Baluns2006 Ang

Jacques Audet VE2AZX VE2AZX@amsat.org Nov. 2006 Rev.
1 June 2008 VE2AZX 1
- REASONS FOR USING A BALUN - TYPES OF BALUNS - CHECK YOUR BALUN WITH AN SWR ANALYZER - MESURING THE IMPEDANCE OF A NUMBER OF FERRITES - IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT RESULTS - USING FERRITES ON A FEEDER AND HOUSE CONDUCTORS
Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008
VE2AZX
REASONS FOR USING A BALUN ?
BALUN = BALanced to Unbalanced - Its a transformer Used to feed a balanced load, Ex: dipole Decreases feeder radiation The feed line becomes independent of the antenna: We can change its length move it around Without causing SWR change.
VE2AZX
REASONS FOR USING A BALUN ?

DIPOLE +
BALUN
With a balun, radiation picked up by the feeder from each side of the dipole cancels at the feeder. Decreases feedline current. The feedline should run away from the dipole at right angle. The dipole should be parallel to the ground.
The feedlines outer shield becomes floating and independent of the antenna.
A non symetrical antenna Ex: Windom Will require the use of a current balun
VE2AZX
BALUN TYPES
VOLTAGE
- TRANSFORMER WITH WINDINGS GIVING A BALANCED OUTPUT - IN-OUT IMPEDANCES ARE DETERMINED BY THE TURNS RATIO. A WIDE RANGE OF RATIOS IS POSSIBLE. - OPERATES OVER A SOMEWHAT LIMITED BANDWIDTH (100 TO 1)
CURRENT
- USES TRANSMISSION LINES WOUND ON A CORE - MAY USE A COAXIAL CABLE OR A PARALLEL WIRE LINE WITH OR WITHOUT FERRITES. - COMMON IMPEDANCE RATIOS: 1:1 AND 4:1
- OPERATE OVER A MUCH WIDER BAND OF FREQUENCIES
VE2AZX
1:1 VOLTAGE BALUN

- 3 IDENTICAL WINDINGS - GENERALLY 50 : 50 ohms
~29.2 H
Measured Inductance: ~13.4 uH
BALANCED SIDE
2
Identical windings Connected in series
SO-239
Mesured Inductance ~13.4 uH
4 We should have ~ the same inductance at the input and at the output. 6
~3.3 H Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX
VOLTAGE BALUN 4:1
- 2 IDENTICAL WINDINGS
Terminate to check SWR
BALANCED SIDE
200
Identical windings connected in series
SO-239
INPUT SIDE
The measured inductance at the output is ~ 4X the input inductance as a result of inductance coupling.
Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX 7
TESTING A BALUN WITH AN SWR ANALYZER

These tests verify: Winding inductance Winding distributed capacitance
Load resistance:
SWR ANALYZER
Coaxial 50 ohms
BALUN
50 ohms (balun 1:1) OR: 200 ohms (balun 4:1)
The minimum SWR should be below 1.5 In the middle of the baluns frequency range
Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX
Indicates low losses
CONNECTING THE LOAD RESISTANCE 50 HERE
IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE SHORT CONNECTIONS
VE2AZX
swr
MEASURED SWR WITH A 50 ohms LOAD
2.0:1
BALUN 1:1 UNADILLA W2AU

1.5:1
swr
Min SWR ~ 1.1 1.0:1
1 MHz
10 MHz
50 MHz
10
IMPEDANCE vs Frequency with a 50 ohm load
VE2AZX
11
frequency reactance resistance
50
5 :1
KENPRO KA50
4 :1
3 :1
2 :1
1 :1 1 MHz
Min SWR ~ 1.3

10 MHz 50 MHz
VE2AZX
12
5 :1
4 :1
UNADILLA 4 : 1
3 :1
2 :1
1 :1
1 MHz
VE2AZX
10 MHz
50 MHz
13
OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS WITH THE SWR ANALYZER These tests verify: Winding inductance Winding distributed capacitance Quality of the winding insulation
50 ohms Coaxial tee
VOLTAGE BALUN
Open circuit
SWR ANALYZER
Coaxial 50 ohms
The minimum SWR should be below 1.1 in the middle of the baluns frequency range
Indicates low losses
VE2AZX
14
OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS WITH THE SWR ANALYZER

