107

4-1

, .

. , ,
.
,
, , () , ,
, .
, . .

.
.

4-2

.

. . . 4.1 - .
.
.
.
4.2
. .
,
.
(.4.2).

. 4.2 () .




. ()

.
.

108

 .
-
.
, . .
,
= r , r
.
.
4.3 t1
1 t2=t1+dt 2=1+d

. 4.3 ()
d .
.

t, .

d
dt

d
1 rad/s2.
:
( ) a .

. ..
, .
, ( )
.

.
.
4.4 .
,
, , cm
(. 4.4) ,
(. 4.4).
,

109

. cm
(. 4.4).
. 4.4 ()

()
().

(cm)
().
.

. 4.1

.
.
.

.
.
4.2
.
.
.
. .

. 4.2 .
.
.

(cm)

, .

. ..
,
.

110

 .
,
.
,
, .

. 4.3

.
.

H
(. 4.5).
. ,
dt ds,
ds,
d. H cm

cm =
d =

ds

ds
dt

(4.1)

ds = R d

(4.1)

cm = R

d
d
,
= ,
dt
dt

cm = R

. 4.5
ds,

.

(. 4.6).
, .
.
cm,

cm = R

d cm d
R
=
dt
dt
acm = R

. 4.6 :

acm a cm = R
.

4-3

111



.


.

(),
.
. 4.7 H

. F

.

zz . F
.
F,

l
().

= Fl

.
1 m.


.
.
. 4.8
F .

F ,
(. 4.9)

.
,
,
.

.

. 4.9 F
Fx l

112

 4.10 F1 F2 . T

.

= 1 + 2 = F1l1 F2l 2
)

'
, ( ). , ( )

.

. ,
. (
)
.
.

.

. 4.10
F1 F2. H

.

= Fl

.

. 4.11


.

F1 F2 . . d,
(. 4.12)
x1 F1 x2 F2,

= F1 x1 + F2 x 2 = F1 ( x1 + x 2 ) = F1 d

= F1 d
4.12

F F

1
2
.

. ,
.
.

113

 4.1
4.13
, R1=4 cm
R2=3 cm,
xx. xx
.
,
F1=6 N F2=10 .
.
. 4.13

:
F1 1 = F1 R1 .
F2 2 = F2 R2 .

= 1 + 2 = F1 R1 F2 R2 = 0,06 N m

.
4.2
4.14
.
x1=5 cm x2=8 cm.
F1=50 N F2=40 N. F2 = 30
. ;
. 4.14

F1 .

1 = F1 x1 = 2,5 Nm

F2 F2x F2y F2x=F2 30

F2y=F2 30. F2x (
F2x ), F2y
2 = F2 30 x2 = 1,6 Nm .

= 1 + 2 = 0,9 Nm

H ,
.

114

4-4

.

. , ,
.
, ,
. .
. .
, ,
. , , .
,
(
).

Fx = 0

F = 0

Fy = 0

= 0

4.3
l= 4m
w1=200N,
. x= 1m
w2=600 N.
;
:
(w1),
- w2 -
1 2 .
. 4.15

(4.2)
F=0
1+2-w1-w2=0
, .

. .

= 0 ,

T2 l w1

l
w2 x = 0 ,
2

w1l + 2w2 x
= 250 N
2l
(4.2) T1 = 550 N

T2 =

115

 4.4
, l w=400 N,
.
. =30 .
.
:

. 4.16

.
x= 30 y= 30

Fx=0 30=Fx
Fy=0 30 + Fy=w

= 0

T 30 l w

(4.3)
(4.4)

l
=0
2

(4.5)

Fx Fy Tx .
(4.5)
2T 30 = w T = 400 N

(4.6)

(4.3) (4.6)
(4.4)

Fx = 200 3 N
Fy = 200 N

F = ( Fx ) 2 + ( Fy ) 2 = 400 N

4-5

Fy
Fx

3
3

= 30

zz
(.4.17). m1, m2 . ,
. m1,
m2 , r1, r2

. 4.17 To

.

I = m1 r12 + m2 r22 + ....

1 kg m2.

116


.

. .

I cm
I p
p, d , ,
Steiner ().
I cm ,
,
d


o d.

I p = I cm + Md 2

117

. 4.18

d

 4.5

R,
.

