UNIT I Purushoth PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II
TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012
STORY VS H-I-STORY
Long long ago, so long ago FICTION

BC,AD time line FACTS

SEMESTER SCHEDULE
UNIT I ANCIENT INDIA UNIT II BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE UNIT III EVOLUTION OF HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE UNIT IV TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE-SOUTH INDIA UNIT V TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE NORTH INDIA
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012
UNIT I : ANCIENT INDIA
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION CULTURE AND SETTLEMENT PATTERN ARYAN CIVILIZATION THEORIES & DEBATES ON ORGIN OF ARYAN CIVILIZATION ORIGIN OF EARLY HINDUISM VEDIC CULTURE VEDIC VILLAGE RUDIMENTARY FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION BAMBOO & WOOD ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM AND JAINISM
OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION TIME LINE
INDIAN HISTORY TIME LINE
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
WHEN? TIME SPAN WHAT? IMPORTANT ASPECTS HOW? IT FLOURISHED FOR MORE THAN A MILLENIUM
TWO EXAMPLES HARAPPA & MOHENJODARO

CITY PLANNING BUILDING MATERIALS ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

PRIVATE HOUSES HOUSING COMPLEXES PUBLIC BUILDINGS : GREAT BATH AND GRANARY WATER MANAGEMENT
WHY? REASONS FOR ITS DECLINE

IMPORTANT DATES INDUS VALLEY 3300-1300 BC CIVILIZATION

DISCOVERY & EXCAVATION USAGE OF HARAPPAN BRICKS - FOR 1857 INDIAN RAILWAY CONNECTING
KARACHI & LAHORE BY BRITISH
1912 1920s
DISCOVERY OF HARAPPAN SEALS WITH UNKNOWN SYMBOLS J.FLEET, ,SIR JOHN MARSHALL
DISCOVERY OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION EXCAVATION OF MOHENJODARO AUREL STEIN UK, NANIGOPAL MAJUMDAR INDIA ,& MICHAEL JANSEN
1931

Also referred to as HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION & SARASWATHI SINDHU CIVILIZATION
HARAPPA
Between INDUS RIVER AND THE GHAGGARHAKRA RIVER [Pakistan and North Western India]
MOHENJODARO

WHY ITS GREAT?? HIGH AGRICULTURAL GROWTH WITH ADAPTATION TO FLOOD AREAS AND DRY AREAS. STRONG SOCIAL HIERARCHY WITH A RULING CLASS AND NO EVIDENCE OF A CENTRAL KINGSHIP. NO KNOWN CENTRALIZED RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES. VERY STRONG CENTER FOR TRADE WITH FAR REACHING REGIONS. HAD A BASIC, YET UNDECIPHERED ALPHABET. LARGEST PLANNED CITIES WELL PLANNED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS COTTON CLOTHING & DENTISTRY STANDARDISED WEIGHTS ARTICRAFTS, JEWELLERY SEALS IN METALS WITH STRONG SENSE OF OWNERSHIP
NOMADS OF SUMERIAN ORIGIN CROSSED VARIOUS PASSES IN THE WEST AND SIGHTED THE VAST AREA OF BREATHTAKING GREEN VALLEY, RICHLY FOREST ED WITH ABUNDANT WATER RIVERS INDUS, JHELUM, CHANAB, RAVI, SUTLEJ & SARASWATHI NO REASON FOR FURTHER TRAVEL & SETTLED DOWN BY CLEARING AWAY PATCHES OF FORESTS AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE, USAGE OF TIMBER, PERMANENT BUILDING MATERIALS (BRICKS) MADE THEM TO SUSTAIN FOR MORE THAN A MILLENIA AND SPREAD THEMSELVES FOR MORE THAN HALF A MILLION SQUARE MILES AROUND THE RIVER VALLEY

