a) Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Temperature Area Heat Transfer Coefficient

b) Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Temperature Area Heat Transfer Coefficient Correction Factor

c) Evaporator

e s m U V

Economy (dimensionless) Mass flow rate of steam Overall heat transfer coefficient (energy/length2-time-degree) Vapor flow rate (mass/time)

V s m

d) Crystallizer

Crystalquantity retention time flow rate Slurry quality crystalquantity/0.25 sg of solution sg of crystals Specific gravity of slurry 0.25 sg of solutio 0.75 sg of crystals V
Continuous Forced Circulation Crystallizer

H 4 H 2.5D

D 2

e) Gas Absorber

V = vapor flow rate L = liquid flow rate yA = mole fraction of A in the vapor phase xA = mole fraction of A in the liquid phase Solute free gas Solute free liquid

Lb + Vt= Lt + Vb LbxA,b + Vt yA,t = LtxA,t + Vb yA,b

Tray Tower gas absorber f) Humidifier/Dehumi dier/Cooling Tower

M = Make-up water in m/h C = Circulating water in m/h D = Draw-off water in m/h E = Evaporated water in m/h W = Windage loss of water in m/h X = Concentration Xm
Fan-induced draft, counter-flow cooling tower

=Concentration of chlorides in make-up water (M) = Concentration of chlorides in circulating water (C)

XC

Cycle = Cycles of concentration = XC / XM (dimensionless)

g) Drier

t= Drying time

Spray Drier

h.) Filter

Cake Thickness(L) Pressure Drop Superficial Velocity (us) Cake resistance ()

Rotary Drum Vacuum Filter i.) Distillation Column F =Feed rate of input stream ZF =Composition of light component in feed XD *=Mole Fraction of light in distillate XB *=Mole Fraction of light in Bottom D =Total distillate amount B =Total bottom amount N= number of trays Fractional Distillation Column j.) Extraction/Leaching Operating Temperature Operating Pressure Feed Flow rate -composition -temperature of entering stream -pressure of entering stream Solvent to feed ratio Column Diameter (D) Cross Sectional Area of Column(A) Reciprocating Column(ext) F*ZF=XD*D+XB*B F=D+B

k.) CSTR

Concentration Residence Time

NA = CA V (where CA is the concentration of species A, V is the volume of the reactor, NA is the number of moles of species A)