:
. 4.19

m1, m2 .
m1 + m2 + =M
R,
R .

I = m1 r12 + m2 r22 + ... = m1 R 2 + m2 R 2 + ... = (m1 + m2 + ...) R 2

I = MR 2

4.6

, m1 m2,
(m1= m2=m), , l.
, ) )
m1;
:
2

)
)

ml 2
l
l
l
I = m1 + m2 = 2m =
2
2
2
2
2
2
I = m1l + 0 = ml

. 4.20

4.7
, R, ,
.
. 4.21
:

I cm = MR 2 / 2
d=R

I p = I cm + Md 2 =

3MR 2
MR 2
+ MR 2 =
2
2

118

4-6

,
F = m
.
. ,

' . ()
( )

= I

(4.7)

, ,


(
) .
(4.7)
. , ,
,
.
.
,
(4.7) ,
,
,
.

.
.
, ,
.
,
,
.

119

. 4.22 ,
,

m
.

 4.8
=40 kg R=40 cm,
.
,
F=6 N. ,
, .
;

I =

. 4.23

1
MR 2 .
2

= FR

= I

FR =

1
MR 2
2

2F
2 6N
=
= 0,75 rad / s 2
MR 40kg 40 10 2 m

4.9
, R,
,
, .

m. ,
.
:

.
m, mg
.

. 4.24

mg T = macm

(4.8)

( ), F ( ) Mg.
g F .

= I

TR = I

120

(4.9)

T = mg macm
mgR mRacm = I

(4.8) T

(4.9)
a

(4.10)

a cm a cm = R

(4.11)

a = R

mgR mR 2 = I
mgR
=
I + mR 2

(4.10)

(4.12)

(4.11)

acm =

mgR 2
I + mR 2

(4.13)

(4.12) (4.9)

T=

I
I mgR
=
R
R I + mR 2

T=

I mg
I + mR 2

4.10
To - ,
.
,

, xx.
.
I =

1
mR 2 2

g.
.
. 4.25

mg T .
:
(4.14)
mg T = macm T = mg macm
Fy = macm
xx
= I TR = I

(4.15)

(4.14) (4.15)

mgR mRacm = I
1
1

g acm = R
mgR mRacm = mR 2
2
2
a
a cm = R
= cm
R
1
2g
(4.16) g acm = acm a cm =
2
3

121

(4.16)

4-7

H
.
.

,
, , .

)
. 4.26
m .

.

m p r (. 4.26).

zz

L = pr

L = m r

zz
. 1kg m2 /s.

. 4.27

m1
m2
.

4.27 zz .

. , ,
.
, m1, m2 . ,
.
, L1 = m11 r1 ,

L2 = m2 2 r2 , . .

L = m1 1 r1 + m2 2 r2 + ...

m1, m2
1, 2 1 = r1 , 2 = r2 . . .

L = m1 r12 + m2 r22 + ... = m1 r12 + m2 r22 + ...

m1 r12 + m2 r22 + ... = I
. 4.28
zz .
,


.

(4.17)
L = I
.

122




(=90km/h)
- (33 min)

2,7 1040 kg m2/s

5,8 1033 kg m2/s
102 kg m2/s
6 10-3 kg m2/s
1,05 10-35 kg m2/s
0,53 10-34 kg m2/s

,
. ,

, .
- , 0,53 10-34 Js.

1
! , ! =1,05 10-34 J s ( )
2

, . L1,
L2, .., L
L=L1+L2+

4.17 dt
d,
dL = I d

dL
d
=I
= I
dt
dt

(4.7)

dL
dt

(4.18)

,


Newton.

123

O . , ,

,
.
.
Newton
( - ). .


. 4.18

dL
dt

(4.19)

L
.

4-8

,
.
.

,
=

dL
dL

= 0 , , L = . dt
dt

.
,
(),
, ,
. 24 .
. 4.29

.
ewton
=

dL
.
dt

,
.



.

124

, ( ),

,
. :

I11 = I 2 2

. 4.4 , .
, , .
, -
-
, ,
I .
, ,
I , .

.
, ,
, ,
.
,
. 4.30 , ,
.

. 4.4

.

. 4.30
.

1,4 2,5 , pulsars. ,
,
,
15-20 km.

