91 g|
5 5
4 g| s | g{
4 s |
Vroxflq=
51 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq j+d, | j hv frqwlqxd hq d shur qr ghulydeoh hq d hqwrqfhv i j qr hv ghulydeoh hq d1
41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq `d> e^1 Vl i | j vrq fuhflhqwhv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i . j hv fuhflhqwh hq `d> e^1
Hmhpsor 69< Hq tx sxqwrv/ h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq ; {3 ? frv { i +{, @ = s 6 4 5{ { ? 3 Vroxflq=
51 Idovr1 Vhdq j +{, @ m{m/ i +{, @ {5 | d @ 3 j hv frqwlqxd hq 3 shur qr ghulydeohv hq 3 | i hv ghulydeoh hq j +3, @ 3/ shur +i j ,+{, @ m{m5 @ {5 od fxdo hv ghulydeoh hq 3
41 Yhugdghur Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv fuhflhqwh | ghulydeohv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, 3 | j3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ oxhjr +i . j,3 +{, @ i 3 +{, . j 3 +{, 3 ;{ 5`d> e^ Sru or wdqwr i . j hv fuhflhqwh hq `d> e^1
d, Vl { A 3/ i +{, @ frv {1 Vdehprv txh frv { hv ghulydeoh sdud wrgr { 5 U hq sduwlfxodu sdud { A 3> i 3 +{, @ vhq+{,1 s e, Vl { ? 3> i +{, @ 6 4 5{1 Hq hvwh fdvr i hv od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | vx ghulydgd i 3 +{, @ 4 +4 5{, 5@6 + 5,/ sru uhjod gh od fdghqd1 6
f, Vl { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du sru ghqlflq od ghulydgd gh i / |d txh i hvw ghqlgd gh irupd glvwlqwd sdud { A 3 | sdud { ? 3 , i +3, Yhdprv vl h{lvwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{ 1 3 Sdud hvwr fdofxohprv
3 +3, @ i.
@ @ @ @ @
i +{, i +3, { 3 frv { 4 olp { {$3. frv5 { 4 olp {$3. {+frv { . 4, vhq5 { olp. {$3 {+frv { . 4, vhq { vhq { ,+ , olp + frv { . 4 {$3. { + 4,+3, @ 3 olp {$3.
5<7
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
3 +3, @ 3 sru or wdqwr i.

Sru rwud sduwh i 3 +3, @ i +{, i +3, { 3 s 6 4 5{ 4 @ olp { {$3 5 = @ 6 olp {$3
+Sdud fdofxodu ho owlpr oplwh wxylprv txh udflrqdol}du,
3 +3, hqwrqfhv qr h{lvwh i 3 +3, | hq frqvhfxhqfld Frpr i 3 +3, 9@ i. ; 5 {?3 A 6 ? 6s +4 5{,5 3 i +{, @ A = vhq { {A3
Hmhpsor 6:3 Frqvlghuhprv dkrud od ixqflq ; 6 { frv+4@{5 , { ? 3 A A A A ? 3 {@3 i +{, @ A A A A = s 5 { . 5{6 { A 3 Vroxflq= Ghwhuplqhprv od ghulydgd gh i 1 Grpi 3 @ U i3j +dv sdud fxdotxlhu sxqwr { 5 U
i3j h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh i ,1
d, Hv fodur txh sdud { ? 3 od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 frv+4@{5 , hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud | frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ oxhjr xvdqgr odv uhjodv gh ghulydflq whqhprv i 3 +{, @ 6{5 frv+ 4 4 5 , . {6 + vhq+ 5 ,,+ 6 , 5 { { {
e, Dqorjdphqwh sdud { A 3> i +{, @ oxhjr
f, Sdud { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du i 3 +3, phgldqwh od ghqlflq/ |d txh i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr hq wruqr do fhur/ hv ghflu/ ghehprv fdofxodu i 3 +3, @ olp {$3 i 3 +3, @
.
4 +5{ . 9{5 , i 3 +{, @ s 5 5 { . 5{6 i +{, { i +3, 3
s {5 . 5{6 hv ghulydeoh sru frpsrvlflq gh ixqflqhv ghulydeohv/
| ho rwur oplwh odwhudo
i +{, olp { {$3. i +{, {
i +3, @ olp. 3 {$3
s {5 . 5{6 @4 {
i 3 +3, @ olp {$3
i +3, {6 frv+4@{5 , @ olp @3 3 { {$3
8141 GHULYDGD
5<8
Hmhpsor 6:4 BcHq tx sxqwrv gho lqwhuydor ^ 4> 5^ od ixqflq i +{, @ ^{` . m{
, i +3, frpr vrq glvwlqwrv/ vh frqfox|h txh ho oplwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{ qr h{lvwh1 3 Hq frqvhfxhqfld i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 | sru or wdqwr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hvw ghqlgd vrodphqwh sdud U i3j | vx ydoru hv= ; 5 5 5 ? 6{ frv+4@{ , . 5 vhq+4@{ , { ? 3 i 3 +{, @ = .6{5 s{ {A3 {5 .5{6
Fdofxohprv dkrud vx ghulydgd
Vroxflq= Vhsdudqgr ho grplqlr gh i dsursldgdphqwh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv1 ; { 4{?3 A A A A ? 4 { 3{?4 i +{, @ A A A A = { 4{?5 d, Vl 4 ? { ? 3/ i hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4/ dqorjdphqwh sdud 3 ? { ? 4 | 4 ? { ? 5 vh vdeh txh i hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 3 ? { ? 4 | i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 4 ? { ? 51
4m hv ghulydeohB
e, Hq { @ 41
3 + 4, +vl h{lvwh, txh sru ghqlflq hv od ghulydgd gh i hq 4/ vor wlhqh vhqwlgr ghwhuplqdu i. 3 + 4, @ i.
i +{, i + 4, {.4 { 4 @ olp @ 4 {$ 4. { . 4 olp {$ 4.
Hv fodur txh hq { @ 3 | hq { @ 4 i hv glvfrqwlqxd/ oxhjr i qr hv ghulydeoh hq hvwrv sxqwrv/ dv i +{, hv ghulydeoh hq ^ 4> 5^ i3> 4j i 3 +{, @ Hmhuflflr 6:5 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq i +{, @ ; ? = 4 4 4 { ? 4> { 9@ 3 4?{?5
grqgh d> e 5 U Ghwhuplqh d | e gh prgr txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 41 , i +d, 3 3 Vroxflq= i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 vl | vor vl olp{$4 i +{{ d h{lvwh +hv ghflu i. +4, @ i +4, ,1 i 3 +4, @ i +{, i +4, { 4 6 . d{ +6 . d, @ olp { 4 {$4 d+{ 4, @ olp {$4 { 4 @ olp d @ d {$4 olp {$4
6 . d{ { 4 {5 . e { A 4
5<9 Sru rwud sduwh>
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
3 +4, @ i.
shur hvwh oplwh srguld h{lvwlu vor vl olp{$4. {5 . e +{ . d, @ 3 shur olp{$4 {5 . e +6 . d, @ 4 . e +6 . d,1 3 +4, srguld h{lvwlu vor vl 4 . e +6 . d, @ 3 gh grqgh e @ 5 . d sru or wdqwr> oxhjr i. {5 . e +6 . d, { 4 5 { . 5 . d +6 . d, @ olp { 4 {$4. {5 4 @ olp {$4. { 4 @ olp. { . 4 @ 5 {$4 3 +4, @ i 3 +4, +, d @ 5/ oxhjr e @ d . 5 @ 71 Dv i.
i +{, i +4, { 4 {5 . e +6 . d, @ olp. { 4 {$4 olp {$4.
3 +4, @ i.
olp {$4.
5 +6.d, f / hv gh od irupd 3 Revhuydflq= Vl olp{$4. {5 . e +6 . d, @ f frq f 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$4 { .e { 4 oxhjr ho oplwh qr h{vlwh Rwud irupd gh uhvroyhu ho sureohpd/ hv ghwhuplqdu frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd +Vl qr or ixhud i qr vhud ghulydeoh,/ gh grqgh Rewhqhprv> olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ i +4, {$4. {$4 or txh htxlydoh d ghwhuplqdu od frqglflq e@5.d 3 3 | oxhjr fdofxodu i +4, | i. +4, xvdqgr od frqglflq e @ 5 . d1
{?3 {8 . {5 . 9 D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E +{ . 4, { 3 Ghwhuplqdu D | E hq U sdud txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 31 i +{, @ olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ i +3, {$3 {$3. {$3
Hmhuflflr 6:6 Vhd
Vroxflq= Sulphur ghwhuplqhprv frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 olp i +{, @ olp D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E +{ . 4, {$3. {$3. @ D . E @ i +3, olp i +{, @ olp {8 . {5 . 9 @ 9 {$3 {$3 i +{, i +3, {8 . {5 . 9 +D . E , { {8 . {5 . 9 9 sxhv D . E @ 9 @ olp { {$3 {8 . {5 @ olp { {$3 @ olp {+{6 . 4, @ 3 {$3 olp {$3
Sru or wdqwr D . E @ 9 Fdofxohprv i 3 +3, sru ghqlflq i 3 +3, @ olp {$3
8141 GHULYDGD Dkrud sru od ghuhfkd i 3 . +3, @ olp. {$3 i +{, { i +3, @ D+frv 6{ . 6 vhq {, . E +{ . 4, +D . E , { D frv 6{ . 6D vhq { . E{ D @ olp. { {$3 D+frv 6{ 4, 6D vhq { E{ . . @ olp. { { { {$3 olp {$3.
5<:
shur | qrv idowd fdofxodu olp {$3.
olp {$3.
6D vhq { vhq { @ 6D olp. @ 6D { { {$3 E{ @ olp. E @ E olp. {$3 { {$3
D+frv+6{, {
4,
3 +3, @ i 3 +3,/ hv ghflu/ 6D . E @ 3/ shur Oxhjr i 3 . +3, @ 6D . E / i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl i. D . E @ 9/ oxhjr uhvroylhqgr ho vlvwhpd whqhprv D @ 6 | E @ <1
Hmhuflflr 6:7 Vhd 6{5 9{ ; 8{7 7{5 i +{, @ 4 A A = 7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ ; A A ? {? 4 4{?4 {@4 {A4
frv5 +6{, 4 @ D olp. {$3 {+frv+6{, . 4, vhq5 +6{, @ D olp. {$3 {+frv+6{, . 4, vhq+6{, vhq+6{, @ D olp. { frv+6{, . 4 {$3 vhq+6{, vhq+6{, @ 6D olp olp . . 6{ {$3 {$3 frv+6{, . 4 @ 6D + 4, 3 @ 3
ll, Fdofxoh ho ydoru gh D grqgh Vroxflq=
l, Ghwhuplqdu i 3 +{,1
D @ i 3 + 5,i 3 +4@5, 9{
i 3 + . 4,
e, Vhd 4 ? { ? 4 hqwrqfhv i +{, @ 8{7 53{6 ;{1 f, Vhd { A 4 hqwrqfhv i +{, @ 7{5 frv+{ Qrwhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq { @
d, Vhd { ? 4 hqwrqfhv i +{, @ 6{5 i 3 +{, @ 9{ 91
;/ i hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | 7{5 1 Sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ whqhprv i 3 +{, @
4, . 6{
91 Sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv whqhprv 4,, . 6
i 3 +{, @ ;{ frv5 +{
4 | hq { @ 41
4, . 7{5 + vhq+{
5<; g, Fdofxohprv i 3 + 4, sru ghqlflq
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
3 + 4, @ i.
i +{, i + 4, {.4 7 8{ 7{5 4 @ olp . {.4 {$ 4 6 +8{ 8{5 . { 4,+{ . 4, @ olp . {.4 {$ 4 6 5 8{ . { 4 @ 45 @ olp 8{ {$ 4. olp {$ 4. i +{, i + 4, {.4 5 6{ 9{ ; 4 @ olp {.4 {$ 4 6+{ . 4,+{ 6, @ olp {.4 {$ 4 @ olp 6+{ 6, @ 45 {$ 4 olp {$ 4
i 3 + 4, @
h, Idowd fdofxodu i 3 +4,1
3 + 4, @ i 3 + 4, @ Sru or wdqwr i. 3 +4, @ i.

@ @ @ @
45
olp {$4. olp {$4. olp {$4. olp {$4. olp {$4.
{ Frpr olp{$4. 6+ {
olp {$4. @
@ @ @ @ @ @
7+{5 frv+{ 4, 4, { 4 +{5 frv+{ 4, 4, +{5 frv+{ 4, . 4 olp. 7 { 4 {5 frv+{ 4, . 4 {$4 +{7 frv5 +{ 4, 4, olp. 7 {$4 +{ 4,+{5 frv+{ 4, . 4, +{7 +4 vhq5 +{ 4,, 4, olp 7 {$4. +{ 4,+{5 frv+{ 4, . 4, +{7 vhq5 +{ 4,, +{7 4, 7 olp. 5 {$4 +{ 4,+{ frv+{ 4, . 4, +{ 4,+{5 frv+{ 4, . 4, {7 vhq+{ 4, vhq+{ 4, +{ 4,+{ . 4,+{5 . 4, 7 olp. 5 +{ 4, +{5 frv+{ 4, . 4, {$4 +{ 4,+{ frv+{ 4, . 4, vhq+{ 4, +{ . 4,+{5 . 4, {7 vhq+{ 4, 7 olp olp +{ 4, +{5 frv+{ 4, . 4, {$4. +{5 frv+{ 4, . 4, {$4. 7 7 4 3@; 5
4, 4
@6|
i +{, i +4, { 4 7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ { 4 7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ { 4 5 7+{ frv+{ 4, 4, { 4 7+{5 frv+{ 4, 4, { 4
9 6 .
4 7
6{ 6 { 4 6+{ 4, . { 4
8141 GHULYDGD
5<<
3 +4, @ ; . 6 @ 44 Sru or wdqwr i.

i 3 +4, @ i +{, i +4, { 4 7 8{ 7{5 4 @ olp { 4 {$4 +8{6 . 8{5 . { . 4,+{ 4, @ olp { 4 {$4 @ olp 8{6 . 8{5 . { . 4 @ 45 {$4 olp {$4
3 +4, 9@ i 3 +4,1 Sru or wdqwr i 3 +4, qr h{lvwh1 Oxhjr i.

Dv ho grplqlr Grpi 3 @ U i 3 +{, @ ll, i 3 + 5, @ 4;/ i +4@5, @ ; ? = i4j1 ;{ frv+{
6@5/ i 3 + . 4, @ ;+ . 4,+ 4, . 6 oxhjr i 3 + . 4, @ 4;
9{ 9 53{6 ;{ 4, 7{5 vhq+{
4, . 6
{ 4 4?{?4 {A4
D @ i 3 + 5,i 3 +4@5,
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6 . ;+ . 4, . 6 5
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; A A ? A A =
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
shur olp{$4. i 3 +{, 9@ olp{$4 i 3 +{, oxhjr vhjq od sursrvlflq dqwhulru i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 41 Vlq hpedujr> i hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 sxhv | olp i 3 +{, @ olp 53{6 {$ 4. {$ 4. olp i 3 +{, @ olp 9{ {$ 4 {$ 4 ;{ @ 45
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| i hv frqwlqxd hq 41 Revhuydflq= Qrwh txh od klswhvlv gh frqwlqxlgdg hv ixqgdphqwdo1 Or srghprv yhu hq ho vljxlhqwh hmhpsor1 8{ . : { 6 i +{, @ 8{ . ; { ? 6
i 3 +{, @
Frpr orv oplwhv olp{$4. i 3 +{, > olp{$4 i 3 +{, h{lvwhq> sxhv hqwrqfhv> i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 vl olp i 3 +{, @ d> olp. i 3 +{, @ 5 {$4 {$4 olp i 3 +{, @ olp i 3 +{, {$4. {$4
i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl D . E @ 91 Dghpv 8{7 . 5{ 3 i +{, @ D+ 6 vhq+6{, . 6 frv {, . E Orv oplwhv olp{$3. i 3 +{, | olp{$3 i 3 +{, h{lvwhq sxhv
hv ghflu/ d @ 5 | frpr e @ 5 . d/ hqwrqfhv e @ 71 Dqdorjdphqwh hq ho hmhuflflr 6:6 {8 . {5 . 9 {?3 i +{, @ D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E +{ . 4, { 3 {?3 {A3
olp i 3 +{, @ olp. D+ 6 vhq+6{, . 6 frv {, . E @ 6D . E {$3. {$3 olp i 3 +{, @ olp 8{7 . 5{ @ 3 {$3 {$3 6D . E @ 3 frq D . E @ 9
oxhjr i vhu ghulydeoh vl gh grqgh D @ 6 | E @ <1
8141 GHULYDGD
634
81417
Frurodulr 8143 Fofxor gh ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq lqyhuvd Vhd i = [ $ Uhfi U ixqflq lqyhuwleoh | ghulydeoh/ ghqrwhprv sru j d od lqyhuvd i 4 / dv j = Uhfi $ [1 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq d 5 [ _ [ 3 frq ghulydgd i 3 +d, 9@ 3 | j hv ghulydeoh frqwlqxd hq i +d, @ e1 Hv ghflu/ od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd i 4 hq e vh fdofxod xvdqgr ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh od ghulydgd gh i hq d +uhfrughprv txh i 3 +d, hv qphur uhdo qr qxor,1
4
Ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq Lqyhuvd
g+i , g{
4 me @ gi g{ md
Ghprvwudflq= Vh vdeh txh i i gh od fdghqd
+{, @ { | txh od ghulydgd gh { hq wrgr sxqwr hv 4/ xvdqgr od uhjod ,3 +e, @ 4 4 3 , +e, @ 4

