A preview excerpted from the unpublished Sacred Cacti 3rd edition

Table of contents
Lophophora sp. var. Vieska 122 Abbreviations Some forms not widely accepted as specific 11 designations IMPORTANT Disclaimer & Cautionary 123 Statement to Readers Lophophora fricii Habermann 13 123 Opening comments Lophophora jourdaniana Habermann 19 124 Endnotes for Opening comments Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa Hort. 29 125 Chapter One Lophophora lutea 33 127 Random thoughts from a variety of minds Other peyote species 56 127 Notes for Chapter One Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire ex Salm61 Dyck) Coulter A Few Similarities between the Drug Wars 129 and the Witch Craze (after Szasz) Common names used for or names applied to 78 peyote Chapter Two 129 81 Other names encountered in connection with The Peyote crisis Peyote 81 132 Some statistics from the Texas DPS Folk uses of Lophophora williamsii 82 133 Some suggestions Occurrence and distribution 88 133 Chapter Three Flora often associated with peyote 93 135 The Distribution & Occurrence of MescaDescription and characteristics line 136 95 Moisture content of Peyote The reported distribution of mescaline 139 containing species within the family Reported analysis of L. williamsii: Cactaceae 140 96 Mescaline content of Peyote Distribution of alkaloids within cacti 140 98 Alkaloid content of Peyote Traces, Questions or Errors 141 100 An Abbreviated Chronology of the IdentifiAztekium ritteri (Bdeker) Bdeker cation of the Peyote alkaloids 101 144 The Gymnocalycium species Effects of peyote summarized 102 146 Reports of the occurrences of mescaline Pharmacological overview of the non-mescawithin the Gymnocalycium species line alkaloid content of peyote 108 146 Islaya minor Backeberg Alkaloids identified in peyote 117 148 Lophophora diffusa (Croizat) H. Bravo 118

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

A couple points of potential interest 154 References on peyote that may be of potential interest to readers 158 Peyote Music 161 A portion of the first Inquisition Law against Mescaline Containing Plants (Peyote) 162 the genus Opuntia 163 Pelecyphora aselliformis Ehrenberg 171 Pereskia Mill. 172 Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose 177 Polaskia chende (Gosselin) Gibson & Horak 177 Pterocereus (?) gaumeri (Britton & Rose) MacDougall & Miranda 179 Stenocereus beneckei (Ehrenberg) Buxbaum 180 re: Djerassi reporting the detection of no alkaloid 182 Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Riccobono 183 Stenocereus treleasei (Britton & Rose) Backeberg 184 Stetsonia coryne (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose 185 The Turbinicarpus species 187 Comments on the occurrence & distribution of mescaline 194 Chapter Four 203 Some Other Succulents 203 Some Other Succulents 204 Notes on the AIZOACEAE 205

Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned in positive assays 209 Cultivation of the Delosperma species 212 Delosperma species in which we have detected the tentative presence of DMT and/or 5-MeO-DMT 214 Other members of the Aizoaceae 216 Summary of other Aizoaceous TLC alkaloid screening 216 Some Other Succulents Held to be Sacred, Medicinal or Useful 217 Miscellaneous Notes on other members of the Aizoaceae 221 Miscellaneous Notes on some additional Aizoaceous Chemistry 222 Endnotes for Some other Succulents 226 Chapter Five 231 Mescaline; Physical Data & Toxicity 233 Free base 233 LD50 234 Mescaline hydrochloride 235 Mescaline sulfate 237 Mescalines action 238 Dosage 239 Isolation 239 Synthesis 239 Spectrofluorometry 241 Mass Spectra 242 Biosynthesis of mescaline (discussions, studies and route proposals) 242

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Assays 242 Some Rf values reported for Mescaline 242 Some Color Reagents and Reactions Reported For Mescaline 244 Some color reactions of Mescaline 246 Mescaline Endnotes 247 Chapter Six 249 Pharmacology & Metabolism of Mescaline 249 Physical & psychological effects in humans 251 A few observations published on the phenomenon of mescaline experiences 253 Individual variability of drug response 256

Suggested readings on psychological and psychiatric investigations of peyote and its alkaloids 258 Taraxein 258 Tolerance to mescaline 259 Cross-tolerance 260 Interactions between hallucinogenic drugs 261 Some odds and ends 261 Miscellaneous drug interactions with mescaline 262 Use of MAOIs with mescaline 263 Assorted drug interactions reported in animals 267

Lophophora williamsii

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

Inhibitors of various components of mescaline-induced effects (in animals) 269 Pharmacology in animals 270 Mechanism of action (What we dont know) 275 Some more recent thought 277 Suggested readings on the pharmacognosy and physiology of peyote and its alkaloids 278 Distribution, metabolism & excretion reported in animals 279 Metabolism and excretion reported in humans 283 Suggested readings on the metabolism of mescaline 284 Biochemistry of mescaline (Miscellaneous observations) 284 Animal toxicity summary 286 Mescaline pharmacology endnotes 286 Chapter Seven 293 the Cultivation & Propagation of Cacti 293 Growing cacti from seed 295 Cultivation of Peyote 298 Grafting 299 Cultivation of San Pedro 302 Physically handling cacti 305 Shipping & receiving a cactus 305 Propagation of San Pedro by cuttings 307 Problems & pests 310

Notes on Cultivating Some Other Cacti 315 Desert varnish 323 Comments on other cacti 324 A comment on night blooming cacti 325 Cactus Cultivation Endnotes 326 Chapter Eight 329 Utilization 329 Peyote & mescaline; the plant & its use 331 Other ways of ingesting peyote and San Pedro 336 Utilization endnotes 340 Making an orally active tincture 343 Chapter Nine 345 Purifying and Producing Mescaline. 345 Extracting and processing mescaline 347 A few words on emulsions 352 Thoughts for the explorers among us 353 Suggestions for investigation or production using modern technology 354 Related studies on enzymes and some useful purification procedures, in, mostly, unrelated species 355 Purification & isolation endnotes 356 Chapter Ten 359 Abstracts of Some Useful Manipulations 361 Chapter Eleven 367 Chromophoretic Reagents & Assays 369

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Chapter Twelve 373 Abstracts of useful assay approaches 375 Spectrophotometry and other approaches 378 Retention times reported in Gas Chromatography 379 Chapter Thirteen 381 Miscellany 381 Some authors, namesakes & contributing researchers 383 Some Knize Trichocereus offerings as they have appeared listed by KK# 387 Suggested reading concerning phosphenes, drug or mind interactions with rhythmic stimuli (entrainment), and entoptic imagery in rock & other shamanic art 396

Suggested reading 397 Cactus Phenethylamines: A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas 399 Cactus Isoquinolines: A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas 403 Mescalines Krebs acid conjugates & other compounds 408 Cactus Triterpenoids & similar molecules: A Tabular Key to their Structural Formulas (The following includes several related compounds that do not occur in cacti; these are included for comparative purposes) 409 Useful properties of some solvents commonly used in chromatography 413

Polaskia chende

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

References 417 ICactus alkaloid cross-list 469 Index 475

Some questions that still remain 497 Acknowledgements 511

Trichocereus bridgesii W.Baker 5452

A bridgesii initially collected as a pachanoi.

A proven active form that is purported to have indigenous use but we have been unable to locate any details.

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Abbreviations
m = micrometer = micron = angstrom BCE = before current era BP = before present bp= boiling point cm = centimeter dec. = with decomposition dm = decimeter (10 cm.) et al. = et alia (& others) f = forma ft = foot gc = gas chromatography gm = gram in = inch im = intramuscular ip = intraperitoneal ir = infrared iv = intravenous kg = kilogram kV = kilovolt LD100 = lethal dose 100% LD50 = lethal dose 50% m = millimicron (= nm) m = meter ma = milliamp MAO = monoamine oxidase MAOI = mao inhibitor ml = milliliter MLD = minimum lethal dose reported in literature mM = milliMolar mm = millimeter mmp = mixed melting point mp = melting point ms = mass spectroscopy na = not available/applicable nd = not detected nm = nanometer nn = nomen nudum (named but lacking any description) RT = room temperature sc = subcutaneous sn = sine numero (lacking a collection number) sp = species (singular) spp = species (plural) ssp = subspecies subsp = subspecies TD = toxic dose TLC = thin-layer chromatography uv = ultraviolet v = volt var = variety X = indicates a hybrid

Trichocereus peruvianus (Australia)

Petrified peyote
The first reference to petrified peyote was a misnomer in reference to the Shumla Caves handmade 5 millenia old peyote effigies. (See Terry et al. 2006 for details.) More recently petrified peyote buttons have been offered for sale at the Tucson Gem & Mineral Show and elsewhere.

These appear on first glance to vaguely resenble dried peyote buttons but are either an agate or another form of chalcedony with a fine drusy quartz coating on one side and lack critical features (such as ribbed divisions or the distinctive apex) that are typically found in peyote buttons. They are amazing natural treasures but in our opinion are clearly not of botanical origin.

Compare the above to the dried peyote button on page 145.

Rock sold as a petrified peyote button (front & back view)

11

Excerpted from the current working version of Sacred Cacti 3rd ed by Keeper Trout. ese words are largely unchanged from the 1997 rst edition.

Openingcomments

TheArchaicRevivalisaclarioncalltorecoverourbirthright,howeveruncomfortablethatmaymakeus.Itisa calltorealizethatlifelivedintheabsenceofthepsychedelicexperienceuponwhichprimordialshamanismisbased islifetrivialized,lifedenied,lifeenslavedtotheegoanditsfearofdissolutioninthemysteriousmatrixoffeelingthat isallaroundus.ItisintheArchaicRevivalthatourtranscendenceofthehistoricaldilemmaactuallylies. TerenceMCKENNA1992FoodoftheGods,page252. Everymajoradvanceinscienceandtechnologyhasbeengreetedwithsuspicionandalarm.Ithappenedwiththe telescopeithappenedwiththethermometer.Whatwehavetotakeintoaccountisthatifanysubstancehaspotential forabuseormisuse,thenitisaxiomaticthatthisabuseormisusewillinfacttakeplace.Therearemanypeoplewho !"##$%&$'(()'*(&+$(,$(-&.&$*-&/"*'#.$!-,$')&$"0$1'*($(-&$#'.($2&,2#&$!-,$*,3#+$2,.."%#4$%&0&5($1),/$(-&/ Butitsnotsoeasyasallthat.Theonlycertaintywehaveisthatwhateverwedo,itwillberoughgoing.Attheend, oneoftwothingswillhappen:peoplewillsaywhatanincrediblenumberofblunderingidiotstherewerewhothought LSDwasofanyusewhatever,ortheyllsaywhatanincrediblenumberofpeopletherewerewhoweresostupidas toignorethisastoundinghappening. HumphreyOSMOND,D.P.M.,Director,PsychiatricResearch,PrincetonNeuropsychiatricInstitute,asquotedin ThomasLYTTLEsPsychedelicMonographs&Essays,Volume2 ... I am convinced that we cannot alter the destructive nature of our Technological culture without altering our consciousness, without altering our tissue and that is exactly what the psychedelics are for [Note1]
...InonesentenceIcansaythatthefutureofpsychedelicsisthefutureoftheworld...the 13(3)&$,1$/'06"0+7$8,($,0#4$(-'($%3($(-&$.*"&0("5*$!,)#+$".$/'6"09$'$9)&'(:$9)&'($#&'2$(-),39-$ thisalteredstateofconsciousness.Itisnotadmittedbecauseitisanillegalthing,butthings Einsteinmissedhavenowcomeintomodernphysicsthroughthepsychedelicdoctorates. [Interviewer:FritjofCaprahaswrittenthattheinitialstimulusfortheTaoofPhysics camethroughtheuseofpowerplants.] NotonlyhimbutquiteafewNobelprizewinnersIwontmentiontheirnames,Idont wanttomessthemupmadetheirgreatdiscoveriesaftertheywereturnedon.Mostofthe 9)'0+$30"5&+$5&#+$(-&,)".(.7$'#/,.($'##$,1$(-&/$')&$(3)0&+$,0$2&,2#&. BabaGANESH,fromaninterviewalsopublishedinPsychedelicMonographs&Essays, Volume2. IunderstandwhypeopleonbothsidesofthisissuemightquestionwhyIfeltitnecessary toassemblethisbook. SomeofthosewhobelieveasIdomayobjecttothisbeingwrittenbecause,whiletheyknow !"#$!%&!"'$!"#($)%#$*)!+*,#-$.+!"$!")!$)/-$.0&1-$2%#3#%$+!$4#$5#2!$*"#1!#%#-$)/-$2%#*#%6#-$30%$!"#7$ andfellowbelievers.Thosewhoopposemybeliefsmayviewthisasreckless,irresponsible andacontributiontoeverythingtheyoppose. Any forms of spiritual restriction and persecution are wrong.Any legislation of what a personshouldorshouldnotbelieveorexperiencespirituallyisalsowrong.Noristhetruthto beprotectedfrompryingeyesandreservedforaselectfew. I fully recognize that writing this book under a pseudonym automatically casts at least *07#$ -0&4!*$ )40&!$ !"+*$ .0%58*$ 6#%)9+!($ )/-$ 7($ :&)1+,9)!+0/*$ !0$ 7)5#$ *07#$ 03$ !"#$ 91)+7*$ thatIdo.Whatisopinionorsubjectiveobservationsarepresentedassuch.Whatisfacthas enoughdocumentationincludedtoenableinterestedpartiestodecidethetruthforthemselves byconsultingourreferences,and,betterstill,THEIRreferences. Iftheytrulyobjecttowhatisincludedhereandwhatwebelievethentheyshouldnotwaste theirtimereadingit.Nooneshovedagundowntheirthroattoforcethemtoreadit.Believers ofthesystemsofworshipandspiritualexplorationwhichIdiscuss,ontheotherhand,routinely havegunsshovedintheirfacebyscreamingandoftenabusivelawenforcementpersonnel, whoshouldbealliesandfellowAmericans,notswornenemies,dedicatedintheirmisguided attemptstoforceustoabandonourspiritualbeliefs. Itshouldbenotedthatextremepersecutionhasbeenappliedforoveramillenniumanda halftopeoplewhobelieveasIdo.Inmanycases,tortureandactualdeathwerebothprescribed andenactedpunishments. WEARESTILLHERE.

19

PeyoteplantfromSafford1916

SacredCacti3rded.
ThisdidnoteradicateSanPedrousefromtheAndes,nordid iteliminatePeyoteorPsilocybeuseinMexico.Illegalitydidnot destroytheAfrican Ebokausersnorhasiteliminatedtheuseof Cannabisanywhereintheworld. In spite of intense persecution, we are still here because we believe. Thesacramentsaresacredevenifprofanedbytheunknowing whoalsosometimesusethem.Theydonotfunctionasspiritual toolsforallwhousethemanymorethanmembershipinaparticular churchensuresthatthememberisdevoutandsincere. Spirituality is an individual and subjective experience and mustcomefromthehearttobefunctional.Itcannotbelegislated, prescribedordictatedbyothers. Noreligionthatpromotesaplacebosacramentandforbidsdirect !""#$$%&'%!()%*('+,#)-#%'.%&/#%0!"1#)%2(3(4&#5%"!(%#6#1%/'7#%&'% persuadeustoabandontheTRUEsourcesofOriginalCommunion asprovidedtousbyourcreator[Note2]. Themostthatcanbedoneistodrivethereligionunderground ashasfrequentlyhappenedinitspastandcurrenthistoryfromthe peyoteandmushroomfaithsdisappearingintoremotemountainous regionsofMexicoaftertheSpanishinvasion,throughthe Dyid reducedtousingtheirsacramentalMitragynaafricanaleafamidst greatsecrecyinremoteareasofMali[Note3],totheestablishment of an eclectic and disparate counterculture inAmerica born in directresponsetoitsmembersbeinglumpedtogetherandbranded as criminals for having nothing in common but some shared philosophicalbeliefs. Illegalizationofanyphilosophical,spiritualorreligioussystem createsacoherencyandasecretstructurethatensurestheirsupport andcontinuationevenifdiminishedinnumbers.Novalidsystem ofreligiousbeliefhaseverbeendestroyedwithoutkillingevery sincere believer and their families. Proof that this works, albeit temporarily, can be witnessed in the destruction of a number of suchfaithsinEuropebytheearlyorganizedchurch.Nobloodwas sparedtogaindominionoveranddestroythosefaithsthatstillknew ofasacramentthatwasactive. Itshouldalsobenotedthatsuchsuppressioncanonlylastuntil one person with the right biochemistry and predisposition once againeatsofthesacrament,atwhichpointthereligioninherent inourgenesisbornanew.Thefaithisagainblossomingallover Europedespitefrequentlegalrestrictionsand,insomeareas,severe punishments. ThepersistenceofthefaithfulintheUS,despitetheintensive and unrelenting efforts of the US government to dissuade them throughgrosslyexaggerated&excessivelyharshpenalties,should berightlyconsideredasevidenceandtestimonyofjusthowstrong thisfaithcanbe. Inaneraofpoliticalandlegalpersecution,suchaswecurrently areenduring,quiteoftentheonlytimethetruthcanbepublished isanonymously.Formyselforanyofthosewhohavehelpedwith &/4$% 74#"#% &'% 8#% '7#(,9% 4)#(&43#)5% '7#($% :$% :7% .'1% 1#&148:&4'(5% prosecutionandpossibleimprisonmentsimplyforexercisingour rightstobasicreligiousfreedom.IfitwasaviableoptionIwould beproudtoattachmynametothiswork. Anonymousauthorshipofpoliticallyincorrecttopicsiswell establishedasbothnecessaryandacceptableinrepressiveregimes suchastheonewenowliveunder. Thosewhoarenotdirectlythreatenedbythisrepressionmay haveahardtimebelievingweareonceagaininaneraofattempted cultural,ideologicalandspiritualcleansing.YettheWaronDrugs isblatantlyjustanotherattemptedsocialpurge. GoingintowhatwouldprovetobeWWII,theGermanpeople ofthelate1930swouldhavehadahardtimebelievingthatthe cleansingofsocietyandtheeliminationoftheJewproblemwas inanywayabadthingforGermansociety.Theyweresimilarly brainwashedintoperceivingthataminorandprimarilypolitically powerlesssubclassofsocietyweresomehowundesirables,pariahs, thecauseoftheirwoesandTHEmajorthreattosocialorderand stability[Note4]. .Asarethedrugusersoftoday,theJewishpeoplewerepublicly misrepresented as dangerous and worthless VERMIN not even worthyofnormalhumanconsiderationsunderthelawsubhuman SCUMtobecleansedfromsocietysfabricwithoutguiltorremorse. ThatJewswerebeingusedasscapegoatsforenablingalarger socialandpoliticalagendawasnotevenconsideredbytheaverage Germancitizen. Our situation today inAmerika is little different. Even the policethemselveslackaccurateinformationandarepurposefully educated [Note 5] with intentionally prejudicial propaganda, frequently utterly lacking in facts, and instead often comprised '.% -1'$$,9% )4$&'1&#)% ;$"4#(&43"% 3()4(-$<% )#,48#1!&#,9% 4(&#()#)% &'% misrepresent their intended victims as threats to the established socialorder. Drugusers AREtheJewsofthe1990s[andonwardintothe newmillennium]. AsweretheJewishpeople,wealsoareviciouslyattackedand persecutedfornoreasonotherthanourreadilyperceiveddifferences ofbeliefandsometimesappearance. Ourcrimeisourinsistence thattheindividualandtheindividualalonehastherighttodictate howtheyworship,whattheythinkandhowtheyfeelintheprivacy oftheirownminds. It has been said to me that this comparison is unfair, that entheogenicdruguserschoosewhoweare,whereasJewishpeople arebornJews. Itisfarfromcertainthatpeoplewithpredilectionstowardsthe hallucinogensarenotbornthatway. Certainlymostpeopledonotcarefortheexperience. Thereisalsoconsiderableevidencetosuggestthatbiochemical markerscandifferentiatepeopleintoclassescorrespondingtowhich drugstheyprefersuggestingthatindividualtastesforparticular substancesmayhaveunderlyingbiochemicalreasons.Wewould sugestthattheanswerstothetrueproblemsofdrugabusewillonly befoundinthoselinesofthoughtthatstartbyaskingthequestion Whyisthisindividualselfmedicating?Whatisitthattheyrequire whichtheirpatternofabuseissomehowsatisfying? Ignoringthis,itmustalsobepointedoutthathadtheJewish people not been such a visible subclass, had the Orthodox Jews stoppedwearingtheirtraditionalclothing,hadtheygivenuptheir languageandtheirreligiousbeliefsandsheepishlyattemptedan assimilationintomainstreamGermansocietytheyalsowouldhave hadnoproblemsandcouldneverhavebeensounjustlyandviciously usedasascapegoatforGermanysfarlargereconomicandsocietal problems.Druguserstodayarenodifferentandsuggestionsthat weabandonourbeliefs,inanattempttoconformtothewishesand religiousbeliefsofthosewhobelievedifferentlyfromus,areno lessinsultingandinappropriate. Socialcleansingsandculturalpurgesofunpopularminorities areevilthingsnomatterwhothetarget. AswasthecasewiththeGermanJewishpeople,wealsohave beenrelentlesslydemonizedinthemediaandportrayedascriminals !()%:()#$41!8,#$%&'%$:"/%!%)#-1##%&/!&%4&%4$%1!1#%&'%3()%!(%!6#1!-#% citizenwhohasnotbeenaffected.