125

 .
3000 . ,
25 .
4.11
4.31,
=4 kg.
, 1=4
rad/s.
;
,
, , . ( )
3,25 kgm2
. 4.31
2,5 kgm2.
1 m, 0,2 m .
.
:
I1 ,
,
.

I 1 = I 1 + I 1 = I 1 + 2 MR12 = 11,25kg m 2
I 2 ,
.

I 2 = I 2 + I 2 = I 2 + 2 MR22 = 2,82kg m 2
,
. :

I11 = I 2 2

4-9

2 =

I1
1 = 16rad / s
I2

126

 4.32,
, zz,
.

,
m1 , m2 ...

1 = r1 , 2 = r2 ,
. 4.32
(4.20)





,

K=

1
1
m112 + m2 22 + ...
2
2

, (4.20)

1
1
1
m1 2 r12 + m2 2 r22 + ... = (m1 r12 + m2 r22 + ...) 2
2
2
2
2
2
m1 r1 + m 2 r2 + ... = I
K=

K=

1 2
I
2

. .
,
4.33
.

1
1
2
M cm
+ I 2
2
2
M cm .
K=

4-10
.
.
.
F
R, (. 4.35).
d

127

. 4.33

. 4.34
F
d. F
ds=R d.

dW = F ds

ds = R d

dW = F R d
FR .

dW = d

(4.21)

d 1 , d 2 ...
. ,
4.35,

W =
(4.21)

dW
d
=
dt
dt
dW / dt P
d / dt ,

P =

. , ,
-

W = 2 I

2
2

1 2
I 1
2

128

 4.12
L=0,3 m M,

.
.
;

1
ML2
3

g=10 m/s2.
:
. 4.35

.

. .
Mg

L
2

,
.

Mg

L 1 2
L 11
ML2 2
= I Mg =
2 2
2 23
3g
=
= 10 rad / s
L

129

1 2
I , I
2

 4.13
R
.
h.
H (g) .
I =

1
MR 2 .
2

:
.

. ,
. ,
, .
,
. 4.36

, Mgh .
,

1
2
Mcm
2

1 2
I .
2

Mgh =

1
1
2
M cm
+ I 2
2
2

Mgh =

1
11
2
M cm
MR 2 2
+
2
22

1 2 1 2 2
gh = cm
+ R
2
4

(4.22)

cm

cm = R

(4.23)

(4.22) (4.23)

1 2 1 2 cm
gh = cm
+ R

2
4 R

gh =

1 2 1 2
cm + cm
2
4

cm =

4
gh
3

ANI

130

dx
dt

d
dt

d
=
dt

d
dt

p=m

L=I

ewton

ewton

F = m

= I

dp
F =
dt

dL
dt

F=0 p=

=0 L=

K=

1
m 2
2

K=

131

1 2
I
2


o .

d
dt

F,

= Fl

l , . 1 m.
F = Fl
l , 1 m,
.

F = 0

Fx = 0

Fy = 0

= 0

I = m1 r12 + m2 r22 + ...

= I

- -

L = pr L = m r
.
1kg m2 /s.
- -
.

L = I

Newton
K =

dL
dt

1 2
I
2

W =

P =

To -

W =

1 2 1 2
I 2 I 1
2
2

132


1.

. 4.37

2.

.

.

,
.

.
.
.
.
4.38,
.
.
()
(. 4.38).
.
.

. .

.

. 4.38

.
Mgx mgd = 0 Mg mg = 0
m = M

133

 ,
m.
3.

, .

.

,
. 4.39
:
,
.
. ;

4.1

. 4.40 , , ,

;

. 4.40

4.2

.
;

.

4.41
;
)

t1-t2 .

4.3

. 4.41

134

)
)
)

t4
t1.
t1

t4.
t3
t1.

135

4.4

.
. )
) ) )
, ;

4.5

, , ;

4.6

. ;
.

4.7

:

,
.
. .. ..

4.8

. ;

4.9

4.42
.
. .

. 4.42

4.10

. 4.43

4.43 .
F1.
F2
.
)
F2;
)
F1 F2.

136

4.11

4.44 .
F1 F2
. . F1 2/3
. F2
3F1
) F1/2 ) 2F1/3 ) F1/3 ) 2F1 ) 3F1/2 )
.