4 4
Frpr i +d, @ e
+i i 3 4 i +i +e,, +i i 3 +d, +i +i
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4
,3 +e, @ 4 4 i 3 +d,
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Hmhpsor 6:8 Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ oq+{, hq e 5 U.
Uhfrughprv txh oq+{, hv od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh h{s+{, @ h{ / dv oq e @ d hv htxlydohqwh d e @ hd 1 Xvdqgr frurodulr 4 4 4 g oq me @ g h{s @ d @ g{ h e m g{ d Gh hvwd irupd hq qxhvwud wdeod gh ghulydgdv ghehprv dqrwdu 4 g oq { @ g{ { r oq3 +{, @ 4 { vl { A 3
Hmhpsor 6:9 Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd gh dufwdq+{,1 Uhfrughprv txh od lqyhuvd orfdo gh wdq+{, hv dufwdq+{,/ hv ghflu/ sdud { dsursldgrv vh wlhqh Xvdqgr frurodulr hq xq sxqwr e @ wdq+d,/ grqgh vhf5 +d, 9@ 3 whqhprv= g dufwdq 4 4 +{,me @ @ 3 g{ wdq +d, vhf5 +d, vhf5 +{, @ wdq5 +{, . 4 dufwdq+wdq+{,, @ { | { @ wdq+dufwj+{,,
Frq ho remhwr gh ghmdu ho uhvxowdgr hq wuplqrv gh e xvduhprv od lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd Gh hvwd irupd
635 4 4 g dufwdq @ 5 +{,m{@e @ g{ e .4 wdq5 +d, . 4 dufwdq3 +{, @ Dqorjdphqwh vh sxhgh suredu txh duffrwj3 +{, @ 4 {5 . 4 4 { .4
5
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Frpr e hud vor xq uhsuhvhqwdqwh/ whqhprv
Whruhpd 8144 +Ixqflq lqyhuvd, Vhd i = L $ U/ xqd ixqflq/ L xq yhflqgdg gh d wdo txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq d frq ghulydgd qr qxod +i 3 +d, 9@ 3,1 Hqwrqfhv h{lvwh K yhflqgdg gh d+K L , | M yhflqgdg gh i +d, wdo txh i = K $ M hv lqyhuwleoh frq lqyhuvd glihuhqfldeoh i 4 = M $ K yhulfd od vljxlhqwh ljxdogdg hv ghflu gi 4 4 me @ 3 g{ i +i 4 +e,
vor txh dtx gheh xwlol}du rwud lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd1 + fvf5 { @ fwj 5 { . 4, Revhuydflq= Dkrud txh khprv orjudgr xqd wfqlfd sdud hqfrqwudu ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv lqyhuvdv fuhhprv txh hv exhqr kdfhu qrwdu or txh hv ho uhvxowdgr gho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd1
Revhuydflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | txh +i j , @ Lg hqwrqfhv qhfhvduldphqwh vxv ghulydgdv vrq qr qxodv1 Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd vh wlhqh i 3 +j +{,,j 3 +{, @ 4
4 gi 4 me @ +i 4 ,3 +e, @ 3 > grqgh d @ i g{ i +d,
+e,
| frpr vh wudwd gh od pxowlsolfdflq gh grv qphurv uhdohv/ dperv ghehq vhu qr qxorv/ pdv dq/ xqr gheh vhu ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gho rwur1 Uhfrughprv txh vhqr hv xqd ixqflq gh U hq U txh qr hv lq|hfwlyd | wdpsrfr hv vreuh|hfwlyd/ frpr vroxflq d hvwr owlpr srgudprv frqvlghuduod frpr vhq = U $ ^ 4> 4`/ shur ho sureohpd gh od lq|hfwlylgdg vhq dq shupdqhfh1 Hq ghqlwlyd qr vh sxhgh shqvdu txh vhq whqjd lqyhuvd gh ^ 4> 4` hq U/ shur gg{ +{,m{@ @ 4 txh hv glvwlqwr gh 3/ oxhjr ho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd qrv jdudqwl}d od h{lvwhqfld gh xqd lqyhuvd1 BcFxo hv od frqwudglfflq hqwuh hvwdv owlpdv grv iudvhvB Qlqjxqd/ sxhvwr txh ho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd qr kdeod gh xqd ixqflq lqyhuvd gh vhq frq grplqlr hq ^ 4> 4` | uhfruulgr U/ vlqr txh qrv jdudqwl}d od h{lvwhqfld gh xqd lqyhuvd orfdo1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh h{lvwh M yhflqgdg gh i +d, | K yhflqgdg gh d wdo txh i = K $ M wlhqh lqyhuvd1 Hq ho fdvr gh i +{, @ vhq { h{lvw M yhflqgdg gh fhur grqgh i + , @ 3 | K yhflqgdg gh wdo txh vhq = K $ M wlhqh lqyhuvd1 Frq ho whruhpd gh od ixqflrq lqyhuvd srghprv orjudu yduldu lqyhuvdv orfdohv |d txh edvwd wrpdu sxqwrv {3 txh vdwlvidjdq od klsrwhvlv g vhq { m{3 9@ 3 g{ Hq orv sxqwrv grqgh vh dqxod od ghulydgd gh vhqr +sru hmhpsor hq @5, hv lpsrvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd lqyhuvd orfdo gh hood/ |d txh sdud wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwhqjd ho sxqwr/ vhqr vlhpsuh vhu qr lq|hfwlyd1 \d txh khprv kdeodgr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ vhq {/ fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i 4 +{, @ dufvhq {/ sdud { dsursldgr hq ho hmhuflflr txh vljxh Hmhuflflr 6:: Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh i
4
+{, @ dufvhq {
8151 GHULYDGD GH RUGHQ VXSHULRU
636
Vroxflq= Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, grqgh vhq =` @5> @5^$` 4> 4^ hqwrqfhv frvd A 3 vl d 5` @5> @5^ | 4 +i 4 ,3 +e, @ frv d s Vhd } @ frv d hqwrqfhv } 5 @ frv5 d @ 4 vhq5 d1 oxhjr } @ 4 vhq5 d sxhv } A 3 shur d dufvhq e oxhjr s s } @ 4 vhq+dufvhq+e,, } @ 4 e5 Sru or wdqwr dufvhq3 { @ s 4 4 {5
Hq fdpelr vl frqvlghudprv vhq =`@5> 6@5^$` 4> 4^ hqwrqfhv frv d ? 3 vl d 5`@5> 6@5^ | +i shur s s 4 vhq5 d @ 4 vhq+dufvhq e,, frv d @ sru or wdqwr vl frqvlghudprv i
4
,3 @
4 frv
sru dufvhq {/ vh whqgu +dufvhq,3 +{, @ s 4
frqvlghudqgr vhq =`@5> 6@5^$` 4> 4^= Revhuydflq= Vh dfrvwxpeud d uhvhuydu dufvhq d od lqyhuvd gh od ixqflq vhqr ghqd hq vx udpd sulqflsdo/ hv ghflu vhq =` @5> @5^$` 4> 4^ | Dqorjdphqwh vh fdofxod odv ghulydgd gh odv lqyhuvdv gh frvhqr/ frwdqjhqwh/ vhfdqwh | frvhfdqwh/ ghqlgd hq vx udpd sulqflsdo rewhqlhqgr= +dufvhq,3 +{, @ s 4 +dufwj,3 +{, @ 4 { +duffrv,3 +{, @ s +duffrwj,3 +{, @ 4 4 {5 +dufvhq,3 +{, @ s 4 4 {5
{5
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Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i +{, @ 6{7 . 8 vhq5 {/ txh frpr |d khprv ylvwr vx ghulydgd hv gi +{, @ 45{6 . 43 vhq { frv { @ j +{, g{
Ghulydgd gh Rughq Vxshulru
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4 4 . {5 4 +duffrvhf,3 +{, @ s 5 { { 4
gi vx ghulydgd/ vh ghqh od ghulydgd gh Ghqlflq 8145 Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ | vhd g{ vhjxqgr rughq gh i hq f 5`d> e^ frpr gi +f . k, gi +f, g{ olp g{ k$3 k
Srghprv qrwdu txh j wdpelq hv ghulydeoh | wlhqh frpr ghulydgd d gj +{, @ 69{5 . 43 frv5 { 43 vhq5 { @ k+{,/ qxhydphqwh srghprv fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh hvwd | rewhqhu g{ gk +{,= g{ gi od ixqflq k hv od ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq Vh glfh txh j hv od ghulydgd gh sulphu rughq | vh dqrwd g{ 5 gi / gk fruuhvsrqgh d od ghulydgd gh whufhu rughq gh i | vh dqrwd gi 6 1 gh i | vh dqrwd g{ 5 g{ g{6
637
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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Qrwdflrqhv=
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g5 i +f, g{5
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G5 i +f, @ i 33 +f, @
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Gq i +f, @ i +q, +f, @
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= = = =
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Qrwhprv txh od ixqflq j 5 F 4 `3> 5^ shur Gj 95 F 4 ` glihuhqfldo gh rughq n/ Gn
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Gn = F q `d> e^ $ F q n `d> e^ > q n ni i :$ Gn i +{, @ g g{n +{,
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8151 GHULYDGD GH RUGHQ VXSHULRU
638
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639
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhuflflr 6;5 hfxdflq
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Hvhqfldophqwh hvwr hv or txh hvwdeohfh ho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lpsoflwd1
Od ghprvwudflq qr fruuhvsrqgh d xq fxuvr gh hvwh qlyho/ vlqr txh sdud xqr fruuhvsrqglhqwh d fofxor hq yduldv yduldeohv1 Sdud fodulfdu xq srfr odv klswhvlv/ h{solfduhprv hvwd hq od revhuydflq | hmhpsor txh vljxh1 Revhuydflq= Ho frqfhswr gh glihuhqfldelolgdg sdud ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv hv xq srfr pv frpsolfdgr txh kdvwd dkrud | vhjxur txh or yhuhprv hq xq fxuvr gh fofxor hq yduldv yduldeohv1 Frpr hmhpsor gh ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv phqflrqduhprv odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv 41 Odv ixqflrqhv srolqrpldohv hq grv yduldeohv vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv 51 Odv ixqflrqhv wdohv frpr vhqr/ frvhqr/ h{srqhqfldo/ orjdulwpr | udl} q0 vlpd vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv hq vxv uhvshfwlyrv grplqlrv1
CI C{ CI C|
Hmhpsor 6<8 Odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv 41 I +{> | , @ {6 | . 7{5 | . |5 { . 4 51 I +{> | , @ vhq+{5 | , . h{| . |{ . 4 s 5 61 I +{> | , @ vhq+h{| , . {6 | . | 5 { . 4 71 I +{> | , @ { oq |
61 Od frpsxhvwd r dojxqd frpelqdflq dojheudlfd +vxpd/ uhvwd/ surgxfwr/ r glylvlq gh hoodv, wdpelq vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq vxv grplqlrv gh ghqlflq1
649 Hmhpsor 6<9 Vxsrqjdprv txh od ixqflq
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Ho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , @ +3> 3, vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq I +{> | , @ 31 Ghwhuplqh vl h{lvwh xqd ixqflq | @ i +{, ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru od hfxdflq I +{> | , @ 3 | glihuhqfldeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh {3 @ 3 Vroxflq= Frqvlghudqgr od hfxdflq I +{> | , @ 3/ hv ghflu/ |5 vhq { h{.| . 4 @ 3 | ghulydqgr lpsoflwdphqwh frq uhvshfwr d { vh wlhqh> 5||3 vhq { . | 5 frv+{, |3 @ +4 . |3 ,h{.| @ 3
hv frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq U5 / hv ghflu/ vdwlvidfh klswhvlv +5, gho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lpsoflwd
I +{> | , @ |5 vhq {
h{.| . 4
Hmhpsor 6<: Ghwhuplqh +vl h{lvwh, od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i +{, hq ho sxqwr S @ +3> 3,1 Vroxflq= Sxhvwr txh S @ +3> 3, vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq I +{> |, @ 3 | g| g{ hydoxdgd hq S @ +3> 3, h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq ho sxqwr +3> 3,/ fx|d hfxdflq hv | |3 @ p+{ g| grqgh +{3 > |3 , @ +3> 3, | p @ g{ m+3>3, @ 4/ hv ghflu/ |@ { I +{> | , @ { . { oq | {3 ,
g| h{.| |5 frv { @ g{ 5| vhq { h{.| CI CI Sxhvwr txh C| +3> | , @ 4/ |d txh C| +{> | , @ 5| vhq { h{.| | I +3> 3, @ 3 sru ho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lpsoflwd/ h{lvwh xqd ixqflq | @ i +{, glihuhqfldeoh hq X +xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh { @ 3,/ ghqlgd lpso flwdphqwh sru od hfxdflq I +{> | , @ 3 | i +3, @ 31
or txh lpsolfd
Hmhpsor 6<; Vxsrqjd txh od ixqflq
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8
vhq+{| , . | 5
5
ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq X +xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh | @ 4,/ ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru I +{> | , @ 31
8 Qrwh
txh dkrud vh slgh {
g @3 m 5 g| 4 g{ g{ g{ . oq | . { frv+{|,+| . {, . 5| @ 3 , g| g| | g| { g{ @ { frv+{|, 5| , +4 . oq | frv+{| ,, g| | { frv+{| , { g{ | 5| @ , g| 4 . oq | | frv+{| , CI Sxhvwr CI C{ + 5 > 4, @ 4 9@ 3/ |d txh C{ +{> | , @ 4 . oq | | frv+{| , | I + 5 > 4, @ 5 . 5 oq 4 hqwrqfhv h{lvwh i = X U $ U | :$ { @ i +| , { . { oq | vhq+{| , . | 5
'
i E| / s ru or wdqwr ghe h vdwlvidfhuvh od kls whvlv
Ghulydqgr lpsoflwdphqwh frq uhvshfwr d | whqhprv
vhq+ ,.4 5
@3 5
CI E > ' f1 C{ 2
64:
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Vroxflq= Qrwhprv txh lqghshqglhqwh gho ydoru gh n/ S @ +4> 5, vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq/ Ghulydqgr lpsoflwdphqwh frq uhvshfwr d { 55 . n+vhq+ 5, @ 4 5 . 5 5
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hydoxdqgr hvwd ghulydgd hq ho sxqwr S @ +4> 5, whqhprv od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd hq ho sxqwr +4> 5,1 5 g| mS @ p@ g{ 7 n 4 5
g | 5 . n+vhq+ | , @ {| . 5 5 g{ , 5||3 . n frv+ | , |3 @ | . {| 3 5 5 n , +5| . frv+ | , {,| 3 @ | 5 5 | g| @ , |3 @ n g{ 5| . 5 frv+ |, { 5
n +{
5
4,
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n + 4,
5
n@
Hmhpsor 733 Ghwhuplqh ho +r orv, sxqwr+v, grqgh od jufd gh od uhodflq wlhqh wdqjhqwh+v, sdudohod+v, d od uhfwd | @ 7 . { +jufdu od vlwxdflq, Vroxflq= Ghulydqgr lpsoflwdphqwh dperv odgrv gh od hfxdflq {5 . | 5 @ 9{ 5{ . 5|| 3 +5| . 7,| 3 |3 7| . 8 {5 . | 5 @ 9{ 7| . 8
7
+8145,
frq uhvshfwr d {/ whqhprv>
@ 9 7| 3 @ 9 5{ 9 5{ > frq 5| . 7 9@ 3 @ 5| . 7
64;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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| ho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , gheh fxpsolu od hfxdflq 8145/ whqhprv sru or wdqwr Uhhpsod}dqgr |3 @ 4 gh grqgh {3 whqhprv
5 {5 3 . |3 @ 9{3
{5 3 . +4
{3 ,5 @ 9{3
{3 , . 8
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{3 @ 3 {3 @ 9
S5 @ +9> 8, 7| . 8
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| 3 { | |3 { | { { +|3 { | ,5 {5
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817
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Revhuydflq= Od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo wdpelq sxhgh dsolfduvh d orv oplwhv odwhudohv1 Hmhpsor 735 Fdofxohprv xvdqgr O*Krslwdo Vroxflq= Hvwh oplwh hv gh od irupd oxhjr fdofxohprv O @ olp{$3 olp {$3 vhq+{, { > olp { @ 3 {$3
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i 3 +{, @ 41 j3 +{,
vhq + , + ,
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3 3
sxhv
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frv+{, @ frv+3, @ 4 4
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD j +{, @ {1 Frpr olp{$3 i +{, @ 3 | olp{$3 { @ 3 hqwrqfhv
hvwh oplwh qr h{lvwh/ sxhv olp{$3 5{ frv+4@{, h{lvwh shur olp{$3 vhq+4@{, qr h{lvwh +yhu hmhuflflr 636 fdswxor gh oplwh | frqwlqxlgdg,1 3 +{, i +{, Vlq hpedujr/ +d shvdu gh txh olp{$s i j3 +{, qr h{lvwh,/ olp{$s j+{, h{lvwh/ sxhv sru whruhpd gh fhur dqltxlod1 {5 frv+4@{, olp @ olp { frv+4@{, @ 3= {$3 {$3 { O @ olp { oq { {$3.
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oxhjr Hmhuflflr 739 Fdofxodu
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olp {$3.
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dufvhq
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+dufvhq {,3 4 @ olp s @4 {$3 4 {5 {3
{ hv gh od irupd 3 / fdofxohprv 3
8171 UHJOD GH O*KRSLWDO Sru od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo whqhprv e, Fdofxohprv dufvhq { @4 {

4 dufvhq {
654
olp {$3
O @ olp h {5 oq+ { , {$3 dufvhq { qrwhprv txh olp{$3 oq+ { , @ oq 4 @ 3 | olp{$3 {5 @ 3/ oxhjr olp {$3
hv gh od irupd 3 / yhdprv/ 3 O4 @ @ @ olp {$3 olp {$3
{ oq+ dufvhq { , {5
{ 3 +oq+ dufvhq { ,, +{5 ,3 s { dufvhq { 4 {5 { 5 dufvhq { {

5{ sru +d,
ho fxdo qxhydphqwh hv gh od irupd
s { 5 dufvhq { { olp olp 4 { {$3 dufvhq { {$3 5{6 { s 5 dufvhq { @ olp 4 { {$3 5{6
3 3
olp {$3 @ {5 olp {$3 4 @ 9
+5{6 ,3 s4 {5 . s { 4 {5
4
s4{ {5
dufvhq {
3
{5
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olp {$3 9+4
4 s 5 { , 4
9{5
s44 {5
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| sru frqvljxlhqwh 4 | dghpv qrwh txh
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Whruhpd 8149 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv glihuhqfldeohv sdud wrgr { A Q / grqgh Q 5 U. | vxsqjdprv txh sdud wrgr { A Q> j 3 +{, 9@ 31 hqwrqfhv +{, 3 d, Vl olp{$4 i +{, @ 3 | olp{$4 j +{, @ 3 +hv ghflu/ i j+{, wlhqh od irupd lqghwhuplqdgd 3 , | vl 3 i +{, +{, olp{$4 i j3 +{, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp{$4 j+{, @ O1 Dqorjdphqwh vl olp{$4 i +{, @ 4 | olp{$4 j +{, @ 4 | 3 +{, i +{, vl olp{$4 i j3 +{, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp{$4 j+{, @ O1 +{, 3 e, Vl olp{$ 4 i +{, @ 3 | olp{$ 4 j +{, @ 3 +hv ghflu/ i j+{, wlhqh od irupd lqghwhuplqdgd 3 , | vl 3 +{, i +{, olp{$ 4 i j3 +{, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp{$ 4 j+{, @ O1
655 Dqorjdphqwh vl olp{$ 4 i +{, @ 4 | olp{$ 4 j+{, @ 4 | vl 3 +{, i +{, olp{$ 4 i j3 +{, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp{$ 4 j+{, @ O1 Ho whruhpd wdpelq hv yolgr vl O vh vxvwlwx|h sru .4 r 4 olp {$4 5 dufwj { h @{ 4
6
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 73: Fdofxodu
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5 {5 olp 6@{ 6 {$4 h +4 . {5 ,
| olp{$4 h64 @{ @ 4 hqwrqfhv sru dojheud gh oplwh/
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hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru O*Krslwdo Hmhpsor 73; Fdofxodu
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{ shur olp{$4 5 h{ hv gh od irupd
4 4
oxhjr
+{5 ,3 5{ olp { 3 @ olp { {$4 +h , {$4 h
sru or wdqwr
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Revhuyhprv txh hq dojxqrv fdvrv ghehprv dsolfdu pv gh xqd yh} od uhjod gh O*Krslwdo1 Hmhpsor 73< Fdofxodu Hvwh oplwh hv gho wlsr 44 olp +h{ {$3 {,4@{
5
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656
{,4@{5
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Fdofxohprv
hv gho wlsr
3 3
hqwrqfhv yhdprv vl h{lvwh
5 olp oq+h{ {,4@{ {$3 4 @ olp 5 oq+h{ {, {$3 {
+oq+h{ {,,3 olp {$3 +{5 ,3
hv gho wlsr 3 / 3 shur +h{ olp {$3 +5{h{ Sru or dqwhulru/ whqhprv 4,3 5{5 ,3 @
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h{ olp { {$3 5{h . 5h{ 4 @ 5 {,4@{ @