20

Openingcomments
As was true for the German Jewish people, we too have no support or advocates within any bodies with effective political input.Anyopenandvisiblestanceswemighttakewouldbedealt withastheNaziswouldhavedealtwithaJewwhodaredtostand upopenlyandvisiblydefyHitlerinprintorspeech. Forthosewhowoulddisputethis,wewouldremindthemthat when Jim Hogshire was arrested for possession of commercial !"#$%&'%()"))*()"+%,(&-.()#$/0#*(.1$+.23.(&-.()#"%.34&$"2()#.%.2&.+( againsthimwashispublishedWRITINGSaboutthispolitically incorrecttopic.Readersmightwanttothinkaboutthisforamoment. The necessity of anonymity when voicing opposition to such anunjustandoppressiveregimeisnotlimitedtosuchgrossand extremeexamples.HadJamesMadisonnotwrittentheFederalist PapersundertheanonymityofPublias,hewouldhaverapidly been arrested, imprisoned and probably hanged as a traitor.The AmericanRevolutiononlysucceededbecauseitsmembershipwas abletostayinvisibleuntilthetimeforactionarose. ItshouldberememberedthatthemajorityofcolonialAmericans neversupportedtheestablishmentofanindependentnationfounded ontheprinciplesofdemocracyandfreedomandwerenotinfavor ofourbreakingawayfromEngland.(AtleastnotuntilAFTERit hadalreadyhappened.) It would be too simple to target, harass and silence us as individuals.Iamundernoillusionaboutthisveryseriousmatter. Thisisarevolution.Notoneofviolence,noronethatadvocates anoverthroworevenanunderminingofthegovernment[Note6] butoneofconsciousnessandofconsciencethatdarestodeclare and assert our rights to govern and control our own thoughts, consciousnessandabilitytoworship,ornotworship,aswebelieve. Noformofexpressionshouldberestrictedunlessitharmsothers. Those of us who worship in this way are not bound together withinanyformaldogmaororganization,weonlyknowthetruth 0%($&($%(5#$&&.2($2("4#(-.0#&%6(703-("8(4%(92"5%(5.(/4%&(:2+("4#( ownpersonalpath,asweareindividualsandnotmindlessclones tobespoonfedamassmarketedreligion.Often,ouronlyshared pointisthateachofusbelievesthatwehavearighttogovernour ownconsciousnessandthattheonlyvalidspiritualpathforusis thecultivationofapersonalrelationshipwithourcreator. Weareclaimingnothingmorethanthespiritualandreligious freedomthatsupposedlyisguaranteedtousundertheConstitution and Bill of Rights that now hangs in tattered shreds, another victimoftheWaronDrugs.[Writingforthethirdeditionin2005, both documents now appear to have largely been buried, if not composted.] I have said it before and will say it again AWar on Drugs is aWar on People. Namely, people of different beliefs. Drugs arethings.Youcannothaveawaronthings.Warsareconducted betweenpeopleorelse,asinthiscase,wagedagainstpeople. The very notion of zero tolerance is not only blatantlyun American but decidedly antiChristian despite the numbers of American Christians who preach it.Too many otherwise decent humanshaveallowedthemselvestobesweptupinanemotional propagandacampaignofhatred,intoleranceandprejudiceagainst peoplewhoaredifferentfromthemselves. It is little different from any of the other attempted cultural cleansings,thosesocialandideologicalpurgesofminoritiesthat are shunned and condemned for their visible philosophical or spiritualdifferences.HitlertargetedtheJews&otherminorities, the Inquisitions targeted witches, scientists and other heretics, various Christian groups have repeatedly targeted those people that they perceive as godless such as witches, peyoteists and communists, Pol Pots Khmer Rouge targeted the educated and those contaminated by exposure to foreign cultures, and the currentAmerican, medically approved and religiously sanitized, versionofthelongstandingChristianpogromtargetsthosewho altertheirconsciousness. Inthecaseoftheentheogenusers,thisisdirectedmainlyagainst peoplewhodonotbelieveinanorganizedreligionwithdogmas )#.%3#$;.+(;*(3"//$&&..,(02+(5-"(&-.#.8"#.(3022"&(:<-&(;039("#( adequatelydefendthemselvesasthecourtsdonotrecognizethe pharmacologicalrealmsofspiritualexperienceasbeingvalidfor peopleofEuropeanbackgrounds,nordothecourtsrecognizeany religionthatisnotformallyorganized. Thecourtscannotbeexpectedtobeunbiasedinthismatter,as theirdecisionmakersswearanoathtothesameGodwhosfollowers havebeenwagingawaronthosewhoholdthesacredplantsto beHoly(andwhohavebeendoingsoeversinceChristianitywas decreedtobethenewStateReligionoftheConstantinesRoman Empire).Wedonotwanttodivergebydiscussingwherethishas beenpermittedtoleadinthenewmillennia. Wecouldalsoheapequalblameonthemedicalandpharmaceutical communitybutasDr.ThomasSzaszhasdonesuchaneloquentand wellwrittenjobannihilatingthepompousfacadeontheirblatant :2023$0==*(/"&$10&.+(0&&./)&%(0&(=$/$&$2<(3"/).&$&$"2(02+(0%%4/$2<( totalcontroloverpeopleshealthchoicesandoptionsfortheirown ;.2.:&,(5.(%..(2"()"$2&($2(#.).0&$2<(/"#.(&-02(%"/.("8(&-.(;"2.%( ofhisobservations. Ibelievethat,forthelargestpart,theirmindsaremadeupand theyarenotopenenough,orevenable,toevaluatetheissuehonestly andjustly,freefrompreconceivednotionsandprejudice.Inmost casestheyhavebeenassaultedbyadelugeofmisinformationand intensepropagandasincetheywereoldenoughtounderstandwhat wassaidtothem.Theycannotbeblamed.Theyaretooignorant oftheactualtruthtoevenconsiderittobeapossibility.Theyhold whatwebelieveasnotonlywrongbut utterlylackinginmerit despite the precedence of its great antiquity and the history of directandunrelentingpersecutionbytheChristianfaithoverthe last1500orsoyears. Itmustbestressedthatdespitetheirbestefforttodestroyusand thefaith,wearestillhere.Theymayimprisonorevenkillus.They maydothesametomanythousandsofothers,astheyhavedone andarestilldoing,butourpracticesandbeliefsliveon. Even if they somehow succeeded in destroying every single follower,thefaithwillbebornanewassoonas onepersonwith therightbiochemistryeatsofthesacramentinanyoneofitsmany variedforms. My religious and spiritual beliefs are incorporated into the biochemistryofmybody.TheHolytempleiswithin.Myreligious andspiritualbeliefscannotbedestroyedbydestroyingtheindividual astheyareincorporatedintohumanphysiologyencodedwithin theheartandsoulofmyDNA. IdidnotcreatethisreligionIwasbornwithit. Myreligionwascreatedbythesameforcesthatcreatedme. Mybeliefisthatitcamewiththeplanet. It needs neither prophets and creeds nor threats and dangled promisestoensureourobedience.Thoseofuswhobelieveand mergewiththesesubstancesdosobecauseweACCEPTwhoand whatweare:HUMANBEINGS. Thisisanareaingreatneedoftruth.Thereisanunjustlyperceived socialundesirabilityandpoliticalincorrectnesssurroundingthevery topicIhopetothrowmorelightupon.Thisisunfortunate,asitis thedirectresultofpeoplebelievingthattheysomehowhavethe rightanddutytodictateandlegislatewhatotherpeoplebelieve spirituallyandreligiously.Tothisendtheyhavesoughttoportray thisfaithassomethingitisnotwithliesandinnuendo.

21

SacredCacti3rded.
!"#$ %&'$ ()$ *'+,-$ .-$ &/-($ &$ %&'$ -0#1.21&//3$ *.'#14#*$ &,&.)-4$ accurate information and knowledge it is especially focused on access to that information. (This inability to control information distribution, and, more pointedly, information access, is the true reasonthattheInternetstrikesfearintheheartsofmanywhoare obsessedwithpowerandcontrol.) For example, during the Reagan years, every reference to alkaloids was mysteriously lacking from UTAustins OnLine catalog.Consideringthereareseveralmultiplevolumeserieswith thisastheirtitle,itwasnotasmallomission.Booksconcerning hallucinogenssuddenlydisappearedfromthecatalogandinmany 1&-#-$5'(6$4"#$&14+&/$-"#/7#-$4"#6-#/7#-8$9.:'&'3$(521.&/-$&44'.:+4#*$ thelattertocoincidenceandpatronsfailingtoreturnbooksbutas ithappenedliterallyovernightandinvolvedhundredsofbooksthis stretchescredibility. IknowthatmanyremainedontheshelvesforYEARSwithout catalog entries because I had always recorded the call numbers &)*$1(+/*$2)*$4"#6$0"3-.1&//3$:3$+-.),$63$)(4#-8$;4$'#6&.)#*$4".-$ way for almost a decade. During the last two years of the Bush administrationalmostallexistingmaterialAZreappearedinthe catalog. Manybookshoweverdidnotreturn,includinganyindividual worksthathadreportedfavorablyontheusageofhallucinogenic drugs.[UnlessbearingsuchtitlesasTheDiabolicRootorPeyote, theIndianMindDrug.]Curiously,manyreferenceandfrequently cited source books previously in the library holdings now say Unavailableintheirlistinginthecatalog. AfewstillsayUnavailableintheirOnLinelistinginspiteof theirphysicalpresenceontheshelves.ManymoresayUnavailable orNolongeravailablethat,whiletheyarenotintheUniversitys holdings, are actually readily available through such services as InterLibrary Loan.This option is commonly includedfor many bookslistedforothertopicsalongwiththenoteoftheirabsence fromtheUniversityholdings. Duetothedelugeofpublicationsarisingfromrecentethnological workamongdrugusingpeoplesandstudiesofshamanicoriented faithsthereisabalanceonceagainslowlyreturningtothelibrary system.(ThisreferstotheUniversitylibrary.) ;)$-0.4#$(5$4".-<$4"#'#$.-$-4.//$4"#$0'#-#)1#$(5$%"&4$6&)3$.)$4".-$2#/*$ /.=#$4($1&//$4"#$>?@!$2/4#'A8$!".-$.-$&)$+)(521.&/$:+4$/(),B-4&)*.),$ trendofcompilersofdatabasesandOnLinesearchindexestoomit themajorityofreferencesconcerningDMT.(Perhapsduetothe factthat,notonlyisDMTwondrousandinformationallyrichwhen approachedproperly[Note7]but,asDr.Shulginputsit,DMTis everywhere.)Thislargelyceasedtobetruebyaround2001. Somemightcallthisparanoiaonmypartbutin1995ifaperson wenttotheAcademicPeriodicalIndex(whichcovers1988through the present) and entered DMT in any one of its many names or -3)()36-<$ 4"#3$ %(+/*$ 2)*$ )(4".),$ 1()1#').),$ 4".-$ 1(60(+)*8$ (AtleastthiswastrueinasearchconductedatUTAustin.)Toa noviceobserverthiswouldsuggestthatthereeitherwasnoongoing researchconcerningDMTorelsethenamewasnotintheirtitle. Intheprior8yearstherewereatleast12mainstreamjournal articles that clearly incorporated N,NDimethyltryptamine or a synonymaspartoftheirtitleorelselisteditamongtheirkeywords. Underasubjectkeywordsearchforhallucinogenswefoundonly areferencetoaNewYorkTimesarticleconcerningaCalifornian arrestedforpossessingtoads,referringtohimastheHighPriest ofToads,alabelcertaintoinducevisionsofwitchcraftorsatanic worshipinmanypreprogrammedChristians. Asimilarkeywordsearchforpeyoteyieldedprimarilymentions ofarticleswhichstressedtheHighCourtscurrentlynarrowviewon allowanceofminorityreligiousexpressionoraccountsofthecrisis facingtheNACduetothelimitedavailabilityoftheirsacrament incontrasttotheirincreasingrequirements.(Asiftheyarebeing allowed any choice in the matter especially now that Congress madepeyoteseedsSchedule1in1997,andfailedtoincludeany provisionforeven!"#$%&'(NACpeopletopossessseeds,cultivate theplantoreventoreturnseedstothewild!Incrediblythisiseven consideredtoapplytothoselicensedtocollecttheplantfromwild populations,accordingtotheTexasDPS!) Afewyearsagoaprofessionaljournalwascreatedasaforum for this topic. Yet, all of our available referencing sources at the University insist that Integration: (subtitled Zeitschrift fur Geistbewegende )*$#+(#%,#'%-,./,0)doesnotexist.Thisistrue despiteitsprimarycontributingauthorsbeingwellknownandhighly respectedscientistsandmedicalprofessionalswithmanyarticles behindthemsomestretchingbackliterallydecades.Apparentlyit wasneverincludedbyanyofthecitationserviceswhichcatalog professionaljournals.Unfortunatelythislackofawarenesshasnow outlivedthelifeofthefairlyshortlivedjournal. I suspect this attitude of casual dismissal to be a part of the prejudiceandpopularmisconceptionthatweareallabunchoftie dyedbarefoothippieswantingtodancenakedintheparks.Afew ofusmaybe,butthevastmajorityarejust regularhardworking andhonestpeople. Wearedoctors,chemistsandotherdegreedprofessionals.We teachandweworkinfactories.Weareeverywhere. Wearenotcriminalsexceptforwhatwebelieveinspiritually. Wehavenothingincommonforthemostpartexceptforthisfaith thattiesustogetherandthepainswemusttaketokeepourspiritual practicesoutofsight,similartowhatearlyChristianswereforced toundergo. Theyalsowerepersecuted,arrestedandseverelypunishedfor their beliefs if discovered. Their meetings and congregations of worshipandfellowshipalsohadtooccurinsecrecy.Theydidnot ceasetoexistinresponsetobeingbrandedoutlaws. Our situation is no different and our beliefs are certainly no lessvalid. ManypeoplewhobelieveasIdowillstrenuouslyobjecttoour systemofspiritualexperiencebeinglabeledareligionbecausethis conjuresupimagesofacentrallycontrolledsystemorprescribed *(,6&$-+1"$&-$4"&4$%".1"$0('4'&3-$+-$&-$-+:"+6&)$7#'6.)$24$4($:#$ exterminatedandexhibitsnotoleranceforthoseofdifferentbeliefs. Whetheryourefertoitasspiritualityorreligionthesearejustwords forasystemofbeliefconcerningwhatweholdtobesacredand trueasconcernstheineffable. Terence MCKENNA$*#2)#*$-"&6&).-6$&-$:#.),$)(4$&$'#/.,.()$ but rather a set of techniques.This is quite true and will go far towardsexplainingwhytheapproachesoftenseemasvariableas theindividual. Oursisdistinctfromtheorganizedreligionsinthatmostofus rejecttheideasthatsomeoneelsemusttelluswhatistrueandthatwe mustliveintheshadowsoftheorganizationalcontrolandspiritual experiencesofothers.Spiritualityiseitherlivingandpersonally accessibleoritisdead.Theideaofanorganizationexistingtodirect andthereforelegitimizeourbeliefsandexperiencesisabhorrent toalmostallofus.TheissueistheSacred.TheSacredcannotbe legislatedbycommittee. Many of us who follow the PharmacoGnostic paths or other shamanicapproachesaresincereinourbeliefs.Wecouldnotclaim thatallaresincereanymorethananychurchororganizationcan truthfullyclaimthatallofitsmembersaresincere.

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Openingcomments
Wearealsotheonlyfaithforwhichthecourtsfrequentlyrequire aracistcriterionfortheonlyexceptiontotheirblanketprohibition onthesacraments,orsuggestthatproofofsinceritywouldbea prerequisiteforanyconsiderationofexpandingitstolerance.Imust wonderhowapersonwouldlegallyprovesincerity?Haveothers attesttoit?Asiftheyknow. Atthehighestlevel,thecourtrejectstheissueoftolerationof minorityreligiousfreedomentirely(intheirwords,asaluxury) except for one established group, the NativeAmerican Church. !"#$% &$% '(&)% *+)#,% '(#-% .#/#+'#01-% 2$0% '(#3)#1"#)% 4$0#.% +''+*5)% and harassment as to this day the High Court refuses to bar the Statesfromenactingtheirownlawstoprohibitanyexpressionof 67.)(&/%'(#-%)##%2',%)#''&$8%'(#%9:;%4/%<7.%-#'%37.#%<4'4.#%*74.'% battlesandwastedresources. Amoresubtlebutfarmoredamagingrestrictionexistsforthe NACduetotheillegalityofpeyotecultivation.Asnaturalresources aredwindling,dueinlargestparttohabitatlossresultingfromland conversiontoagricultureandpasturage,theinabilityofpeyoteists tomasscultivatetheplantlegallyiscreatingaseriousthreatfor theirfutureunlesstheyarewillingtoacceptanalternatesacrament (whichofcoursewillnotbelegal). A Peyote church inArizona, dedicated towards cultivation and preservation of their sacrament, has found limited success butsimilarlyfoundthemselvesortheirmembersbackincourtto 28('%<7.%6(+'%1&''1#%/.7'#*'&7$%7<%'(#&.%*&"&1%.&8(')%'(+'%'(#%)'+'#%(+)% allowed.Thisisapatternthatwecanexpecttocontinueuntilthe SupremeCourtdevelopsthe cojnes%'7%+<2.3%'(+'%74.%1+6%07#)% indeedsupportreligiousfreedomofminorities. Peyotecanbereadilycultivatedbutthereisalagtimebefore usefulnessthatiscomparabletoagedscotches.Unlessthecourts arewillingtoallowlargescalecultivationtobegintheyaredirectly contributingtogreathardshipsforafaiththeysupposedlyallow. ;4..#$'% /.7"&)&7$)% 4$0#.% '(#% 1+6% 07% $7'% )/#*&2*+11-% /.7(&=&'% cultivationbutonlyguaranteeprotectionforharvestingbyregistered harvestersandactualconsumptionitselfbyrecognizedmembers. >(&1#%$7'%)/#*&2*+11-%forbiddingtheNACtocultivate,theseeds arenowillegaltopossess,creatinganinterestingobstacleforits purportedlyprotectedandlegitimateuserstoassumeanycontrol overtheirfuture. TheTexasDepartmentofPublicSafety,theagencywholicenses the4remainingpeyoteroswhoharvestfortheentiretyoftheNAC, insiststhatitisnotlegalforanyonetocultivate.Theirstanceisthat evenpeyoterosarelicensedonlytocollectfromwildpopulations nottogroworeventoreplantthecacti! AsTexasistheonlystateitgrowsinnaturallyanditstrictly forbidsitspossession,evenifforstrictlyornamentalorhorticultural purposes,largescalecultivationwouldbeariskyundertakingat best.[Note8] PeyoterosarelicensedtoCOLLECTnottocultivate. Whilemanyofusacceptanduseothersacraments,theNAC andotherpeyotefaithsshouldbeenabledtochoosetheirownand continuetohaveaccesstoit. Theycurrentlyhavelittleornoactualfreedomtoaddressthe issueoffutureaccessoreventoundertakeactiontoremedyand prevent the destruction of their sacrament. The current system unrealistically allows them to obtain peyote only through these duly licensed harvesters who, due to the system and restrictions imposed, legally and physically, continually harvest smaller and youngerplantsfromthefewremainingareasofwildpopulations thatareavailabletothem. Effortstosecureprotectionforcultivationofthesacramenthave thusfarnotseenthecooperationofthenecessaryauthorities.While LeoMercadosPeyoteFoundationenjoyedasmalldegreeofsuccess intheirstate(Arizona),thisprovedshortlivedwhenmorecreative stepswereappliedtoovercometheearlierdecisionsandnotpermit thecourtstoreturnLeospeyoteplantstohimagain. Itappearsthattherearestillnostraightanswersontheactual circumstancesunderwhichPeyotecultivation(andpossession)is protected. One thing that is clear is that Leo and others have clearly demonstrated that large scale peyote cultivation can be done by anyonealmostanywhereiftheyarewillingtodosomework.Its almostfascinatingthatattacksonPeyoteisnowwellunderwayin severalEuropeannations.Onehastowonderwhoisbehindthe introductionofthesenewprohibitions. Interestingly those involved in Leos harassment included ArizonaauthoritieswhodidnotagreewithArizonastatelawand simplyrefusedtorespectitdespitetheirswornoathstodoso.So muchforthefrequentlyrepeatedclaimofbeingimpartialupholders ofthelaw.(Perhapsupholdersofthelawastheywouldlikeittobe, wouldbemoreaccurate) :% (+$0<41% 7<% +15+17&0)% 284.#% &$'7% 74.% .#1&8&74)% +$0% )/&.&'4+1% livesastheyhavedoneinthelivesofcountlesshumansformany millennia. We do not, can not and will not accept the religious oppressionandcensorshipplaceduponusandourbeliefs. WhatIbelieveisnotwrongnorisitwithoutsubstance.What is wrong is that is has been forbidden in a 2pronged attack by 2 competing religious [Note 9] orders [Note 10] who largely pull the strings in both the governing and legislative factions of ourgovernment,andwhohavegonetogreatpainstodemonize and misrepresent our sacraments to both mainstreamAmerican Christians&acceptablenonChristians(includingthesecularand nonsecularfactionsthatexistineach).Theunrelentingintensityof theongoingmediablitzandoutrageouspropagandaeffortslaunched sofarwouldmakeevenHerrGoebbelsenvious. Whilethisiscurrentlymasqueradedasapublichealthandsafety issue,thevastmajorityofthepublichealthandsafetyrisksforany andalldrugsarethedirectresultof,andareactuallycreatedby, the laws forbidding the use of drugs [Note 11]. This is an issue thatistoolargeforoursmallworktoaddressandwewouldrefer interestedreadersto OTT1993(1996)or OTT1995or OTT1997 andreferencestherein. Someofthebestwrittenessaysonthissubjectcanbefoundin whatshouldbeconsideredasrequiredreadingforanyonewithan interestinthisarea,whetherproorcon: Thomas S ZASZ 1985 Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual PersecutionofDrugs,AddictsandPushers.and Thomas SZASZ1992 OurRighttoDrugs.TheCaseforaFree Market.and MiltonFRIEDMAN&ThomasSZASZ1992OnLibertyandDrugs. Anotherworkonthesubjectofmisrepresentationofthisissue to hide its true nature as an actual war on nonconformity, the Constitutionanddemocracyitselfwasbroughttoourattentionin abookreviewinthePRL[Note12].Thisbookshouldberequired readingbyeveryoneonbothsidesofthisissue.Itmaynotchange theirmindsonwheretheystandbut,aswithSzasz,itwillhelpthem tobetterunderstandthetrueissuesinvolvedandwhythingsareas theyare.SeeRichardLawrence MILLER 1996 DrugWarriorsand TheirPrey:FromPolicePowertoPoliceState.

