Charpit's Method for Solving Nonlinear PDEs

CHARPITS METHOD:
Charpits method is a general method for finding the complete solution of non-
linear partial differential equation of the first order of the form
( ) 0 q , p , z , y , x f = . (i)
Since we know that qdy pdx dy
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= . (ii)
Integrating (ii), we get the complete solution of (i).
Note: In order to integrate (ii), we must know p and q in terms of x, y, z.
For this purpose, introduce another non-linear partial differential equation of the first
order of the form
( ) 0 a , q , p , z , y , x F = , (iii)
involving an arbitrary constant a compatible with (i).
Solving (i) and (iii), we get
( ) a , z , y , x p p = , ( ) b , z , y , x q q = . (iv)
On substitution of (iv) in (ii), equation (ii) becomes integrable, resulting in the complete
solution of (i) in the form
5 55 5
th th th th
Topic Topic Topic Topic
Partial Differential Equations Partial Differential Equations Partial Differential Equations Partial Differential Equations
Method for finding the complete integral of a non-
linear partial differential equation
(Charpits Method)
Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 13-09-2007)
Partial Differential Equations: Charpits Method Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur (HP) 2
( ) 0 b , a , z , y , x = , (v)
containing two arbitrary constants a and b.
To determine F: We differentiate (i) and (iii) partially w. r. t. x and y. Thus
0
x
q
.
q
f
x
p
.
p
f
p .
z
f
x
f
=
, (vi)
0
x
q
.
q
F
x
p
.
p
F
p .
z
F
x
F
=
, (vii)
0
y
q
.
q
f
y
p
.
p
f
q .
z
f
y
f
=
, (viii)
0
y
q
.
q
F
y
p
.
p
F
q .
z
F
y
F
=
. (ix)
Eliminating
x
p
between (vi) and (vii), we get

0
x
q
p
f
.
q
F
p
F
.
q
f
p .
p
f
.
z
F
p
F
.
z
f
p
f
.
x
F
p
F
.
x
f
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
. (x)
Eliminating
y
q
between (viii) and (ix), we get

0
y
p
q
f
.
p
F
q
F
.
p
f
q .
q
f
.
z
F
q
F
.
z
f
q
f
.
y
F
q
F
.
y
f
=
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
. (xi)
Since
y
p
x y
z
y x
z
x
q
2 2
and the last term in (x) and (xi) differ in sign only, then
adding (x) and (xi), we get
0
y
F
q
f
x
F
p
f
z
F
q
f
q
p
f
p
q
F
z
f
q
y
f
p
F
z
f
p
x
f
=
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
, (xii)
which is the linear partial differential equation (Lagranges linear equation) of the first
order with x, y, z, p, q as independent variables and F as the dependent variable.
The auxiliary equations of (xii) are
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
. (xiii)
These equations (xiii) are known as Charpits equations.
Solving (xiii), we get relations (iv) of p and q, using which, the equation (ii) is integrated
resulting in the complete solution (v).

Note: All the equations of Charpits equations (xiii) need NOT be used. Choose the
simplest of (xiii), so that p and q are easily obtained.

Now let us solve complete solution of non-linear partial differential equation of the
first order by Charpits method:

Q.No.1.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equation by Charpits
method: 0 pq qxy 2 px zx 2
2
= + .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is 0 pq qxy 2 px zx 2 f
2
= + = . (i)
qy 2 px 2 z 2
x
f
=
, qx 2
y
f
=
, x 2
z
f
=
, q x
p
f
2
+ =
, p xy 2
q
f
+ =
.
Charpits auxiliary equations are
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
.
p xy 2
dy
q x
dx
qxy 2 pq 2 px
dz
0
dq
qy 2 z 2
dp
2 2
=
+
= =
.
From second member, we get q = a.
Putting q = a in (i), we get
( )
a x
ay z x 2
p
2
= .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( )
ady dx
a x
ay z x 2
qdy pdx dz
2
+
= + = dx
a x
x 2
ay z
ady dz
2
.
Integrating on both sides, we get
( ) ( ) ( ) a x b ay z b log a x log ay z log
2 2
= + = .
( ) a x b ay z
2
+ = ,
which is the required complete solution involving two arbitrary constants a and b.
method: ( ) qz y q p
2 2
= + or 0 y q y p qz
2 2
= .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is ( ) 0 qz y q p f
2 2
= + = . (i)
0
x
f
=
,
2 2
q p
y
f
+ =
, q
z
f
=
, py 2
p
f
=
, z qy 2
q
f
=
.
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
.
z qy 2
dy
py 2
dx
qz
dz
p
dq
pq
dp
2
+
=
= =
.
From the first two members, we get 0 qdy pdx = + .
Integrating, we get
2 2 2
a q p = +
2 2
q a p = . (ii)
Putting
2 2 2
a q p = + in (i), we get
z
y a
q
2
= .
From (ii), we get
2 2 2
2
2 4
2 2 2
y a z
z
a
z
y a
a q a p = = = .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
dy
z
y a
dx y a z
z
a
qdy pdx dz
2
2 2 2
+ = + = .
dx y a z a ydy a zdz
2 2 2 2
=
( )
adx
y a z
y a z d
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
.
b ax y a z
2 2 2
+ = ( )
2 2 2 2
y a b ax z + + = ,
method: 0 y 2 qy p z 2
2 2
= + + + .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is 0 y 2 qy p z 2 f
2 2
= + + + = . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
.
( )
y
dy
p 2
dx
qy p 2
dz
q 3 y 4
dq
p 2
dp
2
=
+
=
+
= .
From first and fourth ratios, we get a x p dx dp + = = .
Substituting x a p = in (i), we get
( ) [ ]
2 2
x a y 2 z 2
y
1
q = .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( ) ( ) [ ]dy x a y 2 z 2
y
1
dx x a qdy pdx dz
2 2
+ + = + = .
Multiplying both sides by
2
y 2 , we get
( ) ( ) dy x a y 2 dy y 4 dx x a y 2 yzdy 4 dz y 2
2 3 2 2
= +
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] b y z 2 a x y b y x a y zy 2
2 2 2 4 2 2 2
= + + + + = ,
method: y q x p z
2 2
+ = .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is 0 z y q x p f
2 2
= + = . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
.
( )
pq 2
dy
px 2
dx
y q x p 2
dz
q q
dq
p p
dp
2 2 2 2
=
+
=
+
=
+
.
From which, we have
y q
qydq 2 dy q
x p
pxdp 2 dx p
2
2
2
2
+
=
+
.
Integrating on both sides, we get ( ) ( ) a log y q log x p log
2 2
+ = y aq x p
2 2
= . (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have z y q y aq
2 2
= +
( )
2 / 1
y a 1
z
q
(
+
= .
From (ii), we have
( )
2 / 1
x a 1
az
p
(
+
= .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( ) ( )
dy
y a 1
z
dx
x a 1
az
qdy pdx dz
2 / 1 2 / 1
(
+
+
(
+
= + = ( )
y
dy
x
dx
a
z
dz
a 1 + = + .
( ) { } ( ) b y ax z a 1 + + = +
[ ]
( ) a 1
b y ax
z
2
+
+ +
= , Ans.
Q.No.5.: Solve the following non-linear partial differential equations by Charpits
method: yz qy pq pxy = + + .
Sol. Given non-linear partial differential equation is 0 yz qy pq pxy f = + + = . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y p
dy
q xy
dx
y p q q xy p
dz
qp q px
dq
y p py
dp
+
=
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y p
dy
q xy
dx
y p q q xy p
dz
qp q px
dq
0
dp
+
=
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
= .

From first member, we get 0 dp = a p = .
Putting a p = in (i), we get
yz qy aq axy = + + ( ) ( ) ax z y y a q = +
( )
y a
ax z y
q
+
= .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( )
dy
y a
ax z y
adx qdy pdx dz
+
+ = + =
y a
ydy
ax z
adx dz
+
=
dy
y a
a
1
ax z
adx dz
|
|
\
|
+
=
.
( ) ( ) b y a log a y ax z log + + = , Ans.
method: pqxy z
2
= .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is 0 pqxy z f
2
= = . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) ( )
q p q p z y z x
df
dy
df
dx
qf pf
dz
qf f
dq
pf f
dp
= =
+
=
+
=
+