. 4.44

4.12

4.45 m
.
,
)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.

4.13

, ,
.
;
.

4.14

4.46
zz.
.
zz.

. 4.45

. 4.46

4.15

.
;

4.16

1, 2, 3 4
1,
2, 3 4 (.4.47)

137

. 4.47

4.17

)

.
)
.
)
.
)
.
.

4.18

4.48 . . 1
2. . ; .

. 4.48

4.19

4.49

. F
. F
4.49

. 4.49

;
)
.
)
t1 ,
F .
)
.
)
F .
4.20

. 4.50

(. 4.50).

,
.
)
.
)
.
)
.

138

 -
4.21

, .
;

4.22

4.51

. ,
, ,
.
t.

4.23

)

.
)
.
)
.
)

.
.

4.24

. .
;
)

.
)

)
.
)
.

4.25

,
.
;
.

4.26

. .
. .
, ; ,
, . ;

4.27

1 (. 4.52) ,
.
2 3
1. :
) ) 2 ) 3 ) /2 ) /3
.

. 4.51

. 4.52

139


4.28

.
.

.
1. .
2.
.

4.29

F :
) 1 rad/s 3 rad/s.
) 4 rad/s 6 rad/s.
) -2 rad/s 5 rad/s.
) -3 rad/s 4 rad/s.
;

4.30

, . .
.

4.31

40 J
80 J

20 J

120 J

rad/s

SI

140

rad/s2
m

4.32

, 4.53.
;
20 rad/s;
[: 0,25 rad/s2 , 72 s ]

4.33

20 m/s.
40 cm.
.
[: 50 rad/s ]

4.34

, r = 40 cm ,
2 m/s2.
;
[: 5 rad/s2 ]

4.35

8cm .
5 m/s. :
)
.
)
.
[: 10 m/s , 9,9 z ]

4.36

o , R=20 cm,
, =8 m/s.
x=20 m.
;
[A: 8rad/s2 ]

. 4.53

4.37

,
20cm.
200. ;
;
[ : 40 m ]

4.38

4.54 R= 0,5 m
.
F1=20N F2=30N. ;
[ : 5 m ]

141

. 4.54.

4.39

. 4.55

H 4.55

' . F1=20N, F2=2N
F3=10N.
. : x=2 m =30.
[ : 16 m ]

4.40

R1=20 cm,
, R2=0,5 m.
,
( ) 150 .
.
[ : 60 ]

4.41

, l=2 m, w1=200 w2=300 N (. 4.56).

;
[ : 1,2m ]

4.42

4.57
l=4 m w1=150 N. H
1 m, .
w2=700 N.
;
[ : 79 cm ]

4.43

l w1=100 N (. 4.58).
.
=30 .
w2=40 N.
.
[ : =180 , F=163,7 N, =0,32 ]

. 4.56

. 4.57

. 4.58

4.44

. 4.59

(.4.59) .
6m 100kg.

. L,

, I =
[:

1
ML2
12

4800 kg m2 ]

142

4.45

, =2 kg R=0,5 m,
=100 rad/s
F, .
5s. :
)
() .
)
F.
I =
[ :

4.46

1
MR 2 .
2

= 20 rad / s 2 F = 10 N ]

, L=1 m,

(.4.60). ,
, , ;

I=

. 4.60

1
ML2 g=10 m/s2.
3

[ :

15 rad/s2 ]

-
4.47

, m=100 g
, 4.61. =16 rad/s,
zz.
. l=0,8 m.
[: 5,12 kg m2/s ]

4.48

=2 kg
R=0,4 m, =10 rad/s
.
.
[ : 3,2 kg m2 ]

4.49

20 cm 1 kg
2 Hz
.
100gr, 10 cm
. .

I =
[ :

1
MR 2
2

1,9 Hz ]

143

. 4.61

 -
4.50

=3 kg L=40 cm
=10 rad/s
.
.
I cm =
[ :

4.51

1
ML2 .
12

8J]

=8 kg R
. =5 m/s. .
I =
[ :

1
MR 2 .
2

150 J ]

4.52

4 m 50 z.
;
[ : 400 W ]

4.53

m=40 kg R=20 cm,

5 z
.
)
; )
5s.
I =

1
mR 2 2 10 .
2

[: 400J , 80W ]
4.54

. 4.62

H 4.62 L=2 m = 3kg,

.
F=10 N
.
F . :
)
F, .
)

.
)

( ) .