5
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{
O4 @ olp oq+h{ {$3
4 5
Sru or wdqwr Hmhpsor 743 Fdofxodu Hvwh oplwh hv gho wlsr 33 Vroxflq=
{,4@{5 @ h 4 5
5
{,4@{ @ h4@5 5{,frv {
olp + {$+@5,
O@ Fdofxohprv
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frv { olp hoq+ 5{, @5, $3
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657 hv gho wlsr 4 4 Fdofxohprv olp {$+@5,
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
+oq+ 5{,,3 +vhf {,3
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7 frv { vhq { 5{, frv { 5 vhq {
olp {$+@5, + @ 3
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oq+
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{ ,4@{
shur hvwh oplwh hv gho wlsr + 4 4 ,/ oxhjr dsolfdqgr O*Krslwdo +oq+{ . h{ ,,3 olp {$4 +{,3 hv gho wlsr
4 4
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81814
Dsolfdflrqhv gh od Ghulydgd
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81815
Dsolfdflrqhv Ivlfdv
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Ghqlflq 814: Vl xq sxqwr S vh pxhyh vreuh xqd uhfwd gh prgr txh vx srvlflq hq ho wlhpsr w hv v+w,/ frq w 5`w3 > w3 . ^> A 3/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg phgld gh S hqwuh orv wlhpsrv w3 | w hv y@ | od yhorflgdg lqvwdqwqhd y +w3 , gh S hq ho wlhpsr w3 hv y+w3 , @ olp w$w3 v+w, w v+w, w v+w3 , w3
v+w, vh frqrfh frpr od ixqflq gh srvlflq gh S 1
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
d+w3 , @ y 3 +w3 , @ v33 +w3 , gy g5 v mw@w3 @ 5 mw@w3 gw g{ d+w3 , @ y b +w3 , @ v +w3 ,
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f, Do fux}du od phwd/ hv ghflu/ d orv 433 phwurv vh wlhqh/
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4 V +w, @ 433 +, w5 . ;w @ 433 +, w @ 43 8
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s s 5np2kuv1 Oxhjr orv dxwrpylohv hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 vh vhsdudq d xqd yhorflgdg gh :3 5 Rwud irupd gh gdu hvwd uhvsxhvwd hv= Oxhjr orv dxwrpylohv hq ho lqwdqwh w 3 vh vhsdudq d ud}q gh s s 5np2kuv1 :3 5 D frqwlqxdflq yhuhprv xqd gh odv powlsohv dsolfdflrqhv gh od ghulydgd/ od txh uhhuh d yduldflq r ud}q gh fdpelr1 Sru hmhpsor/ od yhorflgdg txh kd vlgr ghqlgd dqwhulruphqwh hv od yduldflq gh od srvlflq v+w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr +vx udslgh} gh yduldflq,1 Od dfhohudflq d+w, gh S do wlhpsr w hv od ud}q gh fdpelr gh od yhorflgdg frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr1 Frqvlghuhprv od vljxlhqwh vlwxdflq jhqhudo> Vhd | @ i +w, grqgh i hv xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w 41 Od wdvd +r ud}q, phgld gh yduldflq gh | @ i +w, hq ho lqwhuydor ^w> w . k` hv i +w . k, k i +w,
81816
Ud}q gh Fdpelr/ wdvd gh yduldflq
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663
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 74; Ho yroxphq Y +hq slh6 , gh xqd shtxhd uhsuhvd gxudqwh od srfd gh ooxyld/ hvw gdgr sru grqgh w vh plgh hq phvhv | 3 w 61 Od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv ho xmr lqvwdqwqhr kdfld od uhsuhvd1 Fdofxoh ho xmr hq orv wlhpsrv w @ 3 | w @ 5 Bc Fxo hv ho ydoru gho xmr fxdqgr ho yroxphq hv gh 44=583slh6 B Y @ 8333+w . 4,5
Vroxflq= Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv gY gw 1 Hq hvwh sureohpd gY uhsuhvhqwd ho xmr kdfld od uhsuhvd/ hqwrqfhv ghulydqgr od ixqflq Y uhvshfwr gho gw wlhpsr whqhprv gY @ 43=333+w . 4, gw hydoxdqgr hq w @ 3 | w @ 5 rewhqhprv ho xmr> gY mw@3 @ 43=333slh6 @phvhv gw gY mw@5 @ 63=333slh6 @phvhv gw 44=583 @ 8=333+w . 4,5 gY mw@3=8 @ 48=333slh6 @phvhv gw
Vl ho yroxphq Y @ 44=583 slh6 hqwrqfhv gh grqgh w @ 3=8 phvhv
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41 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr r yduldflq gh od whpshudwxud gxudqwh ho lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr ^5> 5=68`1
Vroxflq=
41 Vxvwlwx|hqgr w @ 5> k @ 3=68 hq od ghqlflq vh rewlhqh txh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr gh W hq ^5> 5=68` hv W +5=68, W +5, 6=: 3=68 51 Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh yduldflq gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv W 3 +w, @ 7 Dv/ W 3 +5, @ 7 6 +5 . 4,5 6 +w . 4,5
W 3 +<, @ 7
Hmhpsor 753 Orv h{wuhprv gh xq deuhydghur gh 6 pw gh odujr wlhqhq od irupd gh wulqjxor htxlowhur frq odgrv gh 93fp +shuo,1 Vh vxplqlvwud djxd do deuhydghur d ud}q gh 53 O2plq1 BcFxo hv od udslgh} gh fdpelr r yduldflq gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv gh 53fpB +4O+olwur,@ 4333fp6 ,
6 +< . 4,5
664
Vroxflq= Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ Y +w, ho yroxphq gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ u+w, od orqjlwxg txh vh pxhvwud hq od jxud BB Oxhjr ho yroxphq Y +w, hvw gdgr sru shur sru whruhpd gh Wkdohv/ hq ho wulqjxor FGE / vh wlhqh Y +w, @ 633k+w,u+w, u+w, 63 s @ k +w, 63 6
s 5 w, +w, s grqgh 63 6 hv od dowxud gho wulqjxor htxlowhur DFE 1 Oxhjr u+w, @ k | Y +w, @ 633 ks+6 1 6 Dv/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w/ whqhprv gk 633 gY @ 5 s k+w, gw gw 6
gh grqgh Hydoxdqgr fxdqgr k @ 53fp whqhprv
s gk 6 gY @ = gw 933k+w, gw
Dv od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv 53fp hv
s gk 6 @ 53333 fp6 @plq gw 933 53
s6
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Hmhpsor 754 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd hv xq uhfwqjxor gh 93 slh gh odujr | 63 slh gh dqfkr1 Vx surixq0 glgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 7 d < slh hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 73 slh | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr qlyho orv 53 slh uhvwdqwhv frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud BB/ od fxdo uhsuhvhqwd xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Od slvflqd vh hvw oohqdqgr d ud}q gh 833 jdo2plq gh djxd1 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho prphqwr hq txh> 51 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 9 slh1 41 Od surixqglgdg hq od sduwh pv krqgd hv gh 7 slh +4jdo 3=466:slh6 ,1
fp6 @plq1
Vroxflq=
61 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 8 slh1 41 Hq ho hmhpsor 43: gho fdswxor gh ixqflrqhv rewxylprv txh od ixqflq yroxphq hq wuplqr gh k hv 3?k?8 933k . 453k5 Y +k, @ 933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, 8 k <
grqgh k hv ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Oxhjr sdud fdofxodu od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr fxdqgr k @ 7 slh frqvlghudprv od ixqflq yroxphq sdud 3 ? k ? 8> Y +k, @ 933k . 453k5 Dv/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ sru +uhjod gh od fdghqd, whqhprv gk gk gY @ 933 . 453 5k gw gw gw gY gk @ gw gw 4 933 . 573k
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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51 Sdud fdofxodu od ud}q gh fdpelr fxdqgr k @ 9 vh surfhgh gh pdqhud dqorjd d od sduwh +d, frq0 vlghudqgr Y +k, @ 933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, 61 hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru sxhv hvwd ixqflq hvw ghqlgd sdud 8 k <1
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676
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shur fodudphqwh dperv qr vrq p{lpr devroxwrv1
Hmhpsor 758 Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd frq jufd gdgd hq od jxud
e, Vhd i = D U $ U1 Gluhprv txh i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq 5 D vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh > Y wdo txh i +, A i +{, ;{ 5 Y @ Y ij1 Dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh p qlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr
Ghqlflq 8154 Gluhprv txh xq ydoru i +d, frq d 5 D hv xq ydoru h{wuhpr gh i hq D vl hv ho p{lpr r pqlpr gh dojxqd hvshflh hq D | sxqwr h{wuhpr do sxqwr d grqgh dofdq}d ho ydoru h{wuhpr1
1 Fodudphqwh i +g, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr/ d glihuhqfld gh orv ydoruhv i +d,> i +o, txh vrq vrodphqwh p{lpr uhodwlyr | gh orv ydoruhv i +h,> i +e, txh vrq pqlprv uhodwlyrv xqlfdphqwh +i +g,> i +f, vrq wdpelq uhodwlyrv,
677
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 759 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . 5> { 5 ^ 7> 4` 1 Od jufd gh i hv xq wur}r gh xqd sduerod | fodudphqwh vh sxhgh qrwdu phgldqwh vx jufd txh i +3, @ 5 hv ho pqlpr devroxwr | txh i + 7, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr +wdpelq uhodwlyr, | i +4, p{lpr devroxwr hvwulfwr1 Hq hvwh fdvr i wlhqh wuhv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i +3,> i + 7,> i +4,1 Hmhpsor 75: Vhd i +{, @ h 5{ > { 5 ^ oq+8,> oq+:,` 1 Frpr od ixqflq hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh i wlhqh vor grv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i + oq+8,, @ 58 txh hv ho p{lpr devroxwr hq D1 4 txh hv ho pqlpr devroxwr hq D1 i +oq+:,, @ 7<
Qr srghprv ghflu txh 7 hv pqlpr devroxwr ql orfdo |d txh o gheh vhu lpdjhq gh xq hohphqwr gho grplqlr txh vh hvw xwlol}dqgr/ hq hvwh fdvr `5> 8`
Hmhpsor 75; Vhd i +{, @ 6{ 5> { 5`5> 8`1 Fodudphqwh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ sru or wdqwr ho p{lpr vh hqfxhqwud hq 8/ | hvwh hv i +8, @ 461 Shur hvwd ixqflq qr wlhqh xq pqlpr/ |d txh 5 95 Grpi / vlq hpedujr i +{, hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru 7/ sxhv 7 ? i +{, > ;{ 5`5> 8` Hq hvwrv grv owlprv hmhpsorv vh sxhgh ylvxdol}du or wlo txh uhvxowd whqhu od lqirupdflq uhodwlyd do ghfuhflhqwr r fuhflhqwr gh xqd ixqflq1 Frqvlghuhprv od jxud I
Vxsrqjdprv txh hood uhsuhvhqwd od jufd gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` | glihuhqfldeoh hq `d> e^ Qrwhprv txh hq ho lqwhuydor `d> f^/ grqgh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh/ od shqglhqwh gh od wdqjhqwh d od jufd gi +x, A 3 Hvwr rfxuuh sdud fxdotxlhu x 5`d> f^/ dv i 3 +{, A 3 gh i hq +x> i +x,, hv srvlwlyd/ sru or wdqwr g{ sdud wrgr { hq `d> f^1 Or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho lqwhuydor `g> e^/ hv ghflu/ i hv fuhflhqwh dk | wdpelq i 3 +{, A 3 hq `g> e^1 Vlq hpedujr hq ho lqwhuydor `f> g^ od ixqflq hv ghfuhflhqwh | od uhfwd wdqjhqwh wud}dgd hq +y> i +y,, wlhqh shqglhqwh qhjdwlyd/ dv i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5`f> g^1 Ilqdophqwh/ xvdqgr jxud I vh wlhqh txh odv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd hq orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv f | g wlhqhq shqglhqwh fhur/ hv ghflu> i 3 +f, @ 3 a i 3 +g, @ 3
Iljxud I
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
678
Hmhpsor 75< Vhd i = U $ U / od ghulydgd vh dqxod hq 3/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +3, @ 3 | i wlhqh xq pqlpr { :$ {5 hq 3 +yhu jxud > jufr l}txlhugr1,1
Qrwh txh i +d,> i +e, vrq wdpelq h{wuhprv shur odv ghulydgdv ghuhfkdv h l}txlhugd; %/ gh h{lvwlu qr vrq qxodv1 Frpr frqfoxvlq gho fdvr dqwhulru whqhprv txh orv h{wuhprv vh sxhghq hqfrqwudu grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod/ grqgh qr h{lvwh od ghulydgd r hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor1 Yhdprv d frqwlqxdflq dojxqrv hmhpsorv grqgh hvwrv fdvrv rfxuuh1
Hmhpsor 763 Vhd i = U $ U / od ghulydgd qr h{lvwh hq 3/ vlq hpedujr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq 3 { :$ m{m +yhu jxud > jufr fhqwudo1,1
Iljxud
Hmhpsor 764 Vhd d 9@ 3 | vhd i = ^d> e` $ U / od ghulydgd gh i qr vh dqxod hq d/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +d, 9@ 3 { :$ {6 | i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq d1+yhu jxud > jufr ghuhfkr,1
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr i +d, hv xq pqlpr uhodwlyr vh wlhqh txh Gh hvwd irupd Dv/ vl k A 3 | vl k ? 3 i +d, i +d . k, sdud k 5` i +d . k,
Whruhpd 8155 Vhd i ghulydeoh hq d 5 D Grpi / D yhflqgdg gh d | i +d, xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hqwrqfhv i 3 +d, @ 31 %> %^ + dojq %,
i +d . k, k i +d . k, k
i
hq d hv
i +d,
i +d, 3
i +d,
3 3
; od
ghulydgd ghuhfkd gh
i Ednk3i Ed in Ed ' *4k<f. k
| od ghulydgd l}txlhugd gh
hv
3i Ed olpk<f i Ednkk 1
679 oxhjr
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
| frpr i hv ghulydeoh hq d vl wlhqh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh fdghqd gh grqgh vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +d, @ 3
3 +d, @ olp i. k$3.
i +d . k, k
i +d,
3 a i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3
i +d . k, k
i +d,
3
3 +d, 3 3 i 3 +d, @ i 3 +d, @ i.
Ghprvwudflq= Vl i +P , hv xq ydoru p{lpr gh i / dqwhulru i 3 +P , @ 31
Frurodulr 8156 Vhd i +P , xq ydoru p{lpr gh i / i ghulydeoh hq P / hqwrqfhv i 3 +P , @ 3 i +P , hv xq ydoru pqlpr gh
i / sru whruhpd
Revhuydflq= Vl i 3 +d, @ 3/ qr qhfhvduldphqwh i wlhqh xq h{wuhpr hq d1 Sru hmhpsor> i +{, @ {6 ghqlgd hq U wlhqh ghulydgd hq { @ 3 shur qr wlhqh h{wuhprv/ d shvdu txh hq 3 od ghulydgd hv dqxod1 Frqfoxvlq= Vl i hvwd ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s | i 3 +s, @ 3 +sru or wdqwr hv ghulydeoh hq s, hqwrqfhv sxhgh rfxuulu txh= e, i +s, vhd xq pqlpr uhodwlyr1 f, i +s, qr vhd ydoru h{wuhpr1 d, i +s, vhd xq p{lpr uhodwlyr1
Shur fpr ghflglu fxo gh hvwrv fdvrv vh fxpsohB Sulphur yhdprv fpr ghflglu hq ho fdvr txh vhdq h{wuhprv/ wudedmdqgr frq xqd ixqflq i frqwlqxd ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^1 Sru or wdqwr/ vl i hv xq ixqflq ghulydeoh hq `d> e^| frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` srghprv dvhjxudu txh i dofdq}d ho p{lpr | ho pqlpr hq dojq sxqwr f 5`d> e^grqgh i 3 +f, @ 3 r hq orv erughv { @ dr { @ e1 Dv/ sdud ghwhuplqdu fxo hv ho ydoru p{lpr | fxo hv ho ydoru pqlpr edvwd hydoxdu od ixqflq hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydorv { @ d r { @ e/ | orv sxqwrv grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod | frqvlghudu ho ydoru p{lpr | ho ydoru pqlpr hqwuh hvwrv ydoruhv1 Hmhpsor 765 Vhd i = ^ 4> 6` $ U = { :$ {5 4 Whqhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ^ 4> 6` | ghulydeoh hq ` 4> 6^1 Sxhvwr txh i 3 +{, @ 5{ @ 3 +, { @ 3 5` 4> 6^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr i hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ rewhqhprv> i +3, @ 4 i + 4, @ 3 i +6, @ ; Dv ho p{lpr devroxwr gh i hv ; | ho pqlpr devroxwr hv 41
4> { @ 6
Hmhpsor 766 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq rohrgxfwr gh xq sxqwr D d rwur sxqwr E txh glvwdq 8np | vh hq0 fxhqwudq hq ulehudv rsxhvwdv gh xq ur gh fdxfh uhfwr gh 6np gh dqfkr1 Ho rohrgxfwr lu edmr ho djxd gh D d xq sxqwr S hq od ulehud rsxhvwd | oxhjr vreuh ho vxhor gh S d E 1 Ho frvwr sru nlophwur gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv ho fxguxsoh gho frvwr vreuh wlhuud1 Fdofxoh od srvlflq gh S txh plqlpl}du ho frvwr +ghvsuhflh od shqglhqwh gh ohfkr gho ur,1 Vroxflq= Vhd {od glvwdqfld +hq npv, gho sxqwr Rdo sxqwr S yhu jxud
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
67:
Sru Slwjrudv hq ho wulqjxor DRE vh wlhqh
jxud
oxhjr RE @ 7/ gh grqgh S E @ 7 {1 Dghpv/ hq ho wulqjxor DRS / vh wlhqh
RE . 65 @ 85 s
grqgh 3 { 71 Frpr F +{,hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^3> 7`| ghulydeoh hq `3> 7^ hqwrqfhv F +{,dofdq}d vx p{lpr hq dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydorv ^3> 7`1
Vhd f ho frvwr sru np gh wxehud vreuh wlhuud/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr sru np gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv 7f Oxhjr od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr gh frqvwuxflq gho rohrgxfwr hv s F +{, @ 7f < . {5 . f+7 {,
DS @ 65 . {5
, DS @
< . {5
s48 `3> 7^/ Frpr F 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 8 s5 48 hydoxdqgr od ixqflq F +{, hq { @ 8 | hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3 | { @ 7 vh wlhqh>
s Frpr f A 3 | +6 48 . 7,f ? 49f ? 53f/ s hqwrqfhv ho pqlpr frvwr hv +6 48 . 7,f | od srvlflq gho sxqwr S gheh vhu 7 F +3, @ 49f F +7, @ 53f F+ s
F 3 +{, @ s
7f{ < . {5
s 48 , @ 6 48f . 7f 8
Vroxflq= Vhd {= ho qphur gh sr}rv dglflrqdohv> { 3> { 5 ]1 Vl vh wlhqh ; sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo gh 4933 eduulohv hqwrqfhv od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv 533 eduulohv gldulrv1 Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh vh wlhqh od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv oxhjr/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv 533 43{
Hmhpsor 767 Xq fdpsr shwurohur wlhqh rfkr sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo gh 4933 eduulohv gh fuxgr do gd1 Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh vh wlhqh/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv gldulrv BcFxqwrv sr}rv dglflrqdohv vh ghehq irupdu sdud rewhqhu od pd|ru surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gdB
s48 8 npv gho sxqwr E1
67; sru or wdqwr od surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gd hv S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{, Frpr { 3 | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 533 43{ 3 +gh grqgh 3 { 53,1 Hq frqvhfxhqfld od ixqflq d pd{lpl}du hv> S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{,/ frq { 5 ^3> 53`1
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Frpr S hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^3> 53` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 53^/ S dofdq}d vx p{lpr hq dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3 r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydor1 oxhjr> S 3 +{, @ +533 43{, . +; . {,+ 43,
Dv do hydoxdu od ixqflq S gh surgxfflq hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 9> { @ 53 whqhprv> S +3, @ 4933 S +9, @ 4<93 S +53, @ 3 Gh hvwd irupd od surgxfflq p{lpd vh rewlhqh frq 9 sr}rv dglflrqdohv1 Hmhpsor 768 Ho surslhwdulr gh xq kxhuwr gh pdq}dqd/ fdofxod txh vl vlhpeud 57 uerohv sru dfuh/ hqwrqfhv fdgd uero dgxowr gdu 933 pdq}dqdv do dr1 Sru fdgd wuhv uerohv pv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd uero glvplqx|h hq 45 do dr1 BcFxqwrv uerohv vh ghehq sodqwdu sru dfuh sdud rewhqhu ho pd|ru qphur srvleoh gh pdq}dqdv do drB Vroxflq= Vhd 6{ ho qphur gh uerohv txh vh sodqwdq +vreuh orv 57 uerohv, sru dfuh1 Sxhvwr txh sru fdgd wuhv uerohv pv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd uero glvplqx|h hq 45 do dr/ hqwrqfhv vl vh sodqwdq +57 . 6{, uerohv sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd uero vhu 933 45{/ oxhjr od surgxfflq gh pdq}dqdv do dr vhu> Frpr { 3> { 5 ] | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 933 45{ 3 +gh grqgh { 83,1 Dv> S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{, frq { 5 ^3> 83` Oxhjr S 3 +{, @ 6+933 45{, . +57 . 6{,+ 45, S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{,=
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 9 5`3> 53^=
Gdgr txh S hv frqwlqxd hq ^3> 83` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 83^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 54> { @ 83 whqhprv S +3, @ 47733 S +54, @ 635:9 S +83, @ 3 oxhjr od p{lpd surgxfflq gh pdq}dqd vh rewlhqh fxdqgr vh sodqwdq 96 uerohv pv sru dfuh hv/ hv ghflu/ ;: uerohv sru dfuh1
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 54=
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
67<
Revhuydflq= Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv vor edvw hydoxdu hq orv sxqwrv grqgh i 3 +s, @ 3 | hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ shur hq jhqhudo vl txhuhprv ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh xqd ixqflq qhfhvlwdprv lqirupdflq vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflq i hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s1 Dv/ sdud A 3 vh rewlhqh orv vljxlhqwhv fdvrv= d, Vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od yhflqgdg l}txlhugd gh s/ `s > s^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq od yhflqgdg ghuhfkd gh s/ `s> s . ^ vh wlhqh txh i +s, hv xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr1 +jxud I l}txlhugd,1
81914
Whvw gh od Sulphud Ghulydgd
e, Dqorjdphqwh vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq `s > s^ | i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i +s, hv xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr +jxud I jufr ghuhfkr,1 f, Vl qr rfxuuh dojxqd gh odv grv dowhuqdwlydv dqwhulruhv/ i +s, qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr1 Gh or dqwhulru hv fodur txh qhfhvlwdprv xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du fxdqgr i hv fuhflhqwh | fxdqgr hv ghfuhflhqwh1 Frq hvh remhwr hqxqflduhprv orv whruhpdv vljxlhqwhv1
Iljxud I
Ghqlflq 8157 Xq sxqwr f 5 Grpi / vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i vl rfxuuh xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv srvlelolgdghv> i 3 +f, @ 3 elhq i 3 +f, qr h{lvwh Hmhpsor 769 Vhd i +{, @ 6+{ 5,5 1 { @ 5 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i / sxhv i 3 +5, @ 31 Hmhpsor 76: Vhd i +{, @ m{ 8m oxhjr whqhprv txh vx ghulydgd hv= i 3 +{, @ 4 {A8 4 {?8
Hmhpsor 76; Vhd i +{, @ sxqwr fu wlfr1
Sxhvwr txh 8 95 Grpi 3 / { @ 8 hv xq sxqwr fu wlfr s 6
4 {5 / hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh i 3 +{, @ 5 6 { 6 vl { 9@ 31 Sru or wdqwr { @ 3 hv xq
683
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
81915
Whruhpd 8158 +Whruhpd gh Urooh, Vhd i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `d> e^/ wdo txh i +d, @ i +e,/ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh do phqrv xq sxqwr fuwlfr hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu/ h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh i 3 +f, @ 31+yhu jxud KI jufr l}txlhugr,1
Whruhpd gho ydoru phglr | Urooh
Iljxud KI Ghprvwudflq=
<
e, Vl qr rfxuuh or dqwhulru/ i qr hv frqvwdqwh | whqhprv grv fdvrv/ +l, h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor grqgh od ixqflq fuhfh | oxhjr ghfuhfh r elhq +ll, i ghfuhfh hq xq lqwhuydor sdud oxhjr fuhfhu +|d txh i +d, @ i +e,,1 Hq ho sulphu fdvr vh rewlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo i +f, | hq ho vhjxqgr xq pqlpr orfdo i +f, hq dperv fdvr od wdqjhqwh hq hvrv sxqwrv vhu gh shqglhqwh fhur i 3 +f, @ 31 Gh hvwd irupd f hv xq sxqwr fu wlfr 1 Xqd jhqhudol}dflq hq hvwh whruhpd hv ho whruhpd gh ydoru phglr txh vh sxhgh prwlydu gh od vljxlhqwh irupd1 Frqvlghuhprv xq dxwr +xq mhhs sdud hvwdu hq rqgd, txh sduwh gh Yld d odv 44=63 krudv | oohjd d xqd sduwh fhufdqd d Vdqwldjr d odv 46=33 krudv1 Vl uhfruuh 463 nlorphwurv/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg surphglr r phgld hv +463 3,nlophwurv 463 @ @ ;9> 9np@k= +44 = 63 46 = 33,krudv 4> 8
d, Vl od ixqflq hv frqvwdqwh hq ^d> e`/ vx ghulydgd hv fhur hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu i 3 +{, @ 3> ;{ 5`d> e^
Hvwr vljqlfd txh do phqrv dojq prphqwr gh vx yldmh ho yhorfphwur pduf ;9> 9np@k/ hv ghflu/ od yhorflgdg lqvwdqwqhd hq dojq prphqwr hqwuh 44=63 | odv 46=33 krudv ixh gh ;9> 9np@k1 Hq od jxud KI vh kd judfdgr od uhfwd O txh lqglfd od yhorflgdg phgld +uhfwd vhfdqwh d od jufd gh od ixqflq v+w, txh qrv g od glvwdqfld uhfruulgd sruho pylo hq ho wlhpsr w 5`44 = 63> 46 = 33^,
< Frpr i hv frqwlqxd/ od jufd gh i hv frpr xqd fxhugd txh xqh orv sxqwrv Ed> i Ed> Ee> i Ee1 Frpr hvwrv sxqwrv hvwdq do plvpr qlyho/ r elhq od fxhugd hvwd whqvd +frqvwdqwh, r elhq wlhqh rqgxodflrqhv +kd| p{lpr |2r pqlpr orfdohv,1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
684
Odv uhfwdv O4 > O5 > O6 vrq sdudohodv d O/ oxhjr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh> hoodv hvwq gdgdv sru odv ghulydgdv hq ho sxqwr/ hq hvwh fdvr rewhqhprv od shqglhqwh gh od vhfdqwh v+e, e v+d, d
txh hv ljxdo odv shqglhqwh gh odv wdqjhqwhv hq f4 > f5 / f6 / hv ghflu/ d orv ydoruhv v3 +f4 ,/ v3 +f5 ,/ v3 +f6 ,1 Dv whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld d or phqrv gh xq sxqwr f 5`d> e^ hq hvwh fdvr +f @ f4 > f @ f5 > f @ f6 , wdo txh v3 +f, @ Whruhpd 8159 +Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd hq D/ ^d> e` D wdo txh 51 i vhd ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ 41 i vhd frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` v+e, e v+d, d
Hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh do phqrv xq f 5`d> e^ wdo txh i 3 +f, @ i +e, e
Ghprvwudflq= Od ixqflq j+{, @ i +{,
i +d, d i +d, +{ d d,`
î +d, .
Revhuydflq= Or txh glfh hv txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,> +e> i +e,, hv sdudohod do phqrv d xqd gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i hqwuh orv sxqwrv phqflrqdgrv1 Od dsolfdflq pv gluhfwd gh hvwh whruhpd hv hq od ghprvwudflq gho vljxlhqwh whruhpd Whruhpd 815: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq vx grplqlr1 41 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
, i +d, vdwlvidfh odv klswhvlv gho whruhpd gh Urooh sru or wdqwr h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh j3 +f, @ 3 r i 3 +f, i +ee d @3
i +e, e
685 51 Vl i 3 +{, A 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
61 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`
Ghprvwudflq= Prvwuduhprv vor +7, Whqhprv txh vxsrqhu txh {> | 5 ^d> e` | ghehprv suredu txh= { ? | , i +{, A i +|, Vhdq {> | 5 ^d> e`> { ? | 1 Frpr i vdwlvidfh ho whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr/ whqhprv txh h{lvwh f 5 ^{> |` wdo txh i +|, i +{, @ i 3 +f, { | Frpr | { A 3 | i 3 +f, ? 3 vh wlhqh txh i +|, +;{> | 5 ^d> e`,+{ ? | , i +{, A i +| ,, 6,+7 8 3 3 i +{, ? 31 Dv vh kd suredgr txh
71 Vl i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
Hmhpsor 76< Vhd i xqd ixqflq fx|d ghulydgd hv i 3 +{, @ +{ Ghwhuplqh hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh Vroxflq= Xvdqgr od wdeod gh vljqrv { 6 7 { { 8 i 3 +{, 0 . 0 . 6 3 3 . . 0 0 7 3 3 . 0 0 .
{,+{
8,1
Hmhpsor 773 Vhd i +{, @ h{ / frpr i 3 +{, @ h{ hv srvlwlyd sdud wrgr ydoru {/ vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulf0 wdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ vlq hpedujr j +{, @ h 6{ / j3 +{, @ 6h 6{ / sru or wdqwr j hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Hmhpsor 774 Vhd i +{, @ orjd +{,> { A 3> 3 ? d 9@ 4/ frpr g 4 orjd +{, @ g{ { oqd +{,
whqhprv i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `6> 7^/ sru or wdqwr i +{, hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh dool/ or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho lqwhuydor ^8> 4^1
. 0 . 0
| od yduldeoh { hv srvlwlyd/ vh wlhqh txh oq d ghwhuplqd ho vljqr gh od ghulydgd gh i sru or wdqwr whqhprv txh= 41 Vl d A 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh 51 Vl d ? 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
4 Hmhpsor 775 Vdh i +{, @ oq+ { {.5 ,/ yhdprv hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv ghfuhflhqwh Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq hv ` 4> 5^^`4> 4^/ | vx ghulydgd od rewhqhprv xwlol}dqgr uhjod gh od fdghqd | od ghulydgd gh xq fxrflhqwh
i 3 +{, @ + @
Frpr i 3 +{, A 3 hq vx grplqlr vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od fdgd lqwhuydor +qr srghprv ghflu txh hv fuhflhqwh hq od xqlq,1 Huuqhdphqwh srguldprv ghflu txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq lqwhuydor ` 5> 4^/ od ud}q gho huuru hv txh od ixqflq qr hvwd ghqlgd hq hvwh lqwhuydor/ dv txh hv lpsrvleoh txh i 3 +{, hvwh ghqlgd hq xq frqmxqwr pd|ru1
{ . 5 +{ . 5, +{ ,+ { 4 +{ . 5,5 6 +{ 4,++{ . 5,
4,
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR

6 5
686
8w . 9w . ; od yhorflgdg gh xq pylo hq ho wlhpsr w/ w 5 ^3> ;`1 Hmhpsor 776 Vhd y +w, @ w6 5 Ghwhuplqhprv orv lqwhuydorv gh wlhpsr grqgh ho pylo hvwd dxphqwdqgr gh yhorflgdg +dfhohudqgr, | hq txh prphqwr hvw glvplqx|hqgr vx yhorflgdg +iuhqdqgr r dfhohudflq qhjdwlyd,
Vroxflq= Qhfhvlwdprv ghwhuplqdu ho vljqr gh y3 +w, @ w5 8w . 9 @ +w 6,+w 5,1 Whqhprv txh y+w, ? 3> ;w 5 ^5> 6` / dv ho pylo hvwd iuhqdqgr hqwuh orv ydoruhv w 5 ^5> 6`/ dghpv y3 +w, A 3 hq +` 4> 5^^`6> 4^, _ ^3> ;`1 Sru or wdqwr ho pylo dfhohud ghvgh 3 d 5 | srvwhulruphqwh dfhohud gh 6 d ;1 BcFxdqgr vh ghwlhqh ho pylo Revhuydflq= Hq whruhpd dqwhulru hv vor gh od irupd s , t |d txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U shur i 3 +{, @ 6{5 qr hv srvlwlyd vlhpsuh |d txh i +3, @ 31 Edvdgrv hq ho whruhpd dqwhulru srghprv hqxqfldu ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd sdud p{lprv |2r pqlprv uhodwlyrv hvwulfwr1 Whruhpd 815; +Fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd, Vhd i frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` @ D | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ qr qhfhvduldphqwh hq s 5 D d, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s e, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
> s^ | i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr > s^ | i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr
Jhqhudophqwh/ odv klswhvlv hq +d,/ sdud xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ vh hvfuleh uhvxplgdphqwh dv { i 3 +{, i +{, { i 3 +{, i +{, s . ( 0 ) s s. 0 ) s. . (
: 9 : 9
| odv klswhvlv sdud xq pqlpr uhodwlyr vh hvfuleh> s s
Hmhpsor 777 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . :{/ frpr i 3 +{, @ 9{ . :
Oxhjr
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : A 3 +, { A i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : ? 3 +, { ? i 3 +{, i +{, { 0 ) :@9 3 . (
gh grqgh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ` : > 4^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> : ^/ dv sru 9 9 , hv xq ydoru pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr/ txh ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv frqfoxlu txh i + : 9 dghpv hv devroxwr1 Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq or srghprv rewhqhu judfdqgr od sduerod txh uhsuhvhqwd d | @ i +{, @ 6{5 . :{ frq yuwlfh hq + : > i+ : ,, 9 9 Hmhpsor 778 Frqvlghuh xqd ixqflq i ghulydeoh wdo txh Ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh i 1 i 3 +{, @ +{ 6,+{ . 5,+{ 8,=
687
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq= Ghwhuplqhprv hq tx lqwhuydorv i 3 +{, A 3 | grqgh i 3 +{, ? 31 Sdud hvwr iruphprv xqd wdeod sdud od ixqflq i 3 txh qrv lqgltxh uhvxplgdphqwh grqgh hv srvlwlyd | grqgh hv qhjdwlyd1 { 6 {.5 { 8 0 0 0 5 3 0 . 0 6 3 . . 0 8 3 8 3 3 . . .
Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv lqirupdflq vreuh i uhvxplgdv hq ho vljxlhqwh fxdgur> { i 3 +{, i +{, 0 ) 05 3 3 . ( 6 3 3 0 ) . (
Gho uhvphq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh i + 5,> | i +8, vrq pqlpr orfdohv hvwulfwr | i +6, hv xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr1 Vroxflq= Grpi @ U | i 3 +{, @ 5 +{ 6 hq { @ 4/ vlq hpedujr hv frqwlqxd | hv ghflu/ Hmhpsor 779 Vhd i +{, @ +{ 4,5@6 1 Ghwhuplprv orv h{wuhprv gh i 1 4, 4@6 @ vl { A 4> vl { ? 4> { i +{, i 3 +{, i +{,
6
s 6{
5
>
i 3 +{, A 3 i 3 +{, ? 3 4 3 9<
{5U
i4j qrwhprv txh i qr hv ghulydeoh
Hmhpsor 77: Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwlfduhprv qxhv0 wudv uhvsxhvwd1 d, Vhd A 3/ od ixqflq i +{, @ h { / ghqlgd hq vx grplqlr p{lpr wlhqh vor xq ydoru h{wuhpr1 vhq5 +4@{, { 9@ 3 e, Od ixqflq i +{, @ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1 3 {@3
5
oxhjr sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq qqlpr hq { @ 4 txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +qrwdu txh ho Grpi @ U qr hv dfrwdgr,/ i qr wlhqh p{lpr1
0 )
. (
f, Od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 h5{ hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 6@5^ s g, Od ixqflq i +{, @ { 6 qr wlhqh p{lpr | qr wlhqh pqlpr1 5 { frv5 +4@{, 4{?3 h, Od ixqflq i +{, @ wlhqh p{lpr | pqlpr1 vhq { 3{4 j, Od ixqflq i +{, @ i, Od ixqflq i +{, @ h{ {6 ghqlgd hq ^ 4> 5^ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1 5h{ ghqlgd hq ` 4> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr vl A 51
Vroxflq=
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR

5 5 d, Yhugdghur1 Grpi @ U i 3 +{, @ 5{h { > { 5 U/ frpr h { A 3> ;{ 5 U hqwrqfhv> i 3 +{, A 3 +, 5{ A 3 +, { ? 3 sxhv A 3
688
Gh hvwd irupd
e, Idovr1 Sru ghqlflq hv fodur txh i wlhqh xq p qlpr orfdo devroxwr hq { @ 3/ sxhv sru or wdqwr i +{, 3> ;{ 5 Grpi 1 i +{, @ vhq5 +4@{, 3> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U
Sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +sxhv od ixqflq vxeh | edmd vor xqd yh},/ | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
{ i +{, i 3 +{, i +{,
. . (
3 4 3
. 0 )
f, Yhugdghur1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 h5{ . {6 h5{ 5 @ {5 h5{ +6 . 5{, dqdol}dqgr orv vljqrv gh i 3 +{,/ rewhqhprv { i +{, i 3 +{, i +{, 0 0 ) 6@5 3 0 . ( 3 3 3 . . (
Oxhjr i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` Revhuydflq= pqlpr hq { @
4 A 3 ;{ 5 ^6> 4^/ hv ghflu/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh g, Idovr1 Grpi @ ^6> 4^ dghpv i 3 +{, @ 5s{ 6 | ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ 6 5 Grpi / oxhjr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq { @ 61 Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq hv fodur judfdqgr od ixqflq i =
Qrwdu txh sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv dupdu txh i wlhqh xq 6@5/ pv dq o hv ho pqlpr devroxwr1
4> 6@5^1
h, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^ 4> 4`/ oxhjr sru ho whruhpd gh orv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i wlhqh xq p{lpr | pqlpr txh vrq devroxwrv1 i, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i 3 +{, @ i +{, @ + 5,h{ 1 Vl A 5 hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, A 3 ;{ 5` 4> 8`/ oxhjr i hv fuhflhqwh hq vx grplqlr dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh sru { @ 8 5 Grpi gh hvwd irupd i wlhqh xq p{lpr +devroxwr, txh hv i +8,1
Hq edvh d od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr kdvwd ho prphqwr/ srghprv judfdu dojxqdv ixqflrqhv frqvlghudqgr> grplqlr/ grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg/ lqwhufhswrv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv/ lqwhuydorv gh fuhf0 lplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr/ p{lprv |2r pqlprv1 Hmhpsor 77; Jutxhprv i +{, @ 6{6 Vroxflq= d, Grpi @ U1 {1
j, Idovr1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 3 ;{ 5 ^ 4> 5^ oxhjr i hv ghfuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ frpr p{lpr i + 4,> fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh i qr wlhqh pqlpr1
4 5 ^ 4> 5^/ dv i wlhqh
e, i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr U +ixqflq srolqrpldo,1
> 3, f, Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh | S3 @ +3 s s Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh { S4 @ + 4@6> 3,> S5 @ + 4@6> 3,
689 g, Lqwhuydorv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr= i 3 +{, @ <+{ { { 4@6 { . 4@6 i 3 +{, i +{, 0 0 . ( 4@6 3 0 . 0 ) 4@6,+{ . 4@6, 4@6 3 . . . (
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Gh od wdeod/ vh wlhqh txh i 3 +{, A 3/ | hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4 4@6^ | wdpelq hq `4@6> 4^/ | i 3 +{, ? 3+hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh, hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4@6> 4@6^1 Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh lqirupdflq gh i > { i +{, i 3 +{, 4@6 5@< 3 4@6 5@< 3
Sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@6 | xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@61 Dv od jufd gh i hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh frpr od gh od jxud
Vroxflq= i 3 +{, @ 5 vhq+{, frv+{, orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq odv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflq txh hv htxlydohqwh d od xqlq gh odv vroxflrqhv gh odv hfxdflrqhv Dv/ orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq { @ q> { @ . q> 5 vhq+{, @ 3 q 5 ]1 frv+{, @ 3 vhq+{, frv+{, @ 3
Hmhpsor 77< Vhd i +{, @ vhq5 +{,1 Ghwhuplqhprv orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv | hvshflfduhprv gh txh wlsr vrq1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
68:
Xvdqgr ho vljqr gh odv ixqflrqhv vhq+{, | frv+{, hq orv fxdgudqwhv gh U5 / whqhprv txh= Hq ho sulphu | whufhu fxdgudqwhv dpedv wlhqh ho plvpr vljqr sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd hv srvlwlyd1 hv ghflu/ | hq orv rwurv fxdgudqwhv vh wlhqh 6 i 3 +{, A 3 vl { 5`3> ^^`> ^ 5 5
| hq fdvr frqwudulr i 3 +{, 31 . 5q> q 5 ]/ | pqlpr orfdohv Gh hvwd irupd vh wlhqh p{lprv orfdohv hq orv sxqwrv . 5q | 65 5 orv sxqwrv q> q 5 ]1 Sru rwud sduwh Frq od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr/ srghprv kdfhu od jufd gh i hq irupd dsur{lpdgd1 Vdehprv txh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor `3> ^ | txh 3 | 4 vrq pqlpr | p{lpr uhodwlyrv 5 ` fruuhvsrqgd d xqlu orv sxqwrv +3> i +3,, uhvshfwlydphqwh/ frpr i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd/ od jufd hq ^3> 5 > 4, | +> 3, txh hv hq irupd ghfuhflhqwh | + > 4, hq irupd fuhflhqwh/ d glihuhqfld gh od xqlq gh orv sxqwrv + 5 5 Ho jufr vh sxhgh kdfhu frpsohwr/ sru od shulrglflgdg edvwd vdehu or txh rfxuuh hq ^3> `1 6 i +3, @ 3> i +5, @ 3> i + , @ 4> i + , @ 4> i +, @ 3 5 5
Xvdqgr od shulrglflgdg gh vhq+{, | frv+{, vh rewlhqh ho vljqr gh i 3 +{, hq wrgd od uhfwd uhdo1 Vl 6 { 5 ^q5] +`5q> . 5q ^^`+5q . 4,> . 5q^,> i 3 +{, A 3 5 5
6 i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5` > ^^` > 5 ^ 5 5
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
0 0 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 x
i +{, @ vlq {
5
i +{, @ vlq {
5
Ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd gh dsolfdflq hv qhfhvdulr rewhqhu suhyldphqwh xqd ixqflq txh vh exvfdu ho p{lpr r pqlpr | oxhjr dsolfdu dojq fulwhulr gh rewhqflq gh p{lpr r gh pqlpr1 Hmhpsor 783 Vh lqwhqwd fhufdu xq fdpsr uhfwdqjxodu frq 7 kheudv gh dodpeuh | ghvsxv vxeglylglu ho fdpsr hq grv sduwhv +frpr hq od jxud , frq xqd fhufd sdudohod d xqr gh orv odgrv/ xwlol}dqgr 5 kheudv gh dodpeuh1 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr gh uhd p{lpd1
68;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq= Vhdq { h | odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr/ hqwrqfhv ho uhd hvw gdgd sru od iupxod shur do glvwulexlu orv 933 phwurv gh dodpeuh vh wlhqh od hfxdflq> gh grqgh | @ :8 8{@7 oxhjr> 933 @ 43{ . ;| D @ {|
8 {, 7 { A3 shur { A 3 | | A 3/ hv ghflu/ { A 3 | :8 87 Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq txh vh qhfhvlwd pd{lpl}du hv> D @ {+:8 ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `3> 93^1 Dkrud dsoltxhprv ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd> oxhjr D3 +{, @ D+{, @ :8{
8{5 7
:8
43
Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv
oxhjr ho uhd p{lpd vh dofdq}d fxdqgr { @ 63 1 Dv odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr vrq { @ 63pwv >
{ D+{,, D3 +{,, D+{,
{ A3 D3 +{, A 3 +, :8 85 3 D +{, A 3 +, 63 A { 63 ? { D3 +{, ? 3 +,

. . ( 63 4458 3 . 0 )
Revhuydflq= Dtx qr vh hydod hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor/ sxhv qr hvwq frqvlghudgrv hq ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq1
| @ 6:> 8pwv
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR
68<
Whruhpd 815< +Fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d s wdo txh i 3 +s, @ 31 +hv ghflu/ s hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr,1 d, Vl i %+s, ? 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s1 e, Vl i %+s, A 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Hmhpsor 784 Uhvroydprv ho hmhpsor 783 xvdqgr hvwh qxhyr fulwhulr Od ixqflq d pd{lpl}du hv= 8{5 D+{, @ :8{ > frq { 5`3> 93^ 7 Ghwhuplqhprv s 5`3> 93^ wdo txh D3 +s, @ 31 D3 +{, @ :8 43{ +, { @ 63 7
Revhuydflq= +4, Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh d glihuhqfld gho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd hvwh fulwhulr h{ljh txh i / vhd ghulydeoh grv yhfhv hq s frq i 3 +s, @ 31 +5, Vl i %+s, @ 3 hvwh fulwhulr qr qrv g lqirupdflq/ | vh gheh uhfxuulu do fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
Oxhjr s @ 63 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr txh ghehprv hydoxdu hq od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1 Frpr D%+{, @ hq sduwlfxodu D%+63, ? 3/ dv srghprv dupdu txh D+63, hv ho p{lpr exvfdgr1 43 ?3 7 ;{ 5`3> 93^
Hmhpsor 785 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhfwr | vhplhvihud hq orv h{wuhprv +yhdvh od jxud Q, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq sru slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv hv ho greoh do gh od sduwh floqgulfd1 Tx glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr/ vl od fdsdflgdg ghvhdgd gho wdqtxh hv gh 43slh6 B
Iljxud Q Vroxflq= Vhd S ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh od sduwh floqgulfd hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv hv 5S 1 Sxhvwr txh hq od sduwh floqgulfd vh wlhqh 5uk slh5 | hq orv h{wuhprv 7u5 slh5 hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq hv F @ 5ukS . 7u5 5S 7 Y @ u5 k . u6 @ 43 6
shur ho yroxphq hv
693 hqwrqfhv | od ixqflq frvwr hq wuplqrv gh u hv>
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
k@
43
6 5
u6
F +u, @ 5u+ hv ghflu> Frpr u A 3> k A 3 hqwrqfhv t 6 63 / oxhjr 3 ? u ? gh grqgh u6 ? 63 7 7 Dv od ixqflq frvwr d plqlpl}du hv
43 u5
7u ,S . 7u5 5S 6
8 7u5 , F +u, @ 7S + . u 6 k@ 43

7
u5
u6
A3
oxhjr
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv ho pqlpr sru ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd +qrwhprv txh F +u, hv grv yhfhv glihuhqfldeoh hq vx grplqlr, 8 ;u F 3 +u, @ 7S + 5 . , u 6 F 3 +u, @ 3 +, ;u @3 u 6 48 +, u6 @ 7 s 6 48 +, u @ 5
5
8 7u5 F +u, @ 7S + . , u 6
>
u 5`3>
u
6
63 ^ 7
81:
48 48 , A 3/ gh grqgh F wlhqh xq pqlpr hq u @ 5 5 GrpF 1 oxhjr F %+ 5 Odv glphqvlrqhv txh plqlpl}dq ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq gho wdqtxh vrq s s 6 7 6 48 73 48 > k@ s u@ 6 5 9 48
48 Frpr 5 5 GrpF | F 3 +u, hv ghulydeoh srghprv dsolfdu ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1 Od ghulydgd gh F 3 +u, hv 43 ; F %+u, @ 7S + 6 . , u 6
s 6
s 6
s 6
Ghqlflq 8163 Vhd i = L $ U/ L xq lqwhuydor
Frqfdylgdg
41 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqyh{d r frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw dedmr gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, | +e> i +e,, jxud^_ jufr l}txlhugr1
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
694
51 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqfdyd r frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw vreuh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, | +e> i +e,, jxud ^_ jufr1 ghuhfkr
Iljxud ^_ Hmhpsor 786 Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d1 Od ixqflq | @ vhq { hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq ho lqwhuydor ^3> ` | frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho lqwhuydor ^> 5`1 Ghqlflq 8164 Vhd i xqd ixqflq | vhd { 5 Grpi 1 41 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d hq ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^ wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L 1 Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd1
51 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd hq ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^ wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L 1 Revhuydflq= 41 Gh od ghqlflq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh frqfdylgdg vh uhhuh d xqd surslhgdg gh od jufd1
Hq ho fdvr gh whqhu xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor L @ ^d> e` vh sxhgh whqhu txh i vhd frqfdyd hq L r frqyh{d hq L r hq xq vhfwru frqfdyd | hq rwur frqyh{d +yhu jxud ,/ or plvpr vh sxhgh ghflu gh xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
695
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
51 Frpr od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,/ +e> i +e,, hv |@ |@ i +d, d i +d, d i +e, +{ e i +e, +{ e d, . i +d, e, . i +e,
Iljxud
Ghflu txh sdud d ? { ? e/ ho sxqwr hvwd ghedmr gh od vhfdqwh vljqlfd sru or wdqwr i +{, ? i +{, ? i +d, d i +d, d i +e, +{ e i +e, +{ e i +d, d d, . i +d, e, . i +e, +8155, +8156,
| txh rshudqgr hq od ghvljxdogdg 8155
i +{, dkrud rshudqgr hq od ghvljxdogdg 8156
i +d, ?
i +e, +{ e i +d, d
d,
i +{, { i +{, {
i +e, i +e, A e e
Xvdqgr odv owlpdv ghvljxdogdghv vh wlhqh txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled vl | vor vl d ? { ? e vh wlhqh i +e, i +d, ? d e i +d, i +{, ? d { i +e, e
61 Kd| xqd fdudfwhul}dflq jhrpwulfd pdv fodud sdud ho fdvr gh xqd ixqflq txh vhd ghulydeoh hq xq sxqwr {3 +d, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh frqwlhqh d {3 / wdo txh od jufd gh i mL hvw sru hqflpd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, jxud / jufd l}txlhugd
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
696
Iljxud 1 +e, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{4 > i +{4 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh frqwlhqh d {4 wdo txh od jufd gh i mL hvwd sru dedmr gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{4 > i +{4 ,, jxud > jufd ghuhfkd
Iljxud RK 71 Hq od jxud RK l}txlhugd whqhprv od jufd gh xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho lqwhuydor L / hq hood khprv glexmdgr glvwlqwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv/ odv shqglhqwhv gh hvwdv uhfwdv dxphqwdq d phglgd txh qrv pryhprv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd1 Frpr odv shqglhqwhv hvwdq ghwhuplqdgd sru odv ghulydgdv vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +{, hv fuhflhqwh1 Vl od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv wdpelq ghulydeoh vh frqfox|h txh i %+{, hv srvlwlyd r fhur sru ho khfkr txh i 3 +{, hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh1 Hq od jxud RK ghuhfkr khprv glexmdgr yduldv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i / fx|dv shqglhqwhv vrq orv ydoruhv gh odv ghulydgdv gh i / i 3 1 i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh |d txh odv shqglhqwhv gh odv wdqjhqwhv glvplqx|h d phglgd txh fdpeldq gh sxqwrv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd hq od jufd gh od ghuhfkd gh jxud RK1
Whruhpd 8165 Vhd i = L $ U/ grv yhfhv ghulydeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr L 41 i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L 1 51 i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L 1
Frpr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh/ gh vhu hood ghulydeoh/ vx ghulydgd hv qhjdwlyd r fhur/ hv ghflu/ i %+{, 3> ;{ 5 L 1
Od irupd frpr jhqhudophqwh vh dsolfd hvwh whruhpd hv= xvdqgr od lqirupdflq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd vh rewlhqh od frqfdylgdg r frqyh{lgdg gh od jufd
697
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
5i Frurodulr 8166 Vhd i = L $ U> {3 5 L> i ghulydeoh hq L | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh g g{5 +{3 ,1 5i 41 g g{5 +{3 , A 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, 5i 51 g g{5 +{3 , ? 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,
Hmhpsor 788 Vhd i +{, @ 9{5 . 9{ . ;/ i %+{, @ sduerod, hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Hmhpsor 787 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . 9{ . ; xqd sduerod1 Frpr vh glmr dqwhulruphqwh hv ho hmhpsor pv vlpsoh gh frqfdyd kdfld duuled/ i %+{, @ 9 A 31
Ghqlflq 8167 Xq sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, gh od jufd gh i vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lrq vl h{lvwh xq delhuwr L wdo txh sdud wrgr { 5 L i{3 j/ i %+{, h{lvwh | dghpv i %+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq {3 1 9 txh hv qhjdwlyd/ sru or wdqwr od jufd gh i +od
Frq hvwh frurodulr txhgd delhuwr ho fdvr txh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd vh dqxoh1
Orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv oh ghehuldq shuplwlu uhfrugdu fxdo hv ho vljqr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd h{ljlgr sdud frqfdylgdg | fxdo hv h{ljlgr sdud frqyh{lgdg1 Hq orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv qr whqhprv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq/ d frqwlqxflq yhuhprv xqr Hmhpsor 789 Vhd i +{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:/ yhdprv vl i wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1 i 3 +{, @ 9{5 . 43{ > i %+{, @ 45{ . 43
sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq wlhqh sulphud frpsrqhqwh txh suredeohphqwh vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq i %+{, @ 3/ hq hvwh fdvrv { @ 8@91 Frpr i %+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 8@9 vh wlhqh txh + 8@9> i + 8@9,, hv ho sxqwr gh lq h{lq1 Srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd | vx frqfoxvlq { i %+{,, jufd gh i 0 Frqfdyd 8@9 Lq h{lq . Frqyh{d
Dkrud xvdqgr od sulphu ghulydgd srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq txh qrv shuplwlu judfdu i frq pd|ru suhflvlq Dv/ orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq { @ 3 | { @ { i 3 +{, i %+{, i +{, jufd gh i . 0 ( Frqfdyd { i 3 +{, i %+{, i +{, i 3 +{, @ 3 +, 9{5 . 43{ @ 3 8@61 8@6 3 0 0 ) Frqfdyd 8@9 3 0 . ) Frqyh{d 3 3 3 3 . . ( Frqyh{d
r xqd wdeod pdv uhvxplgd | jufd pdv h{soflwd hq od owlpd oqhd . 0 ) _ 8@6 3 0 0 ( _ 8@9 3 0 . ( ^
. . ) ^
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
698
Dv/ od jufd gh i ghehud vhu od xqlq gh odv sxqwrv + 8@6> i + 8@6,, / + 8@9> i + 8@9,,/ +3> i +3,, frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd gh od wdeod/ rewhqhprv gh hvwd irupd ho jufr gh od jxud
i +{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:
Vhd i +{, @ +{ uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Hmhpsor 78: Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv srgud oohydu d shqvdu txh orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq vlhpsuh vh rewlhqh gh od hfxdflq i %+{, @ 31 Do ljxdo txh hq ho fdvr gh ydoruhv h{wuhprv hvwrv qr vh rewlhqh vlhpsuh gh od hfxdflq i 3 +{, @ 31 Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud hq txh rwurv fdvrv dsduhfhq orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1 7,8@6 . :1 Ho grplqlr gh i +{, hv U | vxv ghulydgdv gh rughq 4 | gh rughq 5 vrq
8 i 3 +{, @ +{ 6
7,5@6
i %+{, @
43 +{ <
7, 4@6
Fodudphqwh i %+{, @ 3 qr qrv duurmd vroxflq/ shur vl srghprv qrwdu txh i %+{, qr h{lvwh hq { @ 7 | txh vx i %+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 7 sru or wdqwr +7> i +7,, @ +7> :, hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lq { i %+{,, jufd gh i 0 frqfdyd 7 9< . frqyh{d 7,8@6 . : hq od jxud
Wdeod uhvxphq sdud jufd gh | @ +{
699
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
i +{, @ +{
7,8@6 . :
i 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 7 { i 3 +{, i %+{, i +{, 0 0 7 3 < 2 . .
Hmhpsor 78; Judtxhprv od ixqflq i +{, @ +{ 45,7 / lqglfdqgr lqwhuydor gh fuhflplhqwr/ gh ghfuhf0 lplhqwr/ frqfdylgdg | frqfdylgdg kdfld duuled/ | vl orv kxelhuh/ ydoruhv h{wuhprv | sxqwr gh lq h{lq1 Vroxflq= Qrwhprv hq sulphu oxjdu txh Grpi @ U hmh {1 | i %+{, @ +{ 53 1 Odv ghulydgdv vrq i +{, @ +{ 7 5,8 5,9 { i 3 +{, i %+{, i +{, . . ^ 5 9< 9< 9< i5j/ Uhfi @ U. sru or wdqwr od jufd hv vreuh
Vhjq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv ghehuldprv xqlu sxqwrv gh odv jufdv frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd gh od wdeod/ shur qr hv srvleoh |d txh qr kd| wdohv sxqwrv +Qrwd + 4> i + 4,,/ +5> i +5,,/ +4> i +4,, qr vrq sxqwrv gh od jufd, shur srghprv yhu d txh ydoruhv wlhqghq fxdqgr { $ 5 / { $ 4 | fxdqgr { $ 4 Gh hvwd irupd od jufd ghehud vhu frpr vh lqglfd hq jxud olp i +{, @ 3 {$4 > olp i +{, @ 3 {$ 4 > olp i +{, @ .4 {$5
0 . ^
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
69:
Dv gh od plvpd wdeod srghprv ghflu txh i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq `5> 4^1 i hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 5^1 4> 5^ | wdpelq hq `5> 4^1
i qr wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq |d txh ho qlfr fdqglgdwr d wdo hud +5> i +5,,/ shur qr shuwhqhfh d od jufd gh i + i +5, qr h{lvwh, dpq gh txh i %+{, qr fdpeld gh vljqr hq { @ 51
i qr wlhqh ydoruhv h{wuhprv +
i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq `
4 qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr |d txh qr shuwhqhfh d U,1
81:14
Orv uhvxowdgrv gh frqfdylgdg hqxqfldgrv hq ho frurodulr dqwhulru qrv shuplwhq hq pxfkrv fdvrv fodvlfdu udslgdphqwh orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv hq p{lpd orfdohv r pqlprv orfdohv phgldqwh or txh vxhoh oodpduvh fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd Hmhpsor 78< Gh xqd sodqfkd phwolfd gh 433 fp 5 pwv vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu grv wxerv gh 5 phwurv gh odujr xqr frq vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo xqd flufxqihuhqfld | rwur vhfflq fxdgudgd BcFrpr vh gheh fruwdu od sodqfkd d or odujr gh wdo irupd txh od vxpd gh orv yrophqhv lqwhulruhv vhd p{lpr1 BcFxdqgr hv pqlprB Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh od sodqfkd vh fruwdq hq {fp 5pwv | +433 {, fp 5pwv/ frq od sulphud kduhprv ho flolqgur gh udglr u/ hqwrqfhv 5u @ { | frq od vhjxqgd ho wxer frq vhfflq fxdgudgd/ hv ghflu/ { ,fpv1 fdgd odgr hv gh + 433 7 Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hv { u5 5333fp6 @ + ,5 5333fp6 5 Ho yroxphq gho rwur wxer hv + 433 { 5 , 5333fp6 7
Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd=
69; Od vxpd gh orv yrophqhv gh orv wxerv hq wuplqr gh { hv Y +{, @ 833+
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
5Y 5 4 g5 Y 433 Frpr g g{5 @ 833+ . 5 ,/ g{5 +{3 , A 3> vh wlhqh gh hvwd irupd txh frq ho fruwh hq 7. vh rewlhqh grv wxerv fx|d vxpd gh orv yroxphqhv hv or pqlpr srvleoh gh rewhqhu1 Frpr qr vh rewxyr rwur sxqwr fuwlfr yld od ghulydgd/ ho r orv p{lprv ghehq hqfrqwuduvh hq od iurqwhud gho lqwhuydor ^3> 433`1
{5 +433 {,5 . ,> frq 3 { 433 7 gY 5{ 533 5{ @ 833+ + ,, g{ 7 Sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq vroxflq gh od hfxdflq ;{ 533 . 5{ @ 3 7 +; . 5 ,{ @ 533 433 {3 @ 7.
d, Vl kdfhprv xq wxer floqgulfr { @ 4331
Y +433, @
e, Vl vor kdfhprv xq wxer frq vhfflq fxdgudgd { @ 3 Y +3, @
8+43,9 833+433,5 @
Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud xqd yh} pv txh orv h{wuhprv vh exvfdq qr wdq vor grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod/ vlqr txh wdpelq hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor fhuudgr grqgh od ixqflq hvw ghqlgd1 Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd= Vhd i xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr43 ^d> e` | vxsrqjdprv txh hv ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ = g5 i gi +, h{lvwh vh wlhqh +, @ 3 , | Vl 5 `d> e^ hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i +l1h1/ vx ghulydgd vh dqxod/ g{ g{5 5 g i grv srvlelolgdghv ghshqglhqgr gho vljqr gh +, g{5 5 g i +, A 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq pqlpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +, 410 Vl g{5 5 g i 510 Vl +, ? 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +, g{5 g5 i Frpr sxhghv qrwdu vl +, @ 3> qr vh glfh qdgd/ srgud rfxuulu fxdotxlhu frvd frpr vh sxhghq yhu g{5 hq odv ixqflrqhv i +{, @ {7 > wlhqh xq pqlpr hq fhur | i +{, @ {6 hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr fhufd gho fhur qr wlhqh p{lpr ql pqlpr hq fhur/ 5{7 wlhqh xqd p{lpr hq fhur
833+433,5 8+43,9 @ 7 7 Frpr ? 7 vh wlhqh txh fxdqgr vor kdfhprv xq wxer floqgulfr rewhqhprv p{lpr yroxphq1
Revhuydflq= Hvwr gh srqhu xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr hv vor sdud jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh ydoruhv h{0 wuhprv/ shur ho whvw hv dsolfdeoh hq rwurv fdvrv |d txh vh gheh fxpsolu odv klswhvlv hq xqd yhflqgdg gho sxqwr fuwlfr1 Uhfxhugh txh wdpelhq sxhgh kdehu p{lpr r pqlprv hq oxjduhv txh od ixqflq qr hv ghulydeoh/ dvl phqrv vhu grv yhfhv ghulydeoh | hq hvh fdvr vor qrv txhgd ho whvw gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
43
i +{, @
Sru or wdqwr |d vdehprv txh hood wlhqh p{lpr | plqlpr
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
69<
81:15
Frpr xq hohphqwr pv txh qrv shuplwlu judfdu i frq pd|ru suhflvlq hvwxglduhprv orv vljxlhqwhv wlsrv gh oplwhv 4, olp{$4 i +{, 5, olp{$ 4 i +{, 6, olp{$d i +{, @ 4 7, olp{$d i +{, @ 4 Od ud}q gh hvwxgldu dsduwh hvwh wlsr gh oplwhv hq irupd vhsdudgd d orv rwurv vh gheh do khfkr txh .4 | 4 qr vrq qphurv uhdohv/ sru or wdqwr qr wlhqhq vhqwlgr odv h{suhvlrqhv 4 . 4/ .4 4 | hq jhqhudo rshudflrqhv txh hvwdq ghqlgd hqwuh qphurv uhdohv1 Sru or dqwhulru qr srghprv kdeodu gh yhflqgdg 4 frpr vh ghql dqwhulruphqwh |d txh gh khfkr qr kd| vxefrqmxqwrv gh U txh frqwhqjd d lqqlwr/ shur sdud dpsoldu qxhvwud ghqlflq gh oplwhv d hvwh fdvr/ gdprv od ghqlflq vljxlhqwh1 Ghqlflq 8168 = 41 Wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd `Q> 4^> Q 5 U hv xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr/ xqd yhflqgdg gh hv fxdotxlhu lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd ` 4> P ^> P 5 U 51 Gluhprv txh oplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1 Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr YQ wdo txh i +YQ , YO> % 4
Oplwh Lqqlwr
Lqwurgxflhqgr od qrwdflq dqwhulru/ qdwxudo gh hvwh fdvr/ h lqglfdqgr or txh vljqlfd odv yhflqgdghv whqhprv 61 Gluhprv txh oplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d phqrv lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1 Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh phqrv lqqlwr/ Y Ghqlflq 8169 Hv dv txh i +Y4>P , YO> % olp i +{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { A Q , mi +{, {$4 Om ? %,
4>P / wdo txh
4 Hmhpsor 793 Vl i +{, @ { vh wlhqh txh olp{$4 i +{, @ 31 Hvwd dupdflq hv yolgd sru od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd sxhvwr txh
olp i +{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { ? P , mi +{, {$ 4 +; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+ 4 ? %,= Q
Om ? %,
4 4 Gh hvwd irupd/ vl { A Q vh wlhqh { ?Q ? %/ oxhjr
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
4 Hmhpsor 794 Vl i +{, @ { n > n 4/ vh wlhqh txh olp{$4 i +{, @ 31
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+{ A Q , mi +{,
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+{ A Q ,
4 ? %, { 3m ? %,
4 4 Ghprvwudflq= Sdud { 5 ^4> 4^ vh wlhqh txh 3 ? { n ? {1 4 Frpr olp{$4 3 @ 3> olp{$4 { @ 3/ vh wlhqh/ phgldqwh ho whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr +txh hv yolgr 4 wdpelq dtx, olp{$4 {n @ 3
Hmhpsor 795 Hq jhqhudo/ sdud 5 U vh wlhqh
olp @ 3 vl n A 3 {$4 {n
6:3
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Revhuydflrqhv Lpsruwdqwhv
4, Wrgd ho dojheud gh oplwhv vh fxpsoh hq hvwh wlsr gh o plwhv 5, Ho Whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflq wdpelq 6, Vhdq s+{, @ d3 . d4 { . hqwrqfhv . dq {q > t +{, @ e3 . e4 { . . eo {o srolqrplr gh judgr q | o uhvshfwlydphqwh dq s+{, eq q @ o olp @ {$4 t +{, 3 q?o @ d3 . d4 { . . dq {q 4@{q olp {$4 e3 . e4 { . . eq {q 4@{q d3 . d4 . . dq q {q 4 @ olp { = e 4 {$4 e3 . eq {q . {q 4 .
Ghprvwudflq= Fdvr +4, vxsrqjdprv txh q @ o1 s+{, olp {$4 t +{,
Sru hmhpsor dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh orv q sulphurv oplwhv gho qxphudgru | orv q sulphurv oplwhv gho ghqrplqdgru vrq qxorv/ dv dq s+{, olp @ {$4 t +{, eq s+{, olp {$4 t +{, d3 . d4 { . . dq {q 4@{o olp {$4 e3 . e4 { . . eo {o 4@{o d3 . d4 . q . {d o o 4 o q @ olp { e3 { e4 {$4 o . o 4 . . eo { { 3.3. .3 @ @3 3.3. . eo
Fdvr+5, q ? o @
Hmhpsor 796 Fdofxohprv Vroxflq= 4@6
6{5 . 8{6 . :{ . 5 olp {$4 7{5 . 9{ . 48{6 . < s 6 ;{9 . :{5 . 5 olp {$4 8{5 . 9{ . : s 6 ;{9 . :{5 . 5 olp {$4 8{5 . 9{ . : @ olp {$4
Vroxflq=
Hmhpsor 798 Fdofxohprv
{ {5 .9{.: 5 t { 6 ; {9 . : {5 . 5 {9 {9 {9 @ olp 9 : {$4 8. { . { s 6;.3.3 5 @ @ 8.3.3 8

