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185
6-1
1905
, Albert Einstein,
.
Brown ( ). ,
1921, (
). .
. 6.1
H
, , .
. ,
.
. , .
.
, ,
. , Lorentz, Einstein
, .
, , . .
(
, )
.
. 6.2
1915 Einstein . .
,
.
Newton .
.
Grossman () (, , - -)
.
1919 ,
.
- -
, .
186
6-2
MICHELSON MORLEY
Einstein ,
, ,
. , ,
.
, +,
-. , ,
.
. 6.1 +
-
- .
. 6.2 () Michelson. () . () .
187
(. 6.2)
, (), ()
(1, 2) - (). ( )
.
(. 6.3) ,
1
2.
: 1 2
.
6.2.
1 2.
. 6.3
o
Michelson.
, 1, 2,
L. 2
. .
3
= 30 10 m / s .
2 c +
2 c 2
. (. 6.4)
. 6.4
1 ,
,
(.6.4).
c2 2
t1 =
L
L
L
L
+
+
+
2
c + c + c
c 2
188
t2 =
L
L
L
L
+
+
+
c +
c2 2
c2 2
c2 2
t = t1 t 2 =
L
L
L
L
+
c + c
c2 2
c2 2
.
90 .
. . , .
Michelson Morley
1905 Einstein
.
6-3
Einstein
.
1.
. .
2.
,
.
.
Michelson Morley. .
,
.
.
. . , Michelson .
189
6-4
.
.
.
,
. . .
.
. , , , ,
.
6-5
u . , , (. 6.5).
. 6.5 () , . () .
, ,
t 0 =
2d
c
(6.1)
.
, - s = ut . , . 2l
ut
l = d2 +
.
2
2
190
ut
d +
2
c
t =
2l
=
c
(6.2)
;
(6.1) (6.2) t d
:
t =
t 0
1 u2
(6.3)
c2
t t 0 , .
'
'
.
.
.
.
,
. , ,
.
.
.
- , , -
,
, ,
.
.
, , .
6.1
u = 108 km / h = 30 m / s . ,
, .
t0.
;
:
(6.3)
t =
1
0,99999999999999
t 0
t t 0 . .
191
,
.
u = 0,5 c
t = 1,155 t 0
u = 0,9 c
t = 2,294 t 0
u = 0,99 c
t = 7,089 t 0
.
,
.
.
.
1972 , 13
1 / 10 s.
.
.
9
10 s (1 ns).
. ()
6
. 0 = 2,2 10 s .
(0,99c). , 600 m.
. .
16 10 6 s .
1 (0,99c ) / c
0,99c
. 6.4 CERN
.
4800 m. , , ,
.
1976 (CERN),
, 0,9994c
.
30 ,
.
192
6-6
,
,
(. 6.5).
. 6.6 ()
,
. ()
.
,
ut1 (l)
.
.
.
t 0 =
2l 0
c
(6.4)
l 0 .
, ,
d = l + ut1
d = l ut 2
l .
d = ct1
l + ut1 = ct1
193
d = ct 2
l ut 2 = ct 2
t1 =
l
c u
t 2 =
l
c+u
t = t1 + t 2 =
l
l
+
cu c+u
t =
2l
c 1 u2 / c2
(6.5)
l = l0 1
u2
c2
(6.6)
(l )
(l 0 )
. .
( l 0 ), .
.
. 6.7 () . ()
(. 6.7).
u=0,8c .
, .
,
. .
194
6.2
u = 108 Km / h (30 m / s ) . , , 25 m.
;
:
(6.6)
u2
= (25 m) 0,99999999999999 = 25 m
c2
, l = l 0 l = l0 1
.
u = 0,5 c 25 m.
;
u2
= (25 m) 0,866 = 21,65 m
c2
u = 0,9 c
l 2 = l 0 0,436 = 10,9 m
u = 0,99 c
l 3 = l 0 0,141 = 3,525 m
l1 = l 0 1
6-7
LORENTZ
,
() u ().