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SacredCacti3rded.
Forthosewhoarentappalledenoughandwhowouldliketo delve even deeper into understanding the history of why we are wherewearerightnow,wewouldsuggestadditionallyreading(or viewing)thefollowingtopulltogetheralargerpicturefromtheir differentvantagepoints: Dennis BERNSTEIN&Howard LEVIN1994 TheTexas Observer. (June17):1415.OllieTakesaPowder:ATexasDEAAgentOnce TrackedOliverNorthsContraDrugDeals. Also,wadethroughthetranscriptsoftheIranContrahearings. [Bringsometallboots.] MartinA. LEE & Bruce SHLAIN 1985 Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD,andtheSixtiesRebellion. Michael LEVINE 1994 The Big White Lie: The deep cover operationthatexposedtheCIAsabotageofthedrugwar.[Aformer DEA agents viewpoint of the CIAs role in the appearance and distribution of crack cocaine. Largely misses the big picture but importantandeyeopeningreading.] AlfredW.MCCOY1972ThePoliticsofHeroininSoutheastAsia. [InterestingviewpointofaCIAapologist.] TerenceMCKENNA1992FoodoftheGods. See Bill MOYERs hairraising look at the documentation that Oliver North didnt have time to shred. [Broadcast on PBS the titleescapesus,itseemslikeitwasoneofthepartsoftheSecret War(Secretgovt.?)] JonathanOTT1993(1996)Pharmacotheon. JonathanOTT1995TheAgeofEntheogens. JonathanOTT1997PharmacophiliaortheNaturalParadises. Jay STEVENS 1987 Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream. AnotherslantonelementsofthissubjectcanbefoundinLinda HUNT 1991 Secret Agenda: The United States Government Nazi ScientistsandOperationPaperclip. AnotherbookIhavenotyetread,mentionedinMILLER1996and MCKENNA1992,isArnoldS.TREBACH1987TheGreatDrugWar. ThereareMANYmoreexcellentworks&resourcesonthistopic. Wewouldsuggestusingakeywordsearchatwww.google.comfor thewordsdrugpolicyreforminordertolocatecurrentresources. !"#$ %&#'#$ ()*$ +,#$ -).$ ,#+/&-0$ &1$ +$ 12+33$ #44),5$ &-$ 5"#$ 60"5$ againsttheongoingWaronInformationandisintendedtoenable interestedpeopletohaveaccesstoinformationthatisasaccurate astheexistingliteraturewouldallow.Itispresentedinthehopes thatitwillenablethosewhoaredeterminedtoexercisetheirright of personal control over their own consciousness and spiritual experiencetobeabletodosobothsafelyandeffectively.Itisalso intendedtoserveasasourceoffurtherreferencesforthosedesiring moreindepthinformationonthissubject. Many established professional researchers might potentially 7#-#65$ 4,)2$ 5"&1$ .),8$ 7*5$ 5"#($ 2+($ "+9#$ %,)73#21$ .&5"$ 2($ opinions.Agoodnumberprobablyhavenotevengottenthisfar before putting the book down in disgust. In assembling Sacred Cacti I have attempted to correct as many errors and erroneous inclusionsandliteraturecitationsasIcouldidentify.Ifprejudices againstwhatIbelievecanbesetaside,eventemporarily,theymay 6-/$5"&1$.),8$)4$1)2#$9+3*#: Some may take me to task for freely presenting my opinions inwhatotherwisemightbeausefuland,inparts,afairlyfocused %&#'#:$;#,5+&-3($5"&1$7))8$.)*3/$6-/$7,)+/#,$+''#%5+-'#$&4$<$3#45$ itasasimplefactualcompendiumandomittedmythoughtsand opinions.Iwouldaskthesecriticstolookattheirownprejudices. Itisfartoofrequentthatresearchersopinionsbiasedagainstthese plantsandsubstancesareincludedintheirwork. IofferwhatIthinkandbelievesimplyasaverysmallcounter balancetotheprevailingmainstreamview. It is rare that during Dr. Jerry L. McLaughlins analyses of mescalinecontainingplantsthathedidnotincludehisopinionabout whetheraplanthasamountstoolowtobeaproblemorwhether itshouldbecomeascheduleddrugduetoitspotentialofabuse. In several cases he actually proposed that further laws be enacted against Godgiven plants that are not against the law. I suspecthehasreceivedlittleifanycriticismforthisstanceand PharmacoGnostically bigoted statements. It would be surprising ifhisvocalpositiondidnothelptoensurecontinuedfunding.[I seriously doubt that Dr. McLaughlin ever had any consciously maliciousintentorevenconsideredthathiscommentsmightbe viewedasprejudicedmuchlessoutrightreligiousbigotry.] Ibelievethattherealabuseistherestrictionofotherwisefairly innocuoussacramentalsubstancesandtheimpositionoflawsand penaltiesthatoftenruinpeopleslives,stealfromthem,cheatthem outofanddeprivethemofthosethingswhicharebyrighttheirs, suchasfreedom,property,childcustodyandemployment,aswell asbasichumandignityallforsimplyusingplantscreatedbynature forouruse.Allofwhich,inthecaseofthealkaloidsthatIwill discuss,areneitherparticularlydangerous,noraretheyinjurious, habitformingorphysicallyaddictive. A person could not abuse mescaline if they wanted to. The experienceisphysicallydemandingandapersonwouldbeunable to experience any effect, except for the physical distress, within averyfewdaysofuse.Anyuse,currently,isconsideredabuse. TheInquisitionhasneverended.Ithasonlytakenotherforms. To lock a person up, depriving them of freedom, family and property cheating them (and their families) out of YEARS of productivelife,subjectingthemtoinhumananddegradingsituations and conditions, forced labor and, not uncommonly, homosexual rape [Note14]isonlyasomewhatmoreprotractedanddifferent formoftorture. Theweightandseverityofsuchpunishmentfaroutweighseven thegreatestdegreeofimaginedharmasportrayedbyprohibitionists. Itisjustaswrongforsuchalossandwasteoftheirlifetobe imposedsincetheonlycrimeissimplythatofapersonholding differentreligiousorphilosophicalbeliefsthanthoseprescribingand applyingthepunishment.Whetheractionsandpersonalbeliefscause harmtoothersshouldbethesoledecidingcriteriaformakingacts +0+&-15$5"#$3+.=$-)5$."#5"#,$),$-)5$5"#($')->&'5$.&5"$%,#')-'#&9#/$ philosophicalbeliefs,orthemajoritysreligion. Thatspiritual,ideologicalandmentalcontrolarethemotivation andoriginofthisprejudiceandharassmentisinescapable. Eveniftheaccuserisnotaparticularlyreligiousperson,those setagainstusAREfromanenvironmentandofasocialbackground thatcontainedtheirviewsandpremisesconcerningthesesubstances within a field of intensely and uncompromisingly pejorative prejudicialpropagandathathasbeenheavilypromotedinChristian circlesforsome15centuriesnow. The fact that the church of medicine has helped the State transformthelabelingofthisissuefromoneofpersonalfreedom andreligiouschoiceintooneofPublicHealth[Note15]changes nothingbeyondthepublicsperception. Even if a user does not view these substances in spiritual or religious terms, any such restrictions on what a person can and cannotexperienceintheprivacyoftheirownmindarethoseborn ofreligiouscontrolandproscription.

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Openingcomments
!"#$%"&#'"()%"*+(,#-+#."/#012(+34+(#5%2#$02+#'"#"++/#05#52++/0$# FROMreligionthanfreedonOFreligion.Freedomofreligiondoes notsimplymeanfreedomtochoosewhattobelievebutitmeans thefreedomtonotbeforcedwhattobelieveor,even,tobelieve. MostofuswhousethesesacramentsDObelieve. Ifwhatthesacredplantusingpeoplebelievewastrulywrong orinerror,itwouldpresentabsolutelynothreattothechurch.Ifit wasafantasy,assomewouldhaveusbelieve,thenitwouldhave nosubstance.Thingswithnosubstancedonotposeathreat. Whatwebelieveisnotwrong.Thisiswhytheyfeartheseplants. WhenthesePLANTSteachus,andTHEYDOteachus,itiswith thetruth.Thepeyotehasneverliedtome.Ithastoldmethingsthat Ihavehadnowayofknowingaheadoftime,ithastoldmethings thatIdidnotwanttoknoworwanttobelievetobetruebutIhave neverfoundittobewrongorinerror. Notallplantshavethesamedegreeoftruthfulnessaspeyote, some such as mushrooms can be downright playful. Even with peyote,orANYotherspiritualorreligiouspath,itispossibletolie toordeceiveoneselfortooperateunderaselfimposeddelusion, especially if a person is inexperienced or not well trained at differentiatingrealinformationfromimagination. Theinformationthatcomesfromtheplanthoweverisalways correctandappearstobeintendedforourgrowthandlearning.Even withtheinherenttricksterelementsoftheseplantstheexperience always seems to be geared towards giving us the opportunity to getaclearerandmorehonestlookatourselvesandwhoweare. These drugs cause the effects they do because we have the underlyingbiochemicalmachineryfortheseexperiences.Aquestion rapidlyarisesaboutwhythesealkaloidsexistandwhytheycause theeffectstheydoinhumans A frequent assertion is that alkaloids are present as feeding deterrentsandthatthisistheirprimaryfunction. I agree that some are indeed a deterrent to grazing animals as are spines, but must point out that even in the case of the spinelesspeyote,alkaloidlevelsarelowestinyoungplants.These are the plants at the most risk from grazing as they often have underdevelopeddefencesandpresentthemostsucculentandtender growth.IFalkaloidstrulywereprimarilygrazingdeterrentsthen itwouldseemmostlikelytheywouldbehigheroratleastequally presentinyoungplants. While this is true in some plants, this is clearly not the case in any species of cacti that have been analyzed. It could be that they do indeed exist as feeding deterrents but only after a plant hassuccessfullyreachedanagewhereitcanprocreate.Thismay represent an evolutionary survival strategy to ensure that the strongestandbestsituatedplantshavethegreatestcontributionto thefuturegenepool.(Obviouslythiswouldonlybeadvantageous toperennials.Itisalsosuggestedbythepeaksofalkaloidlevelsin theAIZOACEAE#*0'"*'/'"6#-')7#)7+'2#80-+2'"6#9+2'0/(:#;++# SMITH etal.1998) Anotherproposalisthattheyarejustmetabolicbyproductsthat servenopurpose.Inviewoftheirsometimeshighconcentrations %"/#/&"%$'*#81*)1%)'0"(#)7'(#(++$(#1"3'<+3&: I believe that they are intimately involved with metabolic processesintheplant.Iftherewasnofunctionforthemitisunlikely thattheywouldbeexpressedinthequantitiestheysometimesare. Alloftheserequiremultipleenzymesfortheirassembly.Thisisa lotofDNAinformationtobeperpetuatedfornoreason.Also,for thevastlylargestpart,thesealkaloidsareproducedinparenchymal tissues,specializedthinwalledcellswhereintensemetabolicand syntheticactivityoftenoccurs.Anotherpointsuggestinganactive role in the metabolism of the plants which produce them is that (+%(0"%3#81*)1%)'0"(#'"#)7+#%3<%30'/#3+4+3(#=>1%")')%)'4+?#%"/#%*)1%3# variationsinalkaloidcontent(qualitative)areknowntooccur. Someofthisissupportedbyourobservationsin Desmanthus leptolobus.Inourassaysofitsrootbark,we[Note16]foundthat DMT(N,NDimethyltryptamine)concentrationswereapparently 7'67+()#%5)+2#80-+2'"6#7%/#0**122+/#%"/#(++/(#-+2+#502$+/:#@7+# elevated levels persisted even after the seeds had been dropped. Duringthelatterpartoftheyear,otheralkaloidsalsobegantobe presentinhigheramounts.SimilarlyinPhalaris(allPhalarisassays usednewgrowth[Note17])andDelosperma,DMTand/or5MeO AB@#%99+%2#)0#C+#92+(+")#%)#)7+#7'67+()#3+4+3(#30"6#%5)+2#80-+2'"6# hadoccurredandaftertheseedshadbeendropped. Theansweroftheirfunctionintheseplantsisnotclear.Thisis anareainneedoffurtherstudy. Theanswerofthefunctionofsomeinthehumanorganismis moreclear.Itisapparenttoalmostanyonewhohasingestedthem. Theywouldbeunabletoexerttheeffectsthattheydoiftherewas notanunderlyingbiochemicalandphysiologicalmechanismforthis experienceanditsexpression.Thisclearlysuggestsanendogenous chemicalmechanismforreligiousandspiritualexperiencesofall kinds[Note18]. @7+#5%*)#)7%)#)7'(#'(#"0)#+D9+2'+"*+/#C&#%33#9+093+#/0+(#"0)#*0"8'*)# withthisconclusionasevidentlynotallpeoplearecapableofdirect religiousandspiritualexperiencesviaanymeans.(Iliketothink that they are capable but something in their chemical makeup, psycheorpersonablocksit.) Forexample,somepeopleareeasilythreatenedorchallenged, othersarecontrolfreaks.Neitherofthesegroupstendstobeableto comfortablyhandleorinteractwithforcesgreaterthanthemselves or circumstances over which they cannot exert control [Note 19].Itcertainlyisaloteasiertoeitherletsomeoneelse(ortheir 2+92+(+")%)'4+?#'")+2%*)#-')7#)7+#70%2&#!"."')+#0"#&012#C+7%35#02#)0# simplydenyitsexistencealtogether.Itcanbeaterrifyingthingto entertheserealmsasoneverysmallperson.Itisnotanexperience everyoneseeks. I have never tended towards the easy approach. Life and (9'2')1%3')&#%2+#3'<+#500/E#)7+&#%2+#C+()#-7+"#)7+&#7%4+#%#600/#8%402# butarenotobsessivelyindulgedin.Lifeandspiritualityshouldbe savoredinthediverseexperiencesthatarepresentedtousandwhich ourpersonaltemperamentsandpredilectionsenableustoappreciate. Weallaredifferentinourgeneticmakeup,ourpsychological makeup and our backgrounds no standard approach can be describedandappliedbyanother. Chemicalsabletoinducespiritualexperiencesarepotentially capable of being made within us (endogenous alkaloids), while othersexistwithinplantsandanimalsinanumberofvarietiesthat wehopetoadequatelyaddressinthisshortseriesofworks. Mescaline, the topic of this volume, is most likely not made endogenouslybutiscapableofinteractingwiththeneurological pathways that do exist for this purpose, or at least those which '"4034+#02#%2+#'"81+"*+/#C&#FGH@2receptorinteractions. TerenceMcKennamadeaninterestingcommentthatonlyDMT possessesactivitywhenitsingestionoccursinadream.Iwouldtake issuewithhimonthis. I agree that when smoking DMT in a dream there is a pronounced DMT effect, sometimes even more profound than that which occurs when awake.As DMT is now recognized to be a human neurotransmitter, produced under as yet poorly understoodparameters,existenceofthisactivityisnotsurprising. Norwoulditbesurprisingifthestructurethatmediatesspiritual experience,evenifaprotein,involvesDMT,5MeODMTand/or oneofthe6methoxylated!carbolinesorhasasimilarstructure 02#*0".612%)'0"#'"#%)#3+%()#')(#%*)'4+#(')+:

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[Jace Callaway proposed that DMT/5MeODMT production duringsleepmaybeinvolvedintheproductionofdreams.Inspite oftheimportancethatthesesubstancesholdconcerningnotonly religiousexperiencebutalsoconsciousnessitself,itiscuriousthat !"#"$!%&'()'*&"+',#'%-!!")*./'#('#*,0"1'$)1'!"#*!,%*"123 Wheneatingpeyoteindreams[Note20],smokingpotindreams orevenifusingnarcoticsindreams(theonlytimeinmylifethat thislastexamplerarelyoccurs)therearealsocorrespondingdrug effects.Thatofmescalineisindeedalteredfromhowitisperceived viaexternalingestionbutitisstillpsychoactiveinaphenethylamine (likealowdoseofmescaline)ratherthanatryptaminesense(as experiencedsubjectivelyinthedreamstate). Asformushrooms,Idonotknow,everysingletimethatIhave eatenmushroomsinadreamtheonsethascausedmetowakeup. Mushrooms DO seem to have that effect...This waking up effectisoneoftheprimaryreasonsthatthosewhowouldliketo manipulatepeoplebypushingbuttonstocontrolthemthroughtheir preexistingsetofbeliefssodespisetheuseofhallucinogens.They arenothingifnotdeprogrammingtoolsparexcellence. It is my belief that there is a (perhaps small) repertoire of endogenous chemicals that catalyzeALL spiritual and religious experiences. Some of the potential categories are obvious:THC type structures [Note 21], opiates (a large number have already 4"")' ,1")*,5"1' ,)' &-+$)#67' 8&")"*&/.$+,)"#7' *!/8*$+,)"#' $)1' !carbolines. Other more complex structures probably also exist in the form of peptides. The activity exhibited by the aforementioned smallmoleculesmaynormallybemediatedbyamoietypresent as a portion of these peptides. Only the size, shape and charge distributiononthebindingportionandadjacentareas(activesites) actually matter when it comes to a receptor sites reaction to a substance. Physiologicallyactivediortriterpenoids,orothermolecules shapedsimilarlytoourmajorhormonesandcapableofinteracting withournervoussystemmayalsoeventuallybefoundinsomecacti. In spite of how upset some people get when presented with proposals of a biochemical mechanism underlying religious and spiritual experience I must stress that weARE biochemical machines, constructed and operated according to the chemical informationcontainedwithinandexpressedbyourDNA(alsoa chemical).Thisiswhoandwhatweare,howweoperateandhow weexist.ThisisHOWweinterfacewiththerealworld.Thereis nothingthatwethink,feelorperceivethatisnotchemically mediated.Thisissimplyhowwearedesignedtoworkandwhy we can be created from the simple DNA code that forms us as individualorganisms. Life and everything physical around us is chemicals and chemistry.Wedidnotinventit,wesimplycreatedalanguageto describeitandlearnedhowtomanipulateit. 9&$*':'5)1'8"!8.";,)<',#'*&$*'#(+"&(='*&,#'>,"=',#',)*"!8!"*"1' by some as trivializing or negating the marvelousness and vital importanceoflifeandperception. Iwouldsuggestthatitisevenmoremarvelousthatsuchrichness & diversity of life, perception and experience can be enabled, allowedandperpetuatedviasuchseeminglysimplemechanisms. Itshouldnotdiminishbutrathersubstantiallyenhanceourrespect andadmirationforthedesignerofsuchanamazingsystemoflife andconsciousness. Peopleshouldfeelblessedforbeingallowedtoexist. I believe that the reason these substances are attacked so relentlesslybythecontrolfreakfactionsofChristianityisbecausein theirheartstheyknowthatwhatistoooftenofferedasChristianity isashallowandfalsereplicaintendedtomanipulateothersone withoutanytruespiritualsubstance. NotrueChristianwouldpromotehatred,injusticeandintolerance inthenameofChrist.Itcertainlyisausefulbanner,though,for !"%!-,*,)<'4.,)1'+$##"#'(?'8-#&@4-**()'#-88(!*"!#'$)1'5..,)<'*&",!' leaderspockets. PeoplewhoconsiderthemselvesChristianswoulddowelltolook honestlyattheirleadersandtheactionsoftheirorganizationsand seeiftheyactuallyspreadthedoctrinesoflove,peace,brotherhood, stewardship and tolerance, or if their love is reserved only for theirownkindandspreadbyintimidationorevenforceofthe sword (or threat of incarceration), accompanied by insistence on condemnation, ruthless persecution, suppression or outright oppressionforthosewhodisagree. Murder, and oppression of other beliefs, has always been a recurrentcomponentduringthespreadoftheirideologyintonon ChristiansocietiesfortheentiretyofformalizedChristianhistory. Itistragicthatmanyotherwisedecentandsincerepeoplehave blindlyacceptedwhattheyhavebeentoldby,unknowntothem,evil leadersforsolongthatsomehavecometoaccepttheseblatantly satanicpracticesasChristianvalues.Itisunderstandablethatthey wouldnotwanttorecognizetheeviltheyhadunwittinglyservedas itmightdamagetheirfaithbutiftheirfaithistrue,validandproperly placeditcanwithstandthetruth,onlythatwhichisfalsefearsbeing questionedinthelightofday.IFtheyhavebeendeceived,thesooner theycandiscoverthis,thesoonertheycanbegintopracticetheir faithinawaythatistruetoitsideals. Ifloveisreservedonlyforpeopleofaparticularcluborgroup thenitisperverseandacontributortothedarkness.Ifapersons actionsbringmisery,tormentandwrongfuldeprivationtoothers (astheDrugWarsDO)andtheycallthemselvesaChristian,they woulddowelltolookatwhatistrulybeingserved. WhatisSacredandHolyisapartofusall.Noonehaspatent overthetruthandnogroupownsGodorsomehowhastoactas interpreterfortherestoftheworld.Itismybeliefthesatanicforces thatChristiansrantandraveaboutareindeedlivingandactiveand callingthemselvesChristiansinordertodeceiveandmanipulate themassesofsincereandunquestioningChristians.Theyexistas apowerfulstructurewithintheveryheartofmodernChristianity. Theyprotectthemselvesfromthediscoveryofwhoandwhat theyarebyusingthesametacticsofmisdirectionthatdirtycops do.Namelytheymisrepresentanychallengetoorattackonthem asanattackonallthedecentandhonestcops(orChristians)who makeupthebulkoftheirorganizationsandwhotheyknowwill automaticallyrallytodefendthemselvesasagroupandindoing soareunknowinglymanipulatedandusedtoshieldandprotectthe evilandcorruptelementswithintheirranks. ChristianswhoactuallyareandwholiveasChristiansdeserve nothing but respect. None is due to those who loudly proclaim theyareandspendtheirtimeignoringtheirowncommandmentsto +$),8-.$*"7'%()*!(.'(!'")#.$>"'(*&"!#'?(!'*&",!'(=)'4")"5*'$)1'8!(5*2' Thesacramentisinherentwithinusall.Whetheritisproduced internallyoraccessedthroughtheplantsthatwewereprovidedwith, bythesameforcesthatalsocreatedus,accessisourbirthright. A&"' B$%!"1' :)5),*"' %!"$*"1' 8"/(*"' $)1' +-#&!((+#' $)17' by theirdesign,gavethemthepowerstheyhavewithinmynervous system.Theyarenotthecreationofhumans,unlikethemultitude oforganizedreligions. Nootherpersonororganizationmustholdthekeysforanyone else(theyareoursbyrightofbirthforactualandpersonaluse),