CITY PLANNING CONCEPT
SOPHISTICATED & ADVANCED URBAN CULTURE STREETS IN PERFECT GRID PATTERNS IN BOTH MOHENJODORO & HARAPPA HOUSES PROTECTED FROM NOISE, ODOURS AND THIEVES WORLDS FIRST SANITATION SYSTEM INDIVIDUAL WELLS AND SEPARATE COVERED DRAINS ALONG THE STREETS FOR WASTE WATER HOUSES OPENED TO INNER COURTYARDS & SMALLER LANES
MOHENJPDARO
PLANS OF MANSION , INDIVIDUAL HOUSES AND FIRST FL00R HOUSES


CITY PLANNING CONCEPT
IMPRESSIVE DOCKYARDS,GRANERIES, WAREHOUSES, BRICK PLATFORMS & PROTECTIVE WALLS

MASSIVE CITADELS PROTECTED THE CITY FROM FLOODS & ATTACKERS CITY DWELLERS TRADERS & ARTISANS ALL THE HOUSES HAD ACCESS TO WATER & DRAINAGE FACILITIES A SOCIETY OF LOW WEALTH CONCENTRATION

DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES

CITIES GREW OUT OF EARLIER VILLAGES THAT EXISTED IN THE SAME LOCALITY FOR < 100 YRS GREW IN SIZE & DENSITY AND SURROUNDED BY NUMEROUS TOWNS & VILLAGES CITIES INTERLINKED BY TRADE & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, RELEGIOUS BELIEFS, SOCIAL RELATIONS,ETC VILLAGES 1-10HECTARES IN AREA AND SUPPORTED TOWNS & CITIES VAST AGRICULTURAL LANDS, RIVERS & FORESTS BY PASTORAL COMMUNITIES , FISHER FOLK AND HUNTERS SURROUNDED EACH CITY

DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES
CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS

Small villages / hamlets 0 10 hectares Large towns 10- 50 hectares Cities 50 hectares
CITY SIZE IN HECTARES 200 150 80 80 100 22
IMPORTANT CITIES
POPULATION 35-41000 23500 MOHENJODARO HARAPPA GANWERIWALA RAKHIGARHI DHOLAVIRA REHMAN DEHRI
12000
MOHENJODARO
MOHENJODARO TIME LINE

Building of a planned city is begun at Mohenjo-Daro. 2600 BC Mohenjo-Daro falls into decline and is later abandoned. 1800 BC First attempts to conserve MohenjoDaro are made. 1948 AD
MohenjoDaro becomes a World Heritage Site. 1980 AD
3300 BC Small villages are established in the area around Mohenjo-Daro.
2600- 1800 BC Mohenjo-Daro is a thriving trade city.
1922 AD MohenjoDaros ruins are found. 1973 AD Plans are approved to preserve Mohenjo-Daro.
MOHENJODARO
MOHENJODARO
MOHENJODARO
MAJOR STREETS IN NORTH SOUTH DIRECTION INTERSECTION AT RIGHT ANGLES STREETS WITHIN BUILT UP AREAS WERE NARROW DISTINCT ZONING FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS
MOHENJODARO
SETTLEMENT DIVISIONS

RELEGIOUS, INSTITUTIONAL & CULTURAL AREAS AROUND MONASTERY GREAT BATH IN THE WESTERN PART NORTH AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRIES SOUTH ADMINISTRATION, TRADE & COMMERCE
BUILDINGS MASONRY CONSTRUCTION BY SUN DRIED BRICKS RANGING FROM 2 ROOMS MANSION WITH MANY ROOMS UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE FROM HOUSES HELICAL PUMPS FOR PUMPING WATER IN GREAT BATH PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS MONASTRY & BATH - INDICATING RELEGIOUS CULTURE
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

MOHENJODARO
LAYOUT - GRID IRON PATTERN STREETS - 30 M WIDE RUNNING IN N-S & E-W DIRECTIONS STREETS DIVIDED THE CITY INTO 12 BLOCKS - 1200 X 800 FEET RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS EXCEPT CENTRAL WESTERN ONE NO ENTRANCES DIRECTLY OPENING UP TO THE MAIN STREETS CENTRAL COURT YARD - SOURCE FOR LIGHTING AND VENTILATION COMMON WELL FOR GROUP OF HOUSES & SEPERATE BATH AREA FOR EACH HOUSE EXTENSIVE SYSTEM OF DRAINAGE RUNNING UNDER WALKWAYS - COVERED WITH BRICK SLABS, CORBELLED BRICK ARCHES FOR LARGER SPAN, WITH MANHOLES AT REGULAR INTERVALS.
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
MOHENJODARO