8
s 6 {9 { 5 5
; .:
.5
olp {$4
frv {6 {6
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG Frpr frv {6 hv dfrwdgd hqwuh 4 | 4 vh wlhqh txh {6 4 frv {6 4 6 {6 { frv {6 @3 {6
6:4
4 | frpr dghpv olp{$4 { 6 @ 3 xvdqgr dfrwdplhqwr vh rewlhqh
Hmhpsor 799 Xq pdwhuldo udglr dfwlyr hq ho wlhpsr w wlhqh xqd pdvd p+w, @ nh w grqgh n> 5 U. 1 Pxhvwuh txh od pdvd wlhqgh d ghvdsduhfhu fxdqgr w $ 4 Vroxflq= olpw$4 nh w @ olpw$4 hn w shur frpr hw 4 . w 3> ;w 5 U.
olp {$4
Dv/
81:16
Vhd i ghqlgd hq U. | frq olp{$4 i +{, @ O1 Frpr olp{$4 i +{, @ O vh wlhqh txh sdud wrgr % A 3/ h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh vl { A Q> mi +{, Om ? %/ shur hvwr owlpr hv htxlydohqwhphqwh d O % ? i +{, ? O . %/ ;{ A Q 1 Wrpdprv od uhfwd | @ O/ uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ vh wlhqh txh d phglgd txh { vh dfhufd do lqqlwr i vh dfhufd d hvwd uhfwd frpr od jxud1
Dvlqwrwdv Krul}rqwdohv
Dvqwrwdv
n n 3 olp w olp @3 w$4 h w$4 4 . w
Dvqwrwd Krul}rqwdo
6:5
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hq ho fdvr gh olp{$ 4 i +{, @ O rfxuuh or plvpr sdud ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq grplqlr txh frqwhqjd lqwhuydor gh od irupd ` 4> Q `/ |d txh Hq od jxud vljxlhqwh vh loxvwud hvwd vlwxdflq +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+{ ? Q , mi +{, Om ? %, +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+{ ? Q , O % ? i +{, ? O . %,
Dvqwrwd Krul}rqwdo Ghqlflq 816: Vhd i = D U $ U ixqflq wdo txh D frqwlhqh xq lqwhuydor gho wlsr `Q> 4^1 Gluhprv txh od uhfwd | @ O hv xqd dvqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv gh i vl Hmhpsor 79: Fdofxoh odv dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh i +{, @ olp i +{, @ O {$4 r elhq olp i +{, @ O {$ 4
Hmhpsor 79; Fdofxoh odv dvqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv gh i +{, @ Vroxflq=
Frpr olp{$4 i +{, @ : > |@: > hv xqd dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo1 7 7 : > | @ vh rewlhqh od plvpd dvqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv1 Frpr olp{$ 4 i +{, @ : 7 7 s 8 5{5 . 7 {.6
:{5 . 8{ 7{5 . 5{ 7
t s 7 8 4. { s 5 8 5.3 olp i +{, @ olp @ @8 5 { .6 {$4 {$4 4.3 {
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG s oxhjr | @ 8 5 hv xqd dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo1 olp i +{, @ olp {$4 {$4
6:6
s m,1 +Uhfxhugh txh {5 @ m{ s Sru or wdqwr | @ 8 5 hv rwud dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo1 Dkrud hvwxglduhprv oplwhv txh ydq d lqqlwr/ frpr hv ho fdvr gh 4 olp {$3 m{m r olp {$< m{ 4 <m
t 7 8 4. { 5 @ {.6 {
s 8 5.3 @ 4.3
s 8 5
Ghqlflq 816;
4, Gluhprv txh ho oplwhv gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s hv lqqlwrv +| or ghqrwdprv sru olp{$s i +{, @ 4, vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr/ Y4>Q / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh Kdflhqgr od wudgxfflq gh odv yhflqgdghv whqhprv Hq irupd dqdorjdphqwh vh wlhqh i +Ys> , Y4> %
olp i +{, @ 4 +, +;Q ,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ {$s
sm ? a { 5 Grpi , i +{, A Q ,
5, Gluhprv txh ho oplwhv gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s hv phqrv lqqlwrv +| or ghqrwdprv sru olp{$s i +{, @ 4, vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh phqrv lqqlwrv Y 4>Q h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh Kdflhqgr od wudgxfflq gh odv yhflqgdghv whqhprv Hmhpsor 79< Ghprvwuhprv txh i +Ys> , Y
4> %
olp i +{, @ 4 +, +;Q ,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ {$s
hv ghflu/
Vhd Q 5 U. / hqwrqfhv sru surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd whqhprv h{lvwh P 5 Q wdo txh Q ? P 1 4 / oxhjr vl Vhd @ P 4 4 3 ? m{m ? , Q ? P @ ? @ i +{, m{m +;Q ,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ 4 3m ? , Q ? i +{,, <m
4 olp @4 {$3 m{m
sm ? a { 5 Grpi , i +{, ? Q ,
Hmhpsor 7:3 Fdofxohprv Vroxflq= Vhd x @ {
</ dv vl { $ < vh wlhqh txh x $ 3 sru or wdqwr olp {$< m{ 4 4 @ olp <m x$3 mxm
olp {$< m{
Hvwh owlpr oplwh hv 4 sru hmhpsor dqwhulru Revhuydflq= Uhfxhugh vl m{m ? 4 hqwrqfhv m{mn ? m{m> ;n 41 Gh hvwd irupd vl m{m ? 4 hqwrqfhv 4 4 m{m ? m{mn 1
6:7 Hmhpsor 7:4 Fdofxoh
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq=
l, lll,
4 olp{$3 m{ n> n 4 m4 olp{$3 { n > n lpsdu
ll, ly,
olp{$3 m{ 4smn > n 4 olp{$3 +{ 4s,n > n lpsdu 4
4 4 4 l, olp{$3 m{ m @ 4 | frpr m{m m{mn vl m{m ? 4 | n 4/ vh wlhqh
ll, Wrpdqgr x @ { lll, Gdgr
d/ vh wlhqh
4 olp @4 {$3 m{mn 4 smn
Q 5 U > Q 5 U. h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh
olp {$s m{
4 @ olp x$3 mxmn 4 AQ m{m
Dv Sru or wdqwr Gdgr
3 9@ m{m ? , ?{?3,
4 AQ {
Q 5 U > < A 3 wdo txh
4 ?{?3, { ?
4 4 Frpr { n ? { vl
4 ? { ? 3/ n lpsdu/ vh wlhqh
4 @ 4 olp {$3 {
Q / hv ghflu/
ly,
4 olp n @ {$3 { 4
4 4
Whruhpd 816< Vl olp{$s i +{, @ 4 | olp{$s j+{, @ > 5 U vh wlhqh 51 Sdud A 3 41 olp{$s +i . j,+{, @ 4 61 Sdud ? 3 olp +ij ,+{, @ 4 {$s olp +i j,+{, @ 4 {$s i olp +{, @ 4 {$s j
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv d|xgdu d fdofxodu dojxqrv oplwhv1
Frpr 4 / 4 qr vrq qphurv uhdohv/ qr vh sxhgh xwlol}du ho dojheud gh oplwhv |d txh qr wlhqh vhqwlgr h{suhvlrqhv gho wlsr 6 . 4/ 4 4/ 7 41
olp {$s +{
s,n
4 @ olp n @ x$3 x
j +{, @ 3 71 olp{$s i
i olp +{, @ 4 {$s j
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG Ghprvwudflq= +7, Vhd srvlwlyr/ frpr olp{$s j+{, @ +; % A 3,+< j A 3,+3 ? m{
.
6:8
Sru rwur odgr/ frpr olp{$s i +{, @ 4/ sdud wrgr Qi 5 U h{lvwh i wdo txh 4 4 A =, 3 ? m{ sm ? i a { 5 Grpi , i +{, A Qi + oxhjr Qi i +{, Vhd @ plqi j > i j hqwrqfhv ;{ 5 Grpj@i a 3 ? m{ sm ? ,
sm ? a { 5 Grpj ,
% ? j +{, ? . %,
j+{, . % i +{, Qi Dv/ wrpdqgr Qi vxflhqwhphqwh judqgh vh rewlhqh or uhtxhulgr1 Hv dqdorjdod ghprvwudflq sdud ho fdvr ? 31 Revhuydflq= Ho whruhpd dqwhulru vljxh vlhqgr yolgr sdud oplwhv odwhudohv1 Hmhpsor 7:5 Fdofxohprv {5 . 7 olp 5 {$5 m{ 7m
{5 .7 @ 51 Sru whruhpd dqwhulru sduwh +5, whqhprv Vroxflq= olp{$5 m{ 4 5m @ 4 | olp{$5 m {.5m
olp Dvqwrwdv Yhuwlfdohv {5 . 7 @4 m{5 7m
Ghqlflq 8173 Vhd i ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s vdoyr hq s1 Gluhprv txh i wlhqh frpr dvqwrwd yhuwlfdo d od uhfwd s vl olp i +{, @ 4 {$s. olp i +{, @ 4 {$s r r olp i +{, @ 4 {$s. olp i +{, @ 4 {$s
yhu jxud
Frpr olp{$5. i +{, @ 4/ olp{$5 i +{, @ 4/ olp{$ 7 i +{, @ 4 | olp{$ 7. i +{, @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh odv uhfwdv { @ 5 | { @ 7 vrq dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv1 Sru rwud sduwh/ frpr olp{$4 i +{, @ 8 | olp{$ 4 i +{, @ 8 vh frqfox|h txh i +{, wlhqh frpr dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo d od uhfwd | @ 81
5 .8 Hmhpsor 7:6 Vhd i +{, @ +{ 8{ 5,+{.7,
6:9
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Ghqlflq 8174 Vhd i frq grplqlr txh frqwhqjd d xq lqwhuydor gho wlsr `q> 4^ r ` od uhfwd | @ d{ . e hv xqd dvqwrwd reolfxd gh i vl olp mi +{, {$4 d{ em @ 3 r> olp mi +{, {$ 4 d{ em @ 3
81:17
Rwudv dvqwrwdv
4> Q ^1 Gluhprv txh
Dvlqwrwdv Reolfxdv
Vroxflq=
5 {.: Hmhpsor 7:7 Vhd i +{, @ 6{ { 43 / pxhvwuh txh | @ 6{ . 5 hv xqd dvqwrwd reolfxd 7
olp mi +{, {$4 6{ 5m @ @ olp m {$4 olp m {$4 6{5 6{5 48 43{ . : 7 43{ . : 6{ 5m
Vroxflq= mi +{,
Hmhpsor 7:8 Vhd i +{, @ 6{ . 8 . 7h{ Ghwhuplqh wrgdv odv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv d{ em @ m6{ . 8 . 7h{ d{ 6{ olp mi +{, {$ 4 8m @ olp m7h{ m @ 3= {$ 4
olp m {$4 {
m@3
6{5 . 45{ { 7
5{ . ;
em1 Vl d @ 6 | e @ 8 whqhprv txh
Sdud srghu frpsuredu txh qr kd| pv dvqwrwdv qhfhvlwdprv od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflq
Sursrvlflq 8175 Vhd i xqd ixqflq wdo txh ho grplqlr gh i frqwlhqh d xq frqmxqwr gho wlsr `Q> 4^ r ` 4> Q ^ hqwrqfhv Od uhfwd | @ d{ . e hv xqd dvqwrwd gh i vl | vor vl i +{, @ d | olp i +{, olp {$ 4 { {$ 4 d{ @ e
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
6::
: .5.vhq 4
5 Hmhpsor 7:9 Vhd i +{, @ 8{
{ Vroxflq= mi +{, +8{ 5,m @ m vhq { 4 m1 vhq { vhq { Frpr olp{$4 m { 4 m @ 3 | olp{$4 m +{ 4, m @ 3 vh wlhqh txh | @ 8{
5 Hmhpsor 7:: Pxhvwuh txh odv dvqwrwdv gh od klsuerodv | e5
{ {
{ / Pxhvwuh txh | @ 8{
5 hv xqd dvqwrwdv reolfxd1 5 hv xqd dvqwrwd reolfxd
Vroxflq= Xqd gh odv ixqflrqhv gh od klsuerod fruuhvsrqgh d ho dod vxshulru u {5 | @e 4. 5 d m| u e {5 e {m @ me 4 . 5 {m d d d u {5 { @ em 4 . 5 m d d 5 5 4 . {5 { d5 @ et d 5 { m 4. { d5 . d m e @ t 5 { m 4. { d5 . d m
{5 @ 4 vrq | @ e { / | @ d5 d
e d {1
e {m @ 3 vh wlhqh txh | @ e { hv xqd dvqwrwd reolfxd1 Frpr olp{$4 m| d d Ho oplwh fxdqgr { $ 4 qrv g od plvpd dv qwrwd Od rwud ixqflq +dod lqihulru, qrv g od rwud dvqwrwd/ |d txh hq hvwh fdvr u {5 | @ e 4. 5 d
e m| . {m @ m d {5 e e 4 . 5 . {m d d u {5 { @ em 4 . 5 m d d 5 {5 4 . {5 d5 @ et d 5 { { m 4 . d5 . d m e @ t 5 { m 4. { d5 . d m @ 31 u
Judfdflq
e {m @ e olp Dv/ olp{$4 m| . d {$4
4 4.
{5 . { d5 d
Sdud judfdu i qhfhvlwdprv kdfhu orv vljxlhqwhv sdvrv 51 Fdofxodu sxqwrv fuwlfrv +grqgh i 3 qr h{lvwh r grqgh i 3 vh dqxod, 41 Frqrfhu ho grplqlr gh i 1
61 Ghwhuplqdu orv lqwhuydorv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr +vljqr gh i 3 ,1
6:; 71 Ghwhuplqdu grqgh i % qr h{lvwh r grqgh i % vh dqxod1 4,1 p{
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
91 Dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv +hqfrqwudu d wdo txh olp{$d i +{, @ :1 Dvqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv +olp{$ ;1 Dvqwrwdv Reolfxdv +hqfrqwudu p | e wdo txh olp{$ 6{5
81 Ghwhuplqdu od frqfdylgdg gh i +vljqr gh i %,
4 i +{, @ O,1
7 {6 Hmhpsor 7:; Judtxh i +{, @ { . 9 45
4 mi +{,
em @ 3,1
Od ghulydgd gh sulphu rughq gh i hv= i 3 +{, @ {6 {5 . 6 5 { 9{ @ +{ 6
Od ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq i hv=
s 6 . 6 66 ,+{ 7 9 @ +{ . 0 ( ^ 3 3 5,+{ . 6, 0 0 ) _ 5 3 0 . ) _
s 6 66 , 7
i %+{, @ {5 . { { i 3 +{, i %+{, i +{, i +{, 0 . ) ^

6
3 .
7
66
Dvl whqhprv od vljxlhqwh jufd
. . ( ^
6 . 3
6.6 7
3 .
66
. . ( ^
y 625
500
375
250
125 0 -10 -5 0 5 x 10
7 {6 i +{, @ { . 9 45 5 8 Hmhpsor 7:< Judtxh i +{, @ 6{ {.7

Vroxflq= i 3 +{, @ 6
6+
6{5
s45< s45< . 6 .7,+{5 6 .7, | i %+{, @ ;9 6 1 +{ 7, +{.7,

{ i 3 +{, i %+{, i +{, i +{, 0 .
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s
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81:1 FRQFDYLGDG dvl whqhprv od vljxlhqwh jufd
6:<
{5 8 i +{, @ 6{ .7
Hmhuflflr 7;3 Judfdu Vroxflq= | @ {h{
51 Lqwhufhswrv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv Vl { @ 3 hqwrqfhv | @ 31 Vl | @ 3 hqwrqfhv 3 @ {h{ gh grqgh { @ 3/ oxhjr ho qlfr sxqwr lqwhufhswr frq orv hmhv hv S +3> 3,1 | 3 @ i 3 +{, @ h{ . {h{ @ h{ +4 . {, Sxhvwr txh h{ A 3> ;{ 5 U hqwrqfhv
41 Grpi @ U
61 Lqwhuydor gh fuhflplhqwr | lqwhuydor gh ghfuhflplhqwr1
oxhjr i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq `
i 3 +{, A 3 +, 4 . { A 3 +, { A 0 . 0 ) 4 3 . 3 . . . (
4> 4^1 hvwr vh uhvxphq hq od vljxlhqwh wdeod1
71 P{lpr |2r Pqlpr
4.{ h{ 3 i +{, i +{,
81 Frqfdylgdg/ frqyh{lgdg | sxqwr gh lq h{lq
Ho sxqwr pqlpr hv Splq @ + 4> i + 4,, @ + 4> h4 ,1 Revhuydu txh i qr wlhqh p{lpr1
Sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd sdud p{lpr | pqlpr uhodwlyrv vh wlhqh txh i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq { @ 4 +txh hq hvwh fdvr wdpelq hv devroxwr,
| 33 @ i 33 +{, @ h{ . +4 . {,h{ @ +5 . {,h{
6;3 Hq hvwh fdvr i 33 hv srvlwlyd hq ho lqwhuydor ` wdeod vljxlhqwh 5.{ h{ 33 i +{, i +{, 5> 4^ | qhjdwlyd hq ` 0 . 0 _ 5 3 . 3 . . . ^
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD 4> 5^1 Hvwr vh uhvxphq hq od
gh grqgh i hv frqfdyd hq ` gh lq h{lq gh i 1 91 Dvqwrwdv
4> 5^ | frqyh{d hq `
Slqi @ + 5> i + 5,,
5> 4^1 dghpv ho sxqwr + 5> i + 5,, hv xq sxqwr
Sxhvwr txh i hvw ghqlgd hq wrgr U/ hv fodur txh i qr wlhqh dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv1 Ghwhuplqdu odv srvleohv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv x krul}rqwdohv1 Vhd | @ p{ . e sdud { A 3
oxhjr qr h{lvwh dvqwrwdv sdud { A 31 Vhd | @ p{ . e sdud { ? 31
i +{, {h{ @ olp @ olp h{ @ 4 p @ olp {$4 { {$4 { {$4
Sru or wdqwr p @ 3
i +{, {h{ p @ olp @ olp @ olp h{ @ 3 {$ 4 { {$ 4 { {$ 4
{ e @ olp i +{, p{ @ olp {h{ @ olp {$ 4 {$ 4 {$ 4 h { shur olp{$ 4 { @ 4 | olp{$4 h { @ 41 oxhjr olp{$ 4 h {{ hv gh od irupd 4 4 1 Dsolfdqgr O*Krslwdo { 4 olp @ olp @3 {$ 4 h { {$ 4 h {
Sru or wdqwr | @ 3 hv xqd dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo sdud { ? 31 Frq wrgd hvwd lqirupdflq/ srghprv kdfhu xq hver}r gh od jufd gh | @ {h{ 1+yhu jxud ,
0 -5 -3.75 -2.5 -1.25 0 x
i +{, @ {h{
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG Hmhuflflr 7;4 Frqvlghuh 41 Ghwhuplqh Grpi 1 51 Fdofxoh olp{$3. { 4 @ h{ oq i +{, @ 4 . {
6;4
+4.4
@{,
{, 61 Fdofxoh p @ olp{$4 i + {
81 Fdofxoh olp{$ Vroxflq= 71 Fdofxoh e @ olp{$4 i +{, 91 Judtxh | @ i +{,/
4
i +{,
4 A3j 41 Grpi @ i{ 5 U m 4 . {
4.
51 Ghwhuplqhprv fxdo hv ho frpsruwdplhqwr gh i fhufd gh 3 olp i +{, @ olp. h{ oq+4.4@{, {$3. {$3 @ holp{$3. { oq+4.4@{, olp { oq+4 . 4@{, @ olp. {$3. {$3 oq+4 . 4@{, 4@{ oq+4 . 4@{, 4@{
oxhjr Grpi @ U
^ 4> 3`1
4 4.{ A 3 +, A 3 +, { 5` { {
4> 4^^`3> 4^
shur
| hvwh owlpr oplwh hv gh od irupd
4 / oxhjr dsolfdqgr O*Krslwdo vh wlhqh 4

@ @ olp {$3.
4 +4.4
olp {$3.
61 Dvqwrwdv1
Sru or wdqwr olp{$3. i +{, @ h3 1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh vl { wlhqgh d 3 sru od ghuhfkd/ od lpdjhqhv gh i +{, wlhqghq d 41 i +{, +4 . 4@{,{ p @ olp @ olp {$4 { {$4 { olp x+4 . x,4@x x$3. @ olp. x olp. +4 . x,4@x x$3 x$3 @ 3 h@3 @
{ olp @3 {$3. 4 . {
@{, {5 4 {5
Vhd x @ 4@{/ vl { $ 4 hqwrqfhv x $ 3. olp {$4
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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+ ,
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4 i {{
| e @ olp{$
4 i +{, @ h1
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4
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shur olp{$
{ oq+4 . 4@{, @ 4 sxhv/ olp{$