23 Sep 2003 11:17:02
CH1
S 11
SWR
200 m /
REF 1
1_: 1.3601 1.8 MHz
swr
PRm
Always 50 whatever the Z ratio
Cor
2_: 1.1036 3.5 MHz SCALE
200 m /div
50 ohms
3_: 1.0999 7.562 MHz 4_: 1.3392 14 MHz
MEASURED SWR
5_: 2.1619 30 MHz

BALUN 1:1 or 4:1
swr
2.0:1
Coax Tee
UNADILLA W2AU
1.5:1
1
SWR
1.0:1
2 5 MHz
3 10 MHz 50 MHz
1 MHz
VE2AZX
15
OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS WITH A VNA
Winding Inductance at 1.8 MHz
COMPLEX IMPEDANCE vs Frequency

Shows open circuit between around 5 MHz Winding inductance resonates with its distributed capacitance
16
fequency reactance resistance
CURRENT BALUNS
QUESTION: How many independent conductors at RF frequencies do we have in a coaxial cable ? 1, 2, 3 or 4 conductors ?
There are 3 independent conductors: - The center conductor - The inner surface of the shield - The outer surface of the shield Note that the RF current that flows on the outer surface of the shield is independent of the inner shield current. This is so because at RF frequencies, the current penetrates very little inside the conductors. This is called SKIN EFFECT. Note also that the SWR only applies to the inner shield currents (and center cond). The SWR is basically independent of the outer shield currents.
SHIELDED LOAD With a shielded load, the current stays inside the coax There is no current on the outside of the coax, whatever the load (open, short or terminated) Adding ferrites on the outside of the coax has NO effect, since no current flows on the outside of the shield. Coaxial Cable
Current flow Current flow Shielded load
VE2AZX
18
UNSHIELDED LOAD A dipole is an unshielded load An unshielded load causes current to flow on the outer surface of the coax, since it picks up radiated currents. In fact it is part of the antenna. The radiation pattern changes. Note that the inner conductor and inner shield currents are equal. Coaxial Cable
Current flow Current flow
A dipole is an unshielded load
External current flow
Current flowing on the outer shield modifiy the basic dipole by adding a third conductor and will generally change its impedance
Most antennas tend to spray RF on their feeding coax too.
19
UNSHIELDED LOAD Adding a ferrite core adds resistance (at RF) only on the OUTSIDE of the coax. The ferrite core reduces the shield currents The ferrite core has NO effect on the internal coax currents, besides restoring the dipole impedance and normal radiation pattern. Note that the inner conductor and inner shield currents are equal.
FERRITE CORE
Coaxial Cable
Current flow Current flow
A dipole is an unshielded load
Shield currents encounter a high impedance and are attenuated.

Most antennas tend to spray RF on their feeding coax too.
20
CURRENT BALUNS
How much Resistance is Required when Feeding a dipole with a coaxial cable ?
% of end
Dipole /2
Feed point
A coax cable feeds a dipole at its center, or with an offset
TX
Dipole /2
Equivalent Circuit The coax is part of the antenna /4 open stub Is the WORST length since it reflects a short
For simulation purposes, the TX (source) is very small and floating.
Open circuit stub

21
CURRENT BALUNS
Feeding a dipole with a coaxial cable
TX
Dipole /2
To decrease the stub current: A current balun is inserted. It adds a series impedance on the outside of the coax.
Balun (ferrites)
TX
Dipole /2 Balun RF impedance
Balun Equivalent Circuit What is the minimum value of Impedance that I can have That will have little effect on the gain and impedance of the dipole antenna ?
22
CURRENT BALUNS
R
Dipole /2
Feeding a dipole with a coaxial cable
/4
DIPOLE IMPEDANCE VS LOAD R DIPOLE IMPEDANCE
50 % OFFSET Z dipole at resonance
DIPOLE AVERAGE GAIN VS LOAD GAIN R AVERAGE DIPOLE