12x7x3 M IN DIMENSIONS EARLIEST PUBLIC WATER TANK IN ANCIENT WORLD 2 WIDE STAIR CASES IN NORTHERN & SOUTHERN END LEDGE EXTENDS FOR THE ENTIRE WIDTH OF POOL WATERTIGHT FLOOR THICK LAYER OF BITUMEN FLOOR SLOPES IN SOUTH WEST CORNER WITH A SMALL OUTLET CONNECTING TO A BRICK DRAIN ROOMS LOCATED IN THE EAST
GREAT BATH
MOHENJODARO
50x40 M IN DIMENSION MASSIVE MUD BRICK FOUNDATION 2 ROWS OF SIX ROOMS ALONG A CENTRAL PASSAGEWAY [7M WIDE & PAVED WITH BAKED BRICKS] EACH ROOM 15.2 x 6.1 M HAS 3 SLEEPER WALLS WITH AIRSPACE BETWEEN SMALL TRIANGULAR OPENINGS AIR DUCTS FOR FRESH AIR BENEATH HOLLOW FLOORS MIGHT HAVE HAD A WOODEN SUPERSTRUCTURE WITH STAIRS LEADING TO CENTRAL PASSAGE AREA
GRANARY
HARAPPA
HARAPPA

23000 POPULATION 150 HECTARES

EARLIEST CITY MAY HAVE BEEN FORMED DURING THE KOT DIJI PHASE, I.E., 2800-2500 BC EARLIEST CITY COVERED AN AREA OF 25 HA. IT BECAME A CENTRE FOR
TRADE NETWORKS
SOUTH.
HARAPPA
EXTENDING FROM BALUCHISTAN
AND AFGHANISTAN TO THE WEST TO THE SEACOAST IN THE
TOWNS BUILT OVER RAISED
MUD BRICK PLATFORMS
HARAPPA
CITADEL MOUND AND LOWER TOWN SURROUNDED BY A MASSIVE BRICK WALL. CITADEL HAD SQUARE TOWERS AND BASTIONS.
LARGE OPEN AREAS INSIDE THE GATEWAY MAY HAVE BEEN USED AS A MARKET OR
CHECKPOINT FOR TAXING GOODS COMING INTO THE CITY
OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS A CLUSTER OF HOUSES MAY REPRESENT TEMPORARY REST STOPS FOR TRAVELLERS AND CARAVANS
NO DIVISION OF THE SOCIETY IS REFLECTED IN THE LAYOUT OF THE CITY.

SINCE LARGE PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MARKET AREAS, LARGE AND SMALL HOUSES AS WELL AS CRAFT WORKSHOPS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE SAME NEIGHBOURHOOD.
BARRACK-LIKE GROUP OF SINGLE-ROOMED TENEMENTS WERE FOR THE

POORER CLASSES
TOWN PLANNING
HARAPPA
Basic house plans

Brick stairways provided

access to the upper floors. Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent houses were separated by a narrow space of land.
single room tenements houses with courtyards
Houses - rooms on 3 sides opening into a central courtyard Nearly all large houses had private wells.
Granary with areas for

threshing grains.
Hearths common in
rooms. Bathrooms in every house with chutes leading to drainage channels.
Burnt bricks mainly used for

drains, wells and bathrooms.
Sun dried bricks used mainly

for fillings.
First floor bathrooms also

built.
Timber used for flat roofs and

as frames or lacing for brickwork
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
HARAPPA
BUILDING MATERIALS - MUD
THE DOORS ,WINDOWS WERE MADE FROM WOOD AND MAT. HOUSE FLOORS -HARD-PACKED
BRICKS AND BAKED BRICKS, WOOD AND REEDS.
EARTH
THE AVERAGE SIZE OF THE BRICKS WAS 7 X 12 X 34 CM (FOR HOUSES) AND 10 X 20 X 40 CM FOR THE CITY WALLS. THE LARGER BRICKS HAVE A STANDARD RATIO OF 1:2:4.
BATHING AREAS AND DRAINS BAKED BRICK AND STONE.
ROOFS -WOODEN BEAMS COVERED WITH