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althoughmanywillclaimthisinordertocontrolandenslavepeople bytakingawaytheirpersonalpower.TheonlytimeIwasfortunate enoughtohavemethim,TellisPapastavrotoldme,alongtimeago, Thepriceoffreedomiseternalvigilance[againstthosewhowould takethatfreedomaway][Note22]. He,andothers,havealsotoldme,Whatyouaresearchingfor iswhatyouaresearchingwith.orasCHANGPotuanwroteinthe 12thcentury(astranslatedbyThomasCLEARY): Everyone originally has the herb of long life: its just that theydontunderstanditandthrowitawayinvain [...]Whenthe !"#$#%&#'&()""*&+!,!"-.!+/&012)%1""*&3-"+&4""'&25!&%--6& [....] Iurge *-)&2-&40+&-)2&25!&."17!&85!%!&*-)%&9-+*&81'&9-%0:&3-#03&917;& tothebasis,returningtotheorigin,thisistheproductionofthe medicine.[Note23] Thisclearlyindicatesthatthisauthorrealizedtheinherentnature ofawarenessasbeingincorporatedintotheveryoriginofourbeing (aproductofourDNA)andinnatelycontainedwithinthehuman machineasaninviolableandinextricableformativecomponentof ourfabric. Whatmattersiswhethertheinformationistrue,notwhetherthe keywastheoriginaloraduplicate.Evenifitwasaskeletonkeyas longasitopenedthedoortotheroom,accesscouldbeachieved. Onedoeshavetowonderwhyitisthathallucinogenicplantsgrow everywhereintheworld[Note24]. What many people often miss with any spiritual approach is thattheysomehowthinkthataccessisallthereis.Theymistakenly believethatoncetheyareinoramemberorhavereachedsome presetgoal(suchasenlightenment)thatnothingfurtherisrequired. Oncewearriveiswhentheworkbegins.Arrivingisnottheend pointand,inandofitself,hasnointrinsicvalue.Whatmattersis whatisdonewithwhathasbeenaccessed.Thedestinationisthe startingpointforfutureactions,notsomemagicalendpointwhere nothingfurtherneedstobedone. Iwouldurgethattheissueofentheogenusebereexamined. Notasanissueofitbeingmorallyrightorwrong.Itisneither.No religionorspiritualapproachispurelyrightorwrong.Whatisright orwrongisitsapplication.Doesithelporharmpeople?Doesit !"#$#%&'%(&')*+(%'#"',&&-'%(&'-."/0&112'3(&1&'."&'0#%'-*,456)%'%#' determinesimplybylookingattheresultsoftheactionstaken. Amajorfailureofthewarondrugsisitsdangerouslyasinine approachtofactualinformation. TheinaneslogansJustSayNoToDrugsandZeroTolerance )6$!'.))'-"6+'61&'%#+&%(&"'*0'.'7.8'%(.%'*1'0#%'#0)8'*))9-&40&-'.0-' %(61'-&4&1'".%*#0.)'.0.)81*1:';6%',."'$#"&'*$!#"%.0%)8:'&,,&5%*<&)8' prevents any realistic popular perception, public debate, address or resolution [Note 25] of the REAL issues or even the REAL problemsofdrugabuse. Ratherthanaccomplishitsstatedgoalsofdecreasingdruguseor abuseitcanreadilybeproventoradicallystimulateitamongpeople whooftenwouldhaveotherwiseneverhavebecomeinvolved. The issue that is currently avoided is one of personal responsibility. There is an idea that hallucinogenic drug use is somehowirresponsible. Aswiththeissueofdrugabuse,irresponsibleuseisarelationship withsaiddrugthatisdetrimentaltooneself. Iwouldurgetheresponsibleuseofanyandalldrugsnamely acceptingresponsibilityforonesownactionswhenusingdrugs. Clearlysometimesareinappropriatefordrugusage. Forexample,ifapersonisbeingpaidtodoajob,itiswrongto useanydrugsthatimpairperformancebeitalcoholoranyother substance. Currently many employers believe that they can extend this =61%*4.;)&' 5#05&"0' %#' *05)6-&' 7(.%' .' !&"1#0' -#&1' *0' %(&*"' #70' ,"&&'%*$&>'3(*1'*1'.'+"#11'.0-'?.+".0%'.;61&'#,'%(&*"'5#0%".5%'7*%(' theirhelp.Deprivingcitizensofrightsandlibertiesissupposedto requiredemonstrationofacompellingneedbythestate.Itbegsto bequestionedwhyurineanalysistoproveapersondoesnotsmoke Cannabis'*0'%(&*"'#70',"&&'%*$&'*1'0&&-&-'#"'=61%*4.;)&'*0'#"-&"',#"' ahumantosellpetfoodtothepublic. Employmentdoesnotconferownershipunlesssaidemployment isintheformofslaveandmaster.Forapersonsphilosophicaland spiritualbeliefstodeterminewhetherornottheyareemployable isblatantlyareligiousprejudiceanddiscrimination. Ifacrimeoractofviolenceortheftiscommittedapersonmust beheldaccountable.Thewidelyembracedideathatalcoholora drugmadethemdoitisanabsurdexcusethatattemptstomisdirect blameandshouldnotbetolerated.Ifsomeonewascapableofthe .5%' 7(*)&' 60-&"' %(&' *0?6&05&:' %(&8' 7&"&' capable of it when not 60-&"'%(&'*0?6&05&>'3(&'-"6+'-*-'0#%'@ABC'%(&$'5#$$*%'%(&'.5%>' THEYcommittedtheact. Ifapersoncannotcontroltheiractionswhentheyareintoxicated thentheyshouldnotgetintoxicated. It is neither societys nor the governments responsibility to actastheirparentornannyandprotectthemfromtheirownfree choices[Note26]. .Thefactthattheywereintoxicatedshouldhavenobearingon theirguiltas,assumingforamomentthatacrimewascommitted becauseofrelaxedinhibitions[Note27]itwasTHEIRCHOICE togetintoxicated. Theissueissimplyoneofselfcontrolandapersonassuming andacceptingfullpersonalresponsibilityfortheiractionswhether choosingtousedrugsorchoosingnottousedrugs.Someplaces andsituationsaresimplynotappropriateformanydrugs[Note28]. Somesituationsare.Inothers,itdoesnotmatteronewayorthe other.Itisamatterofpersonalchoiceandpersonalresponsibility. Nothingismorepersonalthantherelationshiponehaswithones ownconsciousness. Entheogenicdruguseisalsocurrentlyconsideredandpresented asbeinganaberrantbehavior.Itisindeedaminoritybehaviorbut it is neither unnatural nor is it aberrant. Deliberate ingestion of hallucinogensbyanimalsiswelldocumented.RonaldSiegelhad recordedover300casesbythelate1970saccordingtoDr.DOBKIN DERIOS1990. Despite Siegels peculiar and irrationally emphatic bias against these plants and his disturbingly free anthropomorphic interpretations [Note 29] of animal behaviors, his work actually lends much support to the NATURALNESS of consciousness alterationasaNORMALbiologicaldrive. Useofalltypesofsubstancesandactivitiestoalterconsciousness seemstobeoneofthelargestandmostbasicofdrivesandneeds ofhumans(perhapssecondonlytoeatingandsexbothofwhich caneasilybeproventoalterconsciousness).Itcertainlytakesupa hugeamountofmostpeoplestime. Itisnotalwaysperceivedofasconsciousnessalterationbecause #,'(#7'<."*#61'1#5*&%*&1'-&40&'7(.%'."&'.55&!%.;)&',#"$1'#,'.)%&"*0+' theirconsciousnessandwhatarenot. D#"'*01%.05&:'61&'#,'"&40&-'16+."1:'%&)&<*1*#0:'1!#"%1'*0<#)<&$&0%:' whetherasspectatororplayer,dancing,jogging,religion,martial arts, meditation, sex and all types of common points of interest for people (including obsessive disorders and, if we can believe thecourts,BeanieBabycollecting [Note30])canmakepeople feel better in some way, with their moods and/or perceptions correspondinglyalteredorenhanced.

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!""#$%&'()#%*+#,'%-./$'01+)2#34&#!55#&'+/-1")#34&#06/-'7-3"")# alterconsciousness. ManyliterallyproduceOPIATES[Note31]withinournervous system. I suspect that sex additionally produces natural ligands fortheknownTHCreceptorsbutthisisjustahunchbasedona subjectivecomparisonof Cannabiswiththeaftereffectsofgood sex. And,althoughsomemightimmediatelydenyit,ALLarehighly addictiveinnatureforthoseattractedtothemandproducevery realwithdrawalsymptomsofsometypeifaccesstothestimulation issuddenlycutoff.[Oftenthisisassimpleasirritabilityand/ora headache but these symptoms vanish once access to the desired stimulationisregained.] The appearance of withdrawal symptoms once an addictive stimulus is discontinued and the cessation of these withdrawal symptoms once the discontinued addictive stimulus (or suitable 0*++%831/9#'0#+/366"'/&#3+/#:/)#/"/$/410#'4#+/-%84';'48#34&#&/74'48# anaddictionasisacompulsionorurgetorepeatthestimulus. Druguse,andmostespeciallyhallucinogenicdruguse,isalso frequentlydepictedasanewproblem. Whiletheproblemmaybenew,theuseofdrugsisnot. Despitehugegapsinourunderstanding,thearcheologicalrecord clearly indicates that not only drug use but hallucinogenic drug usehasbeenwithmankindsincetheveryearliestoftimes.[See SCHULTES1998.] Growingevidencesuggeststhatweactuallyowemuchofwho wearetodaytoourinteractionswiththeseplantsbothinearlytimes andthroughouthistory.[See DEVEREAUX1997or MCKENNA1992 formanyexcellentexamples.] Entheogenicdrugsarenotformostpeople. Itisnotthattheyaresomehowreservedforonlyaprivilegedfew butrather,apparentlyonlyarelativelyfewpeoplerespondtothem thisway.Themajorityofpeopledonotlikethemandeitherhaveno desiretoexperiencethem,ortoexperiencethemagain[Note32]. Theminoritythatdoesrespondthiswaytothemdoessobecause thisiswhoweare. Itisnotclearwhytheydowhattheydoforusandapparently donothavethesameeffectsinothers. Wearenotmissionarieswantingtopromotetheiruseamong others.Wearewhowearebecausewewerebornthisway.Wewill usethesesubstancesbecauseitisrightandproper,thisweknow inourhearts.Itislessamatterofchoicethanoneofconscience. Weexpectonlythedueandproperright[Note33]toworshipin ourownwayasourCreatorhastaughtandenabledus. Makenomistake,thisIS,infact,wheretheseplantscamefrom, howweweregiventhem&whytheyproducetheeffectsthatthey do. UnlikeALL of the worlds major organized religions, their creationwasthroughthesameforcesthatgaveourspeciesitsbirth. The forces which oppose them, on the other hand, are not elementsformedduringourcreationbutratherarisedirectlyout ofthebeliefsandactsofHUMANSwhowanttomanipulateand -%41+%"#<'(#4%1#$%4%6%"';/#(%+#1./'+#%=4#,/4/719#1./#+/"'8'%*0#34&# spiritualexperiencesofothers. Thissmallworkisofferedinhopesthatitwillprovideenough informationtoenablepeopletomakeresponsibleandsafechoices. Itisalsoofferedwiththesincerehopesthatitwillstimulateand betterenablefutureresearchintothisfascinatingarea. Aseditor,Iwouldhopethatthiswillnotoffendpeopleorbe misconstruedastoitsintentbutamfairlycertainthatitwillbeby atleastsomepeople.OverthisIcanhavenocontrol. Idohopethatthereaderenjoysthisbook.Anycommentsor correctionswillbegreatlywelcomed. Authorscommentsconceringthe2006ThirdEdition. Itseemedtousthattheentireopeningsectionsshouldbe +/=+'11/4#1%#+/>/-1#1./#0=//6'48#-.348/0#$34)#%(#%*+#+/3&/+0# haveexperiencedsincethepublicationofthesecondedition. Somuchhaschangedwerealizedthattoaccomplishthiswe woulddobettertodiscardtheoldversionandrewriteit. Wedecidedonacompromiseofmildlyupdatingbutlargely preservingthosesectionsdespiteagoodportionofthatbeing outdatedorevennolongerapplicable. Forinstance,wewrotethattheUSneededtoreturnto acknowledgingitsconstitutionalguaranteesbut,despitemystill agreeingwiththat,therealityisthatthepostcoupUSAnolonger hasafunctionalConstitutionanditappearsunlikelywewillsee itsreturninourlifetime. TheInquisitionisgearingupanewandcasuallyintrudinginto peopleslivesonascalenotevendreamedofoutsiteofscience 7-1'%4#34&#(*1*+'01'-#(34130)? Weliveininterestingtimes.

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EndnotesforOpeningcomments
Note1: AninterestingcoincidencepointedouttomebySashaShulgin isthatthediscoveryofmescalineanditsactivityoccurredjustafter thediscoveryofradiation(radiumandxray)[theapparentdiscovery !"#$$%&#'(%")*#%+(#,*"*%+)-.)/#0"-1"0)#2-*34#+"-**5..#+6"'2)-"#+" theseyears]andthediscoveryofLSDanditsactivityparalleled thesuccessfulunleashingofnuclearenergy.Itisnocoincidence thatpsychedelicdrugusersandthenuclearindustryoftenseemso diametricallyopposedinlifephilosophies. Ihavecometobelievethatthewidespreadproliferationofthe knowledgeoftheentheogensintechnologicallybasedculturesis naturesresponsetotherecklessandirresponsibleproliferationof nuclearenergy.Itisfairlyobviousthattheplanethasneverbefore beensoseriouslyimperiledbyhumanhandsnorhasthereeverbeen abroaderbasedusageoftheentheogens. Theresponseoftheestablishedpowerstructureisalsoclearin intentandmotivationAlbertEinsteinobservedGreatspiritshave alwaysbeenviciouslyattackedbymediocreminds. SashaquotedVoltaireascorrectlyobservingItisdangerousto berightinmattersonwhichtheestablishedauthoritiesarewrong. Note2: It must be stressed that Bufotenine, DMT & 5MeODMT haveallbeenproventobenaturallyproducedWITHINthehuman +%.7-5)"")3)(%$"'+&"'.%"0.%)%+("#+"'"7'.#%(3"-1"4-&#23"85#&)9":%%" thefollowingand/orthereferencestherein: BARKER et al. 1981, Clarkes !"#$%&'#() %(*) !*+(&',-%&'#() #.) DrugsinPharmaceuticals,BodyFluidsandPostMortemMaterials. Secondedition1986,DAVIS1989,FRANZEN&GROSS1965,GILLIN etal.1976, GUCCHAIT1976, HAZUM etal. 1981, OON etal. 1977, ROSENGARTEN & FRIEDHOFF 1976, SAAVEDRA &AXELROD 1972, SMYTHIESetal.1979,TANIMUKAIetal.1970&WYATTetal.1973. Note3: Duetogovernmentsuppressionoverhalfacenturyago. Note4: AfactmanyAmericansareunawareofisthatthemodelHitler chose to provide a Jewish solution (concentration camps) was thatofAmericassolutiontotheIndianproblem(reservations). [OTT]ThenationalGulagbeingcreatedintheUSfordrugusers isnotsodifferent. The concentration camps however could never have been createdfortheJewsdespitehowforcefullyhistoryhasputthem attheforefrontofthepicture.(Thisisprobablybecause,quiteunlike hisenemiesonthepoliticalleft,agreatmanysurvivedtheatrocities theyweresubjectedtoasaclass.) LongbeforehedirectedactionagainsttheJews,longbeforehe everhadanypowertoevenbeathreatthem,Hitler,inoneofhis earliestactsasChancellor,initiallystartedhisrisetoabsolutepower withintensiveandextensiveroundupsofhispoliticalopponents.He usedtheterroristbombingoftheGermanReichstagasanexcuse todeclareastateofemergencyandbeganbytargetingtheleftin generalsothattherewouldbenooppositionandonlyfullsupport fromtheconservativegovernmentandthemiddleclass. Thislasitudeenabledhimtocreatethemomentumandtheactual frameworkforforgingthepowerbaseforthekillingmachinery (secretpolice)hewouldlaterdirectagainsttheotherswhoopposed him,thistimewithintheleadershipofboththeGermanmilitaryand theNazistormtroopers.Allofthisoccurredwellbeforehetargeted theJewsandmanyotherpeople.

Duringthistimetherepresentativeswhohadbeenelectedby '"2'.6%23";'(/-2#*"*-+)(#(5%+*3"<=/-"#+#(#'223",.$23"-00-)%&"/#$>" 6.%="(-",.$23"4'*?"@#(2%."'+&A")%+)#+6"(/'("/%"=')"('.6%(#+6"(/%#." commonenemies,literallyhandedhimthereignsofunprecedented andnearlyunlimitedpower(soundfamiliar?). As an immediate result of his purge of the left, the prisons .'0#&23"4%*'$%"0'*?%&"(-"-7%.8-=#+6"<)-5+&"1'$#2#'.B>9" Tosolvetheproblemofnothavingenoughspacetoincarcerate thoseundesirablestargetedforpermanentremovalfromsociety, concentrationcampswerecreatedwhichwouldlaterbeusedfor muchbetterknownpurposes. WhileithasbeenstatedthatiftherehadbeennoJewsitwould havebeennecessaryforHitlertocreatethem,hecouldhavenever gainedeitherthepowerortheopportunitytothreatenthemhadnot hisinitialpurgeofthehatedleftbeentoleratedandsupported withoutquestion. Note5: Whattheyarebeingtaughtislittledifferentinintent,purpose, spirit,contentor factualrealitythantheTokyo Joestyleanti C'0'+%)%"0.-0'6'+&'",2$)")/-=+"(-"-5."(.--0)D(-D4%"&5.#+6"E-.2&" WarII.(Asimilarantidrugusermisinformationalindoctrination strategyiscurrentlybeingdirectedatthegeneralpublicandhas beensincetheReaganBushDarkAgebegan.) Thisisnotanaccident:toparaphraseanancientgeneral,Ifmy troopsbegantothink,notoneofthemwouldremainintheranks. This is especially true in this area where the only hope of sustaining antidrug efforts lies in preventing the overall honest anddecentpeopleinvolvedinthistravestyfromrecognizingthe inherenteviloftheiractionsandthetruenatureoftheireffortsas justanotheruglyculturalpurge&socialcleansing. Note6: If anything I would urge a return to those purelyAmerican principles (as were originally conceived by the Seven Nations) foundembodiedintheConstitutionandBillofRightswhichwe haveinrecentyearsbeentossingintothetrashasoutdatedinthe +'$%"-1"*-.0-.'(%"0.-,(A"(-"F'#&G"(/%"E'."-+"H.56)"'+&"(-")%("(/%" stagefortheformationofapolicestatebasedonNapoleonicLaw asopposedtoCommonLaw. Note7: Thismaynotbebelievedbythosewhoattempttouseitasa casualrecreationaldrug. Descriptions like hellish , terrifying , horrible , ... insecticideforpeople,...adoorthatisbestleftunopenedand ...like...beingconkedontheheadarefairlyfrequent. Oneveryexperiencedfriendjokedthatthebestwaytoreduce thegrowingdemandforDMTwouldbetomakeitreadilyavailable. Note8: Perhapsnotenoughpeopleareawarethatthepeyoteplantitself isnowconsideredaSchedule1controlledsubstanceintheUSA andpossessionofanypartoftheplant,EVENITSSEEDSorhairs,is explicitlyandexpresslyforbiddenbyFederallaw.Asmentioned above, absolutelynoexceptionwasincludedforthoseNative peyotepeopleintendingcultivation.Thiswasbytheverysame )%))#-+"-1";-+6.%))"=#&%23"0.'#)%&"1-."'1,.$#+6"I'(#7%"J$%.#*'+K)" rightstoeatpeyote! SeetheCodeofFederalRegulation1997,1308.11(22):#7415 [Interprets21USC812(c),ScheduleI(c)(12)]. Thisamazinglyfurtherschedules(asScheduleI)anyandall alkaloidsoccurringwithinthepeyoteplant.

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A handful of these occur naturally within humans, as neurotransmitters or normal metabolic products, and are readily detectablebybloodorurineanalysis. SHULGIN&SHULGIN 1997: page596. Note9: Manymaynotacceptourportrayalofmedicineasareligion sincethenotionofGodissooftenrejected. TheconceptofGODisnotarequirementforareligion,as theAmericanAtheistshavesoclearlydemonstratedinthecourts. Regardlessofhowonelabelsit,itisstillanexternallyimposed systemwhichseekstocontrolandregulatethethoughts,beliefs and actions of others with or without the others consent, and considering itself moral and wise enough to do so.And more importantlyitdeclaresitselfastheultimateauthority. !"#$%"&'$( )"*+"$( &",-.-/+( 0$( 1belief in. acceptance of. or nonrationalsenseofasuperhumanunseencontrollingpoweror powers.withtheemotionandmoralityconnectedtherewith:rites orworship:anysystemofsuchbelieforworship. Themedicalmonopolyandevensecularhumanismitselfclearly 20,,(3-%4-+(%4-$()"*+-%-/+5 Note10: One:Theocraticjudgingitselfmoralenoughandwiseenough to choose our manner of worship for us (with or without our consent), the other Pharmacratic judging itself moral enough andwiseenoughtochooseourmannerofdruguseandmedical treatmentsforus(withorwithoutourconsent). Whilehistorycastsseriousdoubtsontheabsolutemoralityand wisdomofeithergroup,bothconsiderthemselveswiseenoughto dothiswithoutourconsentandhaveappointedthemselvesinthis capacityorengineeredthesituationtolimitouroptionstothepoint whereweareallowedlittlechoice. Note11: Theharmisnotasmuchintheuseoftheforbiddensubstances asintheresponseoftheauthoritiesandthelackofqualitycontrols arisingfromtheestablishmentofanunregulatedblackmarket. Inthecaseofpeyote,theONLYrealharmresultingfromits usebynormalhumansisthatofbeingarrested. Ifwearetosurvivethefutureasatechnologicalsociety,we mustmovefromthedestructivefeudalmentalityofusversusthem, encouragingruthlesscompetitiontoensurethatthestrongestand mostpowerfularealwaysincontrol(theyalwayswillberegardless onlytheirdegreeofcontrolcanbelimitedandthisonlypartially) intooneofcooperation,joiningtogethertocreateasocietythat thrivesbecauseofitsdiversity. Toleration of diversity can give great cohesive strength to a societyifthisisabeliefthatischerishedandheldinhighregard. Theonlylimitstothisshouldbewhenthedesiresorpracticesof onegroupharmsorattemptstointerferewiththoseofanother. Theonlythingthatitwilllimitisthedegreetowhichanysingle groupcancontrolthebehaviorofthegeneralpopulation.Perhaps thisiswhythoseinpositionsofauthoritystresshomogeneity.Asea ofclonesismucheasiertopredictandmanipulate. Note12: PsychedelicResourceList:SomaGraphics,P.O.Box19820, Sacramento,CA958190820. Note14: Whichtoday,duetotheabnormallyhighincidenceofAIDSin prisonpopulations,istantamounttoadeathsentence. Note15: Asifthegovernmenthasanybusiness,oreventheright,to legislateanddictatewhatourhealthshouldbe. Note16: JohnnyAppleseed&myself. Note17: Tryptaminesareapparentlypresentinhighestlevelsinfresh growth.The more toxic betacarbolines that are also sometimes presentarehighestinoldergrowthatleastinthestrainsthatproduce mainlytryptamines. Note18: TerenceMcKennasnotion(MCKENNA1992)thatthesetypesof alkaloidsexistasexopheromonesreallybearssomecloserthought. Thereisadistinctsymbiotic(spiritual)relationshipthatweseem %/(2/&6(3-%4(%4"$"(7,0+%$(%40%()-&"8%,9(#"+"*%$(#/%4($7"8-"$5(:4"( morewelearnabouttherealworkingsoftheworld,thelessfar fetched the more far fetched ideas of McKenna begin to sound. Therecentevidencethatthingsassimpleastheacquisitionofan unusualfoodsharedrepeatedlybyasinglematingpairandtheir offspringcanleadtosurprisinglyrapidanddramaticmorphological changesforcesareevaluationofseveralpreconceivedconcepts aboutevolutionandgivessupporttosomeofMcKennasideas thatmightbeotherwisedismissedwithoutenoughthought. Note19: :4"&"( -$( ";-)"+8"( %40%( %4-$( *.<&")( 4"0;-,9( -+( %4"( ="$80,"&/( Apaches abandoning peyote use earlier this century. Evidently, according to L.B. BOYER et al 1968, after being forced onto the reservation, their use of peyote devolved into primarily sorcery 0+)(-+%"&7"&$/+0,(8/+>-8%$(,"0)-+.(%/(-%$(0#0+)/+6"+%(#9($/8-"%95 Note20: Peyotetastesthesamebutlessintenseindreams. Alldreamexperiencesreferredtooccurredspontaneouslyand werecompletelyindependentofuse. Note21: One ligand for the known THC receptors has already been elucidated. It was named Anandamide and shows oral activity comparabletoTHC. Note22: ThisquotemayhaveoriginatedwithThomasPayne? ThemistakennotionthatItcanthappenhereisallthatis requiredtosetthestageforittoindeedhappenhere. AtleastasfarbackasTHUCYDIDES,400BC,itwasrecognized that:ThesecretofHappinessisFreedom,andthesecretofFreedom isCourage. Note23: From stanzas 6 and 9 of the Taoist alchemical classic UnderstandingReality[TheWuChienPien] Note24: This is far more common than most people realize and we knowonlyafractionofwhatisthereasworkinthisareahasbeen almostnonexistentexceptforarelativelyfewintrepidexplorers (most of whom have not published their results and determined psychoactivitybyINGESTINGtheplantinquestion). For instance, at least a handful more cactus species than is suggestedbytheliteraturearenowknowntobeusefullyactive.