4
${ oq+4 . 4@{, @ 4
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4 | olp{$
+4 . 4@{, @
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4 +fxdqgr { wlhqgh d
4 sru od l}txlhugd/
91 Gh od jufd gh | @ i 3 +{, vh revhuyd txh i 3 +{, A 3 hq ` 4> 4^ | hq `3> 4^/ oxhjr i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq hvwrv lqwhuydorv1 Dghpv i 3 hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 4^ | ghfuhflhqwh hq`3> 4^/ dv i %+{, A 3 hq ` 4> 4^ | i %+{, ? 3 hq `3> 4^ Sru or wdqwr i hv frqyh{d hq ` 4> 4^ | frqfdyd hq `3> 4^1 Hq uhvxphq vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh wdeod i3 i% i . . ( ^ 4 < 2 < 2 3 . 0 ( _
Frqvlghudqgr wrgd od lqirupdflq rewhqlgd/ rewhqhprv od jufd gh | @ i +{, +yhu jxud,
Hmhuflflr 7;5 Vhd i xqd ixqflq wdo txh od jufd gh i 3 hv
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Od h{suhvlq gdgd sdud g+S4 > S5 , hv ho uhvxowdgr gh dsolfdu ho whruhpd gh Slwjrudv do wulqjxor S4 T S5 gh od jxud ghuhfkd/ |d txh reyldphqwh od glvwdqfld hqwuh S4 | S5 fruuhvsrqgh d od klsrwhqxvd gh hvwh wulqjxor1 Wudvodgdqgr sdudohodphqwh TS5 do hmh R[ vh wlhqh txh ho odgr TS5 plgh TS5 @ md fm | wudvodgdqgr sdudohodphqwh ho odgr TS4 do hmh R\ vh wlhqh txh hvwh plgh TS4 @ me gm1 Dv/ xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh Slwjrudv vh wlhqh txh od glvwdqfld g+S4 > S5 , vdwlvidfh r htxlydohqwhphqwh r elhq S4 S5
5
@ TS5
. TS4
g+S4 > S5 , @ s +43
+g+S4 > S5 ,,5 @ md s +d
f,5 . +e
fm5 . me
gm5
g,5 s 433 @ 43
Hmhpsor 7<7 Fdofxohprv od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv sxqwrv S4 @ +43> 7, | S5 @ +5> 5,= g+S4 > S5 , @ Revhuydflq= devroxwr= 5,5 . +7 + 5,,5 @ Hv frqyhqlhqwh qrwdu txh od ixqflq glvwdqfld wlhqh odv surslhgdghv evlfdv gh ydoru
d, Vlphwud= Sdud wrgr sdu gh sxqwrv S4 > S5 5 U5
g+S4 > S5 , @ g+S5 > S4 ,
e, Ghvljxdogdg wuldqjxodu= Sdud wrgr wur gh sxqwrv S4 > S5 > S6 5 U5 vh wlhqh f, Vhd S4 > S5 5 U5 hqwrqfhv g+S4 > S6 , g+S4 > S5 , . g+S5 > S6 , g+S4 > S5 , @ 3 +, S4 @ S5 s +d
Hmhuflflr 7<8 Yhultxh odv surslhgdghv +d, / +e, | +f, Vroxflq= +d, | +e, txhgdq sdud ho ohfwru1 +f, +,, Vhdq S4 @ +d> e, | S5 @ +f> g, 5 U5 grv sxqwrv duelwudulrv | vhd g+S4 > S5 , @ 3/ dv sru or wdqwr +d f,5 @ 3 a +e g,5 @ 31 Gh dtxvh wlhqh d @ f a e @ f/ hv ghflu/ +d> e, @ +f> g, S4 @ S5 g+S4 > S5 , @ f,5 . +e g,5 @ 3
+f,++, Vl S4 @ S5 > g+S4 > S5 , @ 3 wulyldophqwh
6<7
DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUD DQDOWLFD Od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho sxqwr +d> e, | od uhfwd D{ . E| . F @ 3 hv mDd . Ee . F m s D5 . E 5
Ho qjxor hqwuh odv uhfwdv D{ . E| . F @ 3/ G{ . H| . I @ 3 hvw gdgr sru wj @ Dvhoodv vrq sdudohodv vl | vor vl r hoodv vrq shushqglfxoduhv vl | vor vl DH DH GE DG . EH GE @ 3 EH
Vl odv shqglhqwhv gh odv uhfwdv vrq p4 | p5 uhvshfwlydphqwh vh whqgu txh ho qjxor hqwuh hoodv hvw gdgr sru p5 p4 wj @ 4 . p4 p5 Odv uhfwdv vhuq sdudohodv vl p4 @ p5 | shushqglfxoduhv vl p4 p5 @ 4
DG @
E17
E1714
Fqlfdv
Vhd S @ +k> n, 5 U5 | u A 3 dperv mrv/ vh ghqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur +k> n, | udglr u frpr ho frqmxqwr gh sxqwrv +{> | , gh U5 txh hvwq d od glvwdqfld u gho sxqwr S / hv ghflu/ Frpr vh wlhqh txh F @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = g++{> |,> S , @ uj= s +{ k,5 . +|
Flufxqihuhqfld
g++{> | ,> S , @ u hv htxlydohqwh d F @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = +{ +{
n,5 @ u>
Gh hvwd irupd/ od hfxdflq txh ghqh d od flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur +k> n, | udglr u hv k,5 . +| n,5 @ u5
k,5 . +|
n,5 @ u5 j
|/ phgldqwh od uhvroxflq gh orv elqrplrv fxdguwlfrv vh sxhgh oohydu d xqd h{suhvlq frpr od vljxlhqwh {5 . D{ . | 5 . E| . F @ 3
+E14, +E15,
Od suhjxqwd qdwxudo hv= BcVh sxhgh vlhpsuh hvfulelu xqd h{suhvlq fxdguwlfd gho wlsr E15 frpr E14B \d txh hq hvh fdvr od h{suhvlq gdgd uhsuhvhqwd xqd flufxqihuhqfld E14/ | shuplwh vdehu frq suhflvlq vx fhqwur | vx udglr1 Hmhpsor 7<9 Yhdprv sdud tx ydoruhv gh f od hfxdflq hv xqd flufxqihuhqfld | sdud hvrv f +dsursldgrv,/ ghwhuplqhprv ho udglr | ho fhqwur fruuhvsrqglhqwh1 6{5 . 9{ . 6| 5 . 75| . f @ 3 +E16,
E171 FQLFDV
6<8
Vroxflq= Sdud hvfulelu E16 frpr od hfxdflq E14 qhfhvlwdprv frpsohwdu fxdgudgr/ hv ghflu/ xvdu ho surgxfwr qrwdeoh +d . e,5 @ d5 . 5de . e5 1 Djuhjdqgr fhurv dvwxwrv +vxpdqgr | uhvwdqgr ho plvpr qphur, whqhprv txh Sru or wdqwr od hfxdflq gh qxhvwur sureohpd hv htxlydohqwh d 6+{ . 4,5 . 6+| . :,5 +{ . 4, . +| . :,
5 5
6{5 . 9{ . 6| 5 . 75| . f @ 6+{5 . 5{ . 6{5 . 9{ . 6| 5 . 75| . f @ 6+{ . 4,5
, . 6+| 5 . 47| .
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6 . 6+| . :,5 f
6 7< . f
f vhd u5 ghehprv h{ljlu txh 83 f vhd srvlwlyr1 Dvf gheh fxpsolu 483 A f Frpr txhuhprv txh 83 6 6 s f1 | hq hvh fdvr od hfxdflq E16 wlhqh frpr jufr d od flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur + 4> :, | udglr 83 6
@ 47: . 6 f @ 83 6
Vhd O xqd uhfwd gh U5 | I xq sxqwr gh U5 qr shuwhqhflhqwh d O1 Xqd sduerod S +jxud K l}txlhugd, hv od uhodflq gh U5 ghqlgd frpr vljxh= Hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv gh U5 txh htxlglvwdq gh xq sxqwr mr I oodpdgr irfr | xqd uhfwd md O oodpdgd gluhfwul}%/ hv ghflu/ S @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = g++{> |,> I , @ glvwdqfld gh +{> |, d od uhfwd O j
E1715
Sduerod
Dv/ od sduerod txhgd ghqlgd sru od hfxdflq r elhq +{
Hq ho fdvr +gh od jxud K fhqwudo, txh ho irfr vhd I @ +3> s, | od uhfwd O hv | @ s/ S vh uhgxfh d s s S @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +{ 3,5 . +| s,5 @ +{ {,5 . +| . s,5 j 3,5 . +| s,5 @ +| . s,5
Iljxud K
Frpr vh yh hq odv jxudv K/ od sduerod hv vlpwulfd uhvshfwr d xqd uhfwd shushqglfxodu d od gluhfwul}/ oodpdgr hmh gh od sduerod1 Ho sxqwr gh fruwh gh od sduerod frq hvwh hmh vh oodpd yuwlfh gh od sduerod1
Vl vh wrpd irfr I @ +s> 3, | od uhfwd O/ od yhuwlfdo { @ jxud K ghuhfkd |5 @ 7s{
{5 @ 7s|
s vh rewlhqh od hfxdflq gh od sduerod gh od
6<9
DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUD DQDOWLFD Vxsrqjdprv txh ho yuwlfh gh od sduerod wlhqh frrughqdgdv Y @ +k> n,/ odv h{suhvlrqhv +{ +| k,5 n,5 @ 7s+| @ 7s+{ n, k,
uhsuhvhqwdq sduerodv1 Sdud yhulfduor edvwd shqvdu hq xq vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv/ wudvodflq gho dqwhulru/ txh fxpsod |d txh hq hvwh qxhyr vlvwhpd/ odv hfxdflrqhv E17 | E18 vh uhgxfhq d= x@{ k y@| n
+E17, +E18,
uhvshfwlydphqwh/ txh vrq fodudphqwh sduerodv hq ho vlvwhpd frq hmhv RX | RY 1 Kdflhqgr odv wudvodflrqhv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv/ vh wlhqh txh od sduerod E17 wlhqh gluhfwul} frq hfxdflq | @ n s | yuwlfh Y @ +k> n,1 Dqorjdphqwh vh wlhqh txh od sduerod wlhqh irfr I @ +k . s> n,/ gluhfwul} { @ k s | yuwlfh Y @ +k> n,1 Ghvduuroodqgr odv h{suhvlrqhv gh od hfxdflq +E17, vh wlhqh txh hood vh sxhgh uhgxflu d xqd hfxdflq gho wlsr D{5 . E{ . F| . G @ 3> Dqorjdphqwh vh wlhqh txh od hfxdflq +E18, vh sxhgh oohydu d xqd hfxdflq gho wlsr D| 5 . E| . F{ . G @ 3 +| n,5 @ 7s+{ k,
x5 @ 7sy
y 5 @ 7sx
Hmhpsor 7<: Yhdprv vl od hfxdflq uhsuhvhqwd xqd sduerod1 Frpr
Gh hvwd irupd vh sxhgh ghflu txh xqd hfxdflq fxdguwlfd hq od yduldeoh { | olqhdo hq od yduldeoh | sxhgh whqhu frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq xqd sduerod fx|r hmh gh vlphwud hv sdudohor do hmh R\ 1 Od owlpd hfxdflq srgud uhsuhvhqwdu xqd sduerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R[ 1 5{5 9{ . 7 |@3
Vhd I4 > I5 grv sxqwrv gho sodqr1 Xqd holsvh frq irfr I4 | I5 hv od uhodflq ghqlgd frpr ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv gho sodqr wdohv txh od vxpd gh odv glvwdqfldv gh o d orv sxqwrv irfrv vhd frqvwdqwh%1 Vl S @ +{> |, hv xq sxqwr gh od holsvh vh wlhqh txh g++{> | ,> I4 , . g++{> | ,> I5 , @ 5n
E1716
> srghprv ghflu txh hv xqd sduerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R\ 1 frq yuwlfh + 6 5 8 , | od uhfwd gluhfwul} frq hfxdflq | @ 1 s@ 4 ; ;
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4 5
,/ irfr + 6 > 5
6 ;
, +|d txh
Holsvh
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6<:
r htxlydohqwhphqwh | frpr n5
|5 {5 . @4 n5 n5 s5 s5 A 3 vh sxhgh hvfulelu hvwd owlpd frpr {5 | 5 . 5 @4 d5 e
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6<;
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s 3> <9: frpr h @ d
s 3> 8;:
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s 3> <9:d 3> <9:+s . 3> 8;:, s 3> <9:s . 3> 89; d . s 4:> ; . 4:> 5 68XD
or txh ixh srvleoh ghwhuplqdu frqrflhqgr od glvwdqfld pqlpd | od h{fhqwulflgdg gh vx uelwd Vhdq I4 I5 grv sxqwrv gh U5 Xqd klsuerod K hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv +{> |, gho sodqr wdohv txh od glihuhqfld gh vxv glvwdqfld d orv sxqwrv mrv I4 | I5 / oodpdgrv irfrv/ hv xqd frqvwdqwh%1 Gh hvwd irupd Sdud hqfrqwudu odv irupdv pv vlpsoh gh od hfxdflq gh xqd klsuerod wrphprv irfrv I4 @ +s> 3,> I5 @ + s> 3, | od frqvwdqwh ljxdo d 5d +fodudphqwh d ? s,1 Dvod hfxdflq gh hvwd klsuerod hvw gdgd sru s m +{ mg++{> | ,> I4 , g++{> | ,> I5 ,m @ 5d s s,5 . +| 3,5 +{ . s,5 . +| 3,5 @ 5d {5 d5 |5 K @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = mg+I4 > +{> | ,, g+I5 > +{> |,,m @ frqvwdqwhj
E1717
Klsuerod
holplqdqgr odv udfhv vh sxhgh oohjd d od h{suhvlq
{5 | 5 @4 +E1:, d5 e5 Sru orv wuplqrv fxdguwlfrv srghprv qrwdu txh od klsuerod hv vlpwulfd frq uhvshfwr d dperv hmhv> orv sxqwrv Y4 @ +d> 3, | Y5 @ + d> 3, vrq orv yuwlfhv gh od klsuerod/ ho ydoru e txh vdwlvidfh
e { +jxud 0d,1 qrv vluyh sdud fdofxodu odv dvqwrwdv gh od klsuerod | @ d Od klsuerod | 5 {5 @4 e5 d5
5 XD
Ghqrwdqgr e5 @ s5
d5 vh wlhqh
d5
@4
s5 @ d5 . e5
' bf fff fff

= =
N p1
E171 FQLFDV
6<<
s wlhqh vxv irfrv | vxv yuwlfhv hq ho hmh R\ +jxud 0e, +Y4 @ +3> e,/ Y5 @ +3> e,/ I4 @ +3> e5 . d5 ,/ s e5 . d5 ,,1 I5 @ +3>
Od s klsuerod gdgd hq E1: swlhqh vxv yuwlfhv | irfrv hq ho hmh R[ vlhqgr hvwrv Y4 @ +d> 3,/ Y5 @ + d> 3,/ e5 . d5 > 3, I4 @ + e5 . d5 > 3,/ I5 @ + Od hfxdflq +{ k,5 +| n,5 @4 d5 e5 wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd xqd klsuerod frq= Fhqwur +k> n, / yuwlfh | irfrv hq hmh R[ +|d txh od srwhqfld fxdguwlfd gh | hv qhjdwlyd, Yuwlfhv= Irfrv= Hfxdflrqhv gh dvqwrwdv= H{fhqwulflgdg= Hfxdflrqhv gh gluhfwulfhv= Y4 @ +k . d> s n,> Y5 @ +k d> n, s I4 @ +k . d5 . e5 > n,> I5 @ +k d5 . e5 > n, e e | n d +{ k, | n @ d +{ k, s@ 5 5 h @ d d.e { k@ d { k@ d h h +| n,5 +{ k,5
Iljxud
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Od hfxdflq
E1718
Xqd hfxdflq fxdguwlfd gho wlsr
Hfxdflrqhv Fxdguwlfdv | Fqlfdv
d{5 . e| 5 . 5j{ . 5i| . 5k{| . f @ 3
+E1;,
733
frq d> e> f> k> i> j frqvwdqwh +uhdohv,/ wlhqh glvwlqwdv uhsuhvhqwdflrqhv jufdv/ ghshqglhqgr gh orv ydoruhv gh odv frqvwdqwhv1 Vl e @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd sduerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R\ Vl d @ e @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd uhfwd
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Vl d @ e | k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; srgud vhu xqd flufxqihuhqfld ghshqglhqgr gho ydoru f1
Vl d @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd sduerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R[
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x 5 . 5y 5 @ 4 x5 y5 s @4 . 4 +4@ 5,5
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E171 FQLFDV
734
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733
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Ghqlflq F14 Oodpduhprv hvsdflr hxfolgldqr q0glphqvlrqdo do frqmxqwr Uq gh wrgrv orv duuhjorv rughqdgrv +q0xsodv, +{4 > {5 > {6 > > {q , gh qphurv uhdohv1 > {q , 5 Uq vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr hq Uq 1 Xq hohphqwr +{4 > {5 > {6 > > {q , @ +|4 > |5 > > |q , vl | vor vl {4 @ |4 > {5 @ |5 > Vh wlhqh txh +{4 > {5 > Uq @ i+{4 > {5 > > {q , = {l 5 U> l @ 4 qj > {q @ |q
Orv hvsdflrv U> U5 > U6 vh lghqwlfdq hq irupd qdwxudo frq od uhfwd/ ho sodqr | ho hvsdflr uhvshfwlydphqwh +yhu jxud txh vljxh,1
Ghqlflq F15 Xqd ixqflq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv frq grplqlr D/ i = D U5 $ U hv xqd fruuhvsrq0 ghqfld wdo txh sdud fdgd sdu +{> |, hq D U5 h{lvwh xq qlfr hohphqwr } 5 U wdo txh } @ i +{> | ,1 Qrwdflq= Hq irupd dqorjd/ vh ghqh ixqflq uhdo gh q0yduldeohv i =D $U
frq D Uq Revhuydflq=
41 Qrwhprv txh xqd ixqflq uhdo wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd ho frqmxqwr +r xq vxefrqmxqwr, gh orv qphurv uhdohv U1 Gluhprv txh xqd ixqflq hv xqd ixqflq frpsohmd vl ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd hv ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv frpsohmrv F r xq vxefrqmxqwr gh o/ | d xqd ixqflq od oodpduhprv ixqflq yhfwruldo vl ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd hv ho hvsdflr Up / frq p A 41 734
735
DSSHQGL[ F1 IXQFLRQHV UHDOHV GH GRV YDULDEOHV
51 Ho grplqlr Dgh xqd ixqflq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv
hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U5 / hv ghflu/ hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gho sodqr1 Sru rwud sduwh od jufd gh od ixqflq i txh vh ghqh frpr Judii @ i+x> i +x,, = x 5 D U5 j @ i+{> |> i +{> |,, = +{> | , 5 D U5 j
i =D $U
Hmhpsor 7<< Ghwhuplqhprv | judtxhprv ho grplqlr gh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq uhdo s i +{> | , @ 4 {5 | 5 = s i vhu ixqflq vl od h{suhvlq 4 {5 | 5 hvw ghqlgd hq U> oxhjr 4 {5 |5 3 gh grqgh fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd hv ho fufxor xqlwdulr +jxud , Grpi @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 4j
61 Do ljxdo txh sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vl } @ i +{> | , uhsuhvhqwd xqd ixqflq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv/ hqwrqfhv vxehqwhqghprv txh ho grplqlr gh i hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U5 sdud ho fxdo od h{suhvlq i +{> | , shuwhqhfh d U1
Dv/ od jufd gh i hvw hq ho hvsdflr wulglphqvlrqdo | vh ghqrplqd Vxshuflh/ d glihuhqfld gh xqd ixqflq uhdo gh xqd yduldeoh fx|d jufd hvw hq U5 | vh ghqrplqd fxuyd hq ho sodqr1
hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U6
Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh odv lpjhqhv gh hvwd ixqflq shuwhqhfhq do frqmxqwr oodpdgr Uhfruulgr gh i / ho fxdo hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U
Iljxud
736 Ho uhfruulgr hvw irupdgr sru orv ydoruhv uhdohv txh wrpd } @ i +{> | , frq +{> | , 5 Grpi / hv ghflu/ s Dvsru hmhpsor> vl } @ 4 {5 |5 hqwrqfhv } wrpd ydoruhv uhdohv qr qhjdwlyrv/ hv ghflu/ } 31 Dghpv/ hohydqgr do fxdgudgr whqhprv txh hv htxlydohqwh d shur {5 . | 5 3/ oxhjr 4 Sru or wdqwr Dv/ } 5 3 | } 31 }5 @ 4 {5 |5 }5 Uhfi @ ii +{> | , 5 U = +{> |, 5 Grpi j
{5 . | 5 @ 4
Qr vlhpsuh hv iflo ghwhuplqdu ho uhfruulgr gh xqd ixqflq gh grv r pv yduldeohv | hq od pd|rud gh orv fdvrv/ ghvsxv gh kdehu judfdgr od ixqflq hq U6 / vh revhuyd sdud tx ydoruhv gh } h{lvwhq suhlpdjhq+hv, +hvwr hv sur|hfwdqgr od jufd gh i vreuh ho hmh } ,1 Hmhuflflr 833 Ghwhuplqdu | judfdu orv grplqlrv gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv1
| 4, i +{> |, @ { {5 .|5 {| 5, j+{> |, @ {5 |5 s 7 {5 | 6, k+{> |, @ s 7{5 . | 5 49 7, m +{> |, @
5 5
Uhfi @ ii +{> | , = +{> |, 5 Grpi j @ ^3> 4`
3}4
Vroxflq=
s 8, n+{> | , @ {| 9, o+{> | , @ oq+7 m{ . | m, s :, s+{> | , @ s m{m m|m +4.7{,+4.9| , ;, t +{> | , @ 5{.6|
61 Grpk @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = | 7 81 Grpn
51 Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5
41 Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 9@ 3j @ U5 | 5 9@ 3j {5 j
i+3> 3,j
5 5 .| 4j 71 Grpm @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = { 7 49
:1 Grps @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = m{m A m| mj @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = m{m ? | ? m{mj
91 Grpo @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = m{ . | m ? 7j @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = 7 ? { . | ? 7j
@ i+{> | , 5 U5 = {| 3j @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = +{ 3 a | 3, b +{ 3 a | 3,j @ +^3> 4^ ^3> 4^, ^ +` 4> 3` ` 4> 3`,
;1 Grpt @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = +4 . 7{,+4 . 9| , 3 a 5{ . 6| 9@ 3j
+Yhu odv jufdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv gh odv 9 owlpdv hq odv jxudv txh vljxhq,1
737
F141 JUILFD GH IXQFLRQHV UHDOHV GH GRV YDULDEOHV Hmhuflflr 834 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq
738
Judtxh Grpi 1 {| 4 hvwdu ghqlgd hq U vl { Vroxflq= Od h{suhvlq m { 4m m{ 4m 3/ oxhjr {| 4 3 gh grqgh fx|d jufd hvwd do odgr l}txlhugr gh jxud >
i = D U5 +{> | ,
$ U. {| $ i +{> | , @ m {
4 4
m
4 4
Grpi @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = {|
{| 4 9@ 3/ dghpv i +{> | , 5 U. vl m {
3/ shur
4 3 a { 9@ 4j
Hmhuflflr 835 Frqvlghuh
Iljxud j = D U5 +{> | , $ ^4> 4^ .| $ 5{ {5
Judtxh Grpj .| Vroxflq= Grpj @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = { 9@ 3 a 5{ {5 5 ^4> 4^j
Sru or wdqwr
fx|d jufd hvwd do odgr ghuhfkr gh jxud
Grpj @ i+{> | , 5 U5 = +{
5{ . | 5{ . | 5 ^4> 4^ +, 4 {5 {5 +, 5{ . | {5 +, {5 5{ | +, +{ 4,5 | . 4
4,5 | . 4 a { 9@ 3j
F14
Lqwhqwhprv dkrud judfdu od vxshuflh
Jufd gh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv

}@ s 4 {5 |5
739
Vhd } xqd frqvwdqwh/ hv ghflu mhprv } / | yhdprv tx suhlpdjhq r suhlpjhqhv oh fruuhvsrqgh1 Hv ghflu/ vhd } wdo txh f @ } / grqgh f xqd frqvwdqwh uhdo/ oxhjr/ s 4 {5 |5 frq f 3 f@ 5 5 ,{ .| @ 4 f5 > 4 f5 3 hqwrqfhv vl f hv xqd frqvwdqwh +wdo txh 4 f5 3 | f 3,/ od hfxdflq {5 . | 5 @ 4 f5 s 4 uhsuhvhqwd xqd flufxqihuhqfld frq fhqwur hq ho ruljhq | udglr Sru hmhpsor vl f @ 3 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 4 Vl f @ 4@7 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr
4 7 3
f5 +jxud BB0d,1
@ i+{> | , 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ 4j
48
Vl f @ 4@5 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr

4 5
5 5 5 @ @ i+{> | , 5 U = { . | @
48 j 49 6 j 7
@ i+{> | , 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ 3j @ i+3> 3,j s Hq jhqhudo sdud fdgd f 5 ^3> 4` vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 4 f5 s 5 5 5 5 f @ i+{> | , 5 U = { . | @ + 4 f5 , j
4
Vl f @ 4 vh wlhqh ho sxqwr
5 5 5 @ @ i+{> | , 5 U = { . | @
Hvwdv flufxqihuhqfldv vh ghqrplqdq Fxuydv gh qlyho sdud lqglfdu txh do qlyho f +hq ho hmh } , vh hqfxhqwud od flufxqihuhqfld f +jxud QQ l}txlhugd ,1 Vl } 5 Uhfi @ ^3> 4` hqwrqfhv odv suhlpjhqhv gh } vrq orv +{> |, 5 U5 txh shuwhqhfhq d od flufxqihuhqfld {5 . | 5 @ 4 f5 grqgh } @ f Orv sxqwrv gh od vxshuflh txh uhsuhvhqwdq od jufd gh } @ i +{> | , vrq gh od irupd +{> |> i +{> | ,, frq +{> | , 5 Grpi
hv ghflu/
+{> |> f, 5 U6 wdo txh {5 . | 5 @ 4
f5 frq f 5 ^3> 4`
jxud QQ
F151 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV
73:
Hq od pd|rud gh orv fdvrv/ sdud judfdu od vxshuflh qrv edvwd glexmdu dojxqrv vxefrqmxqwrv gh Judii 1 Hq ho hmhpsor s dqwhulru qrv edvwd judfdu odv fxuydv gh qlyho +jxud QQ fhqwur, do qlyho f/ sdud rewhqhu od judfd gh } @ 4 {5 | 5 +jxud QQ0ghuhfkd,1 s Revhuydu txh od jufd gh i / hv ghflu od vxshuflh txh uhsuhvhqwd d } @ 4 {5 | 5 hv od plwdg gh od hvihud xqlwduld frq fhqwur hq ho ruljhq1 s Dqorjdphqwh/ srghprv rewhqhu odv jufdv gh odv vxshuflhv= } @ 7{5 . | 5 oodpdgd frqr hoswlfr | } @ {5 . | 5 oodpdgr sduderorlgh +jxud I,
F15
Do ljxdo txh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vh ghqh ho ojheud gh ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv +r pv yduldeohv, Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv wdo txh G @ Grpi _ Grpj 9@ !/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwhq ixqflrqhv i . j> i j> i j frq grplqlr G | od ixqflq i@j frq grplqlr i+{> | , 5 G = j +{> |, 9@ 3j grqgh 6, +i j ,+{> | , @ i +{> | , j +{> | , 5, +i 4, +i . j ,+{> | , @ i +{> | , . j +{> |, j ,+{> | , @ i +{> | , j +{> |,
Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv
+{>| , 7, +i @j,+{> | , @ i j+{>|,
Hmhpsor 836 Vl i +{> |, @ oq+{ . | , | j +{> |, @ Grpi Grpj
oxhjr G @ Grpi _ Grpj 9@ !/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwh od ixqflq i . j ghqlgd hq G s +i . j ,+{> |, @ oq+{ . |, . {
@ i+{> |, = { . | A 3j> @ i+{> |, = { 3j
{ vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv
Revhuydflq= Pxfkrv gh orv frqfhswrv ghqlgrv sdud ixqflrqhv gh xqd yduldeoh +frpr sru hmhpsor orv xwlol}dgrv hq ho ojheud gh ixqflrqhv,/ wdpelq vh ghqhq sdud ixqflrqhv gh grv r pv yduldeohv/ shur qr hv srvleoh jhqhudol}du wrgrv hoorv d hvwh wlsr gh ixqflrqhv1 Xqr gh hvwrv hv ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq fuhflhqwh | ghfuhflhqwh/ ho txh qr vh sxhgh ghqlu sdud ixqflq gh grv yduldeohv/ |d txh U5 qr hv xq frqmxqwr rughqdgr +qr wlhqh vljqlfdgr/ sru hmhpsor/ od vljxlhqwh h{suhvlq +{> | , ? +{3 > | 3 ,,4 1
4 Hv
ghflu/ qr kd| xq vljqlfdgr txh vhd frpsdwleoh frq odv rshudflrqhv gh U2 1
73;
Sru rwud sduwh/ sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv i | j gh grv yduldeohv qr srghprv ghqlu od frpsrvlflq j i sxhv Uhfj _ Grpi @ !1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl frqvlghudprv odv ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv wlhqh vhqwlgr ghqlu od frpsrvlflq j i vl Uhfi _ Grpj 9@ !/ grqgh i = D U5 $ U | j = E U $ U
Hmhpsor 837 Vhd hqwrqfhv |
Qrwh txh vl sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 Grpi> Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1 i = D U5 +{> |, $ U s $ {| j= U { $ U $ {5
Grpj i @ i+{> | , 5 Grpi = i +{> | , 5 Grpjj | +j i ,+{> | , @ j+i +{> |,,
D @ Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 3j Uhfi @ U. Grpj @ U
oxhjr Grp+j i , @ Grpi | Dqorjdphqwh=
s +j i ,+{> | , @ j+i +{> |,, @ j+ {| , @ {| hq D
Hmhpsor 838 Vhd j= hqwrqfhv
U5 +{> | ,
Vhd V @ i j / grqgh GrpV @ Grpi j @ Grpj @ U5 Qrwhprv txh od ixqflq s V +{> | , @ +{ d,5 . +|
+i j ,+{> | , @ i ++{
$ $ +{
U d, . +| . e,5
5
i = U. 3 { d,5 . +| e,5
d,5 . +|
e,5 , @
s +{
e,5 frq +{> | , 5 U5
$ s U { $
uhsuhvhqwd od glvwdqfld gh xq sxqwr fxdotxlhud +{> | , hq ho sodqr d xq sxqwr gdgr +d> e,1
Dsshqgl{ G
Sureohpdv Plvfhoqhrv Sduwh L

