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E

185

6-1

1905
, Albert Einstein,
.
Brown ( ). ,
1921, (
). .

. 6.1

H
, , .
. ,

.
. , .
.

, ,
. , Lorentz, Einstein
, .
, , . .
(
, )
.

. 6.2

1915 Einstein . .

,
.
Newton .

.
Grossman () (, , - -)
.
1919 ,
.
- -
, .

186

6-2

MICHELSON MORLEY

Einstein ,
, ,
. , ,
.

, +,
-. , ,
.

. 6.1 +

-
- .

1887, ..., .. Michelson ( 1852-1931)


E.W. Morley ( 1838-1923)
.

.
, , .
Michelson Morley .

.
, ,
.

. 6.3 Michelson (1852-1931).


.


.

.

. 6.2 () Michelson. () . () .

187

(. 6.2)
, (), ()
(1, 2) - (). ( )
.
(. 6.3) ,
1
2.
: 1 2
.
6.2.
1 2.
. 6.3
o
Michelson.

, 1, 2,
L. 2

. .
3
= 30 10 m / s .

2 c +
2 c 2
. (. 6.4)

. 6.4

1 ,
,
(.6.4).

c2 2

t1 =

L
L
L
L
+
+
+
2
c + c + c
c 2

188

t2 =

L
L
L
L
+
+
+
c +
c2 2
c2 2
c2 2

t = t1 t 2 =

L
L
L
L
+

c + c
c2 2
c2 2


.

90 .

. . , .
Michelson Morley
1905 Einstein
.

6-3

Einstein
.
1.


. .

2.

,
.
.
Michelson Morley. .
,
.
.
. . , Michelson .

189

6-4

.

.
.
,
. . .
.

. , , , ,
.

6-5

u . , , (. 6.5).

. 6.5 () , . () .


, ,

t 0 =

2d
c

(6.1)

.
, - s = ut . , . 2l

ut
l = d2 +
.
2
2

190

ut
d +

2
c

t =

2l
=
c

(6.2)


;
(6.1) (6.2) t d
:

t =

t 0

1 u2

(6.3)

c2

t t 0 , .
'

'
.
.
.

.
,
. , ,
.
.
.
- , , -
,
, ,
.
.
, , .
6.1
u = 108 km / h = 30 m / s . ,
, .
t0.
;
:
(6.3)

t =

1
0,99999999999999

t 0

t t 0 . .

191

,
.

u = 0,5 c

t = 1,155 t 0

u = 0,9 c

t = 2,294 t 0
u = 0,99 c

t = 7,089 t 0
.
,
.
.
.
1972 , 13
1 / 10 s.

.

.
9
10 s (1 ns).
. ()
6
. 0 = 2,2 10 s .

(0,99c). , 600 m.

. .

16 10 6 s .

1 (0,99c ) / c
0,99c
. 6.4 CERN
.

4800 m. , , ,
.
1976 (CERN),
, 0,9994c
.
30 ,
.

192

6-6


,

,
(. 6.5).
. 6.6 ()
,

. ()

.
,


ut1 (l)
.

.
.

t 0 =

2l 0
c

(6.4)

l 0 .
, ,
d = l + ut1

d = l ut 2

l .

d = ct1
l + ut1 = ct1

193

d = ct 2
l ut 2 = ct 2

t1 =

l
c u

t 2 =

l
c+u

t = t1 + t 2 =

l
l
+
cu c+u

t =

2l
c 1 u2 / c2

(6.5)

(6.3), (6.4) (6.5)

l = l0 1

u2
c2

(6.6)

(l )

(l 0 )
. .

( l 0 ), .

.
. 6.7 () . ()
(. 6.7).
u=0,8c .


, .
,

. .

194

6.2
u = 108 Km / h (30 m / s ) . , , 25 m.
;
:
(6.6)

u2
= (25 m) 0,99999999999999 = 25 m
c2
, l = l 0 l = l0 1


.
u = 0,5 c 25 m.
;

u2
= (25 m) 0,866 = 21,65 m
c2
u = 0,9 c
l 2 = l 0 0,436 = 10,9 m

u = 0,99 c
l 3 = l 0 0,141 = 3,525 m

l1 = l 0 1

6-7

LORENTZ



,
() u ().
"" .
,

.

x t=0
(.6.8). (x, y, z)
(x, y, z). x x = ut + x ' .
x
, .