REEDS AND PACKED CLAY.
LARGEST BUILDINGS MADE

ENTIRELY OF WOOD.
MUD BRICK, BAKED BRICK & WOOD OR STONE WERE USED

FOR THE FOUNDATION AND
WINDOWS SHUTTERS & LATTICE

WORK
WALLS OF THE HOUSES.
ARCHITECTURE
HARAPPA

LARGE BUILDINGS -ADMINISTRATIVE OR RITUAL STRUCTURES. ACCESS ROUTES OR PROVIDED THOROUGHFARE FROM ONE AREA TO
ANOTHER.
MARKETS AND PUBLIC MEETINGS HELD IN LARGE OPEN
COURTYARDS.
HOUSES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS GROUPED WITH SHARED WALLS AND FORMED LARGER BLOCKS & ACCESSED BY WIDE STREETS. MOST HOUSES HAD PRIVATE BATHS &TOILETS AS WELL AS PRIVATE WELLS. THE TRANSITION TO EARLY CITY PROBABLY 2800 BC PHASE.
ARCHITECTURE
HARAPPA
WELLS AND RESERVOIRS DRINKING AND BATHING.
BATHING PLATFORMS WITH WATER TIGHT FLOOR & DRAINS [OPEN OUT TO LARGER DRAINS IN STREETS ] PROVIDED IN ROOMS ADJACENT TO THE WELLS.
WELLS WERE LINED WITH SPECIALLY- DRAINS AND WATER CHUTES IN THE UPPER STOREYS WERE OFTEN BUILT MADE WEDGE-SHAPED BRICKS INSIDE THE WALL WITH AN EXIT OPENING JUST ABOVE THE STREET DRAINS. TO FORM A STRUCTURALLY SOUND CYLINDER. TAPERED TERRACOTTA DRAINPIPES WERE USED TO DIRECT WATER OUT TO THE STREET. ROPES WERE USED TO LIFT THE WATER OUT, PROBABLY WITH MANY HOUSES HAD DISTINCT TOILETS,
LEATHER OR WOODEN BUCKETS.
SEPARATE FROM THE BATH AREAS.
SOME NEIGHBOURHOODS HAD
COMMODES WERE LARGE JARS OR SUMP POTS SUNK INTO THE FLOORS AND MANY OF THEM CONTAINED A SMALL JAR.
DRAINS COVERED WITH BAKED BRICKS OR DRESSED STONE BLOCKS. SEPARATE GARBAGE BINS WERE PROVIDED ALONG THE MAJOR STREETS.
COMMUNAL WELLS.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
THE DECLINE
TOWNS GOVERNED BY SEVERE STANDARDS - TOWNS THOUGH BUILT SEPERATELY VARIED ONLY IN THE SIZE & DETAIL NO TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OVER A PERIOD OF THOUSAND YEARS COMMERCE & TRADE DID NOT INFLUENCE KNOWLDEGE
SHARING
ISOLATED & PEACEFUL WITH NO DEMAND FOR ARMARY OR SECURITY OR PROTECTION TO DEFEND THEMSELVES REBUILDING THE TOWNS EVERY TIME AFTER THE FLOODS SAPPED THE VIGOUR OF THE CIVILIZATION 1600 BC - INVASION FROM THE WEST & DECLINE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
VEDIC CIVILIZATION
VEDIC CIVILIZATION

Aryans invasion & establishment Vedic (aryan) village Religion & literature Settlement pattern