( ) ( ) pxy
dy
qxy
dx
pqxy 2
dz
qz 2 pqx
dq
pz 2 pqy
dp
=
+
=
+

Using the multipliers p, q, o, x, y, we have
yqz 2 ypqx qpxy
ydq qdy
pxz 2 xpqy pqxy
xdp pdx
+
+
=
+
+

yqz 2
ydq qdy
xpz 2
xdp pdx
+
=
) yq (
) yq ( d
) xp (
) xp ( d
= .
Integrating on both sides, we get yq a xp =
ay
xp
q = .
Substituting
ay
xp
q = in (i) i.e. pqxy z
2
= , we get
a
x p
xy
ay
xp
. p z
2 2
2
=
|
|
\
|
=
x
z
. a p = .
Then
y a
z
x
z
. a .
ay
x
ay
xp
q = = = .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
dy
y
z
a
1
dx
x
z
a qdy pdx dz + = + =
y
dy
a
1
x
dx
a
z
dz
+ = .
b / 1 b
y ax z = , Ans.
method: ( )
2
yp qy px z 2 = + + .
Ans.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is ( ) 0 yp qy px z 2 f
2
= + + = . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
.
( )
( )
y 2
dy
yp 2 x 2
dx
qy 2 yp 2 xp 2
dz
q 2 p q 2
dq
p 2 p 2
dp
2 2
=
=
+
=
+
=
+

y
dy
yp x
dx
yq yp xp
dz
2
p
q 2
dq
p 2
dp
2 2
=
=
+
=
|
|
\
|

=

Using first and fifth members, we have
p 2
dp
y
dy
=
2
2
y
a
ay p = =

.
Substituting the value of p (i) i.e. ( )
2
yp qy px z 2 = + + , we obtain
|
|
\
|

|
|
\
|
=
2
2
2
y
a
x 2 z 2
y
a
y yq 2
3 4
2
y
ax
y
z
y 2
a
q = .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
dy
y
ax
y
z
y 2
a
dx
y
a
qdy pdx dz
3 4
2
2 |
|
\
|
+ = + = .
Regrouping the terms, we get
dy
y 2
a
y
axdy aydx
y
zdy ydz
4
2
3
+
|
|
\
|

=
|
|
\
| +
.
Multiplying throughout by y, we obtain
( )
3
2
y
dy
2
a
y
x
ad yz d +
|
|
\
|
= .
Integrating on both sides, we get b
y 2
1
.
2
a
y
x
a yz
2
2
+
|
|
\
|
+ = .
y
b
y 4
a
y
ax
z
3
2
2
+ = , Ans.
method: pq qy px = + .
Ans.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is 0 pq qy px f = + . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p y
dy
q x
dx
p y q q x p
dz
q
dq
p
dp

=

=

= = .
Taking first two members, we have
q
dq
p
dp
=
Integrating on both sides, aq p a log q log p log = + = . (ii)
Putting p = aq in (i), we have
2
aq qy aqx = +
a
ax y
q
+
= .
From (ii), we obtain ax y aq p + = =
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( )
( )
dy
a
ax y
dx ax y dz
+
+ + = ( )( ) adx dy ax y adz + + =
( ) b ax y
2
1
az
2
+ + = ,
General Integral: Writing ( ) a b = , we have
( ) ( ) a ax y
2
1
az
2
+ + = (iii)
Differentiating (iii) partially w.r.t. a, we have
( ) ( ) a ax y x z + + = . (iv)
General integral is obtained by eliminating a from (iii) and (iv).
Singular Integral: Differentiating the complete integral partially w.r.t. a and b, we have
( ) ax y x z + = and 0 = 1. Hence there is no singular integral.
method: ( ) 0 q p qy px xy 2
2 2
= + + .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is ( ) 0 q p qy px xy 2
2 2
= + + .
Here 0 xy 2 qy 2 px 2 q p f
2 2
= + + (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

q 2 y 2
dy
p 2 x 2
dx
x 2 q 2
dq
y 2 p 2
dp
=
+
=
+

q y
dy
p x
dx
x q
dq
y p
dp
=
+
=
+

q p y x
dy dx
q p y x
dq dp
+
+
=
+
+

dy dx dq dp + = +
( ) ( ) a y q x p = + (ii)
dy dx dq dp + = + , ( ) ( ) 0 y q x p = +
Equation (i) can be written as
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
y x y q x p = + (iii)
Putting the values of ( ) y q from (ii) in (iii), we have
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
2 2 2
y x x p a x p = + ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 0 y x a x p a 2 x p 2
2 2 2
= +
( ) { } [ ]
4
y x a 8 a 4
a 2 x p
2 2 2