195

. 6.8

x .

x = ut + x' . x x (6.6)
x = x 1

u2
.
c2
x = ut + x 1

(6.7)

x ut

x x =

y , z

u2
c2

y = y
z = z

(6.8)

u2
1 2
c
(6.9)
(6.10)

(x, y, z , u , t )
.
. u u.
(6.7). (6.7) u -u ,

x = ut + x 1
. 6.5 H. A. Lorentz (18531928), . Lorentz
1890,

Maxwell
.
Einstein
1905.

u2
c2

x (6.8)
t

t =

t ux / c 2
u2
1 2
c

(6.11)

(6.8), (6.9), (6.10) (6.11) Lorentz


. ,
( ).

196

x =

x ut
1

u2
c2

x=

y = y
z = z
t ux / c 2
t =
u2
1 2
c

x + ut
1

u2
c2

y = y'
z = z
t + ux / c 2
t=
u2
1 2
c

u c Lorentz
x = x ut , y = y , z = z , t = t ,
.
x ' t t
x .
. .

(x1 , y1 , z1 , t1 )

(x2 ,

y 2 , z 2 , t 2 ) . -

;
Lorentz (
) 1

t1 =

t1 + ux1 / c 2

2 t 2 =

u2
1 2
c
t 2 + ux 2 / c 2
u2
1 2
c

t = t 2 t1 =

t + ux / c 2
u2
1 2
c

(6.12)

t = 0 ,

t =

ux / c 2
u2
1 2
c

197

c
t .
6.3
680 m/s ( ).
20 m. O ,
. ;
:

t =

ux / c 2
u2
1 2
c

680 20 / 9 1016
680 2
1
9 1016

= 0,00000000000015 s

6-8

M LORENTZ

'
, x.
t
x . t x . , ,
u x.

x =

x ut
u2
c2
x ut

t =

t ux / c 2

x =

u2
1 2
c

u2
c2
t ux / c 2
1

t =

u2
c2

dx =

dx udt
u2
1 2
c

dx
dx udt
=
dt dt udx / c 2
dx
u
dt

=
u dx
1 2
c dt

198

dt =

dt udx / c 2
1

u2
c2

dx
=
dt

. ,

u
u
1 2
c

(6.13)

, ,
.

+ u
u
1+ 2
c

(6.14)

,
.
u c
u + u .
, = c = c , , = c
= c ,
.
.
6.4
, , 0,8c 0,7c , ,
. (. 6.9).
;
:

. 6.9


0,8c + 0,7c = 1,5c . c.
Lorentz. , 6.13

B =

B u
u
1 2 B
c

u = 0,8c B = 0,7c

B u

u
1 2 B
c
0,7c 0,8c
B =
= 0,96c
0,8c
1 2 ( 0,7c )
c
B =

199

6.5

0,6c
0,5c ,
(.
6.10). ;
:
. 6.10

,

0,6c + 0,5c = 1,1c . .
Lorentz. 6.14.

+ u
u
1+ 2
c

6-9

0.5c + 0,6c
= 0,85c
0,6c
1 + 2 0,5c
c

,
,
.

.

. 6.11

200


x 1 2 (.6.10) . 1 2 .
m11 m2 2 = m2 2 m11 . ( , )
.

u .
1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , Lorentz (6.13).
,
, , . .
, ,
Lorentz.

m :

p=

m
1 2 / c2

(6.15)

( )

1.
.
2. c
p m . , ,
, .
3. .
4. c .
(. 6.12).
5. m
.
. 6.12
.
<<c
6. .
, ,
, . ,
,
. c . .

201

6-10

m

E=

mc 2

(6.16)

1 2 / c2

. 2
= 0 E = mc E = 0 .
mc .
2


. , m
2
mc .
.
mc 2 ,
, .