"" .
,
.
x t=0
(.6.8). (x, y, z)
(x, y, z). x x = ut + x ' .
x
, .
195
. 6.8
x .
x = ut + x' . x x (6.6)
x = x 1
u2
.
c2
x = ut + x 1
(6.7)
x ut
x x =
y , z
u2
c2
y = y
z = z
(6.8)
u2
1 2
c
(6.9)
(6.10)
(x, y, z , u , t )
.
. u u.
(6.7). (6.7) u -u ,
x = ut + x 1
. 6.5 H. A. Lorentz (18531928), . Lorentz
1890,
Maxwell
.
Einstein
1905.
u2
c2
x (6.8)
t
t =
t ux / c 2
u2
1 2
c
(6.11)
196
x =
x ut
1
u2
c2
x=
y = y
z = z
t ux / c 2
t =
u2
1 2
c
x + ut
1
u2
c2
y = y'
z = z
t + ux / c 2
t=
u2
1 2
c
u c Lorentz
x = x ut , y = y , z = z , t = t ,
.
x ' t t
x .
. .
(x1 , y1 , z1 , t1 )
(x2 ,
y 2 , z 2 , t 2 ) . -
;
Lorentz (
) 1
t1 =
t1 + ux1 / c 2
2 t 2 =
u2
1 2
c
t 2 + ux 2 / c 2
u2
1 2
c
t = t 2 t1 =
t + ux / c 2
u2
1 2
c
(6.12)
t = 0 ,
t =
ux / c 2
u2
1 2
c
197
c
t .
6.3
680 m/s ( ).
20 m. O ,
. ;
:
t =
ux / c 2
u2
1 2
c
680 20 / 9 1016
680 2
1
9 1016
= 0,00000000000015 s
6-8
M LORENTZ
'
, x.
t
x . t x . , ,
u x.
x =
x ut
u2
c2
x ut
t =
t ux / c 2
x =
u2
1 2
c
u2
c2
t ux / c 2
1
t =
u2
c2
dx =
dx udt
u2
1 2
c
dx
dx udt
=
dt dt udx / c 2
dx
u
dt
=
u dx
1 2
c dt
198
dt =
dt udx / c 2
1
u2
c2
dx
=
dt
. ,
u
u
1 2
c
(6.13)
, ,
.
+ u
u
1+ 2
c
(6.14)
,
.
u c
u + u .
, = c = c , , = c
= c ,
.
.
6.4
, , 0,8c 0,7c , ,
. (. 6.9).
;
:
. 6.9
0,8c + 0,7c = 1,5c . c.
Lorentz. , 6.13
B =
B u
u
1 2 B
c
u = 0,8c B = 0,7c
B u
u
1 2 B
c
0,7c 0,8c
B =
= 0,96c
0,8c
1 2 ( 0,7c )
c
B =
199
6.5
0,6c
0,5c ,
(.
6.10). ;
:
. 6.10
,
0,6c + 0,5c = 1,1c . .
Lorentz. 6.14.
+ u
u
1+ 2
c
6-9
0.5c + 0,6c
= 0,85c
0,6c
1 + 2 0,5c
c
,
,
.
.
. 6.11
200
x 1 2 (.6.10) . 1 2 .
m11 m2 2 = m2 2 m11 . ( , )
.
u .
1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , Lorentz (6.13).
,
, , . .
, ,
Lorentz.
m :
p=
m
1 2 / c2
(6.15)
( )
1.
.
2. c
p m . , ,
, .
3. .
4. c .
(. 6.12).
5. m
.
. 6.12
.
<<c
6. .
, ,
, . ,
,
. c . .
201
6-10
m
E=
mc 2
(6.16)
1 2 / c2
. 2
= 0 E = mc E = 0 .
mc .
2
. , m
2
mc .