Administration and economy Emergence of towns
Birth of Buddhism & Jainism

INVASION & ESTABLISHMENT

Vedic invasion Aryans from steppes of central Europe travelled east in search of more favorable climes Mesopotamia Iran plateau (Bactria, Hindu Kush mountains) primitive village settlements of Baluchistan Indus valley civilization further east to gangetic plains Being nomadic, not interested to settle in indus valley but to destroy the cities The verses of destroying cities in the epic mythology if later periods reference to destruction of cities LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER
INVASION & ESTABLISHMENT

Indus valley people shifted to south, few absorbed as lowest social rung of conquering aryans. Damaging all the indus valley cities, they descended east to more fertile lands between rivers Ganga and Yamuna in 1500 BC Aryans attacked the noseless and dark aboriginals of the gangetic plain and conquered the land Reasons Usage of horse and chariots , knowledge on wood construction Rich , fertile gangetic plain made the nomadic aryans to settle down without any futher travel.
Vedic village

Brick was a new building material for them and was already used by Indus valley which they conquered. Knowledge on using timber, bamboo and thatch as building materials Timber & bamboo easily available, easy to maintain and rebuild in case of rain or floods Most huts circular in plan simplest to build with thatch Walls bamboo twigs tied together Roof bamboo domical / conical shape & made watertight by overlapping thatch / grass Rectangular huts with bamboo roofs bamboo bent into semicircular shape and tied with a cord like a bow creating a barrel like roof and covered with thatch/grass 3-4 huts grouped around a courtyard Conglomerate of these termed as VEDIC VILLAGE
Vedic village
Concept of fencing to protect from the wild animals from the forest Timber fences vertical, rectangular timber posts with 3 horizontal bamboo bars Bamboos strung between the holes carved in the rectangular posts Entry was projected out with a raised gateway with controlled entry esp. cattles Structures remained temporary, but the forms contained the embryo of later hindu and buddhist architecture.
Religion & literature
No idol worship & no temples Vedic pantheon personifications of symbo;s of nature : Devas Surya, Agni, Indra, Relegious belief elaborate ritual of sacrifice to propitiate Devas Architectural form a raised platform, an open altar determined by elaborate astronomical and mathematical calculations Rituals could be conducted by learned poet-priest Hymns in sanskrit seeking the favours & goodwill from Devas First composition of 1028 hymns : RIG VEDA Great Epics : RAMYANA & MAHABHARATHA & Lord Krishna delivering the message in the form of BHAGAVADA GITA
ADMINISTRATION & ECONOMY
Clearing of forest using fire Intense agricultural activity Concept of land ownership Fights over cattle (the symbol of wealth) shifted to fight over agricultural land Confederation of large units from individual tribes to wage war Existence of sabhas & samitis for civil administration By 800 BC kingship was accorded as sense of divinity emergence of warriors & the priestly class Brahmins
EMERGENCE OF TOWNS
450 BC : emergence of 4 rival states

Kashi Koshala Magadha Virjis
Major towns : Shravasti, Champa, Rajgriha, Ayodhya, Kaushambi, Kashi Cities of rectangular plan & grid iron pattern

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

Long long ago, so long ago FICTION

BC,AD time line FACTS

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

UNIT I : ANCIENT INDIA

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION TIME LINE

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

INDIAN HISTORY TIME LINE

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

TWO EXAMPLES HARAPPA & MOHENJODARO

CITY PLANNING BUILDING MATERIALS ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

WHY? REASONS FOR ITS DECLINE

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

IMPORTANT DATES INDUS VALLEY 3300-1300 BC CIVILIZATION

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

PLANS OF MANSION , INDIVIDUAL HOUSES AND FIRST FL00R HOUSES

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

IMPRESSIVE DOCKYARDS,GRANERIES, WAREHOUSES, BRICK PLATFORMS & PROTECTIVE WALLS

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

MOHENJODARO TIME LINE

MohenjoDaro becomes a World Heritage Site. 1980 AD

3300 BC Small villages are established in the area around Mohenjo-Daro.

2600- 1800 BC Mohenjo-Daro is a thriving trade city.

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE II

LECTURE SERIES , MIDAS 2012

TAMIL EZHIL G, ARCHITECT PLANNER