+ = , (Taking only +ve sign)
( ) { }
(
+ + =
2 2
a y x 2 a
2
1
x p
From (ii), ( ) { }
(
+ =
2 2
a y x 2 a
2
1
a y q
( ) { }
(
+ =
2 2
a y x 2 a
2
1
y q .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( ) ( ) { }( ) dy dx a y x 2
2
1
dy dx
2
a
ydy xdx dz
2 2
+ + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) dy dx
2
a
y x
2
1
dy dx
2
a
ydy xdx
2
2
+ + + + =
Integrating on both sides, we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) b
2
a
y x y x log
4
a
2
a
y x
2
y x
2
1
y x
2
a
2
y
2
x
z
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
+ + + + =
method:
2 2
q p qy px z + + + =
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is 0 q p qy px z f
2 2
= . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) q 2 y
dy
p 2 x
dx
q 2 y q p 2 x p
dz
q q
dq
p p
dp

=

=

=
+
=
+

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) q 2 y
dy
p 2 x
dx
q 2 y q p 2 x p
dz
0
dq
0
dp
+
=
+
=
+ + +
= =
From first two members, we get 0 dp = and dq = 0.
Integrating, we obtain p = a and q = b.
Putting in (i), we get
2 2
b a by ax z + + + = ,
method: ( ) 1 q z p z
2 2 2 2
= +
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is ( ) 1 q z p z
2 2 2 2
= + .
Here 0 1 z q z p f
2 2 4 2
= + .
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 2 3 2 2 3 2
qz 2 q pz 2 p
dz
z q 2 z p 4 q
dq
z q 2 z p 4 . p 0
dp

=
+
=
+ +
2 4
qz 2
dy
pz 2
dx
= .
Taking first two members, we have
q
dq
p
dp
= .
Integrating on both sides, we obtain a log q log p log + = aq p = .
Putting aq p = in ( ) 1 q z p z
2 2 2 2
= + , we get
( ) 1 z a z
1
q
2 2 2
2
+
=
( ) 1 z a z
1
q
2 2
+
=
( ) 1 z a z
a
p aq p
2 2
+
= = .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( ) ( )
dy
1 z a z
1
dx
1 z a z
a
dz
2 2 2 2
+
+
+
= ( ) dy adx dz 1 z a z
2 2
+ = +
Integrating on both sides, we get ( ) b y ax 1 z a
a 3
1
2 / 3
2 2
2
+ + = +
( ) ( )
2 4
3
2 2
b y ax a 9 1 z a + + = + , Ans.
method: 0 1 qy 2 px 2 q p
2 2
= + + .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is 0 1 qy 2 px 2 q p f
2 2
= + + . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y 2 q 2
dy
x 2 p 2
dx
y 2 q 2 q x 2 p 2 p
dz
q 2
dq
p 2
dp

=

=

=

Taking the first two members, we have
q
dq
p
dp
= aq p a log q log p log = + = .
Putting in (i), we get
0 1 qy 2 aqx 2 q q a
2 2 2
= + + ( ) ( ) 0 1 q y ax 2 q 1 a
2 2
= + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) 1 a 2
1 a 4 y ax 4 y ax 2
q
2
2 2
+
+ + + +
=
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) 1 a
1 a y ax y ax
q
2
2 2
+
+ + + +
= . (Taking the positive sign only)
and
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1 a
1 a y ax y ax a
aq p
2
2 2
+
(
+ + + +
= =
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
( ) dy adx
1 a
1 a y ax y ax
dz
2
2 2
+
+
+ + + +
=
Putting t y ax = + , so that dt dy adx = + , we have, ( ) ( ) { } dt 1 a t t dz 1 a
2 2 2
(
+ + = + .
( ) ( ) { } ( ) { } b 1 a t t log
2
1 a
1 a t
2
t
2
t
z 1 a
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
+
(
+ +
+
+ + = + , where y ax t + = ,
method: ( )
2
z qy p + = .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is ( ) 0 z qy p f
2
= + + . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) z qy y 2
dy
1
dx
y . z qy 2 . q 1 p
dz
z qy q 4
dq
z qy p 2
dp
+
=