30

Openingcomments
Mostareapparentlyunnamed.Similarly,severalspeciessuggested by the published accounts to be weak have been reported to be potentinhumanbioassay. The entire field concerning psychoactive cacti other than thosecontainingmescalineisonlynowbeginningtobeproperly examined. The still climbing tally on active psilocybian mushrooms haslongpassed100specieswiththeiroccurrencenowreported worldwideintropicalandtemperatezones. AnaccuratetotaloftheseeminglyubiquitousDMT/5MeO DMTplantswouldbogglethemindifitwerepresentlyknown. Theirapparentoccurrence(basedoncotlcindicatingoneorboth) inspeciesofBromus(Bromegrass),Sorghumhalepense(Johnson grass)andDigitariasanguinalis(crabgrass)suggestsbroadbased assays of common grasses and other weedy herbage are greatly neededandpotentiallyvaluable. Note25: Itisnotacoincidencethatasantidrugeffortsescalate,they areinvariablyaccompaniedbyacorrespondingincreaseinpopular drug use, an increase in drug availability and a decrease in the !"#$!%#&!%#&'(&)$*+,-*#.& Thanks to morally obscene and ethically bankrupt programs such as DARE, kids as young as grade school are now heavy usersofalltypesofaddictivedrugsorelsebeingtrainedasactive informantsspyingandreportingontheirFAMILY. Howlongcanthistrendgouncheckedbeforepeoplewakeup tothefactthattheDRUGWAR IS thedirectcauseofMOSTof thedrugproblem? Theonlypurposeforwhichpowercanberightfullyexercised overanymemberofacivilisedcommunity,againsthiswill,isto preventharmtoothers.Hisowngood,eitherphysicalormoral,is !"#$%&'()*+!#$,-..-!#.MILL1859 Note26: Stuart MILLs1859essayOnLibertycontainswisdomthat deservessomecarefulthoughtinmoderntimes. Note27: This is another concept of misdirected blame in need of a closerlook. Note28: A good rule of thumb is that if a substance impairs motor functionsoraffectsperceptions,thenoperatingmotorvehiclesand powertoolsshouldbeavoided. Note29: Attributing human characteristics and motivations to his lab animals. Note30: Fromthe22Nov.1998AustinAmericanStatesman: In Monterey County, California, Deputy DistrictAttorney ChristineHarteraskedthecourtsthatTamaraDeeMaldonadobe prohibitedfrompossessingBeanieBabies.[Thechargewascredit cardfraud.] Theprosecutionarguedthatthetoyswerelikeadrugtoherand shouldthereforebetreatedassuch. JudgeJonathanPriceagreedandgaveMrs.Maldonado6months injailanda5yearprobationthatgavelocallawenforcementthe righttosearchherhomeforthebannedBeanieBabies,withouta warrantoradvancenotice,atanytimetheychose,fortheduration ofthe5years. OnlyTybrandBeanieswereprohibitedasMrs.Maldonado apparently claimed that she did not suffer an addiction to other brands. Sheclaimedtohavebecomeaddictedtothemwhileworking atMcDonaldsandgrowingenviousofallofthecustomersshegave freeonestoduringapromotionalBeanieBabygiveaway. Note31: Both morphine and codeine have been found in addition tothebetterknownoccurrenceofamultitudeofenkephalins& endorphinswithavarietyofdifferingpotencies&durationsnot simplythemorewidelyknownendorphins,enkephalinsandother largemoleculeswithstronglyopioideffects. Note32: /'0123+&42+5&6$#3'03#2"#7&$#82%2'-*&27#!*&'$&4'$87,"2#4*&!$#& notuncommonsourcesofproblems. Note33: A lot of people get lost in the delusion that the powersthatbe aregoingtorespondtorationalargumentsonthisissue.Thisis anemotionalissueandinourcurrentera,aswastrueintheCivil Rightsissueinthelate1950s,isunlikelytoeverbeopenforsane &rationalpublicdebateatanypointinthenearfuture. IfAfricanAmericanshadnotrefusedtositinthebackofthebusor ifafewbravesoulshadnotrefusedtoavoidWhiteOnlyfacilities, NONEoftheadvancesinCivilRights,thatarenowlargelytaken forgranted,wouldhaveeverhappened. Thomas PAIYNE may have put it best when commenting, Men should not petition for rights, but take them. (As quoted by JL HUDSON)

31

SacredCacti3rded.
Makenomistake TheWaronDrugsisaWaronDrugUsingPeople. Drugsarethings.Wariswagedbetweenor,asinthiscase,againstpeopleneverinanimateobjects. Thisisanintentionalculturalpurgeandsocialcleansingofareligiousoriginnomatterwhatitmayhavebeenrelabeled. Tyrannyalwaysarrivestoaheroswelcome,promisingtoprotectus,andaskingonlyforauthorizationtotakeawayrightsofvillains whothreatengoodpeople.Itsoonfollowsthatgoodpeoplearethosewhosupportthetyrannyandvillainsarethosewhooppose it.DPFTNEWS1999:5(4):8. !"#$%#&'(')%*#+"*,-#*"%.#/"+#%&%/#0%12'0%#"33".'+'"/4#.'53(-#6,'(20%#+"#,7+'&%(-#.233"0+#+8%#+-0,//-#7,/#$%#%/"298:# Ifthisseemstobefarfetched,considerthemodernapplicationsofthe nuisanceabatement lawsasannouncedonthelocalevening newsduringDecemberof1999. Ininstanceswherethepolicelearnofpropertiesthattheyclaimareinfestedwithdrugdealersordrugusers,propertyownersarenow requiredtoremovetheproblems;#"0#+8%-#7,/#(".%#+8%'0#38-.'7,(#$2'(*'/9.#,/*<"0#30"3%0+'%.#2/*%0#(,=.2'+.#)(%*#,9,'/.+#+8%5#$-#+8%# Policedepartment.Suddenlylandlordswhohaverentedtodrugusersordealersbecomecriminalssimplyforprovidinghousing.They canevenbelegallydeprivedoftheirlandorhavetheirrentalpropertiesbulldozedtothegroundasaresultoftheirfailuretosurrender theirrightstoprivatepropertyandallowthepolicefreereigntoremovetheirtenants.(Thisisapparentlyonthebasisoftheirtenants drugusebeingperceivedtorepresentathreattotheirneighborssimilartoaratinfestation.) IknowoneAustinresidentwhowasevictedinNovemberof1999entirelyonthebasisofaneighborinforminghislandlordthatthey smelledmarijuanasmokecomingfromhisapartment.(SimplepossessionisamisdemeanorinAustin.) Accordingtothesamelocaleveningnewsstory,theCityofAustin,Texas,claimedtohavehiredanattorneyonafulltimebasistodo /"+8'/9#5"0%#+8,/#)(%#nuisanceabatementpaperworkonbehalfoftheAustinPoliceDepartment. Aftertheseizureofover11,000livingpeyoteplantsfailedtostopthepropagationactivitiesofthePeyoteFoundation,Arizonalaw enforcementapparentlyusedsimilarargumentstopressuretheirlandlordtoevictthem. Inmorerecentyears,aslegallypermittedCannabiscultivationbecomesmorecommonplace,legalcultivatorswithmedicalprescriptions '/#>?',8#@,('6"0/',#7,/#)/*#+8%5.%(&%.#02//'/9#,6"2(#"6#7'+-#"0*'/,/7%.#7(,'5'/9#+8%'0#/%'98$"0.#,0%#8,05%*#$-#%A3".20%#+"#+8%#.5%((# ofcultivated Cannabis.Iknowofnootherplantforwhichthesmellisconsideredadangerousnuisanceorofanyotherprescription medicinethatcanhaveitsprivateinthehomeadministrationusedasgroundsforchildendangermentchargesorevictions.

Trichocereusbridgesii (HBG)

32

Chapter 1: Background & perspective

A Few Similarities between the Drug Wars and the Witch Craze (after SZASZ)
War on Witchcraft Witches perceived to be in direct conflict with desired control by religious authorities. In providing medical treatments and spiritual practices, witchcraft threatened the oligarchic control of the church. In direct competition with control by medical authorities. (usually the church, healing with fasts and prayers, as medicine was usually considered a form of witchcraft) Witches used pharmacologically active substances and gave them to others Forbidden to heal unless versed in study of the scriptures and approved as a priest. Merciless treatment recommended for witches. Most witches were unlikely to fight back. Punishments harsh and severe; grossly exceeding any purported harm. Search and arrest procedure often deliberately destructive and brutal. Punishments handed out regardless of the outcome their action (regardless of whether they cured or harmed). Intent considered a punishable act. Conspiracy conviction could result from testimony of a single informant and did not require physical evidence. Different standards of law applied to witches than the rest of society. Safe to cheat or attack. Informants encouraged and rewarded to turn in people they thought were guilty of witchcraft (even if parents or other family members). Children questioned in the absence of their parents with or without parental consent or knowledge. Children used as domestic spies and information sources. War on Drug Craft Drug activity in direct conflict with desired control by religious/ medical authorities. By providing illegal drugs, dealers threaten the oligarchic control of physicians and legal drug dealers (pharmaceutical industry). In direct competition with desired monopolistic control by medical authorities and pharmaceutical/ alcohol/ tobacco manufacturers. Drug users use pharmacologically active substances and give them to others Forbidden to use or supply drugs unless versed in study of medicine and approved as a physician or pharmacist. Merciless treatment recommended for drug dealers (and often users). Most drug users are unlikely to fight back. Punishments harsh and severe; grossly exceeding any purported harm. Search and arrest procedure often deliberately destructive and brutal. Punishments handed out regardless of the outcome their action (regardless of whether their actions produces harm). Intent considered a punishable act. Conspiracy conviction can result from testimony of a single informant and does not require physical evidence. Different standards of law applied to drug people than the rest of society. Safe to cheat or attack. Informants encouraged and rewarded to turn in people they thought were guilty of drug involvement (even if parents or other family members). Children questioned in the absence of their parents with or without parental consent or knowledge. Children are both trained & used as domestic spies and information sources with the assurances that their actions will help the family. Failure to report drug sales or possession can result in condemnation and punishment as accomplice (including even the loss of rental properties for failure to control actions of tenants)! Failure to agree to testify in drug cases can result in heavier sentencing than if agreeing to serve as an informant. Members punished not only for what they do but also condemned for what they are an autonomous counter culture perceived defiant of the imposed control of authorities. Loss of parental rights often accompanies pronouncement of guilt. Property and land seizures directly profits anti-drug warriors. Use of testimony from a paid or leveraged anonymous informant is acceptable; if not encouraged or predominant. Informants can additionally receive 25% of all seized property.

Failure to report witchery (or to testify against a witch) could result in condemnation and punishment as an accomplice.

Members punished not only for what they did but also condemned for what they were an autonomous counter culture perceived defiant of the imposed control of authorities. Loss of parental rights often accompanied pronouncement of guilt. Property and land seizures directly profited the Inquisitors. Use of testimony from paid or leveraged informants was acceptable. Informants could be rewarded with seized property.

Field collection scene from a Moche ceramic

78

from OSTOLAZA 1998 Quepo 12: p 64

Sacred Cacti 3rd ed.

War on Witchcraft Inquisitors rewarded handsomely from finding and persecuting witches. Persecuting witches was a lucrative and profitable business. War on Drug Craft Combating the drug trade generates huge amounts of seized property, assets and money for the drug warriors. In addition, a flourishing multi-billion dollar industry has been created out of drug detection services, private prisons and the manufacture/ sales of surveillance equipment. Treating drug addicts is similarly a lucrative and immensely profitable business with explosive growth. Development of a powerful group of drug persecutors whose livelihood depends on expanding their powers and finding, if not actually creating, more drug problems to resolve. Inquisition is international in scope. Two principle centers; Washington and Geneva. Institutionalized [as the DEA, the FDA, the National Institute of Mental Health and other public health groups who have teamed (ganged?) up for a war on drugs]. Presented to the public as necessary to save them from the evils of drugs. Unresponsive to rational analysis, criticism or policy evaluation once the efforts began. Not answerable to the public. No middle ground and no meaningful debate. Drug users presented as worthless and undesirable members of society, or as bad and/or evil people, simply for using drugs. Intensive propaganda efforts characterized by sensationalism and outright lies aimed at stirring adverse public sentiment, intolerance and mass hysteria. Simple ideological identification accepted as justification to deprive of housing, government services and employment. Drug dealers portrayed as subhuman murderous monsters preying on the hapless innocent. No widely perceived drug problem prior to the War on Drugs. Efforts of drug warriors repeatedly presented as valiant failures, claimed due to the perceived size of the problem, but with enticement of future success, requiring more autonomy for the drug warriors and greater authority to take drastic actions. Their real failures are still often misrepresented as successes. Members of targeted group unorganized, as well as politically and socially powerless. Lacking any effective advocates in positions of power. Any advocates are also attacked. Even defense lawyers can find themselves charged with conspiracy or other criminal charges simply for defending drug dealers! Groups persecuting them are both politically and socially powerful

Development of a powerful group of witch-mongers whose livelihood depended on expanding their powers and finding, if not actually creating, more witches. Inquisition was international in scope. Two principle centers; Rome and Spain. Institutionalized [as the Inquisition].

Presented to the public as necessary to save them from the evils of witchery. Unresponsive to rational analysis, criticism or policy evaluation once the efforts began. Not answerable to the public. No middle ground and no meaningful debate. Witches presented as worthless and undesirable members of society, or as bad and evil people, simply for being witches. Intensive propaganda efforts characterized by sensationalism and outright lies aimed at stirring adverse public sentiment, intolerance and mass hysteria. Simple ideological identification accepted as justification to deprive of housing and employment (or worse). Witches portrayed as subhuman murderous monsters preying on the hapless innocent. No widely perceived witch problem prior to the War on witches. Efforts of witch hunters repeatedly presented as valiant failures, claimed due to the perceived size of the problem, but with enticement of future success, requiring more autonomy for the witch-hunters and greater authority to take drastic actions. Their real failures were often misrepresented as successes. Members of targeted group unorganized, as well as politically and socially powerless. Lacked any effective advocates in positions of power. Any advocates were also attacked.

Group persecuting them was both politically and socially powerful.

While interpretations certainly might vary, some elements of this drawing suggest cactus spines and vomiting.

Image from the Nazca culture (Phase 6) modified from CANE 1985 after EISLEB 1977 shading added for definition

79

Morethanyouneedtoknow?

ChapterThree
Thereportedoccurrencesofmescaline

TrichocereusperuvianusP.C.Hutchison543 CollectedinthecanyonoftheRoRmac,HuarochiriProv.,Peru.1700m.

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SacredCacti3rded.

LophophorawilliamsiiechinataandTrichocereusbridgesiiSSO2

94

Chapter3:Themescalinecontainingspecies

TheDistribution&OccurrenceofMescaline
Readers will quickly notice that the following section is lackingtheentriesfortheTrichocereusspecies. These now form another book: San Pedro & related Trichocereusspecies.ieSacredCactiPartB. Wehopethatthesplittingofthisworkintoseparatebooks does not cause our readers too much inconvenience. We !"!#$%&' &($)' *+,,' $-./)' &($' 0$-$1&!' *(+%(' &($' $2#3-!+/-' permittedandthinkthattheseoffsetthedisadvantages. 4-'&($'!$%&+/-'*(+%('5/,,/*!6'7/!&'&32/-/7+%'!)-/-)7!' were omitted as these are readily available in the sources citedandareprimarilyonlyofhistoricalimportance.(More detailedand8#9/#$9,):'*/9;$;'&32/-/7+%';$!%9+#&+/-!'/5'&($' plantscanbefoundinthelistedreferences.) Tobetterassistthereaderinsearchofmoreinformation it was thought helpful to include synonyms that are in horticulturaluseorusedinthereferencesincluded. Many times plants get renamed or transferred by one authority without being accepted by some or most others. Insomecases,suchas Stenocereus,itisnotuncommonto 1-;'!$<$93,';+55$9$-&'-37$!'5/9'&($'!37$'#,3-&';$#$-;+-='/-' whichreferenceworkoneconsults.Whileitisunlikelythat theywouldbeencounteredandstillreferredtoasaCereus, asmanycereoidswereoriginallycalled,itisjustaslikely theywillnotbelistedbyMOSTsourcesasaStenocereus. 4&'+!'(/#$;'&(3&'&($'9$3;$9'*+,,'1-;'&($'5/,,/*+-='%(3#&$9' helpfulanyfeedbackonhowthiscouldbemademoreuseful iswelcomed. Proviso: It must be kept in mind that substantial differences in the alkaloid content and in the relative ratios of alkaloids present have been noted by numerous researchers. (True alsoinmanyfamilies.)Thesedifferenceshavebeennoted tosometimesappearseasonally,suchasthehigherpresence ofNmethylated(ascomparedtoNdemethylated)alkaloids detected, by Lundstrom, during summer in greenhouse maintained peyote. In contrast in the same population of plants, winter analysis found levels of Ndemethylated compoundstobehigherthanNmethylatedones.[Whilehe usedcultivatedplants,themescalinecontentwascomparable tomostofwhatiscollectedfromthewild.] Theycanvaryaswellaccordingtotheageofplant(young plantversusadultplant)orevenbyageofpart(suchasnew growthonalargeadultcomparedtooldergrowth).Incacti,the actualvariableseffectingsuchreportsare,usually,unknown andunstudied. Alkaloidcontenthasbeennoticedtovarysubstantiallyin amount and/or actual even composition between varieties consideredcloselyrelatedbymorphology,andconcentrations sometimesvarywidelyevenfromoneindividualorlocality &/' &($' -$2&>' 4-' /&($9!' $<$-' ;3+,)' ?"%&"3&+/-!' (3<$' 0$$-' noted in Phalaris and Papaver6' 5/9' $237#,$6' 3,@3,/+;' concentrationswerefoundtobehighestintheearlymorning. (QuantitativecomparativeisolationsofPhalariswasreported byAPPLESEED.) Very few workers seem to concern themselves with any of this and rigorous work on this subject has rarely been performedorpublished. [Speciessuggestedbypublishedanalysistobevariously weak or potent have on occasion proved to be just the opposite!] Often the only data included is whether the plant was cultivatedorcollectedfromthewild.Inmanyearlypapers weliterallyhavetorelyonthewordoftheworkersastothe identityofwhattheyanalyzed,asvouchersforreferences sakewereneverpreparedandthereisnophysicalmeans 5/9'%/-1973&+/-> Fortunately,inrecentdecades,farmoreattentionisbeing giventotheimportanceofproperherbariumvouchersbeing preparedforanyandallplantanalysis.Eveninthesecases, notallworkersnoteenoughvariablesfortheirobservations tobetrulymeaningful. A+B$' 3-;' 3##9/2+73&$' 3=$6' #39&' /5' #,3-&' "!$;' 3-;' !&3=$' of growth, i.e. actively gowing versus fully developed (ifsamplingonlybranchesoflargespecimens),andtime of harvest (time of year and time of day) should all be considered to be critical data to include along with place oforigin. Ideallyforavouchersomecommentsonthelocalecology andadescriptionofhabitatwouldalsobequitevaluable. Thiscouldincludetheplantsgrowingaroundit,orwithit, the immediate local conditions of occurrence [moisture, degreeofsun,etc...],itsapparentnicheinecosystem,anda descriptionofthelandorterrain. Evenbetterwouldbeadditionallyincludingalocalsoil testand/orsample,andanalyzingasmanypartsandagesof materialaspossible,aswellasrepeatedtestswiththesame specimensatdifferenttimesofyear. Ifperformingrepeatedsamplingsofthesameindividuals !&9$!!'%3-'0$%/7$'3'53%&/9'%3#30,$'/5'+-?"$-%+-='&($'9$!",&!>' Isuggestinitiallyusingpooledsmallersamplesofadjacent individuals within a given population. There should be additional small samples taken from several individuals withinthesamepopulationthatispooledinordertocheck uniformity. Most plants can recover rapidly and well from light prunings.Aminimumoftwoyearstimeissuggestedforsuch 3'!$9+$!'/5'!37#,+-=!'*+&('3'732+7"7'/5'CDE'&9+77+-=!>' Differencesinregrowthversusoriginalgrowthshouldalso beevaluated. Thefactorscontrollingandregulatingalkaloidproduction would be a fascinating and productive area for future 3%3;$7+%' 9$!$39%(>' 45' %($7/&32/-/7)' +!' &/' $<$9' 0$' considered a truly useful inclusion in the repertoire of &32/-/7+%' &//,!6' *$' 7"!&' 0$' 30,$' &/' 0$&&$9' ;$5+-$' &($' parametersofalkaloidproduction. F$&$97+-+-='3-;'&3@+-='!&$#!'&/'732+7+B$'3,@3,/+;'%/-&$-&' */",;'3,!/' 0$'/5'0$-$1&'5/9'&(/!$'*(/' <+$*'&($!$'#,3-&!' as sacraments. Selection for known high alkaloid strains, /9' 5/%"!+-=' /-' %,/-$!' /5' !#$%+1%' $2%$#&+/-3,' +-;+<+;"3,!6' forintensivelargescalebreedingandpropagationefforts, wouldbeaworthwhileavenueforeveryoneinvolvedwith sacramentaluseoftheseplants.

