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MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Working Drawing
The following holds true in orthographic drawings: A point appears as a point in any plane of projections. Lines perpendicular to the P.P. appears as a points. Lines parallel to the P.P. appear as lines in their true size.
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Working Drawing
Lines inclined to the P.P. appear shorter. Surfaces parallel to the P.P. appear in their true size and shape. Surfaces perpendicular to the P.P. appear as a line. Surfaces inclined to the P.P. appear not in true size and shape.
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Working Drawing
3
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES
Working Drawing
Working Drawing
Ct
Dt Ct Dt
At
Bt
At Cf
Bt Df
Cs Ds
Af Cf
Bf Df
As Bs
Cs Ds Af Bf As Bs
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
TOP VIEW
DEPTH WIDTH
WIDTH
DEPTH
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
AUXILIARY VIEW
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
Working Drawing
Multiview Projection
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
Working Drawing
Multiview Projection
TOP VIEW
DEPTH WIDTH DEPTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT
WIDTH
DEPTH
HEIGHT
REAR VIEW
L-SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
WIDTH DEPTH
R-SIDE VIEW
BOTTOM VIEW
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES
Multiview Projection
HORIZONTAL PLANE
TOP VIEW
Multiview Projection
FRONTAL PLANE
LINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO PLANE MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES
FRONT VIEW
Multiview Projection
PROFILE PLANE
SIDE VIEW
LINE OF SIGHT PERPENDICULAR TO MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES PLANE
Multiview Projection
Multiview Projection
height
Working Drawing
Alphabets of Lines
Visible line used to show the outlines and corners that can be seen
when the object is viewed.
Hidden line used to show edges and corners that are not normally seen
when the object is viewed.
Section line used to show cut surfaces of the object in sections. Center line used to indicate the center of a circle or arc, or to indicate the
axis of objects with circular features. In some cases the center line is also used as an extension line.
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Working Drawing
Alphabets of Lines
Dimension and Extension lines used to indicate the direction and
the extent or size of a part in a drawing and to show the relative position or location of the features. Dimension lines are terminated by arrowheads at the extremities. Its three parts are the fine line, arrowheads and numerical value.
Cutting plane line this is used to indicate which part of the object
is imaginarily cut in sections.
Short break line this is used to show the edge of the object from
which a part has been cut. This line is drawn freehand and applicable if the object is not large.
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Working Drawing
Alphabets of Lines
Long break line this has similar use as short break line. It is used
to show that the object has been cut in a certain part usually in halfsectional views. It is used to reduce the size of the view.
Leader line sometimes called the porter, is a thin solid inclined line,
leading from a note or dimension terminated by an arrowhead towards the part indicated. They are drawn at an angle to connect with the principal line. In arcs and circles, leaders are along radial lines.
Working Drawing
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Working Drawing
Working Drawing
Working Drawing
Working Drawing
10 R. In 4 Corners
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Dimensions, extension and leader lines are drawn in light solid lines.
Dimension line
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Extension lines must begin about 1 mm. from the object and
should extend about 2 mm. beyond the dimension line.
2 mm.
50
1 mm.
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Dimension lines must be kept at least 10 mm. away from the object
lines and 10 mm. away from each other.
10 mm.
25
25
50
10 mm.
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
The smaller or detail dimensions should be nearest to the view and the
overall dimensions should be farthest away.
40
20
detail dimensions
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Dimensions are not to be repeated.
Unnecessary repetition of dimensions
22.5 45
22.5
20
20
20
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES
20
40
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Keep dimensions between views if possible. Dimensions should not be placed upon a view unless necessary.
Top view
20
Front view
Side view
45 15 15 15 15
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES
20
35
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Center lines are used as extension lines in dimensioning
distances of circles.
15
30
30
15
15
15
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
For dimensioning limited space, arrowheads should be reversed.
50
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Hidden lines should not be dimensioned unless necessary.
20
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Arcs are dimensioned by giving the radius.
R15
Working Drawing
Rules In Dimensioning
Angles are dimensioned by means of arcs and arrowheads.
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
INTRODUCTION
Orthographic projections can show both the internal and external
features of an object.
The excessive use of hidden lines make drawing difficult to read and
understand.
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
Isometric view Orthographic section
Isometric section
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
Sectional views are used to clarify interior or hidden details on a
multiview drawing of an object.
The Cutting Plane Line is a thick, dark line composed of a long dash,
two short dashes and a long dash.
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
Section Lining or Cross Hatching is added to the Section view to
distinguish the solid portions from the hollow areas of an object and can also be used to indicate the type of material that was used to make the object.
Working Drawing
Sectional Views
Some of the material symbols used for section lining.
Steel
Magnesium or aluminum
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Full Sections Is constructed by passing an imaginary cuttingplane completely
through the object.
The arrows indicate the direction of sight, and all the hidden features
intersected by the cuttingplane are represented by visible line in the section view.
Top view
Section view
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Front view Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Side view
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Half Sections Are created by passing a cuttingplane only halfway
through the object.
Note that, hidden line are omitted from the section view, but
maybe added to the unsectioned half for clarity.
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Half Sections
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Offset Sections An offset section is constructed with a nonlinear cutting
plane line.
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Offset Sections
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Removed Sections Removed sections are made in a manner similar to revolved
sections, except the cross section is being drawn adjacent to the orthographic view, and not on it.
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Removed Sections
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Brokenout Sections A brokenout section is used only a small portion of the object is
removed and sectioned.
A free hand break line separates the sectioned portion from the
unsectioned view.
MAPUA DEPARTMENT OF MULTIMEDIA ARTS AND SCIENCES Lettering Instrumental Drawing Geometrical Construction Working Drawing Isometric Drawing
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Sectional Views
Types of Sections
Revolved sections