L1 Ghwhuplqh fxohv gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
{ 4 s s 5 , 41 +;{> | 5 U,+{ . | 9@ 3 , +{.| , {5 .| 5 { .| 5 s 51 +;{ 5 U,+ 7{5 @ 5m{m,
71 +;{,+;|,+{> | 5 U ,+ {| { ,
. 4 4
61 +;{ 5 U,+{5 @ 49 +, { @ 7 b { @ 81 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv :1 +;{ 5 U 91 i{ 5 U @

d e
7,
mm
{
431 +;{> | 5 U
441 +;{> | 5 U
<1 +;d 5 U. ,+;e 5 U. ,+;f 5 U. ,+d e , d ef,

{m m{m, i3j, + {5m. |5
;1 +;d 5 U
4 i3j, +{ ? 43 , 43 ? 4, sd5.e5 { 4, i3j,+;e 5 U,+ d
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m4
?4
{mj
{m 451 +;{> | 5 U i3j, +{5 | 5 , m m|m 4, t s s 461 i{ 5 U @ 4 { { 4j @ i{ 5 U @ { 4
i3j, +6m{m m| m ,
{m s m5 4 , 5 { .|5
481 i{ 5 U @ 4:1 +;{ 5 U 491 +;{ 5 U
471 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv 4 ?
mm
{
4;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
i3j, +{
: ? 3 , : A {, s 5 5 { .| i3j,+;| 5 U,+ { 4,
4 4
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m5
{j
{mj
4<1 +;{ 5 U, +{5 {7 , 531 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . 6{5
hv ydfr
s 7 @ 3j @ s 5
{ {
?3
.8 541 Ho qpr gh i{ 5 U@ 5{{ A 4j hv 08
551 Ho vxsuhpr gho frqmxqwr D @ i4
mq 5 Qj hv 31 73<
743
DSSHQGL[ G1 SUREOHPDV PLVFHOQHRV SDUWH L 561 Vl orj{ +8, ? 4 hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh 8 ? {1 orj8 { 4 hv ^6> 4^ orj8 +4@6,
571 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
581 5 orj 5 . +4 . 5:1 i{ 5 Um
4 A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j 5 5;1 Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. i4j vh wlhqh orje +d5 , orje +d6 ,1 s 5<1 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . {5 9 @ 3j @ 5 orj +{,
591 Vl orjd e @ 6 | orjd f @ 5 hqwrqfhv orjf e5 @ 6 | ef @ d8

5{
, orj 6
s orj + { 6 . 5:, @ 3/ od hfxdflq dqwhulru qr wlhqh vroxflq srvlwlyd
631 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d5 ,, 641 Od lqhfxdflq
651 +;e 5 U. 691 +;e 5 U.
681 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d6 ,,
661 Vl i hv lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh s 671 Vhd i +{, @ {5 4 > j+{, @ { . 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j , @ U
4 i4j, +orje + { , 4 , 4 {e,
wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr vroxflq wrgrv orv uhdohv vl | vor vl d 5`3> 4^ i4j, +orje +{, 4 , { e,
orj4@5 +d{5 . 4, ? orj4@5 +d,
731 Vhd i = G $ ^6> 4^ { : $ h { 4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv ^ oq+7,> 4^ s 741 Vhdq i +{, @ 5 { > j +{, @ oq+{5 . <, ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh od ixqflq j i hv ` 4> 44^1 751 Vl i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh 761 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq orj{ +{ . 4@5, ? 4 hv ydfr1 771 Vl i +{, @ oq+{ . 7, | j+{, @ h{ . 6 vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv +j i ,+{, @ { . : | vx grplqlr hv U 41 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq s { 5 m{ 5m m4
6:1 Vl i hv el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh s 6;1 Vhd i +{, @ {5 . 4> j+{, @ { 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j , @ U 6<1 Ho ydoru pqlpr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ {+{ 6, hv <@7
LL1 Frpsohwdflq=
51 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq s { 5 m6 {m m{ 61 Od lqhfxdflq
{m 5m
3 hv1111111111111111111 3 hv 111111111111111
{
4 6 + ,8{.5 6 wlhqh frpr vroxflq d orv U vl d 51111111111111
<d{
5{
744 71 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq u {5 81 Od lqhfxdflq 4 m{ 5{ . 4 4m hv11111111111111
91 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq m{
wlhqh frpr vroxflq d orv U vl d 511111111111111111111111 4m6 + m{ 5m, m{5 . 5m
8{.5.{5 5 4 6 <d{ 6
5{
A 3 hv 111111111111111
:1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq u {5
+{5 . :{ . 43,+{5 m{ . 6m
6{ . 7,
? 3 hv 11111111111111111111
<1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq u
6 4 hv 111111111111111111111 9{ . < 7
431 Vhdq d 5 U 5 U. ho frqmxqwr i{ 5 U m m{
4 4 hv 1111111111111 { . 7{ . 7
5
441 Vl { 5 U. > | 5 111111111111111111 } 5 U hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd } } {| {
dm ? j hv ho lqwhuydor 11111111111111111
451 Od sursrvlflq
461 Od sduerod {5 5{ d| 5d . | @
471 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5 d od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111 481 Od uhodflq {5 |5
hv yhugdghud vl | vor vl 5111111111111111
+ . 4,{5
7{ . +
4, A 3 +;{ 5 U, 7{ . 6| 5 . 9| @ 7 | hv sdudohod
6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vvl d 51111111111111
491 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwrv hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7| 5 @ 971 Hqwrqfhv od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflrq gh } hv= 11111111111111111
7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 1111111111111 frq fhqwur hq 11111111111111
745
DSSHQGL[ G1 SUREOHPDV PLVFHOQHRV SDUWH L
4 > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5: ,6{ 4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111 h 541 Vhd i +{, @ orj + {, | j +{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo txh ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydfr hv 11111111111111111 s 551 Vhd i +{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j +{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111 561 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq s s 4 4 {5 i +{, @ 5 { hv 11111111111111111111 5
5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111 s 4;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111 s 4<1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111 | 5 . 7{ 531 Vhd i = G $ ^h
4:1 Od uhodflq {5
571 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111 5 { >{ ? 3 { >{ ? 4 hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111 581 Vhd i +{, @ | j+{, @ s { >{ 4 5{ > { 3 591 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru s {.4 { ?3 { 4 4{8 i +{, @ j +{, @ {.5 { 3 {.: {A8 +d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111 +e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111 +f, +j i ,+{, @
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Hmhuflflr 939 Xq krwho txh freud ';3 +groduhv, gldulrv sru kdelwdflq/ gd suhflrv hvshfldohv d juxsrv txh uhvhuyhq hqwuh 63 | 93 kdelwdflrqhv1 Vl vh rfxsdq pv gh 63 fxduwrv/ ho suhflr glvplqx|h hq '4 sru fdgd fxduwr duuled gh orv 631 Hq hvwdv frqglflrqhv Bcod rfxsdflq gh fxqwdv kdelwdflrqhv sru xq juxsr surgxfhq ho lqjuhvr qhwr p{lpr1B
Hmhuflflr 93: Fdofxoh ho yroxphq gho frqr flufxodu uhfwr pv judqgh txh vh sxhgh lqvfulelu hq xqd hvihud gh udglr U1 Hmhuflflr 93; Grv srvwhv yhuwlfdohv gh 6 | 7 phwurv vh kdoodq fodydgrv hq xq vxhor d qlyho | vxv edvhv glvwdq 8 phwurv1 Fdofxoh od orqjlwxg pqlpd gh fdeoh txh vh qhfhvlwdq sdud whqhu grv wudprv uhfwrv ghvgh od sxqwd gh xqr gh orv srvwhv kdvwd xq sxqwr hq ho vxhor | gh dkkdvwd od sxqwd gho rwur srvwh1 Hmhuflflr 93< Od vxpd txh vh jdvwd hq ho frpexvwleohv sdud od fdoghud gh xq edufr hv sursruflrqdo do fxer gh od yhorflgdg1 Hv vdelgr txh vl ho edufr pdufkd d 43np sru krud/ vh jdvwq 63 groduhv sru krud gh frpexvwleohv1 Orv ghpv jdvwrv txh qr ghshqghq gh od yhorflgdg vrq gh 7;3 groduhv sru krud1 Bc D tx yhorflgdg gho edufr hv pqlpd ho jdvwr wrwdo sru xq nlorphwurB
Hmhuflflr 943 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq vlor sdud dopdfhqdu judqr frq xqd fdsdflgdg gh u@61 Ho vlor kd gh whqhu od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhpdwdgr sru xqd eryhgd vhplhvihulfd1 Vl ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq sru phwur fxdgudgr hv ho wulsoh hq od sduwh vhplhvihulfd txh hq od sduwh flolqgulfd1 Fdofxoh odv glphqvlrqhv gho vlor txh kdfh pqlpr ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq1 Hmhuflflr 944 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xqd fdmd gh edvh fxdgudgd gh yroxphq 585 fp6 1 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gh od fdmd sdud txh ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq vhd pqlpr/ vl vh vdeh txh= Ho frvwr gh odv wdsd hv ' 5 sru fp5 Ho frvwr gh od edvh hv ' 8 sru fp5 Ho frvwr gh orv odgrv hv ' 6 sru fp5 1
Sureohpdv gh Fhuwdphqhv
Fdswxor 4
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh s 51 +;{ 5 U,+ 7{5 @ 41 +;{> | 5 U,+{ . | 9@ 3 ,
+ . ,
{ |
61 +;{ 5 U,+{5 @ 49 +, { @ 7 r { @
4 4 { , 71 +;{,+;| ,+{> | 5 U. ,+ {|
5m{m,
{ 4 s s 5 , {5 .|5 { .|5
7,
:1 +;{ 5 U ;1 +;d 5 U
91 i{ 5 U @
81 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv d e ?4
m{m m {m
4
431 +;{> | 5 U
<1 +;d 5 U. ,+;e 5 U. ,+;f 5 U. ,+d e , d ef,
5 5 i3j,+;e 5 U,+ d d.e 4,
i3j, +{ ? 43 ,
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m4
4
43
4 ?{ ,
{mj
451 +;{> | 5 U 461 i{ 5 U @ 481 i{ 5 U @ 4:1 +;{ 5 U 491 +;{ 5 U
441 +;{> | 5 U t
{m m{m, i3j, + {5m. |5

i3j, +{5 | 5 , i3j, +6m{m m|m ,
e 471 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv 4 ? d
{ 4j @ i{ 5 U @ s{ s4 {
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m5
m{m m|m
{m 4 , s m5 5 { .|5
4, {j
m{m m {m
5
4<1 +;d> e 5 U ,+d ? e , d5 A e5 ,
4;1 Vl d=e 5 U wdo txh de 3 hqwrqfhv
4 A{ , :?3, 4 : s 5 5 { .| 4, i3j,+;| 5 U,+ {
i3j, +{
{mj
s s s de @ d e 776
777 531 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq hv ydfr { {
?3
.8 561 Ho lqpr gh i{ 5 U@ 5{{ A 4j hv 08
551 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . 6{5
541 +;{ 5 U, +{5 {7 ,
7 @ 3j @
571 Ho vxsuhpr gho frqmxqwr D @ i4 581 Ho vxsuhpr gho frqmxqwr
s m{m | i3j, + m{m.|5 m{m, s s 5:1 Vl { vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq 8{ . 4 @ 5{ 591 +;{> | 5 U LL Frpsohwdflq=
i{ 5 ] = m{5
4 q mq 5 Qj hv 31
6m ? 7j hv
s :
5 . 5 hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gh od h{suhvlq
s{ s{
5
8 .4 5
hv 51
41 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq s { 5 m{ 5m m4 51 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq m6 s { 5 {m m{
{m 5m
3 hv1111111111111111111 3 hv 111111111111111
5
61 Od lqhfxdflq
71 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq u 81 Od lqhfxdflq {

5
5 5 4 6 + ,8{.5 { <d{ 6 wlhqh frpr vroxflq ho frqmxqwr gh orv U vl d 51111111111111
4 m{ 5{ . 4
91 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq m{
wlhqh frpr vroxflq ho frqmxqwr gh orv U vl d 511111111111111111111111 4m6 + m{ 5m, m{5 . 5m

8
8{.5.{5 5 4 <d{ 6
4m hv11111111111111
5
A 3 hv 111111111111111
:1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
+{5 . :{ . 43,+{5 m{ . 6m
6{ . 7,
? 3 hv 11111111111111111111
778 ;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq u {

5
<1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq u
6 4 hv 111111111111111111111 9{ . < 7
431 Vhdq d 5 U> 5 U. ho frqmxqwr i{ 5 U m m{
4 4 hv 1111111111111 { . 7{ . 7
5
441 Vl { 5 U. > | 5 11111111111111111/} 5 U hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd } } {| {
dm ? j hv ho lqwhuydor 11111111111111111
451 Od sursrvlflq hv yhugdghud vvl 5111111111111111
+ . 4,{5
7{ . +
4, A 3
461 Odv vroxflrqhv gho vlvwhpd
471 Grv wxehuldv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vod od oohqdud 8 krudv pv gh sulvd txh od rwud hqwrqfhv fdgd wxehuld wdugdud lqglylgxdophqwh hq oohqdu od slvflqd 111111111111111 | 1111111111111111 uhvshfwlydphqwh 41 Vl ho udglr gho flolqgur uhfwr glvplqx|h hq xq 43( plhqwudv txh vx dowxud dxphqwd hq xq 45(1 hq txh wdqwr sru flhqwr ydud> d, ho yroxphq gho flolqgur 51 Uhvroyhu e, ho uhd odwhudo gho flolqgur1 {5 | 5 @ 5+{| 6, 5+6 {| , @ +{5 | 5 , 5 6{ | 9{ | 6 @ 3 Yf @ u5 k Df @ uk LLL10 Ghvduuroor
vrq 1111111111
{ | } 5{5 . 7| 5 . } 5
@ 5{ @ 7| @ } @ ;
Fdswxor 5
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh 51 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq 41 Vl orj{ +8, ? 4 hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh 8 ? {1
orj8 { 4 hv ^6> 4^ orj8 +4@6,
779 61 5 orj 5 . +4 . 54 { , orj 6

4 orj5 +
DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV s orj + { 6 . 5:, @ 3/ od hfxdflq dqwhulru qr wlhqh vroxflq srvlwlyd
71 Vl orjd e @ 6 | orjd f @ 5 hqwrqfhv orjf e5 @ 6 | ef @ d8 91 Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. <1 Od lqhfxdflq 81 i{ 5 Um
{, A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j
:1 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . {5
;1 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d5 ,,
i4j vh wlhqh orje +d5 , orje +d6 ,1 s 9 @ 3j @ 5 orj4@5 +d{5 . 4, ? orj4@5 +d,
441 Vl i hv lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh s 451 Vhd i +{, @ {5 4 > j +{, @ { . 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U 461 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d6 ,, 471 +;e 5 U. 481 Vl i hv el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh s 491 Vhd i +{, @ {5 . 4> j+{, @ { 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j , @ U $ ^6> 4^ : $ h { 4 6, hv <@7
4 i4j, +orje + { , 4 , 4 {e,
431 +;e 5 U.
wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr vroxflq wrgrv orv uhdohv vvl d 5`3> 4^ i4j, +orje +{, 4 , { e,
4:1 Ho ydoru pqlpr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ {+{ 4;1 Vhd i = G {
531 Vl i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv ^ oq+7,> 4^ s 4<1 Vhdq i +{, @ 5 { > j+{, @ oq+{5 . <, ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh od ixqflq j i hv ` 4> 44^1
561 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv hqwrqfhv ho surgxfwr i j hv el|hfwlyd 571 Vl A 3/ od ixqflq i +{, @ oq+{5 . 4, wlhqh pqlpr devroxwr1 41 Od uhfwd | @ 8{ . e qr lqwhuvhfwd d od sduerod | @ 5{5 51 Od sduerod {5 d 51111111111111 71 Od uhodflq {5 5{ d| 5d . | @ LL Frpsohwdflq=
541 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq orj{ +{ . 4@5, ? 4 hv ydflr1 551 Vl i +{, @ oq+{ . 7, | j +{, @ h{ . 6 vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv +j i ,+{, @ { . : | vx grplqlr hv U
6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vl | vor vl 7{ . 6|5 . 9| @ 7 | hv sdudohod d
5{ . 6 vl e 51111111111111
61 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5 od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111 |5
7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 1111111111111 frq yuwlfh hq 11111111111111
77: 81 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwr hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7|5 @ 971 Hqwrqfhv od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflq gh { hv= 11111111111111111
{
91 Od uhodflq {5
431 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq hv 111111111111111
:1 Sdud d 511111111| e 5 111111111111 od ixqflq +sduerod, i +{, @ {5 . d{ . e hv ghfuhflhqwh hq ^5> 4^ s ;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111 s <1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111 orj4@6 +m{m 5, orj< +6, orj4@6 7
| 5 . 7{
5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111
441 Vl od ixqflq i vh ghqh frpr i= ` 5> 4^ i7j $ { : $
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj + {, | j +{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo txh ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydflr hv 11111111111111111 s 471 Vhd i +{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j +{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111 481 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq hv 11111111111111111111 491 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq i +{, @ e 5 111111111111111 i +{, @ s 4 { s 4 {5
5
451 Vhd i = G $ ^h
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflq i hv 1111111111111

5 4 6{ > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5: h, 4
m{m
U
4 7
hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
4:1 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111 5 { >{ ? 3 { >{ ? 4 s 4;1 Vhd i +{, @ | j+{, @ hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111 5{ > { 3 { >{ 4 s 4<1 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv { wdo txh i +{, @ +{ . 5,+{ 6, wlhqh xq ydoru pqlpr hv 1111111111111111
d{5 . 4 { 3 hqwrqfhv i hv lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | {5 . e { ? 3
77; 531 Vhd i = `3> 4^ i 4j $ { : $
DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111 U . 6 { 4

4 4
541 Vhd i = U
571 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{> | , @ 581 Vl i +{, @ h
561 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq frqr gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ hv i +k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv 11111111111111111
551 od ixqflq i +{, @ 5{ m{m ghqlgd hq ^ 5> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr devroxwr hq { @11111111111 | xq ydoru pqlpr devroxwr ljxdo d 11111111111
i4j $ U i 4j xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i {.4 { : $ 4 {
+{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111
{ |, hv ho frqmxqwr 1111111111111 {.| | od jufd gh hvwh frqmxqwr hv 11111111111

oq+4
+e, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111 +g, Ho ydoru pqlpr gh i hv 111111111111111 +f, i dofdq}d vx ydoru p{lpr hq 11111111111111
+d, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111
s {5 1
4
51 Od frpsdld gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlphqh}%/ duulhqgd fkhyhwwh d ' 431833 sru gd | 73 shvrv sru nlophwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdld Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr gh dxwr d ' ;<33 sru gd | d 93 shvrv sru nlophwur1 +d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlorphwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqfxhqwuh od ixqflq FD +{,txh uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdld Dudqfleld% hq hvh gd1
41 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd irupd xq uhfwqjxor gh 73 slhv gh odujr | 53 slhv gh dqfkr1 Vx surixqglgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 6 d : slhv hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 57 slhv | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr qlyho orv uhvwdqwhv 48 slhv/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud/ od fxdo pxhvwud xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Vl od slvflqd vh hvw ydfldqgr/ dofdq}dqgr xq qlyho k hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Ghwhuplqh ho yroxphq Y +k, gho djxd hq ixqflq gh od dowxud k/ hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr1
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
61 Uhvroyhu od vljxlhqwh lqhfxdflq
+e, Fxdqwrv nlorphwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gd sdud txh ph frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdld Mlphqh}%1 orj6{ +<{, . orj6 +{6 , 5 i = GU $ ^5> 4^ .5m { : $ m{ { 4
71 Ghwhuplqh ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq
Fdswxor 6
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh 51 Vl idq j hv xqd vxfhvlq ghfuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq h{lvwh
q 41 Vl olpq$4 dq @ O hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq vhq q h{lvwh1
77< 61 Od vxfhvlq idq j hv frqyhujhqwh grqgh 6 q > q 5333 d, dq @ 4 q > q A 5333 LL Frpsohwdflq=
e, dq @
q6
s 71 Od vxfhvlq idq j @ i+ q . 4 41 Ho ydoru gho oplwh hv 11111111111111111

q
s s q, q . 6j frqyhujh d 4@5 olp q$4 q 5 q.4 q 6q . s 7 49q7 . 8
> q A 5333 > q 5333
5q 51 Vhd dq @ 6 q { hqwrqfhv
61 Ho ydoru gho oplwh hv 71 Ho oplwh 81 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olpq$4 91 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olpq$4 ;1 Ho oplwh
vvl { 5 111111111111111
dq.4 ?4 olp q$4 dq 5q 5q . frv+q$, s hv 111111111111111 . 6 5q.4 . 4 q6 . 8 + 5,q . frv+q, @ ============== 6q . 7 hv 1111111111111111111 hv 1111111111111111111
olp q$4
olp q$4
vhq +q,.+
6
q.8q
4,
q .86q.4
+<
5+q.4,
<
5q 4 :1 Vhd i +{, @ olpq$4 { {5q .4 / hqwrqfhv ho jufr gh i hv 1111111111

+ olp h q6 q$4
q 7.8q
mvhq
q ,m
q5 .4 ,
4
@ ============
q hv 111111111111 s s <q5 . 8,, hv 111111111111 431 Ho oplwh olpq$4 +q+ <q5 . 6 q 4, hqwrqfhv 441 Vhd dq @ q$+{ qq dq.4 ?4 olp q$4 dq vl | vor vl { 5111111111111111111111
<1 Ho oplwh olpq$4
vhq +q,
451 Ho ydoru gho oplwh vljxlhqwh hv 111111111111111
s 6 ;q6 . 5q frv +4@q, olp . q q$4 q 7 .8
41 Vhd
LLL10 Ghvduuroor i = `4> 4^ $ U s { : $ orj8 + { 4, j= U i3j $ { : $

{ {
8 8
783
DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV +d, Ghwhuplqh vl i hv el|hfwlyd + vl qr or hv uhvwulqjlu i gh prgr txh or vhd, | hqfxhqwuh i +hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr, +f, Fdofxoh orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv +vl h{lvwhq,
4
+e, Ghwhuplqh od ixqflq j i +hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr,
Fdswxor 7
olp j+q, q$4
olp +j i ,+{, {$5
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh 41 Vhd i +{, xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U | i +q, @ q5 / dghpv/ vhd hqwrqfhv vh sxhgh ghflu txh 51 Ho ydoru gh olpq$4
5q.4
6
olp j +{, @ 8> {$+4@5,
+{, 71 Vhd i | j ixqflrqhv1 Vl olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i j+{, qr h{lvwh1
4 61 olpq$4 +q5 . 8q,vhq+ q5 .8 q, @ 4
q .8 7q
frv+4
@q, hv 5 1 8
olp +i j,+{, @ 8= {$+4@5,.
81
:1 Ho oplwh olp{$3
/ dvl vh wlhqh m{ 431 Sdud ghprvwudu txh olp{$5 {5 @ 7> gdgr srvlwlyr/ edvwd wrpdu @ m{.5 m m{5 7m ? 1
441 Vhd 6{ . : { {5 .8{.7 { ? 5 { 4 Ghwhuplqh ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh od vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv i +{, @ +d, olp{$ 4 i +{, @ 7 +e, olp{$4 i +{, @ 7 4 4
@{, hv 4 +{, hv 4 ;1 Ho oplwh olp{$ vhq +{, +{ , hv 4 <1 Ho oplwh olp{$ vhq +{ ,
vhq +4@{,
+4
91 Ho oplwh olp{$8@5 ^6{` h{lvwh1
olp {$6
m{
7m
qr h{lvwh
5m ? ,
+{, 451 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 vhq { 4 hv
+f, i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr U
471 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv1
4 461 Ho oplwh olp{$3 vhq5 { oq+ { 5 , qr h{lvwh1
Vl olp{$d i +{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j +{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{,j+{, qr h{lvwh1
784 481 olp{$

vhq +6{, vhq +5{,
4;1 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$
4:1 olp{$d i | olp{$d j qr h{lvwhq/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d + i j , qr h{lvwh 1

7
4 491 olp{$3 vhq+ { . , qr h{lvwh1
@ olp{$3
vhq +6{, vhq +5{,
531 Wrgdv odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq frqwlqxdv hq K s +d, i +{, @ {> K @ U. i4j 5 4 +e, i +{, @ { {.4 > K @ U i 4j1 6 {4 > K @ U. +f, i +{, @ vhq +{, { ?4 { + vhq +4@+{ 4,, { 9@ 4 4@+{ 4, 541 Od ixqflq i +{, @ hv frqwlqxd hq 41 {@4 41 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$7 +{ 51 Ho oplwh olp{$8
4.frw5 + +
4<1 Vl oplwh gh i fxdqgr { $ d h{lvwh | oplwh gh j fxdqgr { $ d qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j, qr h{lvwh1
^{`m{ . 7m hv 31
LL Frpsohwdflq=
vhq +{,
7, frv+
{, hv 111111111111 {
8,
8,
81 Orv ydoruhv gh D | E wdo txh od ixqflq
71 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$3
61 Ho oplwh olp{$d d{ d
sd{ mdm 5 > d ? 3 hv 111111111111