140 120
dB
3
CENTER FEED
33 % OFFSET
100
80
0
33 % OFFSET
60 40 20 0 1.00E+02
CENTER FEED
-1
-2
1.00E+03
R in ohms
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
-3 1.00E+02
1.00E+03
R in ohms
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
If feeding at the center (50%): R > 1000 ohms If feeding at 33% from end: R > 10000 ohms Its easier to feed at the center
CURRENT BALUNS
1:1 CURRENT BALUN FERRITES COAX
ANTENNA
Ideal Transformer
1:1
Balanced Antenna
Equivalent Circuit at RF
Z - Ferrites VE2AZX
The impedance of the ferrites should be high ( > 1000 ohms) for a well balanced output 24
FERRITE IMPEDANCE
DEPENDS ON
- MATERIAL - LENGTH - VOLUME OF MATERIAL - VARIES WITH FREQUENCY - TO CALCULATE THE IMPEDANCE Z: (approx.) IMPEDANCE OF ONE TURN FOR ONE FERRITE multiplied by NUMBER OF FERRITES multiplied by (NUMBER OF TURNS) squared - NOTE: 1 TURN = FERRITE ON A STRAIGHT WIRE
FERRITE
FERRITE IMPEDANCE
- FERRITES
VS IRON POWDER TWO DIFFERENT MATERIALS
- FERRITE: HAS A HIGH PERMEABILITY (10 to 15000) GIVING A HIGH INDUCTANCE FOR A SMALL NUMBER OF TURNS BUT THE INDUCTANCE OBTAINED IS NOT STABLE AND Q FACTOR IS LOW OK FOR TRANSFORMERS AND BALUNS
- IRON POWDER: LOWER PERMEABILITY LOWER INDUCTANCE, GIVES A STABLE, HIGH Q INDUCTANCE (EX.: VFO, FILTERS, TUNERS)
VE2AZX
26
MEASUREMENT OF FERRITE IMPEDANCE

USING AN SWR ANALYZER OR A VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER Allow measuring separately the Resistive and Inductive Components
Ferrite under test
Insulating Sleeve
Connector
SWR ANALYZER
With IMPEDANCE CAPABILITY
- OR VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER

Conductor, Cu or Al
VE2AZX
27
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
1000
n ur 2t
1t
2 fe urn
rrites
1 turn
100
CLAMP ON FERRITE FOR RG-8

10 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz
FREQUENCY MHz
YIELDS 80 ohms at 10 MHz for 1 turn
VE2AZX
28
1000
es ferrit
ns ur t 2
n2 1 tur
1 turn
10
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz
66
5
Q Factor FACTEUR Q
- ABOVE 20 MHz THE Q FACTOR < 1 THE IMPEDANCE BECOMES RESISTIVE
33
2
001 VE2AZX
10
100
FREQUENCY MHz FREQUENCE MHz
3 1 10 29
1000
es ferrit
ns ur t 2
n2 1 tur
1 turn
10
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz
44 Inductance uH
3
INDUCTANCE uH
- THE INDUCTANCE DECREASES AS THE FREQUENCY IS INCREASED - THE INDUCTANCE DISAPPEARS WHEN F > 100 MHz
22
1
00 Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

1 VE2AZX 1 10 100 1 10 30 3
FREQUENCE MHz FREQUENCY MHz
1000
2 turns
100
1 turn
10 1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
1000 MHz
FREQUENCY MHz
- THIS IMPEDANCE CURVE IS SIMILAR TO THE PREVIOUS CORE Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX 31
1000
2 turns 1 turn
100 10 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz
FREQUENCY MHz
- THIS IMPEDANCE CURVE IS SIMILAR TO THE PREVIOUS CORE Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX 32
1000
100
4 turns 3 turns 2 turns
10
1 turn
RECTANGULAR CLAMP-ON FERRITE