95

SacredCacti3rded.

athirsty!"#$%&'()*#+,&$-&*'growinginAustralia

96

Chapter3:Themescalinecontainingspecies

ThereporteddistributionofmescalinecontainingspecieswithinthefamilyCACTACEAE
!"#$"%&'()*+',-+*./*'#)0+,'.#&.*)1+')**+-1)#*+'),')',-+*.+,'.,',1.%%'#"1'2.&+%3'4+*"5#.6+&7

Family:CACTACEAE Subfamily:CEREOIDEAE TribePERESKIEAE Pereskiacorrugata Pereskiatampicana TribeOPUNTIEAE Pereskiopsisscandens subtribeCYLINDROPUNTIA Opuntiaacanthocarpa Opuntiaechinocarpa Opuntiaimbricata Opuntiaspinosior subtribeOPUNTIA Opuntiabasilaris ! "#$%&'(!)*$+,'%-'*( TribeCACTEAE subtribeCACTINAE Pelecyphoraaselliformis subtribeCEREINAE Polaskiachende Pterocereusgaumeri Stenocereusbeneckei Stenocereuseruca Stenocereusstellatus Stenocereustreleasei Stetsoniacoryne Trichocereusbridgesii***(allforms*) Trichocereusbridgesiimonstrosus*** Trichocereuscuzcoensis***[Often0.Seeitsentry.] Trichocereusfulvilanus Trichocereushuanucoensis* Trichocereusmacrogonus*** Trichocereuspachanoi*** Trichocereuspachanoimonstrosus* Trichocereuspallarensis*** Trichocereusperuvianus*** Trichocereusperuvianusmonstrosus* Trichocereuspuquiensis*** Trichocereuspuquiensismonstrosus* Trichocereussantaensis*** Trichocereusschoenii*** Trichocereusscopulicola*** Trichocereussp.W.BAKER5452** Trichocereuscv.SS01,SS02,SS03* Trichocereuscv.TJG*** Trichocereussp.TORRES&TORRES:N.Chile* Trichocereuscv.UnknownC* Trichocereussp.aff.huanucoensis* Trichocereusstrigosus Trichocereustaquimbalensis* Trichocereusterscheckii*** Trichocereusthelegonoides Trichocereusuyupampensis***(ErroneousID) Trichocereusvalidus Trichocereusvollianus Trichocereuswerdermannianus***

subtribeECHINOCACTINAE Aztekiumritteri Gymnocalyciumachirasense Gymnocalyciumasterium Gymnocalyciumbaldianum Gymnocalyciumcalochlorum Gymnocalyciumcarminanthum Gymnocalyciumcomarapense Gymnocalyciumdenudatum Gymnocalyciumgibbosum Gymnocalyciumhorridispinum Gymnocalyciumleeanum Gymnocalyciummesopotamicum Gymnocalyciummonvillei Gymnocalyciummoserianum Gymnocalyciumnetrelianum Gymnocalyciumnigriareolatum Gymnocalyciumoenanthemum Gymnocalyciumparaguayense Gymnocalyciumquehlianum Gymnocalyciumragonesii Gymnocalyciumriograndense Gymnocalyciumstellatum Gymnocalyciumstriglianum Gymnocalyciumtriacanthum Gymnocalyciumuebelmannianum Gymnocalyciumvalnicekianum Gymnocalyciumvatteri Islayaminor Lophophoradiffusa***(butnotusualcase) Lophophorafricii***[Doesnotappeartobetypical.] Lophophorajourdaniana*** Lophophorakoehresii Lophophorawilliamsiiwilliamsii*** Lophophorawilliamsiiechinata*** Turbinicarpuslophophoroides Turbinicarpuspseudomacrochelevar.krainzianus Turbinicarpusschmiedickianusvar..(/'.01$+ Turbinicarpusschmiedickianusvar.schwarzii
Pleasenotethatthissystemoforganizationispresentlynolongeraccepted bymostauthoritiesbutitisstillcommonlyencounteredinhorticultureand amongethnobotanists. However, the genus Trichocereus was resurrected byAlbesiano & Kieslingin2011andallofthemolecularworktodateindicatesthatthey areonsolidground.Seeelsewhereinthisworkformoredetails. Mostofthespecieslistedcontainonlytraceamounts. Species marked * lack formally published analytical work but have successfulhumanbioassaysreported. Species marked ** have unpublished analytical work confirming mescalinespresenceaswellassuccessfulhumanbioassaysreported. Speciesmarked ***havebothpublishedanalyticalwork&successful humanbioassaysreported.

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SacredCacti3rded.

Amorerecentview
Speciesthataremissingfromthislistwerevariouslydiscarded, mergedorignoredintherevisions.Detailscanbefoundundertheir entries. Onethingthatcarefulreaderswillnoticeaboutthisarrangementis thatsomeofthenewcombinationsmergeplantswithquitedifferent publishedchemistry.Ifaplantreportedtocontainmescalinewas renamed as a synonym of one which did not it was omitted from thislist. Wewouldsuggestthatthesebelookedatcloserwithaneyefor possiblesubdivisionintochemicalraces. ComparisonsofAnderson,Hunt&otherswillalsorapidlyreveala lackofagreementonanumberofpointsandtheseeminglycapricious acceptanceofsomeandrejectionofotherswithlittleifanycomment. Huntslackofmeaningfulreferences,includinginsomecasesthe actualdescribers,precludesanyresolutioninanumberofinstances. Someofthecombinationshaveactuallycausedustowonderif !"#$%&'"()"#(*+",($-$%().,+)//0($1)23"$#(4'5$%3"6(&7$.32$"&('%( insomecasesANYactualspecimens. In several cases, the mergers were published by people who &$$23"6/0( /).8$#( 93%&,:;)"#( $1)23"),3'"( '9( ,;$( 2),$%3)/<( ='%( instance the peculiar assertion that the slender, densely branching Trichocereus uyupampensis BACKEBERG and the stout, solitary columnarTrichocereusvalidusSENSUBACKEBERGaresynonymous. Whenfacedwiththissituationwewouldsuggesttobotaniststhat theyshouldnotbeafraidtosayIdontknoworatleastsearchout !"#$%&'(materialsbeforeutteringsuchpronouncementsinprint. What is perhaps most fascinating is the movement within the >7+",3'3#)$(,'5)%#&()(/+270(#$?"3,3'"('9(,;$(&7$.3$&()..'27)"3$#( byasplittersviewofthegenera. Family:CACTACEAE Subfamily:PERESKIOIDEAE Pereskiacorrugata Pereskiatampicana Subfamily:OPUNTIOIDEAE Cylindropuntiaacanthocarpa Cylindropuntiaechinocarpa Cylindropuntiaimbricata Cylindropuntiaspinosior Opuntiabasilaris ! "#$%&'(!)*$+,'%-'*( Pereskiopsisscandens SubfamilyCACTOIDEAE TribeBROWNINGIEAE Stetsoniacoryne TribeCACTEAE Aztekiumritteri Lophophoradiffusa Lophophorafricii Lophophorawilliamsii Turbinicarpuslophophoroides Turbinicarpuspseudomacrochelesubsp.krainzianus Turbinicarpusschmiedickianussubsp..(/'.01$+ Turbinicarpusschmiedickianussubsp.schwarzii Pelecyphoraaselliformis SubfamilyCACTOIDEAE(continued) TribeNOTOCACTEAE Eriosyceislayensis TribePACHYCEREEAE Polaskiachende Pachycereusgaumeri Stenocereusbeneckei Stenocereuseruca Stenocereusstellatus Stenocereustreleasei TribeTRICHOCEREEAE Gymnocalyciumasterium Gymnocalyciumbaldianum Gymnocalyciumcalochlorum Gymnocalyciumcarminanthum Gymnocalyciumdenudatum Gymnocalyciumgibbosum Gymnocalyciumleeanum Gymnocalyciummesopotamicum Gymnocalyciummonvillei Gymnocalyciummonvilleisubsp.achirasense Gymnocalyciummonvilleisubsp.horridispinum Gymnocalyciumnetrelianum Gymnocalyciumoenanthemum Gymnocalyciumparaguayense Gymnocalyciumquehlianum Gymnocalyciumragonesii ! 234%0*(53*'$4!#.(%6''!/(17!1'081(%-9%+9 Gymnocalyciumstellatum Gymnocalyciumstriglianum Gymnocalyciumtriacanthum Gymnocalyciumuebelmannianum Gymnocalyciumvalnicekianum Gymnocalyciumvatteri Echinopsislageniformis Echinopsiscuzcoensis Echinopsisfulvilana Echinopsismacrogona Echinopsispachanoi Echinopsisperuviana Echinopsisperuvianasubsp.puquiensis Echinopsissantaensis Echinopsisschoenii Echinopsisscopulicola Echinopsisstrigosa Echinopsistacaquirensissubsp.taquimbalensis Echinopsisterscheckii Echinopsisthelegona Echinopsisuyupampensis Echinopsisvolliana

Acharagmaaguirreana(GLASS&R.FOSTER)GLASS DNAworkbyWallacesuggeststhat thisisLophophorasclosestrelative Reportedtocontainover2%hordeninebyWESTetal.1974 FormerlyknownasGymnocactusaguirreanusGLASS&R.FOSTER

98

Chapter3:Themescalinecontainingspecies

LophophorawilliamsiiwilliamsiiinSouthTexas

99

SacredCacti3rded.

LophophorawilliamsiiechinatasensuWENIGERinWestTexas

100

Chapter 5 (with corrections & edits: rev. 17 April 2004) This prepublication preview was excerpted from Sacred Cacti Third Edition (2005?) Copyright 2004 Mydriatic Productions Sceletium sp. nova

Delosperma ecklonis Delosperma britteniae ? Coegakop

Trouts Notes on

Some Other Succulents

Delosperma sp. Hanburg 24095

featuring: Notes on the AIZOACEAE;

with particular reference to the genus Delosperma by Trout & friends

Monadenium lugardae

Delosperma britteniae ? Coegakop

A Bettter Days Publication

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed. (rev. 2004: rev. 17Apr04)

Chapter 5 Trouts Notes on

Table of Contents Notes on the AIZOACEAE: 3 Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned in positive assays 7 Cultivation of the Delosperma species 10 Delosperma species in which we have detected the tentative presence of DMT and/or 5-MeO-DMT 12 Other members of the Aizoaceae 14 Summary of other Aizoceous tlc alkaloid screening 14 Some Other Succulents Held to be Sacred, Medicinal or Useful 15 Miscellaneous Notes on other members of the Aizoaceae 18 Miscellaneous Notes on some additional Aizoceous Chemistry 19 Endnotes for Some other Succulents 23 References for Some other Succulents 25 Index 29

Some Other Succulents

This is a prepublication release containing material excerpted from the forthcoming Sacred Cacti. Botany, Chemistry, Cultivation &
Utilization (Including notes on some other succulents)

Third Edition. Revised & Illustrated

To-Be-Published ca. 2005

Copyright 2004 & 2001 Mydriatic Productions; 1999 Better Days Publishing, Austin, Texas. 1997, 1998 by Trouts Notes Sacred Cacti was first published in 1997 by Narayan Publications, Sedona, Arizona.
All rights reserved. Produced by Mydriatic Productions; a division of Better Days Publishing Photographs are by K.Trout unless indicated otherwise. Photograph copyrights reside with the photographer(s) and all images herein are used with their permission.

Unauthorized commercial distribution and reproduction of Trouts Notes is prohibited.

However: Trouts Notes strongly encourages the dissemination of any and all factual information contained within these pages so long as all proper acknowledgment of authorships and the original sources of origin for the data as cited herein are maintained. No one owns facts or factual data.

Mydriatic Productions
2

Chapter Five
Trouts Notes on Some Other Succulents
considered doubtful that SMITH, KLINE & FRENCH would care to share the exact species name or names, it was put on a back burner with the rest of the curious but unfollowable topics and plants. The next stimulation came when noticing T.A. SMITHs inclusion of Delosperma sp. as containing NMethyltryptamine and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine. In his 1977 review of tryptamines, he had cited RIVIER & PILET 1971 and DEULOFEU 1973. After tracking down his two references, it was extremely annoying to find that both of them are simply secondary listings and both cited RAFFAUF 1970 as their source. (OTT 1993 & 1994 similarly listed the same two references.) This was a return to the starting point and provided enough motivation (irritation) to begin actively locating and obtaining seeds and plants of all the Delosperma and Nananthus species that could be located. Plants were grown from seed and also raised from plants obtained as specimens from multiple commercial sources (by Trout) and assayed (by Johnny Appleseed) at various times of year (usually when growth would allow). Sometimes entire plants were sacrificed for assay but usually only leaves and stems were sampled. N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) appeared to be present in a number of Delospermas (nine of the species examined), based on co-tlc with a known reference standard and color reactions with Ehrlichs Reagent and/ or 0.1% Xanthydrol. The frequent presence of N-Methyltryptamine (MMT) was inferred from similar co-tlc which relied on extracts of other plants known to contain MMT such as Psychotria viridis (observed in some samples of leaf), Desmanthus illinoensis (observed in some samples of root bark), Desmanthus leptolobus (observed in most samples of root bark) or Acacia maidenii (observed in all samples of bark or root). DMT co-occurred with MMT in all of these species [Note 2] We can only infer N-Methyltryptamines presence as we lacked a pure reference standard for it. In some, such as D. klinghardtianum, the alkaloid which was visible at this Rf can apparently occur alone in decent amounts. A number of other Ehrlich and/or xanthydrol reactive components were also seen. Sometimes there were 3 or 4 present within a given sample. There were dramatic fluctuations in alkaloid content and composition when assayed at various times of the year. In general, fall and winter (in Texas) appear to be the times of highest and most varied alkaloids. DMT seems to show up in good amounts in late summer before the appearance of some of the other alkaloids. What we suspect was 5-MeO-DMT was seen in several DMT producers when assayed in spring and summer. We have not yet determined a pattern for its occurrence. While many instances were at trace levels, 5-MeO-DMT was quite strong in a November sampling of Delosperma britteniae. As far as we are able to determine this is the first reported occurrence of 5-MeO-DMT in the genus Delosperma or in any member of the AIZOACEAE. While it is a novel observation it is not a particularly surprising one as O-methylated components are well known in the Aizoaceae and DMT has been previously reported. We have potentially observed the presence of 5-MethoxyN,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in eight species.

Notes on the AIZOACEAE: with particular reference to the genus Delosperma

Our attention was drawn to the Delospermas through a series of coincidental literature encounters involving other Mesembryanthemums. SCHULTES & HOFMANN [1980: 332-333] stated that, several centuries ago, the roots of a Mesembryanthemum called Kanna or Channa were chewed by the Hottentots of southern Africa, and retained in the mouths to induce visual hallucinations. They quoted LEWIN 1964; their animal spirits were awakened, their eyes sparkled and their faces manifested laughter and gaiety. Thousands of delightsome ideas appeared, and a pleasant jollity which enabled them to be amused by simple jests. By taking the substances to excess, they lost consciousness and fell into a terrible delirium. Currently the vernacular names of kanna or channa, [also gauwgoed and kougoed according to Emboden] are used for certain species of Mesembryanthemum [Note 1] (or Sceletium), especially M. expansum and M. tortuosum EMBODEN in his 1972 Narcotic Plants noted also that the Mesembryanthemums currently known as kanna or channa were used for stimulant and sedative effects and these drugs sound unlike the effects described. He suggested that there may have been a confusion with the somewhat similar Nananthus albinotus, that he claimed

Nananthus albinotus now Rabeia albinota

was used as a hallucinogenic drug known as S Keng-Keng. While searching for what could be located concerning occurrences of alkaloids in the AIZOACEAE., this was still fresh in mind when encountering mention in RAFFAUF 1970 that DMT had been reported to occur in an unnamed Delosperma sp. RAFFAUF had cited SMITH, KLINE & FRENCH Laboratories; unpublished work and personal communication. Since this was not an accessible reference, as it was

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

In some cases it was co-occurring with DMT. In several cases the 5-MeO-DMT seems to be present in substantial levels. Only in a few species was the banding dark and broad. In some samples the other components were present at substantial and higher levels. Our determination of the identity of 5-MeO-DMT was based on its co-tlc with a known reference standard of pure 5-MeO-DMT and on its color reaction with Xanthydrol. (All alkaloid identifications by us should be regarded as tentative but strong indications of their presence rather than proof of their presence. Identification relied solely on co-tlc with known reference standards and color reactions. Neither isolation nor characterization was performed. Thinlyaer chromatography was graciously performed by J. Appleseed.) We currently have neither the resources nor facilities for such further work and offer this paper in hopes someone might find this an avenue worthy of their exploration efforts. The genus Mesembryanthemum has undergone a revision which transferred some of the South African members to the genus Sceletium. Sceletium species now number around 22 and Mesembryanthemum species around 74. Both the species expansum and tortuosum are now considered to be Sceletiums. S. tortuosum is the type. Roots and leaves of these two species are still chewed and smoked by Hottentots in Karroo, South Africa, for stimulating and narcotic but not for hallucinogenic purposes. [Smoking is often in combination with Cannabis] This drug is currently called channa. HERRE mentions the current use helps the chewer to bear thirst and hunger and, according to the Hottentots, makes him tough. From HERRE 1971, in reference to the current drug channa: After fermentation, leaves are dried again and chewed. (page 276) and Long before the White man came to South Africa, the Hottentots used to collect these plants; they wadded them into a vessel so that fermentation was caused. At the right moment, the process was interrupted and the dark and wet material was dried and chewed. (page 37) Time of year for harvest is said to be crucial as early harvests apparently contain less alkaloid. SMITH et al. 1996 October is given as the preferred harvest time in FESTI & SAMORINI 1995. SMITH et al. 1998 similarly commented that October might be considered a good time to evaluate Sceletium for such fluctuations as WATERHOUSE 1932 mentioned an early report commenting on the plant being gathered at this time (also the time of fruit production) [While J EFFS et al. 1971 had reported that alkaloid concentrations in Sceletium were highest in the woody stems and lower in the roots, much lower in the green stem and still lower in the leaf; SMITH et al. 1998 commented that JEFFS did not note the time of harvest so this should be considered.] Preparation according to SMITH et al. 1996: After crushing the harvested material between rocks, it is placed into a closed container to ferment. Bags of canvas or skins are traditional but plastic bags are used today. The bag is placed in the sun so it can heat up during the day and after 2 or 3 days it is opened, the koegoed is mixed around and then tightly resealed again. The 8th day after the material was crushed, the kougoed is taken out of the bag and spread to dry in the sun. The resulting material is stringy, light brown and unattractive in appearance. It was claimed that failure to follow the steps in the above recipe would produce an inactive product but SMITH further noted another preparation where a fire was built and, after it had died down, the ashes were removed and a hollow dug out of the hot sand. A whole plant of freshly picked Sceletium was placed into the hole and covered with hot sand. After baking for one hour it is ready to chew and claimed to be similar to conventionally prepared material. Fermentation and pounding were suggested by SMITH et al. 1996 to serve to reduce the presence of oxalic acid. Adequate heating would accomplish the same thing. When SMITH et al. 1998 was examining prepared kougoed, made from crushed and prepared Sceletium tortuosum, they found that material produced by fermentation had the peak for 4-O-demethylmesembrenol almost completely diminished, the peak for mesembrine cut by half and the peak for mesembrenone doubled. The material that was instead dried at 80oC was very similar overall but still showed the presence of some 4-O-demethylmesembrenol. Fermentation before drying also occurred during our assays with Delospermas. During the evaluations it was found that batches of Delosperma being dried in quantity, at 110oF, began to ferment within several days and dried only after this had occurred. Unless only small amounts were processed, the plant material always partially liquefied and fermented before drying. Yeasts and other fermentation organisms are known to be associated with the roots of a number of species. [See additional comments farther below.] SchulTES & HOFMANN mention that Mesembryanthemum species have been found to contain alkaloids (citing POPELAK & LETTENBAUER 1967), one of which, mesembrine (present at 0.7%) produces sedative and cocaine-like effects and torpor. This sounds very unlike the effects described above and, on

Sceletium tortuosum flowering

Chapter 5; other succulents

interpretation of something published or if it reflected an unpublished human bioassay. HERRE 1971 mentions that Its smell and appearance are not attractive to Europeans. SMITH et al. 1998 describes the fermenting material as foul smelling with visible fungal growth. HERRE also says that the current channa also apparently causes drunkenness if taken in certain quantities. He states that the active principle mesembrine is found in all species of Sceletium and that other members of the MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE [Note 3] contain mesembrine but in smaller amounts. According to WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962: Mesembrine has possibly been found in Carpobrotus acinaciforme L.BOL. and Carpobrotus edulis L.BOL. (in leaf- noting that they can find no chemical work to support the assertion). They also mention Cryophytum (Mesembryanthemum) crystallinum, Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW. and Trichodiadema stellatum SCHW. were thought to contain mesembrine by ZWICKY. SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM 1989: page 578, on the other hand, list the occurrence of Mesembrine only in Sceletium namaquense (along with mesembrane) and Sceletium tortuosum. See notes on Aizoceous chemistry farther below for more info. An intriguing comment made by both Herr and Jacobsen is that mesembrine is not formed in Europe and northern countries (such as Germany) but it is in North Carolina. A more detailed summation of the published analysis can be found farther below An interesting point made by SMITH et al. 1996 is that the active agents may prove to be something other than Mesembrine. Herre dismisses the related Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and other species of Mesembryanthemum as containing [mixed] salt[s] in large quantities which is very troublesome to those who take it. (page 276). See also WATT & B REYER -B RANDWIJK 1962 and additional comments elsewhere here. As mentioned earlier, EMBODEN suggested that the apparent conflict between the formerly observed hallucinogenic use of channa and the seemingly nonhallucinogenic nature of the current drug channa (we must stress that this is a poorly studied area with regards to actual human activity), as well as the lack of hallucinogenicity in laboratory studies involving pure alkaloids, may be a result of confusion of Sceletium species with another related Aizoceous member, Nananthus albinotus (discussed below). Lewin doubted that Aizoceous plants were responsible, suggesting instead Cannabis or other intoxicating plants, sometimes called channa, used in South Africa, such as Sclerocarya caffra and S. schweinfurthiana (ANACARDIACEA). I am curious just how many of the Mesembryanthemums actually were or are referred to by the same common names of channa or kanna. The genus Mesembryanthemum is but one of many genera of Aizoceous plants known more generally as Mesembryanthemums (the plural is more properly Mesembryanthema but this is rarely used) or mesembs. Many still refer to these members of the AIZOACEAE as the MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE.