I =
[ :

4.55
. 4.63

1
ML2 .
3

W=40 J, =7,9 rad/s, P=158 W ]

H , l=30 cm,

(. 4.63).
.

144

, .

I =
[ :

ml 2
g=10 m/s2.
12

3 m/s ]

4.56

l w=100 N
4.64.
. =60.
[ : T = 50 3 N , F = 50 7 N , = 2 3 / 3 ]

4.57

4.65 h R
w.
F .
[ :

4.58

4.60

h(2 R h)
]
Rh

400
(. 4.66)
30.
.
.
[ :

4.59

F >w

. 4.64

. 4.65

3/2 ]

R=0,33 m 1 kg.
100 -
.
5 s. , 0,69.
. (

).
[: 1 ]
4.67
.
L=1 m =0,6 kg. r=0,2 m
m=0,1 kg
, .
f1=10 z.
, , .
.

I =

1
ML2 .
12

145

. 4.66

. 4.67

4.61

[ : 5,8 z ]

5 m/s.
30
. .

. ,
,

2
mR 2 . g=10 m/s2.
5

[ : 3,5 m ]
4.62

30. ,
, I =

2
mR 2
5

g=10 m/s2.
.
[ : 25/7 m/s2 ]
4.63

4.68 m=2 kg
R. 1 2 m1=3 kg, m2=1 kg.

.
I =

1
mR 2 g=10m/s2.
2

.
: .
[ : = 4 m/s2 ]

. 4.68

4.64

. 4.69 200 gr
30 cm 40 rad/s.
.


15 cm; (

).
[ : 43,2 J ]

4.65

O 4.70 0,18 kg m2
=25 rad/s
.
.
.

. 4.69

[:

4,5 2 kg m2/s ]

. 4.70

146

4.66

, 20 cm, . 20 .
f=4 Hz. .

I =

1
mR 2 .
2

[:

50 kg

]
4.67

. 4.71

.
;

1
mR 2 .
2
[: > / 3 ]
I=

4.68

m=120
g R=1,5 cm,
(. 4.72). ,
.
)

,
)

30cm.
.
I =
[: ) 6 10-3 kg m2/s

4.69

1
mR 2 . g=10 m/s2.
2

) 2 m/s ]

m r ,
, 4.73.
, h
;
R=20 cm.
I =

2 2
mr .
5

R.
4.70

. 4.72

[:

54cm ]

1 2 ,
d.

12
,
4.74.
,

.

147

. 4.73

. 4.74

[:

d
2 g

148

4.71

m= 2kg
(. 4.75).
. .
=8,4m/s.

.
=11,52 kgm2
R=1,2 m.
[: 1,75 rad/s ]

. 4.74

.
.
( )
,

C = AB
.
C
.
, ()
(),
. C
,
.

C :
. 4.76

(
), C.
C, .

149

 x, Ay, Az , Bx, By, z, ,

C = A B = Ax
Bx

Ay
By

Az
Bz

i, j k x, y z, .
To

A B = B A

= rF

(4.24)
r
F.

r F
. 4.77
.
To

= rF
(. 4.77 )
r = d d,
F, = Fd (4.25)
F r.
(4.24)
(4.25) , (4.24)
.

,

L = r p = mr

(4.26)
r .

. 4.78
4-7. (4.26)

.
,
,
.
.
.

150

 (4.24) (4.26) .
,
, .
( Lorentz) :

F = q

. 4.79

,
.
. .
()

.
, ,
() .
, .

, , (4000 /min), 450 km/h. .

.

,
, ,
1 .

151


.
. (
) (. 4.80). ,
( ) .

,
1 1 (. 4.80). 1 (R1 )

. 4.80

1 (R E1 ) .

1 RE1
1
=
1 R1

1.

1 1
1 (. 4.81).
, .
, , .
.

(
.

152

= F l ) .

.4.81

.
,
2 2 (. 4.80).

R 2 2
= . 2
RE 2 1

2 .

2/3 ,
. .
, , , .. .

,

. (. 4.80).

.



.

.

.

153

. 4.82

(. 4.82 )
.
.

, .

154