. 2
c .
, 0,1% . ,
. ,
4,5 .
,
.
. , ,
. 6.6
.
1932 C. D. Anderson
. .
. () , . .
.
- .
.
( ) .


-.

202

. 6.7 o Einstein.

(K )

2
(E ) ( mc )
.

K=

mc 2
1 / c
2

mc 2

(6.17)

1
m 2 . (
2
.214). (6.17) = 0
K = 0 . , c ,
K = f ( ) 6.13.
(6.17) c K =

. 6.13
<<c
.

6.6
1,67309 10 27 kg 1,67538 10 27 kg -

( )

. 21 3,34451 10 27 kg . ;
:

m . m .

m = (1,67309 + 1,67538 3,34451) 10 27 kg = 0,00396 10 27 kg

8 2

E = mc = 0,00396 10 3 10 J = 0,03564 10 J

. .
2

27

203

11

6.7
= 0,85 c .
eV. m = 9,1 10 31 kg .
:

)(

2
31
8
mc = 9,1 10 kg 3 10 m / s

E =

mc 2

2
1 2
c

0,511 MeV
0,85c
1

= 81,9 10 15 J = 0,511 MeV

= 0,97 MeV

K = E mc 2 = 0,97 Mev 0,511 MeV = 0,459 MeV

6-11 -
(6.15) c

p=

mc / c
1 2 / c2

p
=
c
p 2 + m2c 2

1 2 / c2 =

mc
p + m2c 2
2

2
2
(6.16) 1 / c

E = m 2c 4 + p 2c 2

(6.18)

(
2
) E = mc , .
, ,
E = pc .

204


.
p = m . p =

m
1 2 / c2

0
0

, , .

.
.
, .

6-12

Lorentz
.
, ;

, , .
F = Bu q , .
.


,
.
. .
.


u , x
.
F = Buq
(. 6.14).

205

.
.

, '
, . ( ) ,

.

. 6.14


u x. (. 6.14 )
.
O (6.13).

.
. ,
+ = u =

u
. +
u
1 2
c

.

(6.6).
. ,
.

.
.

.

206


(. 6.15)
xOz .
, ,

l a . E =

,
0

( ).

. 6.15


x u .
;

u (. 6.14).

l = l 1

u2
c2

A = l = A 1

E =

Q
=
A

=
0

Q
A 1

u
c2

u2
c2
=

u2
c2

E
1

u2
c2


.

Q .
, ,
.

207

x
E = E



.


x.

E x = E x

E y =

(E

uB z )

B x = B x

u2
c2

By + 2 Ez
c

B y =
2
u
1 2
c

E z =

(E

+ uB y )

u2
c2

Bz 2 E y
c

B z =
2
u
1 2
c



.
.

6-13

.
,
, ,
, .
. ,
.
.
.

. .
,
Maxwell, ,
.
Newton. Newton

208

.
.

.
.

FB = G

Mm

r2

(F = ma ). .
Einstein


.
. :
.
.
,
(. 6.16).
.

, (. 6.16).

.
. .
, ,
(. 6.17).

, .
.
.

; , .

. 6.16

209

. 6.17 ()


. ()


.
.

(. 6.17).
,

. . ,
, .
,
. .


.

.

.
,

(. 6.18).
.
, .

. 6.18

, , Einstein,
,
,
. ,
, .
.

210


, , .

.

. , ,
. . (. 6.19).

. 6.19


. .
.
, .


. .

.
.
.
(. 6.20).

.
.
. Einstein

-

211

. 6.20

Viking




.





.

. , , .
.

Michelson-Morley
.
.
.
1. .
2. .


. u , t0,
t =

t 0
1 u2

c2

. .


.
u
,
, l0, l = l 0

u2
1 2 . c

.
Lorentz
(x, y, z, t) Lorentz u
. u x t=0, Lorentz

x =

x ut

u
1 2
c

y = y
z = z
t ux / c 2
t =
u2
1 2
c

x=

x + ut

u2
1 2
c
y = y'
z = z
t + ux / c 2
t=
u2
1 2
c

u c Lorentz .