=
+
=
+
=
+
.
Taking first and fifth members, we have
0
y
dy
p
dp
= +
y
a
p a log y log p log = = + .
From (i), we obtain ( )
2
z qy
y
a
+ = z qy
y
a
+ =
|
|
\
|
y
z
y
a
q
2 / 3
= .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
dy
y
z
y
a
dx
y
a
dz
2 / 3 |
|
\
|
+ = dy
y
a
adx zdy ydz + = + .
( ) b ay 2 ax yz + + = ,
method: ( )
2 / 1
pq 1 z qy px + = + .
Sol.: Given non-linear partial differential equation is ( ) 0 pq 1 z qy px f
2 / 1
= + + . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) ( )
........
pq 1 q q
dq
pq 1 p p
dp
2 / 1 2 / 1
=
+
=
+

Taking the first two members, we have
q
dq
p
dp
= aq p a log q log p log = + = .
Putting in (i), we have
( )
2 / 1
2
aq 1 z qy aqx + = + ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
aq 1 z y ax q + = +
( )
2 2
2
2
az y ax
z
q
+
=
( ) { }
2 2
az y ax
z
q
+
=
( ) { }
2 2
az y ax
az
p
+
= .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( )
( ) { }
2 2
az y ax
zdy azdx
dz
+
+
=
( ) { }
2 2
az y ax
dy adx
z
dz
+
+
=
Putting u a y ax = + , we get
( ) { }
2 2
az au
du a
z
dz
= ( )
2 2
z u
z
1
dz
du
= .
Again put, vz u = ,
so that ( )
2 2 2
z z v
z
1
dz
dv
z v = + ( ) 1 v
dz
dv
z v
2
= +
( ) v 1 v
dz
dv
z
2
=
( ) v 1 v
dv
z
dz
2

=
( ) { }dv v 1 v
z
dz
2
+ = .
( ) ( ) b
2
v
1 v v log
2
1
1 v
2
v
z log
2
2 2
+
(
)
`
+ =
( ) ( ) { } b 1 v v log
2
1
1 v
2
v
2
v
z log
2 2
2
= + + + , where
a z
y ax
z
u
v
+
= = .
method: ( ) ( ) 0 1 q p xy pq y x
2 2 2 2
= .
Sol.: Here ( ) ( ) 0 1 q p xy pq y x f
2 2 2 2
= . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) ( ) ( ) pxy 2 q y x
dx
q p x ypq 2
dq
q p y pqx 2
dp
2 2 2 2 2 2
+
=

=

( )
..........
qxy 2 p y x
dy
2 2
=

=
Using x, y, p, q as multipliers, we have
Each fraction
0
qdy pdx ydq xdp + + +
= ( ) ( ) 0 ydq qdy pdx xdp = + + + .
Integrating, we get a qy px = +
x
qy a
p

= .
From (i), we have
( )
( )
0 1 q
x
qy a
xy q
x
qy a
y x
2
2
2
2 2
=
(
(
\
|

( ) ( ) { } 0 1 xyq y qy a q y x
x
qy a
2 2 2
= +

( ) 0 1 xyq ay q x
x
qy a
2 2
= +

( )( ) 0 x yq x ay q x qy a
2 2 2
= +
0 x yq x q ay yq x y a q ax
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + +
( ) x y a y x qa
2 2 2
+ = +
( )
2 2
2
y x a
x y a
q
+
+
=
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
y x a
y x a
y x a
y x y a
a
x
1
p
+
=
(
(
+
+
= .
y
z
dx
x
z
dz + =
= .
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
y x a
dy x y a dx y x a
dz
+
+ +
=
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
y x a
ydx xdy
y x
ydy xdx
a dz
+
+
+
+
=
Integrating on both sides, we have
( ) b
x
y
tan
a
1
y x log
2
a
z
1 2 2
+ + + =