Sceletium tortuosum
the surface, seems unlikely to be a drug used for hallucinogenic purposes. This may be misleading, however, as one correspondent reported a mild LSD-like effect when ingesting the drug channa. Many people have reported a biphasic action and a growing number are describing the experience as psychoactive. Much more work is needed. Plant material, extracted material and purified alkaloid are said to be available in the European marketplace. Most people we know who have tried the drug have been quite impressed in a favorable way. None have described it as overtly hallucinogenic except for one person who reported the purified alkaloid to be mildly LSD-like. Some of the use we have encountered was as a quid but people are also snuffing 50-100 mg of the finely ground powder (we saw one appearance of it mixed in combination with pure arecoline) or smoking it. Smoking of Sceletium is known among indigenous users as well. Our bioassays with prepared Sceletium tortuosum (oral or insufflated) have left us something less than impressed and uninterested in further evaluations. This probably reflects nothing more than personal tastes. Humorously, the forms chosen for the commercial marketing of Sceletium have thusfar included purified alkaloid placed on blotter paper ala LSD and also the herbal material compounded into lollypops accompanied by literature clearly oriented towards the rave scene and purporting them to possess an MDMA-like action! Since some sort of selective serotonin reuptake inhibition ( SSRI) activity has been noted for Sceletium this is potentially a dangerous venue for release if they are then combined with MDMA or other substances capable of contributing towards excessive serotonin levels. EMBODEN believed that two alkaloids, mesembrine and mesembrenine (the latter is more preferably referred to as mesembrenone) are responsible for the stimulant effects. He offered no reference to support this. He suggests their unpleasant side effects might be responsible for Sceletiums limited popularity. Side effects are said to include mydriasis (dilation of pupils), headache, listlessness, loss of appetite and depression following stimulation. Based on his review of the literature, SMITH et al. 1996 concluded that it was not a hallucinogen but rather a narcoticanxiolytic agent. FESTI & SAMORINI 1996 commented that visual hallucinations occur at high dosage levels but it was not clear whether this was something published, an

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

EMBODEN 1972, page 31, shows the two species, Sceletium expansum and Sceletium tortuosum, as depicted in two 18th century wood-cuts. Comparison of the woodcuts included by Emboden with photographs or watercolors of the Sceletiums show considerable differences. The plants depicted by Emboden both more closely resemble a number of Delospermas such as D. acuminatum, D. tradescantioides and other sprawling species of Delospermas, more than they resemble any species of Nananthus. EMBODEN describes the practice of pulverizing whole plants of Nananthus albinotus ( S Keng-Keng) to use as a hallucinogenic additive to smoking tobacco or snuff. This name and practice is or was evidently present among a number of South African tribesmen, especially among the Old Griquas (a people widely renown for their extensive and effective knowledge of medicinal plants, unfortunately now largely lost). Nananthus albinotus, now known as Rabeia albinota, also resembles many of the Delospermas, i.e. the lower growing clump forming species (as well as many other Aizoceous members), which also tested positive for 5-MeO-DMT and/ or DMT. In some cases, such as 5-MeO-DMT observed in Delosperma britteniae, they assayed positive quite strongly. Almost all Nananthus and Rabeia species that have been tested to date, including Rabeia albinota, have shown no targeted tryptamines present at levels we could detect. The lone exception to this was the observance of trace amounts of DMT during a November 1995 assay of Nananthus aloides. It is curious that many of the active Delospermas resemble both the Sceletiums and Nananthus albinotus. The identity of the original channa may or may not be known but perhaps it might be worth considering the species of Delospermas, or other Aizoceous and as yet unanalyzed plants, that contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and/or possibly other active compounds as candidates for this intriguing drug. Chemical analysis of a far broader spectrum of the AIZOACEAE is in order [Note 4]. Certainly smoking and snuffing are not uncommon forms of ingestion of DMT (or 5-MeO-DMT), although smoking is not presently the predominate means of administration except in Western societies. It has been occasionally observed in native cultures with the smoking of Virola sebifera resin or bark and also with the seeds of Anadenanthera peregrina and the seeds/pods of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil. Interestingly this last instance appears to predate snuff usage and apparently was largely replaced by it. Smoking is a frequent form of ingestion of the free base of both alkaloids in modern cultures worldwide. While the smoking of B. caapi bark and/or leaf, Virola sebifera bark and also Anadenanthera seeds/pods have all been reported by anthropologists, this has not been the predominate route of ingestion among most of the people who use them. Snuffing of DMT and/or 5-MeO-DMT plants has been widespread and is more common in native cultures of the Caribbean and throughout parts of South America. It has seemingly been this way since fairly ancient times. Interestingly the smoking of tryptamine containing Anadenanthera seeds predated snuffs in N. Chile/Argentina and is still practiced by a few groups. The oral mode of channa ingestion, on the surface, casts doubts concerning DMT being an active component. Whether DMT is active via a retained quid remains to be seen.
It is unknown whether there was additional additives which were not mentioned, such as other plants or a strongly basic ash to facilitate the liberation of the free base and absorption by the mucous membranes when snuffed or retained in the mouth. Activity or interactions of other co-occurring plant alkaloids is also not known.

While DMT is not normally orally active without the presence of an MAO inhibitor, such as is found in ayahuasca, there are at least two notable exceptions. One is the use of Virola resin as orally ingested pellets (thought by Dr. McKenna and associates to be orally active due to the presence of MAO inhibiting methylenedioxy substituted lignins but later determined by Ott to be intended for buccal absorption and held in the mouth rather than swallowed) the other is the ancient drink, vinho da jurema, prepared as an infusion of the roots of Mimosa hostilis [Note 5]. We do not have a shred of hard evidence but, as Emboden did, must wonder if perhaps Channa or S Keng Keng were only similar to those depicted.and were instead some other member of the voluminous AIZOACEAE (JACOBSEN included descriptions for 122 genera and ~2500 species). SMITH et al. 1996 estimated that, of the described species of Mesembs, less than 0.04% of them have ever seen analysis of any sort. Clearly the field is ripe for development. We know DMT (or perhaps 5-MeO-DMT) containing Delospermas exist, there may also be additional potentially active Aizoceous plants (or alkaloids) capable of inducing a hallucinogenic state. I think, Lewins description of kanna as a pleasant, mirthful and colorful intoxication followed by unconsciousness and delirium when taken to excess, certainly approximately parallels native usage of other tryptamines, such as snuff usage in South America [Note 6] and on the surface suggests DMT containing members of the AIZOACEAE as, at least, plausible candidates for consideration as native intoxicants. This assumption could of course simply reflect some sort of cultural bias or biases on the part of the author and the people employing them are using and experiencing these plants from within an entirely different ontology. It appears just as likely that the Delospermas may have never been used entheogenically by native people and the finding of DMT in plants physically similar to channa merely fortuitous. The dried material and purified isolates of channa do in fact appear to be strongly active. SMITH et al. 1998 evaluated the claims that drying at 80oC or fermentation was essential for activity. He found that it did not simply serve to reduce the oxalic acid content as had been previously conjectured but also produced a substantial shift in the actual alkaloid profile. (As detailed above, the traditional prep produced the best results.) More work is clearly in order to better understand the pharmacology of channa. We have come across only one solid reference to Delospermas being used in folk medicine. WATT & BREYER-

Chapter 5; other succulents

BRANDWIJK 1962 include Delosperma herbeum N.E.Br. as being given by the Tswana in the form of a root decoction and the powdered plant then being rubbed into scarifications, made over the vertebral joints, to make the climacteric strong and resistant to witchcraft. One other possible reference to a Delosperma species (D. mahonii) can be found in our discussion on other Aizoceous plants below. [According to HARGREAVES 1998, COLE 1995 believes that lemelanthufe is possibly a local name used for Delosperma in Botswana.] Delosperma cooperi also enters into preparation of the alcoholic drink khadi [also spelled kadi or kgadi] [Note 7: see also HARGREAVES 1998 & 1999] While it appears to be used as a source of fermentation organisms, its potential for pharmacological contribution cannot be dismissed without study. Interestingly despite the roots being a good source of fermentation organisms it is said to be the leaves which are used in making khadi. According to HARGREAVES this species was said, by DIETERLAN, to be used for beer making among the Bantu and by Europeans for a yeast source [Note 8]. [It should be added that this fermentation may actually be due to (1 or 2) fungus species known to convert sugar to oxalic acid; hence the dangerous reputation of this practice] To further complicate the picture is the evidence suggesting there may be a seasonal fluctuation in alkaloid content. This has been noted to have been reported in other Mesembs according to SMITH et al. 1996 and was also suggested by the variable results we obtained during Johnnys tlc studies. Unfortunately, much of the traditions and herbal knowledge of local African peoples has been lost or destroyed during acculturation [Note 9]. We may never know for certain the complete identities of the tantalizing entheogens known as Channa and S Keng Keng. We have attempted to assay as many of the Delospermas as we could locate and obtain assayable biomass from (140 species are included in JACOBSEN and many more are said to exist). We also set out to sample a number of Rabeia (7 described species - Rabeia albinota being the type) and Nananthus (9 are described) species for assay. We have not yet exhausted the commercially available species. In the case of Delosperma we have made a little headway. Considering we have neither outside funding or support, all individuals involved freely contributing their time, materials and energy, nor have we received any compensation (beyond personal satisfaction) from these assays, we are pleased and satisfied with our preliminary results. Our exploration has been for the joy of doing it. What was accomplished was as a small group of ordinary individuals with no established acceptance or funding. If a professional lab had even a small degree of resources or interest they could have expanded what we have done many times over and done so in a way that was actually meaningful.

Descriptions of Delospermas mentioned in positive assays

Delosperma descriptions were adapted from JACOBSEN 1960 but also contain observations of plants grown for assay purposes

Delosperma = Ectotropsis = Schoenlandia Delosperma comes from the Greek; Delos meaning visible and Sperma Seed. [This is in reference to the seeds which lie visibly exposed in the seedpods (when they are wet).]

Delosperma acuminatum L.BOL.

Originally collected from Cape Province: Albany Division, near Grahamstown. It forms a 20 cm. tall erect glabrous shrub with stiff branches which tend to be prostrate in cultivated specimens. Roots are tuberous and can reach 20 cm. The pale glaucous green leaves are acuminate and sharply keeled. The upper surface is flat and the sides rounded. They are borne erect and can reach 35 mm. in length; being 5 mm wide and long. Flowers are coppery-red and 2 cm. in diameter. Smaller in heat stressed plants. Our specimens were described as Delosperma acuminatum Alicedale and have done very well as hanging baskets.

Delosperma brittenae (L.BOL.)

Originally collected in the Cape Province: Albany Division, rocks between Hamilton Reservoir and Bay Road, near Grahamstown. This is a low growing succulent forming a glabrous shrub with stem 3 cm. thick at the base. The branches and branchlets are crowded and elongated. Internodes are not visible and rarely elongated. Leaves are erect, keeled and dull glaucous with a firm texture. Some of ours have a distinctly bluish color. Leaves are acute and mucronate with the sides convex and the upper surface flattened. They reach 3 cm. in length and 7 mm. wide and thick, with a 4 mm long sheath. Pedicels are 15 mm long. The solitary white flowers can reach 38 mm in diameter. Ours show a distinct tendency to form shallow splits and line like scars on the leaves when exposed to too much sun. Our specimens were labeled Delosperma britteniae? Coegakop

Delosperma britteniae? Coegakop

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed. Delosperma cooperi (HOOK. f.) L.BOL.

Originally collected in the Orange Free State. This is a sprawling, freely branching subshrub with bright green glacous leaves. Internodes on the branches are shorter than the leaves. The leaves are spreading, bent or recurved inwards, linear and cylindrical with a slightly flattened top. They narrow somewhat towards the tip and appear striped with grey-green due to irregular papillae arranged in longitudinal lines. The leaves are up to 55 mm. long and are 6 mm. wide and 5 thick. Pedicels are 2 cm. long. Flowers are borne terminally; occasionally single but usually in groups of 3 to 7. They are silken purple and 4.5 to 5 cm. in diameter. Most we have seen are more pink than purple. This plant is said to be hardy to 10 degrees F. We have seen them die in the mid 20s. This species is incredibly hardy if the bulk of its mass can be prevented from contacting soil via the use of rocks, gravel, bark mulch or other approaches. It is one of the few plants in our area that deer will not devour. Slugs will annihilate it if kept overly damp. They can easily spread to cover a meter wide circle within several years. This one loves lots of sun. A number of seed companies offer this species. Seeds and plants are readily available through many nurseries and hardware stores with a garden department. (We have found mislabeled plants sold as Delosperma cooperi.) Our samples for assay have come from several commercial suppliers. The discrepancies in alkaloid production we have observed, occurred within given plants when assayed over a period of time and have generally seemed to reflect their source of origin.

Delosperma ecklonis (SALM.) SCHWANT.

Originally described from the Cape Province: on the Zwartkops River. This small plant is very free growing with slender prostrate branches which are covered with fine white hairs when young. The branches root readily if they contact soil. The leaves are close together, growing either erect or spreading horizontally and recurved. They are flatcompressed and connate at the base. They grow three angled, tapering and end in a short point. The upper side is wider and grooved towards the base. The leaves can reach 2.5 to 3.5 cm long. They are covered with fine papillae and soft hairs and are light green unless kept in a sunny position in which they turn reddish purple. They produce small white flowers (16 mm in diameter) with short stalks.

Delosperma esterhuyseniae
We still need to locate a description of this enchanting dwarf. Ours flowered white. Our specimens were provided as Delosperma esterhuyseniae Adamskraal

Delosperma halli
We still need to locate a description. Our specimens were sold as Delosperma hallii Namusberge They were said to have striking pink flowers. Ours have flowered only briefly and occasionally. They were very nice.

Delosperma harazianum
We still need to locate a description. We have assayed two forms to date. They were sold as: Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Tiny grey leaves Delosperma harazianum Shibam Shorter leaves, better flowers Both are beautiful little clump formers with small flowers.

Delosperma hirtum (N.E.BR.) SCHWANT.

Originally collected in the Eastern Cape Province. We still need to locate a description of this one. Our supplier describes it as resembling a slender sutherlandii, with fine summer blooms and deciduous leaves.

Delosperma litorale (KENSIT) L.BOL.

Collected from Cape Province: Mossel Bay, on the shore near the town and extending eastwards from the Cape Division along the coast as far as Port Elizabeth. This grows as a prostrate loosely branched herb. While creeping in habit it does not send out roots unless buried in soil. The stems are elongated, dainty and pale, reaching 35 cm in length. The internodes are from 24 to 50 mm long. Its leaves are somewhat connate and inclined. Young leaves are three-angled, subfalcate and laterally compressed.

Delosperma cooperi

Chapter 5; other succulents

The edges are bordered with white (the edges of ours were tinged in pink), elongated, narrowed toward the base and acute at the end. The upper surface is almost flat. They are blue and mucronate; reaching 25-30 mm in length and 5-6 mm thick. Pedicels are 5-17 mm long and have two bracts. White flowers, usually in groups of three. Our specimens were described as aff. litorale St. Francis Bay.

Delosperma pergamentaceum L.BOL.

From the Cape Province: L. Namaqualand, Richersveld, hill 1 mile west of Arris Drift, Aneesfontein, Sendlingsdrift, Pokkiespram. A glabrous shrub growing to 30 cm. tall with an elongated stem in young plants, 5 mm. thick at the tip. The branches are crowded densely and leafed with 4-6 leaves in a group. It forms floral branches up to 5 cm. long. The leaves are spreading to ascending, obtusely keeled with the top surface flat and the sides flat or slightly convex. There are other (older?) leaves which are flat or convex, laterally compressed, narrowed towards the tip in profile, the tip itself being rounded to oblique or somewhat truncate and connate at the base. Sheath is 6 mm. long, pale blue and tinged with purple. Older leaves are vellum like, 7 cm. long and 16 mm. wide. Younger leaves are 4 cm. long, 8 mm. wide at the base, 2 mm. wide below the apex, 7 to 8 mm. thick at the base and 13-14 mm. thick at the tip. The pedicels are 18 mm. long. They flower as solitary white flowers 44 mm. in diameter. Our specimens were furnished as Delosperma pergamentaceum Numees [said to need a genus, later said = Hartmanthus (we have been unable to locate this name)] and Delosperma pergamentaceum Rooilepel white or pink flowers

Delosperma nubigenum (SCHLTR.) L.BOL.

From the South-East Cape Province in the Orange Free State, in the cleft of rocks on the top of Mont aux Sources at 3200 m. This low decumbent sub-shrub has ascendant, roundish and papillose stems. The leaves are standing off or erect standing off and are elongate or elongate-elliptical, acute and narrowed towards the ends or else the leaves are linear and papillose. They bear orange red flowers at the end of the stems. They are two cm in diameter and have short stalks. Our plants used for assay were purchased at a local hardware store. They conformed to both published descriptions and photographs.

Delosperma lydenburgense L.BOL.

Originally found in the Transvaal: Lydenberg. This plant is glabrous, loosely ramose and herbaceous in habit. Older branches are 20 cm. long and 4 mm. in diameter, internodes are 3-3.5 cm long. The herbaceous parts of the plant are minutely papillate. The leaves are soft and linear when viewed from above. They are flat to grooved, narrowed, acute and have an obscure keel on the back when young. They grow 3.5-5.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm wide and 2-3 mm in diameter. It bears flowers as groups of 2 to 3 in loose inflorescence which are 3 cm. tall and 10 cm. wide. Pedicels are 1-2 cm. long. The flowers themselves are 2-2.5 cm in diameter and purplish in color. Our plants were said to have large pink purple flowers and hardy to the mid teens. We have found them hardy only into the low 20s in Central Texas.

Delosperma tradescantioides Said to be great for

hanging baskets. White flowers and, for a Delosperma, unusual leaves.. Freely rooting and fast growing.

Delosperma pageanum (L.BOL.) L.BOL.

Originally found in the Cape Province: southwest region, Montagu Division, near Montagu Baths. This grows erect as a 26 cm. shrub, with a stem that can be over 3 mm. thick at the base. The stem is glabrous and branching and has pale skin becoming papery with a slightly hairy appearance on older branches. Internodes are 1 cm. long. Leaves are spreading and cylindrical, and gradually taper to a blunt end. They are finely papillose with the papillae being ciliate with fine white hairs and a little connate at the base. They are 10-15 mm. long and 2 or 3 mm. thick. They are soft and a bright light green. Pedicels are 17 mm.. long. It has purple flowers; 16 mm. in diameter.

Delosperma tradescantioides

Delosperma tradescantioidesXbosseranum

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

Cultivation of the Delosperma species

Delospermas require barely damp soil with slightly damp but drying surface conditions on a regular basis. While rot prone if overly wet, they enjoy being misted every day when hot. Delospermas should be well watered only when they show visible signs of wilting. They love frequent light mistings and while not liking soggy conditions, do not like to be in totally dry soil. Their main period of growth and flowering, in the US, is during the summer. They should not ever be allowed to become excessively dry during their growth period. During the winter they should not be watered except for an occasional misting. Most do not need winter protection unless rain is abundant. We have seen multiple species freeze solid with ice forcing otherwise prostrate branches into upright rigid poses then recovering with no problems. It should be added that there are some freeze sensitive species. Some are suited for coastal plantings while others prefer an arid but cool mountain environment. Most grow in very rocky areas with frequent mist or dew. An excellent method of maintaining soil moisture while decreasing the risk of overwatering was presented by JACOBSEN. He suggests the use of a staging with provisions for drainage (a raised plant table with walls for creating a permanent bed) upon which is placed a thick layer of gravel, coke, lava rock or cinders. The plants, each in individual clay pots, are placed on this layer and the level of gravel is then brought to the top of the pots. A top layer of various small rocks or gravel is then added to the individual pots themselves to accentuate the natural mimicry of these succulents, enhance the visual presentation and decrease surface evaporation of moisture. This approach protects the pots from direct sun exposure. The rocks help retain heat and moisture, prevent drying out of the soil and help to avoid overwatering by establishing excellent drainage. The plants, especially the shrubby Delospermas will send roots out of the bottoms of their pots seeking moisture in the gravel bed. When repotting such plants, the clay pots should be broken free of the plant to avoid damage to the roots. If growth is too extensive it may be preferable to make and root cuttings rather than transplant overgrown plants and disturb their neighbors. Dead roots should be removed when replanting to avoid rotting problems. Dead branches on actively growing plants should also be removed. They need a very mineral rich soil with perfect drainage. Jacobsen recommends adding coke or brick rubble to the soil. We have not had good results with this. They have done best for us when placed in a normal, fairly rich, cactus soil. Some of the smaller clumping forms do better if more rock is added. We have had success using a mixture of limestone and igneous gravel. All Delospermas are sensitive to soil compaction in culture. Potted plants should be checked at least once a year and the old soil removed or replaced if it has compacted into a hard

mass. (This is almost certain death for most Delospermas.) Soil must remain loose, friable and readily accept water. For all of these reasons we would discourage the use of peat moss, fine sand, loam or clays except as minor soil additives due to their bad setting and/or packing tendencies. Peat has a further undesirable tendency to not accept water once it has dried. Jacobsen considers old weathered loam to be an essential soil additive. He suggests: 3 parts old compost or leaf mould. 1 part well rotted manure 1 part old weathered loam 1 part crushed brick and brick dust (we suggest limestone gravel, mixed with powdered gypsum and dolomite) 6 parts clean, sharp sand (all fine sand removed) Delospermas usually have fairly small flowers that sometimes look as if they were made from pieces of straw with an almost metallic luster in vivid shades of red or violet. Others have small white flowers. Many species flower abundantly and freely. There are two main types. One is bushy, occasionally sprawling, and the other growing along the ground in a more compact form. Some of the latter form compact clumps with thickened leaves and resemble other, more famous and widely cultivated Mesembryanthemums. The bushy ones root well from cuttings being taken and simply stuck directly into soil. They do not require callusing prior to planting but it may be advantageous if a more succulent species is being rooted. As with all succulents, water sparingly and cautiously until well rooted. Delospermas wilt severely when rooting or when shipped through the mail. Normally, with misting and bright light (no direct sun) they recover rapidly. While they can handle full sun in most cases and some such as D. cooperi and D. lydenbergense, are said to be able to take freezing temperatures, into the low teens, they fare better for us when given full sun for only part of the day. It is generally recommended that watering be tapered off before winter arrives and that they be allowed to go through winter with only ambient moisture (unless excessive). Indoor maintained plants seemed to suffer from dry heated air and required misting to maintain health. Enclosure in a humidity tent was tolerated only with adequate ventilation. Excessive heat stresses them and better results might be observed in a summer cooled greenhouse. Some, such as D. cooperi, did best when their smaller pots were clustered inside the top of other larger potted plants. These larger pots were 10 to 20 gallons in size and held such plants as Acacia maidenii, Acacia auriculiformis, Adenanthera pavonia, Albizia procera, Chili pequins (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare), Zizyphus jujube or other light filtering plants. They seemed very happy to grow at their base and spilled over the edges of the larger pots in attractive dripping masses. ( D. cooperi has a wonderful texture to the skin which makes them look very much like aggregates of bright green lizard tails.) Delosperma cooperi also thrives in rock gardens or on slopes where the body of the plant can grow out onto or over a large rock. Many Delospermas do well this way and