4.frw5 +
5
8,
{5
vhq 6+{
43 .58
hv 111111111111
{, hv 11111111111111111
; ?
vhq 5+{
91 Vhd
uhvxowd frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv vrq D 5 1111111111111 E 5 11111111 i +{, @
{ 4 i +{, @ D{5 . 5 = E{ . 8
4,
>{ A 4 >{ @ 4 >{ ? 4
Ghqlgd hq xq grqlplr dsursldgr/ vxefrqmxqwr gh U
{6 .5: {3 {5 < 6 frv+{ . , { A 3
+e, i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg uhsdudeohv hq orv sxqwrv 111111111 :1 Vhd i +{, @ {{ ; ? ;1 Vhd i +{, @ =
+d, Ho p{lpr grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg gh i hv 111111111
+f, Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv hq txh i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg luuhsdudeohv hv 111111111111111
s mem 5 / frq e ? 3/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gho oplwh gh i +{, fxdqgr { wlhqgh d e

e
hv 111111111111
6{5 . 8 { A 4 { . 5 { @ 4 Hqwrqfhv orv ydoruhv gh | txh shuplwhq txh od ixqflq i +{, 46{ . { ? 4 vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq @11111111111 | @ 111111111111
785 <1 Orv ydoruhv gh D / E txh shuplwhq txh
431 Vhd d 5 U wdo txh
vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq 11111111111111
> {A4 5D{ . {5 E +{ 4, . 8 > { @ 4 i +{, @ = 8{ . E > {?4 ; d+4 {5 , ? vhq { i +{, @ = {.d ; A ? A =
; ?
3?{?4 {4 {?3 {@3 { A 3> { 9@ d
441 Vhdq d> e 5 U wdo txh
od ixqflq i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vvl d @ ====================

vhq +d{,
i +{, @
LLL10 Ghvduuroor ; 4 frv+{@6, >{ ? 3 A { A A A ? 5{ . 5d . 4 > { @ 3 grqgh d> e vrq qphurv uhdohv mrv= 41 i +{, @ A A A A = ds{5 .{6 .e >{ A 3 { +e, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq 31 +g, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 04 +h, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 3 +f, Fdofxoh orv oplwh odwhudohv gh i hq 041 +d, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 31
i vhu frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vvl d @ ==========> e @ ===========
{5 d5 { d
vhq +e{,
Fdswxor 8
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
51 Vhdq A 3/ od ixqflq i +{, @ h{ wlhqh vor xq p{lpr hq orv uhdohv1

5
41 Vl j qr hv ghulydeoh hq d shur frqwlqxd hq d | i hv ghulydeoh hq d hqwrqfhv ho surgxfwr i j qr hv ghulydeoh hq d1
61 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru hq ho sxqwr +4@5> 3, hv 5{ 5| @ 41 | @ dufvhq+{|,
91 Vl j+{, @ vhf+8{, . { | i 3 +{, @ 6h5{ hqwrqfhv +i j ,3 +3, @ 6h5
71 Od ixqflq i +{, @ +{ 4,5@6 qr wlhqh pqlpr s 81 Od ixqflq i +{, @ { 5 qr wlhqh p{lpr | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
786 :1 Vl od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh od edvh gh xq wulqjxor hv gh 6 p2vhj | od dowxud 7 p2vhj/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh vx uhd hq ho lqvwdqwh txh fxdqgr vx edvh hv gh 45 phwurv | vx dowxud gh 53 phwurv hv gh 87 p5 2vhj
;1 Wrgd ixqflq dfrwdgd wlhqh h{wuhprv s <1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ 7 4 { qr wlhqh h{wuhpr1 41 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru {.4 {?3 i +{, @ {.5 {3 +e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111 +f, +j i ,+{, @ 51 Vl i +{, @ s 6 4 d{ { 3 vhq{ . e { A 3 +d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111 LL Frpsohwdflq=
j+{, @
s { 4 4{8 {.: {A8
hqwrqfhv
+g, Od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq j i hq ho sxqwr 5 hv 11111111111 +d, i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111
61 Ho ydoru gho oplwh
+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111 olp +frv {,fvf { hv 11111111111111111111 {$3 olp +{5 . frv +5{,, {$3 vhf { . wdq { 3 ? { ? @5 s { @5 { @5
fvf +6 ,
71 81 Frqvlghuh j+{, @
{ hv===========
ho ydoru gho oplwh
olp +h+@5 {, wdq+{, . j +{,,hv 111111111 {$@5
5 91 Vl i 3 +{, @ h / j +{, @ frv+ 5 , hqwrqfhv +i j ,3 +3, @111111111111111
7{
:1 Vl
6 s +{ , s ;1 Od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ + {,frv { . dufvhq hv j3 +{, @11111111111111111111 6 7 {
hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 111111111111111
; 6 { . oq+{, { A 4 A A A A ? 5{ . 4 {@4 i +{, @ A A A A = frv+5{, {?4
787 <1 Vl
DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV ; 5{ frv +{, A A A A ? 6{ i +{, @ A A A A = s 6 { . 7{5 s {?3 {@3 {A3
431 Od ghulydgd gh hv 11111111111111
hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 111111111111111
i +{, @
5 6 vhf +{, h{ orj8 +{6 . 4,
441 Od ghulydgd gh hv 1111111111111111
i +{, @ vhq+{5 . 4,dufwdq+{.5, vhq+{ { 5
451 Od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj6 { hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ghulydgd gh i +{, hv Grpi 3 @ 111111111111111
5, { A 5 {4
4;1 Vhd i +{,@ +{5 . 47,dufvhq +{
491 Vhd i +{, @ +{5 . 4,vhq +{, / hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, hv 11111111111 {.d {A3 4:1 Vhd i +{, @ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru d txh kdfh ghulydeoh od ixqflq i hq @7 hv vhq+{, { 3 111111111111111
6
.4,
gi @ 5{ . 4 | j+{, @ frv5 { . vhq{/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gh +i j ,3 +, 471 Vhd i xqd ixqflq frq ghulydgd g{ hv 11111111111111111111 s 481 Vhd K +{, @ 6 i +hd{ oq+{,,/ frq i +{, xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq U/ hqwrqfhv K 3 +{, hq U. hv 1111111111111111
6 4<1 Vhd i +{, @ +vhq+{7 . ,, { .8 sdud { 5` 5
gi m @ hqwrqfhv g{ {@4
541 Vhd i +{, od ixqflq ghqlgd sru=
531 Od ghulydgd gh | @ +{5{ ,6{ frq { 5 U.
i4j hv 1111111111 Dvhq +{, { {6 . E
gi hv ljxdo d111111111111111 @;> @;^ hqwrqfhv g{
i +{, @ 551 Vhd d 5 U > e> f 5 U
Od ixqflq hv ghulydeoh hq vl orv ydoruhv gh D | E vrq 1111111111111 ; s 6 , . 5d{ ? +{ f s i +{, @ = frv+ +{7 . 5 ,@5, . e{ d s { ? s {@ s {A
{A {
s sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f111111111111111 s +e, i hv ghulydeoh hq sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f 111111111111111 ; 6 {A3 ? { vhq+{, { @ 3 561 Vhd i +{, @ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh i hv 11111111111111111111111 = {?3 7{5 +d, i hv frqwlqxd hq
788 571 Vhd 6{5 | 5 . wdq+| 6 , @ 4/ hqwrqfhv hq xq frqmxqwr dsursldgr od ghulydgd gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv= g| g{ @1111111111111
581 Gdgd od uhodflq vhq+ frv+{6 , . | 5 7, @ 7 gi m hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh g{ {@3 hv1111111111 591 Vhd K +{, @ {I 4 +{, K 3 +{, @1111111111111 frv+I
4
hood ghqh fhufd gho fhur xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh i /
5:1 Orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor gh shuphwur pqlpr frq uhd md D/ dv frpr wdpelq md vx edvh e vrq 1111111111111111 5;1 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh od ixqflq gdgd sdudphwulfdphqwh sru { @ 6+w 4,5 . 8 | @ 9w6 vhq+w, > w 5 U hq ho sxqwr +;> 3, hv 1111111111111111 4,7 hv fuhflhqwh hq ho vljxlhqwh frqmxqwrv 1111111111111111
+{,,/ frq I 3 +{, 9@ 3 sdud wrgr { hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh K +{, hv
651 Od ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq i +{, hv i 3 +{, @ 6{ . :vhq+{ +i 4 ,3 +5, @111111111111111 661 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+6{, frv+5{, . 4/ frq { 5` 4 sxqwr 4/ hv ghflu/ gi g{ +4, hv 1111111111111111
631 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd { oq | . | 5 @ vhq+{| , hq +@5> 4, hv 11111111111111111 s 641 Od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i +{, @ { . 5 hq ho sxqwr +4> 6, hv1111111111111 4,+{
5<1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ +{5
5, . ; | i +4, @ 5> i +5, @ 6 hqwrqfhv
@;> @;^/ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho
671 vhd i +{, @ 5vhq+{, frv+{,> { 5`@7> 6@7^ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho sxqwr 4 3/+ gi g{ +3,, hv 111111111111111111 681 Ho oplwh 4 olp + ,wdq+{, {$3. {
691 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$3 +4 . 6{,+4@5{, hv 1111111111 6:1 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 +4
hv 111111111111111111
6<1 Xq mduglq hv glvhdgr frq od irupd gh xq vhfwru flufxodu gh qjxor | udglr u frpr hq od jxud1 Ho mduglqhur fxhqwd frq vhploodv vhpeudu Dp5 1 Sdud ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho mdugq gh wdo irupd txh vh jdvwh or phqrv srvleoh hq fhufdor hqwrqfhv od ixqflq d pqlpl}du hq od yduldeoh u hv 111111111111111 731 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od jufd gh | @ {6 / ho hmh R[ +xq odgr vreuh hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 5 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 11111111111111
6;1 Gdgd od fxuyd {| . | 6 {5 @ 4 hq irupd lpsoflwd1 Fxdqwrv sxqwrv gh od ixqflq | @ i +{, wlhqh uhfwd wdqjhqwh sdudohod d hmh { 111111111111111
{,frv+{@5, hv 11111111111111
751 Vhd s+{, @ {6 . d{5 . e{ . f xq srolqrplr frq frhflhqwhv d> e| f/ hqwrqfhv s+{, wlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo hq { @ 4 | xq pqlpr orfdo hq { @ 6 vl vxv frhflhqwhv vrq ljxdohv d 11111111111111111111
741 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od sduerod | @ 7{5 / ho hmh R[ +xqr gh orv odgrv hq hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 9 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 111111111111111
789
761 Grv wuhqhv vh dohmdq gh xq fuxfh txh irupd xq qjxor gh <3 d yhorflgdghv gh 493np@k | 453np@k1 Fxdqgr ho sulphu wuhq hvwd d ;3np gho fuxfh hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg frq txh vh hvwdq dohmdqgr orv wuhqhv hv gh 111111111111111 781 Orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq gh | @ oq+ { {.4 5 , vrq 111111111
5
+{ 5,vhq { 771 Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv gh i +{, @ { 6 .{5 9{ vrq +hv, 1111111111111111
791 Od jufd gh i +{, @ {5 wlhqh lqqlwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv +xqd sru fdgd sxqwr,1 Grv gh hvwd uhfwdv wdqjhqwh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +4> 3,/ xqd gh hood hv od wdqjhqwh d rwur sxqwr1 Ho sxqwr hv 11111111111 7;1 Od jufd gh i +{, @ +{5 7:1 Od jufd gh od ixqflq i +{, @ +{5 4,7 hv 11111111111111111111 4,7 wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq hq 1111111111111
{5 .4, hqwrqfhv 5{ {5 > i 3 +{, @ 7<1 Vhd i +{, @ {5 > i %+{, @ 5+6 4 +{5 4,5 +{5 4,6
+e, i hv frqfdyd +kdfld duuled, hq 1111111111111 +g, i wlhqh dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo hq 1111111111111 831 Odv dvqwrwdv gh | @ 841 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i +{, ghqlgd lpsolflwdphqwh sru od uhodflq hq +3> 4, hv 1111111111 wdq+{|7 , s 5 oq+ | , @ 3 +6{ +f, i wlhqh dvqwrwd yhuwlfdo hq 111111111111 +d, i hv fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111
{5 s{ 5
vrq 1111111111
851 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd +5{ . 6|,5
861 Od ixqflq i +{, @ { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 11111111111111111
5| ,5 @ 57 hq +4> 4, hv 11111111111111111
891 Od yhorflgdg gh ghvydorul}dflq gh xq htxlsr sru ho xvr gho plvpr hv sursruflrqdo hq fdgd prphqwr d vx frvwr uhdo |1 Od h{suhvlq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho hqxqfldgr dqwhulru grqgh n hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd | w hv ho wlhpsr hv 1111111111111 41 Ghulyh LLL10 Ghvduuroor
881 Od ixqflq i +{, @ {5 h{ hv hvwulfwdphqw ghfuhflhqwh vor hq ho lqwhuydor 1111111111111
871 Od ixqflq | @ +vhq{,5 . { ghqlgd hq ^3> ` wlhqh xq p{lpr hq { @ 111111111111111111111
l, | @
51 Fdofxodu odv ghulydgd gh
s 6 {5 wdq+{5 ,
ll, | @ oq+duffrv+6{,,
lll, | @ orj{5 +6{,
orj{ +43, 43vlq+{, .
61 Xwlolfh od hfxdflq gho Rydor gh Fdvvlql1
6{ . dufvlq +frv +{5 ,, s wdq +frv :{, . { 49{5 @ 69>
g| +d, Hqfxhqwuh g{
+{5 . |5 . 7,5
78: +e, Bc Vh s sxhgh hqfrqwudu odv hfxdflrqhv gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh do rydor gh Fdvvlql hq orv sxqwrv +4> 5, | +5> 5,B 71 Vhdq 5 U> e 5 U1 +f, Hqfxhqwuh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh dq orv sxqwrv dqwhulruhv hq orv txh vh sxhgdq1 Ghwhuplqdu vl od ixqflq | @ hd{ . {hd{ hv vroxflq gh od hfxdflq glihuhqfldo g5 | g{5 5d g| . d5 | @ 3> g{ d frqvwdqwh
81 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr | vhplhvihudv hq orv h{wuhprv +yhu od jxud, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr sru slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv hv ho greoh gho gh od sduwh floqgulfd/ grqgh ho frvwr gho phwur fxdgudgr gho flolqgur hv S 1 BcTx glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr vl od fdsdflgdg ghvhdgd hv gh 43 slh6 B u6 Df @ 5uk Dh @ 7u5 D|xgd= Yf @ u5 k Yh @ 7 6 91 Xq fdpshvlqr wlhqh glqhur sdud frpsudu 4833 phwurv gh dodpeuh gh sxdv/ wdo fdpshvlqr ghvhd fhufdu frq 8 kheudv gh dodpeuhv xq whuuhqr uhfwqjxodu hq vx suhglr/ hq fdvr txh { uhsuhvhqwh xq odgr gho uhfwqjxor/ ghwhuplqh od ixqflq D+{, uhd gho whuuhqr fhufdgr frq hvwh dodpeuh hq whuplqrv gh {1 Phgldqwh/ od jufd gh od ixqflq D+{, hqfxhqwuh odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr frq p{lpd uhd
;1 Grv ieulfdv D | E txh vh hqfxhqwudq d 7 ploodv xqd gh od rwud/ hplwhq kxpr frq sduwfxodv txh frqwdplqdq ho dluh gh od uhjlq 1 Vxsrqjd txh ho qphur gh sduwfxodv suryhqlhqwh gh fdgd ieulfd hv gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d od fdqwlgdg gh kxpr h lqyhuvdphqwh sursruflrqdo do fxer gh od glvwdqfld ghvgh od ieulfd1 Bc Tx sxqwr hqwuh D | E whqgu od phqru frqwdplqdflq vl od ieulfd D hplwh ho greoh gh kxpr txh od ieulfd E B <1 Fdofxodu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr lqyhuwlgr +gh prgr txh orv hmhv frlqflghq, gh yroxphq p{lpr txh vh sxhgh lqvfulelu hq xq frqr gh dowxud d fp | udglr e fp1 Fxo hv ho yroxphq p{lpr1
5 olwurv1 vl 4 olwurv :1 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd fqlfd +uhfwr, frq fdsdflgdg sdud ;333 6 s 5 gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh fxeuh 6p gh vxshuflh1 BcFxdohv ghehq vhu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr sdud txh vh xvh xqd fdqwlgdg pqlpd gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh B BcFxqwrv olwurv vh ghehq frpsudu sdud slqwdu wdo frqrB s D|xgd= Vxshuflh gh xq frqr gh udglr u | dowxud k hv u u5 . k5 | vx yroxphq hv 4 u5 k1 Fxlgdgr 6 frq odv xqlgdghv
4 { , 441 Frqvlghuh i +{, @ +4 . {
431 Xqd hvfdohud gh 53 slhv gh odujr hvw dsr|dgd frqwud xqd pxudood1 Ho slh gh od hvfdohud hv duudvwudgr/ dohmqgrod gh od pxudood d ud}q gh 5 slhv sru vhjxqgr BcD tx yhorflgdg vh ghvol}d kdfld dedmr ho h{wuhpr vxshulru gh od hvfdohud hq ho lqvwdqwh txh ho slh gh hood/ hvw d 45 slhv gh od pxudood B +d, Ghwhuplqh Grpi
+e, Fdofxoh olp{$3. i +{,
+g, Fdofxoh e @ olp{$4 i +{,
{, +f, Fdofxoh p @ olp{$4 i + { +D|xgd = Fdofxoh olpx$3. x i +4@x,

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451 Vhd i od ixqflq frqwlqxd `0:/53` vdoyr hq orv sxqwrv 06 | 43 | txh vdwlvidfh or vljxlhqwh
78; +d, +e, +f, +g, +h, +i,

{
DSSHQGL[ H1 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV olp{$ :. i +{, @ 5 olp{$ 6 i +{, @ 5 olp{$ 6. i +{, @ 6 olp{$ 53 i +{, @ 6 olp{$43 mi +{,m @ .4 od wdeod
0: 08 . 0 . 0
461 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqolvlv | od jufd gh od ixqflq i 6 5 5+{ 4, +{ 4, +{ 7, 45+{ 4, 3 i +{, @ + | i 33 +{, @ + { 5,5 > i +{, @ +{ 5,6 { 5,7 1 Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh= +d, +e, +f, +g,
! i+{, ! Judtxh i
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Ghwhuplqh ho Grpi Orv ydoruhv gh { grqgh od jufd fdpeld gh frpsruwdplhqwr1 Orv vhfwruhv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr orv vhfwruhv grqgh od jufd hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled | grqgh hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1 Sxqwrv Lpsruwdqwh Vljqr gh i 3 +{, Vljqr gh i 33 +{, Fuhflplhqwr | Ghfuhflplhqwr Frqfdyd | frqyh{d
471 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqolvlv | od jufd gh od ixqflq i / 5 6 +{ 6, | i 33 +{, @ +{ 9{ 1 i +{, @ +{ { 4,5 > i 3 +{, @ { +{ 4,6 4,7 Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh= +d, +e, +f, +g, Ghwhuplqh ho Grpi Orv ydoruhv gh { grqgh od jufd fdpeld gh frpsruwdplhqwr1 Orv vhfwruhv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr orv vhfwruhv grqgh od jufd hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled | grqgh hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1 Sxqwrv Lpsruwdqwh Vljqr gh i 3 +{, Vljqr gh i 33 +{, Fuhflplhqwr | Ghfuhflplhqwr Frqfdyd | frqyh{d
+h, Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv vrq +i, Odv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv vrq +j, Judtxh
78< +h, Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv vrq +j, Judtxh +i, Odv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv vrq

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Sdud wrgr { hq J/ h{lvwh {3 hq J wdo txh Hq vperorv4

+<h 5 J,+;{ 5 J,+{ h @ h { @ {, { {3 @ {3 { @ h

ly, Frqpxwdwlylgdg= Hq vperorv

+;{ 5 J,+<{3 5 J,+{ {3 @ {3 { @ h,

{ |@| { +;{> | 5 J,+{ | @ | {,

od lpsruwdqfld gho rughq gh orv fxdqwlfdgruhv / ! +frpsduh frq ll ,1

FKDSWHU 41 ORV QPHURV UHDOHV 

= d> e> f> g 5 ]

l, Dvrfldwlylgdg=    3 d e d Vhdq > f g f3 @ @ @ @ @ @

++4> 5, +6> 8,, + 4> 7, @ +4 6> 5 . 8, + 4> 7, @ + 4> 44, + 4,> 8 . 7,

+4> 5, ++6> 8, + 4> 7,, @ +4> 5, +6 @ + 6> 44,

Hmhpsor 8 = Vhdq J @ i+{> | , = { 5 T > | 5 ]j |

Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1

+{> | , +{3 > | 3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 ,

od rshudflq ghqlgd sru=

FKDSWHU 41 ORV QPHURV UHDOHV

e, H{lvwh xq hohphqwr qhxwur sdud J1

+5> 6, +3> 3, @ +3> 6, 9@ +5> 6,

D{lrpdv gh U frpr Fxhusr

i3j,> , hv juxsr deholdqr

;d> e> f 5 U = d+e . f, @ de . df

lll, Ho lqyhuvr dglwlyr gh xq qphur uhdo hv qlfr

ly, Ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh xq qphur uhdo qr qxor hv qlfr

+414, +415, +416, +417,

FKDSWHU 41 ORV QPHURV UHDOHV

Sursrvlflq 417 Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv ll, @d e > d 9@ 3> e 9@ 3

lll, +de, ly, +d yl,

4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR |

+ d, vrq lqyhuvrv dglwlyrv gh + d,> hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru

+de, @ +ed, @ + e,d @ d+ e, +de, @ d+ e,

FKDSWHU 41 ORV QPHURV UHDOHV

xvdqgr yl, xvdqgr yl, xvdqgr ll,

or txh suxhed qdophqwh od sursrvlflq1 Frurodulr 418 +e, @ l, + 4,+ 4, @ 4

Hmhpsor ; Fxdqgr dqrwdprv

vhud xq qphur uhdo vl | vor

i 5> 5j+hq rwur fdvr dpedv h{suhvlrqhv fduhfhq gh vhqwlgr,1 d e

hq hihfwr/ xvdqgr od sursrvlflq 417 | od qrwdflq dqwhulru> d e

Xvdqgr od qrwdflq/ sursrvlflq 417 | orv d{lrpdv gh U vh wlhqh txh

Rwurv frqmxqwrv qrwdeohv vrq

Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Udflrqdohv1 qd = d 5 ]ae 5] T @ e

Qrwhprv txh orv vljxlhqwhv qphurv uhdohv

FKDSWHU 41 ORV QPHURV UHDOHV

| vlpsolfdqgr fdgd xqd rewhqhprv h{suhvlrqhv udflrqdohv pv vlpsohv 4> 657 @

4657 > 4333

3> 6 @ 4 > 6 s 5>

Hq ] frq od vxpd +., vh yhulfd=

hv xqd rshudflq+elqduld%, hq J vl sdud wrgr {> | hq J h{lvwh xq qlfr

od lpsruwdqfld gho rughq gh orv fxdqwlfdgruhv / ! +frpsduh frq ll ,1

FKDSWHU 41 ORV QPHURV UHDOHV

l, Dvrfldwlylgdg= 3 d e d Vhdq > f g f3 @ @ @ @ @ @

Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1

od rshudflq ghqlgd sru=

or txh suxhed qdophqwh od sursrvlflq1 Frurodulr 418 +e, @ l, + 4,+ 4, @ 4

i 5> 5j+hq rwur fdvr dpedv h{suhvlrqhv fduhfhq gh vhqwlgr,1 d e

hq hihfwr/ xvdqgr od sursrvlflq 417 | od qrwdflq dqwhulru> d e

| vlpsolfdqgr fdgd xqd rewhqhprv h{suhvlrqhv udflrqdohv pv vlpsohv 4> 657 @

Dojxqrv hmhpsorv gh qphurv luudflrqdohv vrq >

Ghqlflq 419 Vhd d 5 U / q 5 ]. 1 Vh ghqh od srwhqfld uhdo gh edvh d | h{srqhqwh q sru= dq @ d ~} d d d

Xqd ghqlflq pv suhflvd gh srwhqfld hv od vljxlhqwh Vhd d 5 U 1 Vh ghqh sru uhfxuuhqfld>

Vhd q 5 ] / d 9@ 31 Vh ghqh od srwhqfld uhdo gh edvh d | h{srqhqwh q sru= dq @ d 4

Vlpsoltxh L 1 Vroxflq= Surfhglhqgr hq hwdsdv/ whqhprv L @ @ @ @

Ghwhuplqh sdud tx ydoruhv gh { 5 U od h{suhvlq hvw ghqlgd hq U/ | vlpsoltxh1 H@ {5

Vroxflq= Od h{suhvlq hvw ghqlgd hq U vl hv ghflu/ Sru or wdqwr H 5 U vl { 5 U Whqhprv

vhqwlgr sdud wrgr

U vljqlfd txh { n hvw ghqlgr hq wrgr { M U/ hv ghflu/

hv U @ U i 6j1 Oxhjr/ vlpsolfdqgr od h{suhvlq

i 6j1 Vlq hpedujr do vlpsolfdu od h{suhvlq

61 Oxhjr ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od hfxdflq hv {.6 @4 @ i 6j _ U4 V @ { 5 U4 = {.6 @ i 6j _ +U i 6j, @ !

Yq @ uq 5 kq @ +3> <u,5 +4> 45k, @ 3> <3:5u5 k @ u5 k

Ho sulphur glr xq ehqhflr gho 58(/ oxhjr vh yhqgl hq

< 58 78 5 78 g5 k5 @ g5 k5 @ Y5 7 49 9 <9 7 <9 Y4 @ 78 Y5 <9

i t j v/ txh hv htxlydohqwh Es2 ; t i v |

4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR edmr od rshudflq gh surgxfwr ghqlgd sru 3 d e d f3 f g D@

dd3 . ef3 fd3 . gf3

de3 . eg3 fe3 . gg3