1 1 MHz 10 MHz FREQUENCY MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz
- GIVES ~ 10% IMPEDANCE OF PREVIOUS CORES (8 ohms at 10 MHz for 1 turn) - COVERS MUCH WIDER FREQUENCY RANGE - SHOULD USE MANY TURNS: 10 TURNS GIVE 800 ohms AT 10 MHz Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX 33
4 turns 3 turns 2 turns
1 turn
FREQUENCY MHz
RECTANGULAR CLAMP-ON FERRITE Inductance uH
2020
15
INDUCTANCE uH
1010
2 turns
5
1 turn
- THE INDUCTANCE DISAPPEARS ABOVE 6 MHz
00
5
10
100
1 10
VE2AZX
FREQUENCYMHz MHz FREQUENCE
34
1000
4 FERRITES
2 turns
100
1 turn
STACKED RECTANGULAR CLAMP-ON FERRITE

10 1 MHz 10 MHz
FREQUENCY MHz
100 MHz
1000 MHz
4 TURNS WILL YIELD ~ 800 ohms Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX 35
TESTING A FERRITE BEAD
FERRITE BEAD APPROX. 0.1 PO. LONG.
ohms
36
32
28
1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
1000 MHz
VE2AZX
36
FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODE
- Does NOT allow measuring separately the Resistive and Inductive components - Ease of sweeping the frequency - Reference level = 0 dB = short in place of ferrite
SHIELD
Zx Signal Generator
RS Ferrite Under Test RL
RF Voltmeter
RS and RL are generally 50 ohms To calculate Zx from attenuation readings in + dBs: (assumes that Zx is resistive) Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX Zx = (RL + RS) . (10
dB 20
- 1) 37
(Done in frequency response mode)
Impdance Zx ()
78 216 462 900 1678
30 KHz
100 KHz
1 MHz
10 MHz
30 MHz
6 toroids
4 turns
VE2AZX 38
Impedance ()
0 216 900 3162
6 toroids
6 turns
1 MHz 10 MHz 30 MHz
VE2AZX
39
0.
0
Impedance ()
2 toroids 1 turn
5.9 12.2 18.8 25.9 33.4 Impedance increase caused by lead inductance
1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
VE2AZX
40
2 toroids
5 turns
Impedance ()
78 216 462 900
1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
VE2AZX
41
Coax with 25, #43 beads
Impdance ()
78 216 462 900
1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
VE2AZX
42
#14 Wire with 50 beads #73
Impedance ()
78 216 462 900
Excellent at HF
1 MHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
VE2AZX
43
CHECK YOUR FERRITES WITH YOUR SWR ANALYZER

FROM SWR MEASUREMENTS
Coax cable shield Allows for many turns.
Ferrite under test
Insulating Sleeve
Male UHF Connector
SWR ANALYZER
50 Conductor, Cu or Al
The ferrite is in parallel with the 50 ohms (1%) termination
VE2AZX
44
IMPDANCE DU FERRITE VS SWR MESUR FERRITE APPROX. IMPEDANCE VS MEASURED SWR 1000
500
FERRITE IMPEDANCE ohms
200
100
50
FERRITE IMPEDANCE PURELY INDUCTIVE
20
10 1.0 1.5 2.0
FERRITE IMPEDANCE PURELY RESISTIVE
2.5
3.0
3.5 SWR
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
VE2AZX
45
CURRENT BALUN GIVING A 4:1 IMPEDANCE RATIO

- USES 2 PARALLEL WIRES INSTEAD OF A COAX - MAKES A COMPACT TRANSMISSION LINE
TOROID #1
50
TOROID #2
200
From: W1CG
NOTE: THIS 4:1 CURRENT BALUN IS SUPERIOR TO THE 4:1 VOLTAGE BALUN Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX 46
CURRENT BALUN GIVING A 4:1 IMPEDANCE RATIO
COAX SIDE 50 BALANCED SIDE 200
Parallel wires make up a transmission line