.
mc 2 ,
, .
. 2
c .
, 0,1% . ,
. ,
4,5 .
,
.
. , ,
. 6.6
.
1932 C. D. Anderson
. .
. () , . .
.
- .
.
( ) .
-.
202
. 6.7 o Einstein.
(K )
2
(E ) ( mc )
.
K=
mc 2
1 / c
2
mc 2
(6.17)
1
m 2 . (
2
.214). (6.17) = 0
K = 0 . , c ,
K = f ( ) 6.13.
(6.17) c K =
. 6.13
<<c
.
6.6
1,67309 10 27 kg 1,67538 10 27 kg -
( )
. 21 3,34451 10 27 kg . ;
:
m . m .
8 2
E = mc = 0,00396 10 3 10 J = 0,03564 10 J
. .
2
27
203
11
6.7
= 0,85 c .
eV. m = 9,1 10 31 kg .
:
)(
2
31
8
mc = 9,1 10 kg 3 10 m / s
E =
mc 2
2
1 2
c
0,511 MeV
0,85c
1
= 0,97 MeV
6-11 -
(6.15) c
p=
mc / c
1 2 / c2
p
=
c
p 2 + m2c 2
1 2 / c2 =
mc
p + m2c 2
2
2
2
(6.16) 1 / c
E = m 2c 4 + p 2c 2
(6.18)
(
2
) E = mc , .
, ,
E = pc .
204
.
p = m . p =
m
1 2 / c2
0
0
, , .
.
.
, .
6-12
Lorentz
.
, ;
, , .
F = Bu q , .
.
,
.
. .
.
u , x
.
F = Buq
(. 6.14).
205
.
.
, '
, . ( ) ,
.
. 6.14
u x. (. 6.14 )
.
O (6.13).
.
. ,
+ = u =
u
. +
u
1 2
c
.
(6.6).
. ,
.
.
.
.
206
(. 6.15)
xOz .
, ,
l a . E =
,
0
( ).
. 6.15
x u .
;
u (. 6.14).
l = l 1
u2
c2
A = l = A 1
E =
Q
=
A
=
0
Q
A 1
u
c2
u2
c2
=
u2
c2
E
1
u2
c2
.
Q .
, ,
.
207
x
E = E
.
x.
E x = E x
E y =
(E
uB z )
B x = B x
u2
c2
By + 2 Ez
c
B y =
2
u
1 2
c
E z =
(E
+ uB y )
u2
c2
Bz 2 E y
c
B z =
2
u
1 2
c
.
.
6-13
.
,
, ,
, .
. ,
.
.
.
. .
,
Maxwell, ,
.
Newton. Newton
208
.
.
.
.
FB = G
Mm
r2
(F = ma ). .
Einstein
.
. :
.
.
,
(. 6.16).
.
, (. 6.16).
.
. .
, ,
(. 6.17).
, .
.
.
; , .
. 6.16
209
. 6.17 ()
. ()
.
.
(. 6.17).
,
. . ,
, .
,
. .
.
.
.
,
(. 6.18).
.
, .
. 6.18
, , Einstein,
,
,
. ,
, .
.
210
, , .
.
. , ,
. . (. 6.19).
. 6.19
. .
.
, .
. .
.
.
.
(. 6.20).
.
.
. Einstein
-
211
. 6.20
Viking
.
.
. , , .
.
Michelson-Morley
.
.
.
1. .
2. .
. u , t0,
t =
t 0
1 u2
c2
. .
.
u
,
, l0, l = l 0
u2
1 2 . c
.
Lorentz
(x, y, z, t) Lorentz u
. u x t=0, Lorentz
x =
x ut
u
1 2
c
y = y
z = z
t ux / c 2
t =
u2
1 2
c
x=
x + ut
u2
1 2
c
y = y'
z = z
t + ux / c 2
t=
u2
1 2
c
u c Lorentz .
212
.
. .