,
method: ( ) 0 qy q xy p yz = + or yz qy pq pxy = + + .
Sol.: Here ( ) 0 qy q xy p yz = + . (i)
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
.
Here py
x
f
=
, q xy
p
f
+ =
, z q px
y
f
+ =
, q p
q
f
+ =
, y
z
f
=
.
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) q p
dy
q xy
dx
y p q q xy p
dz
y q z q px
dq
) y ( p py
dp
+
=
+
=
+ + +
=
+ +
=
+
.
From 1
st
and 2
nd
member, we obtain
qy z q px
dq
0
dp
+
= 0 dp = a p = .
Now from (i), 0 yz qy pq pxy = + +
( ) 0 yz q y a axy = + +
( )
y a
ax z y
y a
axy yz
q
+
=
+
=
( )
y a
ax z y
q
+
= .
Now consider
( )
dy
y a
ax z y
adx qdy pdx dz
+
+ = + =
( )
dy
y a
a ax z y
adx dz
+
= (ii)
Put t ax z = , dtd adx dz =
(ii) reduces to dy
y a
a
1 dy
y a
a y a
dy
y a
yt
dt
|
|
\
|
+
=
+
+
=
+
=
Integrating both sides, we get
dy
y a
1
a dy dt
t
1
+
=

+ constant (= log c)
c log ) y a log( a y t log + + = [ ] ax z t =
( ) c log ) y a log( a y ax z log + + = , is the required solution.
This solution can also be written as ( )( )
y 2
be a y ax z = + .
method:
2
p xp q = + .
Sol.: Here
2
p xp q = + . (i)
Let
2
p xp q ) q , p , z , y , x ( f + =
Here p
x
f
=
, p 2 x
p
f
=
0
y
f
=
, 1
q
f
=
, 0
z
f
=
.
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp

( ) [ ] 1
dy
p 2 x
dx
q p 2 x p
dz
0 q 0
dq
0 p
dp
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+

From 1
st
and 5
th
members
dy
p
dp
= a log y p log + = y
a
p
log =
y
e
a
p

=
y
ae p

=
Also from (i),
2
p xp q = +
y 2 2 y
xe a axe q

= +
y y 2 2
axe e a q

= .
Now consider ( )dy axe e a dx ae qdy pdx dz
y y 2 2 y
+ = + =
( ) dy e a xdy dx e a dz
y 2 2 y
+ =
Integrating on both sides, we obtain ( ) c dy e a x e d a z
y 2 2 y
+ + =

c e
2
a
axe z
y 2
2
y
+ =

, is the required solution.
method: ( ) ( ) 0 q z b 1 p p
2
= + + .
Sol.: Let 0 zq bq p p ) q , p , z , y , x ( f
3
= + + =
Here 0
x
f
=
, 1 p 3
p
f
2
+ =
, 0
y
f
=
, z b
q
f
=
, q
z
f
=
.
Consider Charpits Auxiliary equations
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
=
|
|
\
|

etc .....
q
dq
pq
dp
2
=

From 1
st
and 2
nd
members,
q
dq
p
dp
= .
c log q log p log + = cq p = .
Now from (i) 0 q ) z b ( p p
3
= + + ( ) 0 q z b cq q c
3 3
= + +
0 z b c q c
2 3
= + +
3
2
c
b c z
q

=
c . c
b c z
q

= .
Now consider dy b c z .
c
1
dx
c
1
. b c z qdy pdx dz
2 / 3
+ = + =
( ) dy
c
y
c
1
dz b c z
2 / 3
2 / 1
+ =

