Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Bilabial Nasal Plosive Fricative Approximant Trill Tap, Flap Lateral fricative Lateral approximant Lateral lap B V Labiodental Dental I,Alveolarrl~ostI I Retroflex a veo ar Palatal Velar Uvular N Pharyngeal glottal
Epi-
Glottal
m p b
~ ~
I'D f v
U
t d
80lszlS3
.1
tct
11
Jl
1]
c J
<; j j
k 9
X
t? ;
Ul
q X
f
I--
71
h fi
Jl
-t
~
R
11
1 _!!_~
r
f
1.3
t
0.
1
i
I.
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a modally voiced consonant, except for murmured fi. Shaded areas denote articulations judged to be impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Anterior click releases (require posterior stops) Laminal alveolar fricated ("dental") Apical (post)alveolar abrupt ("retroflex") Laminal rstalveolar abrupt "palatal") Lateral a veolar fricated ("lateral") Voiced implosives Ejectives ' Examples:
CONSONANTS (CO-ARTICULATED)
M W Voiceless labialized velar approximant Voiced labialized velar approximant Voiced labialized palatal approximant Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative Simultaneous x andf (disputed)
o Bilabial fricated
I ! t II
6 cf
if
G
p'
t'
k'
S
4.
G ~
6
kp t
Affricates and double articulations may be joined by a tie bar TONE Level tones Contour-tone examples:
VOWELS
Front Close Nearfront Central Nearback Back ill U
SUPRASEGMENTALS
II
Primary stress
I
Extra stress
i
I Y i~ 0--9
Secondary stress
[,fauna' trfan}
e 1
e i e
,
1/
Top High
~ Rising
High rising Low rising
e: Long
0
e'
Half-long Extra-short
e--y
a
Short
" ~ Falling e
e ,
~ Mid ~ Low
re-3\G-A o
re
CE
e 1 e A
" e J Bottom
Tone terracing
t .I.
I
D /
Upstep Downstep
DIACRITICS
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, as y. Other IPAsymbols may appear as diacritics to represent phonetic detail: t' (fricative release), bft (breathy voice), 'a (glottal onset), (epenthetic schwa), 0 (diphthongization).
"
Global rise
Global fall
e e
-1
'-l
Peaking Dipping
n.l , , ~Q th ht dn dl f
~~
Syllabic Non-syllabic (Pre)aspirated Nasal release Lateral release No audible release Lowered
nd na
PHONATION Voiceless or Slack voice Mo_qalvoice or Stiff voice Breathy voice Creaky voice Strident
PRIMARY ARTICULATION
SECONDARY ARTICULATION
tl:?
tg
t<J
ut i - t + +
Ug
;)X ) )
More rounded Less rounded Nasalized Rhoticity Advanced tongue root Retracted tongue root
y),Cw
ez
3'3'"
t~
ill (1is a voiced
ng
eo
~Q
Linguolablal
aj'
flo!
(~ is a bilabial approximant)