Lorentz
x,
u, x
u
u
1 2
c
+ u
u
1+ 2
c
u c .
.
p=
1 2 / c2
c p = m .
.
c , .
m
. .
c .
.
2
mc .
E=
mc 2
1 2 / c2
K=
mc 2
mc 2
1 / c
1
2
c K = m
2
c .
2
E = m 2c 4 + p 2c 2
2
( ) E = mc .
: E = pc .
, .
.
213
1.
.
-
. .
-.
.
.
2.
(1 + x) n
(1 + x )n
= 1 + nx +
K =
mc 2
1 / c
2
mc 2 c K =
1
m 2 .
2
6.1
Michelson Morley,
;
6.2
:
.
. .
.. .
6.3
c. , , c
;
6.4
t. H t ,
u ,
) t; ) t; ) t;
.
214
6.5
.
;
.
6.6
. ,
.
. ;
, ;
6.7
:
)
.
)
.
;
6.8
d. ,
,
, :
)
d.
)
d.
)
d.
)
d
.
)
d
.
.
6.9
600 m , -
- ;
6.10
. .
)
;
)
;
6.11
215
6.12
u,
. . x, ,
,
.
. 6.21
;
)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.
)
.
6.13
.
x x, y.
, ;
6.14
. .
6.15
;
; ;
6.16
6.17
216
) , ) ) ;
.
6.18
13,6 eV .
:
)
.
)
.
)
.
6.19
10 m 20 m
. ;
[ : 0,87 c ]
6.20
0,99 c
5 min , . , ;
[ : 35,5 min ]
6.21
.
. ;
[ :
3
c]
2
6.22
-
0,5 c . .
,
- ;
[ : 15,5 %]
6.23
10 mg .
;
c=3 108 m/s.
[ :
9 1011 J ]
217
6.24
1000 kg
0,5 c . ;
c=3 108 m/s.
19
[ : 1,4 10 J ]
6.25
)
0,5 c 0,9 c .
)
0,9 c 0,99 c .
0,511 eV.
[ : 0,582 MeV , 2,45 MeV ]
6.26
6.27
, , 100 m.
4 s .
;
[ : 0,083 c ]
6.28
20 .
1000 0,995 c .
; 1000
;
.
[ : 64 , 251 ]
6.29
0,8c 0,6c, , .
;
[ : 0,946 c ]
218
6.30
,
mp=1,67261 10-27 kg,
mn=1,67492 10-27 kg,
md=3,34357 10-27 kg.
;
c=3 108 m/s, 1 eV =1,6 10-19 J.
[ : 2,22 eV ]
6.31
.
20ns.
, 7,5ns.
;
c=3 108 m/s.
[ : 2,78 108 m/s ]
219
EINSTEIN
Albert Einstein 1879
. , , . Einstein .
.
1894 , ,
Albert. .
,
, 1900.
, 1902, .
Einstein ,
. , .
Einstein
1905 .
, Annalen der Physik
.
1921 Einstein ' ,
,
.
,
1910 , . 1912 1914, , Max Planck . ,
(1914) Van' t Hoff
"Kaiser Wilchelm". Einstein
, .
1905 ,
: 1906
Brown 1907 , .
, Einstein
,
220
.
Einstein
,
, :
(1911),
(1915),
. ,
(1916) .
Einstein
.
,
.
,
Newton. Einstein .
Einstein 30 , ,
.
,
.
, Einstein ,
. ,
, .
,
, (1932), Einstein
, Princeton. 1936
, ' . 1940 .
, .
.
.
221
Einstein
. , .
,
.
.
Einstein,
, .
.
Einstein , , .
Einstein. To
1914
.
.
. 1939
.
. Einstein
.
Roosevelt . ,
(1945),
.
Princeton 1955.
222
, ,
.
. .
30 .
.
. , ... .
!
.
.
.
; .
- .
. .
, ,
.
.
.
.
223