.
( ) a dy
c
1
dx
c
1
dz b c a
2 / 3
2 / 1
+ + =

a
c
y
c
x
b c z 2
2 / 3
+ + = , is the required solution.
method: qz p 1
2
= + .
Sol.: Let 0 qz p 1 ) q , p , z , y , x ( f
2
= + =
Here 0
x
f
=
, p 2
p
f
=
, 0
y
f
=
, z
q
f
=
, q
z
f
=
.
Consider Charpits Auxiliary equations
q
f
dy
p
f
dx
q
f
q
p
f
p
dz
z
f
q
y
f
dq
z
f
p
x
f
dp
=
|
|
\
|

etc .....
q
dq
pq
dp
2
=

From 1
st
and 2
nd
members,
q
dq
p
dp
= .
c log q log p log + = cq p = .
Now from (i) 0 qz 1 p
2
= + 0 qz q c
2 2
=
2
2 2
c 2
c 4 z z
q

= .
Now consider
dy c 4 z z
c 2
1
dx c 4 z z
c 2
1
qdy pdx dz
2 2
2
2 2
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
= + =
dy c 2
1
dx
c 2
1
c 4 z z
dz
2
2 2
+ =

dy
c 2
1
dx
c 2
1
dz
c 4 z z
c 4 z z
.
c 4 z z
1
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
+ =
m
m
.
b dy
c 2
1
dx
c 2
1
c 4
dz c 4 z z
2 2
2 2
+ + =
|
\
|

m
( ) [ ]
2 2
B A ) B A ( B A = +
(
\
|
+
2 2 2 2 2
2
c 4 z z log c 2 c 4 z
2
z
2
z
d y 2 cx 2 b y
c 2
1
x
c 2
1
c 4
2
2
+ + = |
\
|
+ + = ,
where b c 4 d
2
= ,

(
(
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
a x log
2
a
a x
2
x
dx a x Q
(
\
|
+
2 2 2 2 2
2
c 4 z z log c 2 c 4 z
2
z
2
z
d y 2 cx 2 + + = , is the required solution.

***************************************************
****************************************
********************************
Home Assignments
method: 0 4 z 4 z q 9 z p 16
2 2 2 2 2
= + + .
Hint:
qz 8 z q 18 qz p 32
dq
pz 8 z pq 18 z p 32
dp
3 2 2 3
+ +
=
+ +
2 2 2 2 2 2
z q 18 z p 32
dz
qz 18
dy
pz 32
dx
+
=
+
=
0 pdz 4 dy . 0 dx . 1 dq . 0 zdp 4 = + + + + , a pz 4 x = + ,
z 4
a x
p

= ,
( )
2 2
a x
4
1
z 1
z 3
2
q = .
Ans.:
( ) ( )
1 z
4
9
b y
4
a x
2
2 2
= +
.
method: ( ) ( ) 0 q z b q 1 p
2
= + + .
Hint:
( )
=
+
=
+ +
= =
1 q
dx
q z b p pq 3
dz
q
dq
pq
dp
2 2 2
pq 2 b z
dy
+ +
,
) i ( pc q ) ii ( = , Sub 1 b cz q = .
Ans.: ( ) [ ] a cy x 1 b z c 2 + + = ; a, c are arbitrary constants.
method: 0 q px q
2
= .
Hint: a q = ,
(
+ = a 4 x x
2
1
p
2
m .
Ans.: b ay a 4 x x log a 2 a 4 x
2
x
2
1
4
x
z
2 2
2
+ +
(
)
`
+ + + + = .
method: 0 q yzp
2
= .
Ans.: b y a ax 2 z
2 2 2
+ + = .
method: ( ) 0 y x qx py pq 2
2 2
= + + + + .
Ans.: ( ) ( ) { }
2 2 2 2
a y x y x
2
1
y ay x ax z 2 + + + = .
( ) { } ( ) { }
(
+ + + + b a y x 2 y x 2 log
2
a
2 2
2 / 3
2

method:
2
p 3 q = .
Ans.: b y x 3 ax z
2
+ + = .
method: pq z = .
Ans.: b y
a
1
ax z 2 + + = .
method: q p zpq + = .
Ans.: ( ) b
a
y
x 1 a 2 z
2
+ |
\
|
+ + = .
***************************************************
****************************************
********************************

Charpit's Method for Solving Nonlinear PDEs

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Charpit's Method for Solving Nonlinear PDEs

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CHARPITS METHOD:

between (vi) and (vii), we get

between (viii) and (ix), we get

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