W1CG
VE2AZX
47
CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
A
BALUN
CURRENT PROBE B MEASURE CURRENT AT A, B, C. CURRENTS AT B AND C SHOULD BE < 10% THE CURRENT AT POINT A YOU CAN MAKE YOUR OWN CURRENT METER
MFJ-206
VE2AZX
48
FERRITES MAY BE USED WITH A VOLTAGE BALUN
BALUN
Voltage balun Current balun
- MESURE THE SHIELD CURRENT - PUT THE FERRITES AT POINTS OF MAXIMUM CURRENT - WILL FURTHER ISOLATE THE FEEDER FROM THE ANTENNA - WILL STABILIZE THE ANTENNA IMPEDANCE - MAY REDUCE THE NOISE PICK-UP BY THE FEEDER - USE FERRITES AT EVERY QUARTER WAVELENGTH OR AT CURRENT MAXIMA FERRITES
VE2AZX
49
QUARTER WAVE BALUN
- A QUARTER WAVELENGTH (OR ODD MULTIPLES) SHORTED AT THE BOTTOM END WILL GENERATE A HIGH IMPEDANCE AT THE DIPOLE AND MINIMIZE COMMON MODE CURRENTS ON THE COAX OUTER SHIELD. /4 or odd multiples GROUNDING POINT (Building Entrance Common Plate, Radio ground point, etc.)
- USE A VELOCITY FACTOR OF 95% IN CALCULATING THE COAX LENGTH - THIS TECHNIQUE WILL NOT WORK AT FREQUENCIES WHERE THE FEEDER IS A MULTIPLE OF /2
To TX
Add the length of the grounding wires when computing the quarter lambda.
VE2AZX
50
CANNOT LOCATE BALUN AT DIPOLE FEEDPOINT: TOO HEAVY !
- SETTING THE FERRITES A HALF WAVELENGTH (OR MULTIPLES) FROM THE DIPOLE WILL GENERATE A HIGH IMPEDANCE AT THE DIPOLE AND MINIMIZE COMMON MODE CURRENTS ON THE COAX OUTER SHIELD. - THE FERRITE IMPEDANCE SHOULD BE 500 OR MORE. (CHECK FOR HEATING) - THE LENGTH BETWEEN THE TX AND THE FERRITES IS NON CRITICAL - USE A VELOCITY FACTOR OF 95% IN CALCULATING THE COAX LENGTH
/2 or multiples
FERRITES
GROUNDING POINT (Building Entrance Common Plate, Radio ground point, etc.)
These lengths are not critical.
To TX
VE2AZX
51
CURRENT BALUN MADE UP OF COAX CABLE
- COIL DIAMETER 6 - 12 in.
/ 5 - 10 TURNS
VE2AZX
BALUN
52
USING A BALUN ON A VERTICAL ANTENNA
RADIALS Do not connect to an earth ground at this point, If only a few radials are used
FERRITES
The coax should not be part of the antenna !

Earth ground is OK here 53
USING FERRITES ON THE FEEDER OF VERTICAL YAGI

PREVENT INTERACTION BETWEEN COAX + MAST WITH YAGI Ref: QEX Sept Oct. 2006
#43 FERRITE SLEEVES HELD WITH TAPE OR TIE WRAPS
~ /2
FIBERGLASS INSULATED MAST
VE2AZX
54
NOTES
- USING A BALUN UNDER HIGH SWR: VERIFY HEATING OF THE CORE DECREASE THE POWER USE MIX 73 (=2500) OR 31 (=1500) FOR HIGH POWER USE MIX 43 (=850) See Ref. 4 BALUN LOSSES MAY / WILL INCREASE UNDER HIGH SWR VOLTAGE BALUN NOT RECOMMANDED IF SWR > 5:1 UNLESS DESIGNED FOR HIGH SWR
- BALUNS NORMALLY PROVIDE A VERY LOW ATTENUATION, NORMLLY < 0.3 dB WHEN THE LOAD IS MATCHED
VE2AZX
55
FERRITES ARE USED EVERYWHERE