212

.
. .
Lorentz
x,
u, x

u
u
1 2
c

+ u
u
1+ 2
c

u c .
.

p=

1 2 / c2
c p = m .
.
c , .
m
. .
c .
.

2
mc .

E=

mc 2
1 2 / c2

K=

mc 2

mc 2

1 / c
1
2
c K = m
2
c .
2

E = m 2c 4 + p 2c 2
2
( ) E = mc .
: E = pc .

, .
.

213


1.

.
-
. .
-.
.

.
2.

(1 + x) n

(1 + x )n

= 1 + nx +

n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3


x +
x + ............
1 2
1 2 3


K =

mc 2
1 / c
2

mc 2 c K =

1
m 2 .
2

6.1

Michelson Morley,
;

6.2

:

.
. .
.. .

6.3



c. , , c
;

6.4


t. H t ,

u ,
) t; ) t; ) t;
.

214

6.5


.
;
.

6.6


. ,
.
. ;
, ;

6.7

:
)


.
)


.
;

6.8


d. ,
,
, :
)
d.
)
d.
)
d.
)
d
.
)
d
.
.

6.9

600 m , -
- ;

6.10


. .
)
;
)
;

6.11

215

6.12

u,
. . x, ,
,
.

. 6.21

;
)


.
)

.
)
.
)
.
)
.
6.13


.
x x, y.
, ;

6.14

. .

6.15

;
; ;

6.16

6.17

216

) , ) ) ;
.
6.18

13,6 eV .
:
)

.
)

.
)

.

6.19

10 m 20 m
. ;
[ : 0,87 c ]

6.20

0,99 c
5 min , . , ;
[ : 35,5 min ]

6.21


.
. ;
[ :

3
c]
2

6.22

-
0,5 c . .

,
- ;
[ : 15,5 %]

6.23

10 mg .
;
c=3 108 m/s.
[ :

9 1011 J ]

217

6.24

1000 kg
0,5 c . ;
c=3 108 m/s.
19
[ : 1,4 10 J ]

6.25


)
0,5 c 0,9 c .
)
0,9 c 0,99 c .
0,511 eV.
[ : 0,582 MeV , 2,45 MeV ]

6.26

x=100km, y=10km, z=1km t=0,5ms.


(x, y, z, t) 0,8 c
x; (
t=0 ).
[ : x=367 km, y=10 km, z=1 km, t=1,28 ms ]

6.27

, , 100 m.

4 s .
;
[ : 0,083 c ]

6.28

20 .

1000 0,995 c .

; 1000
;
.
[ : 64 , 251 ]

6.29


0,8c 0,6c, , .
;
[ : 0,946 c ]

218

6.30

,
mp=1,67261 10-27 kg,
mn=1,67492 10-27 kg,
md=3,34357 10-27 kg.

;
c=3 108 m/s, 1 eV =1,6 10-19 J.
[ : 2,22 eV ]

6.31


.
20ns.
, 7,5ns.
;
c=3 108 m/s.
[ : 2,78 108 m/s ]

219

EINSTEIN
Albert Einstein 1879
. , , . Einstein .
.
1894 , ,
Albert. .
,
, 1900.
, 1902, .
Einstein ,
. , .

Einstein
1905 .
, Annalen der Physik
.
1921 Einstein ' ,
,
.
,
1910 , . 1912 1914, , Max Planck . ,
(1914) Van' t Hoff
"Kaiser Wilchelm". Einstein
, .
1905 ,

: 1906
Brown 1907 , .
, Einstein
,

220


.

Einstein
,
, :

(1911),

(1915),
. ,
(1916) .
Einstein
.
,
.
,
Newton. Einstein .
Einstein 30 , ,
.

,
.

, Einstein ,
. ,
, .
,
, (1932), Einstein
, Princeton. 1936
, ' . 1940 .
, .
.
.

221

Einstein
. , .
,
.

.
Einstein,
, .


.
Einstein , , .
Einstein. To
1914
.
.
. 1939
.
. Einstein
.
Roosevelt . ,
(1945),
.
Princeton 1955.

222


, ,
.
. .


30 .
.

. , ... .
!



.

.

.

; .
- .

. .
, ,
.
.
.


.

223

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