Antenna
Ferrite
XCEIVER
POWER SUPPLY
COMPUTER
CAMERA
USB CABLE Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX 56
THINGS TO REMEMBER
- VOLTAGE BALUNS COVER A VERY WIDE RANGE OF IMPEDANCES
- SET EQUAL VOLTAGES AT THE OUTPUT - GENERALLY PROVIDE NO PROTECTION AGAINST CURRENTS FLOWING ON COAX EXTERIOR - MAY BE COMBINED WITH A CURRENT BALUN
- CURRENT BALUNS CREATE A AN IMPEDANCE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE COAX (OR ANY CONDUCTOR) - ALSO CALLED COMMON MODE CHOKES - DECREASE COAX RADIATION AND PICK-UP - STABILIZE THE ANTENNA IMPEDANCE - GENERALLY 50:50 ohms RATIO (ALSO 50:200 POSSIBLE)
THINGS TO REMEMBER
- DECREASE COAX RADIATION ON TRANSMIT - AND PICK-UP ON RECEIVE Extract from Ref. 4: The most common reasons for using common-mode chokes are: (1) to reduce the fraction of the RF power that is fed to your antenna from your transmitter, but then is conducted back to your shack via common-mode current on your feedline, causing RFI trouble in the shack or elsewhere in your house; (2) to keep the transmitted RF power that 60-Hz power, telephone, TV, and other cables in the field of your antenna pick up, from bothering susceptible devices connected to these cables in your own and neighbors houses
VE2AZX
58
Extract from Ref. 4: (3) to keep the RF noise that all the electronic devices in your house generate, from being conducted via 60-Hz power, telephone and other cables to the outer shield of your radio, and from there along your feedline(s) to your antenna(s), in common-mode.
VE2AZX
W1HIS
59
REFERENCES
1- W1CG Low Power Balun Kit http://www.njqrp.org/balun/
2- Transmission Line Transformers, by Jerry Sevick W2FMI 3- VE2AZX Web Site (this presentation): http://www.geocities.com/ve2_azx 4- Chuck Counselman W1HIS : http://www.yccc.org/Articles/W1HIS/CommonModeChokesW1HIS2006Apr06.pdf 5- FERRITE Digikey Fair-Rite Aimdon ByteMark SUPPLIERS http://www.digikey.com http://www.fair-rite.com http://www.amidoncorp.com http://www.cwsbytemark.com/prices/toroidal.php
VE2AZX
60

Baluns2006 Ang

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Jacques Audet VE2AZX VE2AZX@amsat.org Nov. 2006 Rev.

1 June 2008 VE2AZX 1

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

REASONS FOR USING A BALUN ?

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

REASONS FOR USING A BALUN ?

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

- OPERATE OVER A MUCH WIDER BAND OF FREQUENCIES

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

1:1 VOLTAGE BALUN

Measured Inductance: ~13.4 uH

Mesured Inductance ~13.4 uH

~3.3 H Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008 VE2AZX

VOLTAGE BALUN 4:1

Terminate to check SWR

Identical windings connected in series

TESTING A BALUN WITH AN SWR ANALYZER

50 ohms (balun 1:1) OR: 200 ohms (balun 4:1)

Indicates low losses

CONNECTING THE LOAD RESISTANCE 50 HERE

IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE SHORT CONNECTIONS

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

BALUN 1:1 UNADILLA W2AU

Min SWR ~ 1.1 1.0:1

BALUN 1:1 UNADILLA W2AU

IMPEDANCE vs Frequency with a 50 ohm load

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

frequency reactance resistance

MEASURED SWR WITH A 50 ohms LOAD

Min SWR ~ 1.3

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

MEASURED SWR WITH A 200 ohms LOAD

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

Indicates low losses

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS WITH THE SWR ANALYZER

1_: 1.3601 1.8 MHz

Always 50 whatever the Z ratio

2_: 1.1036 3.5 MHz SCALE

3_: 1.0999 7.562 MHz 4_: 1.3392 14 MHz

5_: 2.1619 30 MHz

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS WITH A VNA

Winding Inductance at 1.8 MHz

COMPLEX IMPEDANCE vs Frequency

BALUN 1:1 UNADILLA W2AU

fequency reactance resistance

Nov. 2006 Rev.1 June 2008

A dipole is an unshielded load

External current flow

Most antennas tend to spray RF on their feeding coax too.

Current flow Current flow

A dipole is an unshielded load

Shield currents encounter a high impedance and are attenuated.

Most antennas tend to spray RF on their feeding coax too.

A coax cable feeds a dipole at its center, or with an offset

For simulation purposes, the TX (source) is very small and floating.

Open circuit stub

Dipole /2 Balun RF impedance

Feeding a dipole with a coaxial cable

DIPOLE IMPEDANCE VS LOAD R DIPOLE IMPEDANCE

50 % OFFSET Z dipole at resonance

33 % OFFSET Z dipole at resonance