10

Chapter 5; other succulents

it is becoming a common practice in xeriscapes to plant Delospermas in areas where the body can sprawl across rock covered areas. Some are said to do very well in Aspen, Co. Thin stalked, thin leafed types such as D. acuminatum did best for us when grown in baskets as hanging plants. These develop tuberous roots and need some room. In some Delospermas, even in some of the lower growing miniatures, there is formation of a substantial tuber or tubers. These need adequate room for the tuber to grow and spread in order for the plants to be happy. They will need either periodic bumping-up or division, deep narrow pots or else planting in a raised sloped deep bed. Natural propagation is primarily from seeds being washed from their capsules by rain. The seed capsules open to release seeds only when wet, and the rain abundant enough to wash the seeds out, and close again when dry. This ingenious mechanism ensures that the release of seeds will accompany moisture and good germinating conditions. They grow quickly and easily from seed. Treat them and their small seeds like finely seeded cactus with slightly higher moisture requirements. Delospermas are more prone to indoor problems such as black-flies and other insects with plant parasite larvae than most cacti. Unless these are kept controlled they will devastate Delosperma seedlings. We have also lost some plants to a yellow soil fungus or mold. We plan to address this problem in the future by use of a systemic fungicide. Most of our plants were unaffected. The plants which were hit the worst were the commercially obtained Delospermas (mainly D. cooperi) which had been sold potted in a high bark mulch soil mix. Any of these which were allowed to dry out completely during winter died. Those which remained with the rest of our plants (trees and shrubs) and which consequently stayed slightly damp were fine without exception. Slugs and grasshoppers can also be problems. Slugs and snail can be controlled with snail bait or beer traps (see under cultivation of cacti: pests). Grasshoppers can be minimized by yearly applications of beneficial nematodes to the surrounding areas. These nematodes are distributed by spraying in solution onto moist soil. They destroy the young of the grasshoppers while still in the ground. They are commercially available in springtime. A few species have been repeatedly & aggresively targeted by mealy bugs. After ineffectivenss of other products I finally resorted to solving the problem by applying the systemic insecticide Merit. Jacobsen suggests that wire netting be used in outdoor plantings to protect the plants from birds. We have never had a problem with birds. On the other hand we HAVE had a problem with thick plantings of D. cooperi becoming a favorite resting spot of cats on hot days, apparently due to their cool cushioning. They do not usually survive being crushed this way. Rotting and wet wilting indicate watering needs to be cut back. Discontinue watering entirely but continue with light daily misting until health returns. Occasionally a dry rot will attack the roots of these plants. Its cause is not known but presumed to be bacterial in origin. We have no idea how to cure it but have only lost a few plants to this. Any suspicious and less than healthy roots encountered when transplanting should be removed along with the soil surrounding them. Our standard approach to any indeterminate problem like this is to try freshly mixed Chinosol. Several molds and a yeast were found in association with roots of (probable) Delosperma mahonii, which, for this reason, is sometimes used as a fermenting agent for brewing or bread making. [See earlier comments conerning D. cooperi] It is said by Watt and Breyer Brandwijk to be dangerous due to the high oxalic acid content. It contains the equivalent of 3% oxalic acid. One of the molds produced large amounts of oxalic acid when cultured in a sugar solution. Other Aizoceous members are used similarly. [The presence of oxalic acid in any decent quantity could present problems during alkaloid extraction depending on the route chosen.]

Delosperma britteniae? Coogekop Seed pod closed when dry (Above) Seed pods opens when wet enough (Below)

It is not uncommon to find many small seedlings in the pots with mature adults.

11

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

There was a definite fermentation with bubbling observed in any decent sized (several grams or larger) Delosperma sample being dried at RT or 110o F. We have performed no elucidation of the organisms involved. Whether they are involved with either the presence of the alkaloids discussed or with our difficulty in obtaining a good isolation for characterization remains to be seen. The high salt content is said by some to be an obstacle in good isolations. It should be possible to deal with the high salt content using column chromatography similar to the approach used by CHARALAMPOUS et al. for isolating mescaline from urine or by the use of Porapak Q. See Useful Manipulations of Mescaline and other Peyote Alkaloids. in Sacred Cacti or the appropriate section in TN# FS-X7 Some Simple Tryptamines concerning DMT isolation procedures, by Trout and Friends. Substitute ammoniacal methanol for ammoniacal ethanol if using Charalampous procedure. See also the physical data section of FS-X7 (Some Simple Tryptamines) for more approaches and solvents.

Delosperma acuminatum Alicedale No alkaloids were

observed in our early spring 1994 assays. 7 separate assays of samples taken during September, November and December of 1994 and 1995, showed a band to be present at DMT Rf. Usually the DMT bands were quite large and/ or dark with the exception of a faint band seen in our 2 Sept. sample. In our 2 November 1995 assay we observed a large and dark band corresponding to both DMT and 5MeO-DMT. We had previously observed smaller amounts of 5-MeO-DMT in May and summer samplings during 1995 (DMT was apparently absent). Delosperma britteniae? Coogakop A very nice dark blue 5-MeO band was seen in our 2 November 1995 tlc. No alkaloids had been observed in our early spring 1994 assay. Delosperma cooperi Our initial early spring 1994 assay showed no alkaloid. May and summer 1995 both showed a nice 5-MeO-DMT band (we ran the May sample twice). Plants purchased via mail order had a much darker 5-MeODMT band, in the May assay, than those locally obtained at a hardware store. Both showed the presence of 5-MeODMT. Assays from September and December 1994 had shown the presence of DMT. Our early November 1995 tlc of these plants showed both DMT and 5-MeO-DMT present. Assays were done using both commercial plants and plants we grew from seed. Commercial plant material tested by Sasha showed no DMT in GC-MS. Delosperma ecklonis A purple DMT band was seen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assays. Delosperma esterhuyseniae Faint purple DMT band was seen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assays. Delosperma hallii A dark blue 5-MeO-DMT band was seen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assays. Delosperma harazianum A dark blue and purple band corresponding to DMT and 5-MeO-DMT was visible in our 2 November 1995 tlc. Delosperma harazianum Shibam A faint purple DMT band was seen in our 2 November assay 1995. Delosperma hirtum A weak DMT band was seen in November and December assays and none in spring. Delosperma aff. litorale St. Francis Bay A nice blue 5MeO-DMT band was seen in our 2 Nov. 1995 assay. No alkaloid was observed in early spring 1994 testing. Delosperma lydenbergense 26 Nov. 94 A good DMT band was seen in our 26 Nov. 1994 testing and no alkaloids observed in spring 1994 assay. Delosperma nubigenum A weak 5-MeO-DMT band was seen in May 1995 testing. Delosperma pageanum DMT was suspected in 5 Dec. 1994 but utilized only Ehrlichs reagent. Traces of 5-MeODMT were observed the following November. A good 5MeO-DMT band was present in May 1995. Delosperma pergamentaceum Numees Traces of DMT observed in November but not in May. Delosperma tradescantioides DMT has been observed in small amounts in November assays.

Delosperma species in which we have detected the tentative presence of DMT and/or 5-MeO-DMT
(Based on co-tlc with known reference standards and color reactions with Ehrlichs reagent and/or 0.1% xanthydrol.) Nearly all samples testing positive also had additional Ehrlich reactive compounds present. In some samples, at least 3 or 4. Identities of most are unknown at present. As is the potential presence of other bioactive alkaloids. We have tentatively identified one as the inactive N-Methyltryptamine (MMT) based on co-tlc with plants known to contain MMT and DMT. All TLC was kindly performed by J.APPLESEED. All Delosperma species were commercially obtained and reference samples of the positive testing material and living plants (whenever possible) are being maintained. Unless noted, all Delosperma samples were of leaves and branches. All samples assayed after plates #88 and 89 were dried before sending off for assay. Most were 2 to 2-1/2 gram samples (dry wt.) unless plant growth did not allow this much harvest. Some were much smaller. All of the samples used for plates 88 and 89 (Spring 1994 Assay) were far smaller and used fresh wet material from dormant plants. In the 1994 Spring samplings we had used Ehrlichs reagent and commercially obtained Psychotria viridis leaf isolate as a reference standard. The reference standard showed a very nice DMT band with one additional weaker band present at a lower Rf. In this assay, all Delosperma spp. showed no banding; indicating no alkaloid to be present at levels our assay was capable of detecting. Our small sample size may have contributed to this but it could also be that alkaloids were lacking in the material. A sample of D. cooperi harvested around the same time of year showed NO DMT or 5-MeO-DMT in GC performed by Sasha S HULGIN . He did detect the presence of an unidentified alkaloid or alkaloids. Whether this suggests that there is seasonal fluctuations, different chemical races of D. cooperi or something else is presently unknown to us. Work is slowly ongoing. [Rf is the relative ratio of the distance the alkaloid migrated as compared to the distance that the solvent front traveled.]

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Chapter 5; other succulents

Summary of our Preliminary Results

Our (Appleseed & Trout) first year of assays did not use xanthydrol so we were unable to distinguish DMT from 5MeO-DMT. The two alkaloids chromatograph at the same Rf in the tlc system used for the assays. There may have been additional positives for 5-MeO-DMT co-occurring with DMT that were not noticed. As sequential assays were performed on nearly all positive testing material, it is unlikely we confused DMT as 5-MeO-DMT. (with the exception of listing DMT in D. pageanum using Ehrlichs. This probably was 5-MeO-DMT.)

5-MeO-DMT
(Using Xanthydrol) Delosperma acuminatum May assay. Faint in Nov. assay Dark blue and purple band corresponding to DMT and 5MeO-DMT Delosperma brittenae Nov. assay. Very nice dark band Delosperma cooperi May assay (two sources) also in Nov. assay. 3 positives total Delosperma hallii Nov. assay. Dark band Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov. assay. Dark band Delosperma litorale Nov. assay. Dark band Delosperma nubigenum 9 May 1995 Weak band Delosperma pageanum (Same plant tested Christmas 1994) May and Nov. assay. Faint in Nov. Good in May

Delosperma esterhuyseniae Nov. assay (Xanthydrol) Delosperma hallii Nov. assay (Xanthydrol) Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov. assay showed traces (Xanthydrol) Delosperma hirtum Nov. assay showed traces (Xanthydrol) Delosperma klinghardtianum Nov. and Dec. assays. (Xanthydrol and Ehrlichs) Delosperma litorale Nov. assay. (Xanthydrol) Delosperma pageanum (Same plant tested Christmas 1994) 2 Nov. 1995. Dark band (Xanthydrol) Delosperma pageanum Dec. assay (Ehrlichs) Delosperma tradescantioides Nov. assay. (Ehrlichs) Delospermas are mostly water. Water content was determined to be 95% by weight in young D. cooperi. This means that a kilogram of fresh plants will yield 50 grams of dry material. Intact leaves and pieces of leaves retain water so well that even if they are heated at 110o for several days they will not dry appreciably. Only if chopped finely or crushed will they dry readily. Only a few of the Delosperma species that we have assayed showed DMT or 5-MeO-DMT to be present in any substantial amount. Since there often are other unidentified alkaloids present as well as the well-known potential for dangerous substances including substantial amounts of oxalic acid we would discourage random bioassay. Our assay is targeted specifically at tryptamines so many other substances could also be present which we did not detect. Since we have not yet performed isolation and characterization of the suspected alkaloids we must stress that our observations should be considered strong indications of their probable presence rather than proof of their presence.

DMT
Delosperma acuminatum Sept., Nov. and Dec. 5 positive assays over a 15 month period. (Xanthydrol-1 and Ehrlichs-4) Not observed in May assay Delosperma cooperi Sept., Nov. and Dec. assays. 3 positives (Xanthydrol-1 and Ehrlichs-2) Delosperma ecklonis Nov. assays (2, one year apart) (Ehrlichs and Xanthydrol) The first time it was erroneously thought to be lydenbergense Delosperma esterhuyseniae Nov. assay. Faint (Xanthydrol). Delosperma harazianum Audhali Plateau, Yemen Nov. assay (Xanthydrol) Delosperma harazianum Shibam Nov. assay. Faint band (Xanthydrol) Delosperma hirtum Nov. and Dec. assays. Weak band (Xanthydrol and Ehrlichs) Delosperma pageanum Dec. assay Good DMT (or 5-MeODMT?) band (Ehrlichs) Delosperma pergamentaceum Numees Nov. assay faint band (not present in May assay) (Xanthydrol) Delosperma tradescantioides Nov. assay Faint band (Ehrlichs)

Appleseeds General Assay Procedure

Samples extracted by simmering 2 hours in hot aqueous hydrochloric acid (pH 3) and allowing to cool for 12 hours before basifying with concentrated ammonia and extracting with methylene chloride. TLC was run on Whatman silica gel 60 plates divided into lanes. Developing solvent was Methylene chloride-MethanolConcentrated Ammonia (80:15:1). Detection was with either Ehrlichs reagent or 0.1% Xanthydrol reagent (0.1 g Xanthydrol in 95 ml EtOH and 5 ml concentrated HCl. (Tryptamines turn purple and methoxylated tryptamines turn blue with Xanthydrol.) Reference standards initially used Psychotria viridis leaf isolate for DMT. Pure and relatively pure DMT and 5-MeO-DMT were also used as additional reference standards as they were available. Screening for potential -carbolines was done using extracts of Banisteriopsis caapi and/or a mixture of harmine and harmaline isolated from Peganum harmala (via Hasenfratzs method) as reference standards (using UV to visualize.) We found none.

MMT
(All instances of suspected MMT occurrence lacked a good reference standard and relied on the presence of a band which was supposed to be MMT. The supposition was based on its presence in other assayed samples of plants known to at least sometimes contain MMT. (such as Acacia maidenii stem-bark, Desmanthus illinoensis root bark and Psychotria viridis leaf.)

Delosperma acuminatum Faint. Sept. and Nov. assays. (Ehrlichs) Delosperma brittenae Nov. assay (Xanthydrol) Delosperma cooperi Sept. and Nov. assays. (Ehrlichs and Xanthydrol)

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Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

Other members of the Aizoaceae

Nananthus species and Rabeia species
Many former Nananthus species have been transferred to the Genus Rabeia. Treat like Delosperma. Many have thick tuberous roots which must be allowed room in order for the plant to thrive. Most are said to be frost tolerant but we have not shared this experience. They do not like being water logged or being in full sun. They do like some sun and bright light the rest of the time. They do not fare well in either Central Texas summer heat or winter extremes. In spite of their reputation as lovers of sun and heat, these might be better approached as summer cooled greenhouse plants. In spite of Embodens mention of Nananthus albinotus as being psychoactively employed we must wonder if this was an accurate identification of the actual species used. With the one minor exception of observing faint traces of DMT in a November 1995 assay of Nananthus aloides, the target alkaloids were not observed in any of the Nananthus or Rabeia spp. assayed. Apparently at least Nananthus wilmaniae may be employed as a fermentation organism source as HARGREAVES 1998 notes that it has been listed as a moervygie (yeast mesemb) by SMITH 1966. Presence of an occasionally dark non-migrating Ehrlich reactive smear at the origin was frequently observed. Our only assays of Nananthus albinotus ie Rabeia albinota, showed no target alkaloids present. Our summers are much too hot and our winters too wet and consequently most Nananthus and Rabeia species did not survive for summer and fall assays, or else their growth did not produce enough material for later assays.

Plate #89 Spring 1994: Rabeia albipunctata (Skinny leafed form) (Non-migrating dark smears at origin) No bands observed in tlc field. Rabeia albipunctata (Fat leafed form) (same dark smears) No bands observed in tlc field. Rabeia albipuncta (same dark smears) No bands observed in tlc field. Rabeia albinota ? Naudesberg Pass (same dark smears) No bands observed in tlc field.
Psychotria viridis standard Nice DMT band and one lighter of lower Rf.

Plate #91: Aizoaceae (Mestoklema sp.) No alkaloids observed.

Psychotria viridis standard Nice dark DMT band and dark one with long horns near origin

Plate #107 Assay 29 July 1994:

All samples in this set except for DMT standard had nonmigrating smears at the origin. In the case of many of the Desmanthus samples they were very dark and broad. Samples dried at 105oF.

Rabeia albipunctata (whole plant-not in good health) 4 July 94 (Non-migrating faint smears at origin) No alkaloids observed in tlc field.
Psychotria viridis standard. Nice DMT band somewhat darker one of low Rf. Very dark smear at origin.

Plate #124 December 1995 Assays: Rabeia albinota Fall 1994 (Sample kept frozen after drying.) No alkaloid observed. Nananthus aloides 2 Nov. 1995 Faint DMT band and faint ones of higher and lower Rf.
Used pure reference standards and also P. viridis isolate.

Nananthus albinotus now Rabeia albinota showing seedpod lower left commercial tablets of Sceletium tortuosum Marketed as an OTC SSRI

Summary of other Aizoaceous TLC alkaloid screening

Plate #88 Spring 1994: Nananthus transvaalensis [Note 10] No alkaloids observed Nananthus aff. broomii No alkaloid observed. Nananthus aloides No alkaloids observed
Psychotria viridis standard Nice DMT band; weaker one of lower Rf present.

14

Chapter 5; other succulents

Some Other Succulents Held to be Sacred, Medicinal or Useful

Monadenium lugardae N.E.BR.
This plant is known as Mahumula or Tshulu among the Chopi, and Mhlebe by both the Swati and Zulu. [WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962] While not members of the AIZOACEAE, we decided to include plants such as the Euphorbiaceous Monadenium simply because they are succulents and there seemed no better place for them. EMBODEN 1972 and WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 mention that a piece of the root of this plant is chewed and swallowed (before a big indaba ) to produce visions used for divining and prophetic purposes by the sangomas, ritual diviners and oracles of the Piet Retief region of the Eastern Transvaal. WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 says that in sufficient quantities the roots are believed to produce hallucinations and delirium. They and WATT 1967 state that the plant is widely used as medicine in the Piet Retief area.

Monadenium lugardae is incorporated into a gonorrhea remedy in Portuguese East Africa and said to be poisonous and emetic if taken alone. It is believed by the Zulu and the Swati that to touch the plant or to lie in its shadow will bring certain and violent death. WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK comment that their informant found this belief so strong that local people refused to believe the plant [that he had collected] was genuine simply because he was able to handle it without harm. They further mention that the latex from young growth is believed to be anesthetic and used in the ceremony of throwing the bones. Plant ash is rubbed into scarifications to relieve pain and is used for rheumatism by the Nyanja. The eating of the root is said to cause a burning in the mouth & esophagus and to produce rapid death. There are no alkaloids reported from this species which have been proven or even indicated to be capable of inducing hallucinations. Bioactive components are known; SMITH et al. 1996 cited GUNDIDZA 1985, 1990 & 1991. Insecticidal activity has been reported; SMITH et al. 1996 cited GUNDIDZA 1986. Further work is needed. WATT 1967 suggests Monadenium guentheri P AX.* (Tanganyika), Monadenium heteropodium N.E.B R . (Tanganyika), Monadenium invenustum N.E.BR. (South Africa), and Monadenium schubei PAX.* (South Africa and Tanganyika) be investigated for similar properties. (All but M. invenustum are readily available as ornamental plants.) Monadenium invenustum is used internally as a leaf decoction, by the Kamba, for febrile and chest affections; WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 Monadenium schubei latex, mixed with food, is used by the Pare in Tanganyika as a mild purgative; WATT & BREYERBRANDWIJK 1962 Monadenium lugardae is a very attractive plant with smooth diamond shaped bumps on a green stem. Many times, similar species of Monadenium are sold; misrepresented as M. lugardae. Most specialist suppliers are aware of the problem and offer the true species. M. lugardae is perhaps the most readily available species but a number are in cultivation among collectors. One 1995 mail-order catalog listed 9 species of Monadenium and one additional variety as retail stock. At least 4 more species are also readily available.

Monadenium lugardae (above) Deloserma sp. Kalkkraal (right)

15

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

Some examples: When actively growing and flowering Monadenium grows leaves (and small odd flowers) at the top. Full sun is tolerated but they will do far better with partial sun. They will survive even in low light conditions as house plants but will not grow very much. Water should be withheld from them when the leaves are absent but during hot weather or whenever leaves are present, they should be watered heavily and as frequently as the soil dries out. They can often handle light freezes but should be protected from temperatures below 28o F. Most succulent references say protect them below 45o F. It is best to use a cactus-type soil with excellent drainage but it should be richer than that for most cacti. Easily grown and propagated. Both clusters of stems and masses of tuberous roots are rapidly formed. Usually growth is fast and they also rapidly form many tuberous roots. Clumps can be root divided; they also root well from cuttings. Prevent them from becoming root-bound in order to maintain good health. Either place them in a larger pot or break the plant into smaller ones, dividing the roots as you do so. All Euphorbiaceous species with freely bleeding white sap should have the cut ends first rinsed in clean water to remove excess sap and then be allowed to dry long enough for the milk to coagulate before being replanted. I do not know if the juice is toxic to contact or not. While never having experienced any problems, I would prefer to err on the side of caution and urge you to prevent skin contact with any milky white succulent juice and to promptly wash any that does occur with soap and warm water. Euphorbia spp. in particular can be quite toxic and sometimes are also intensely caustic. As Monadeniums resemble other Euphorbias and also have freely bleeding white milky sap, I have never judged them safe enough to sample. I first bought this plant on an urge, unlabeled and unrooted, several years before reading Emboden. Unless finding reliable verified reports of ritual use and a nonlethal dose in humans, I have no plans to bioassay this one. Monadeniums are very nice plants to have around. Weird and beautiful; they are easily grown. Many commercial suppliers exist. We recommend them highly as an addition to any plant collection. Euphorbiaceous plants are known or reputed to be, at least occasionally, incorporated as additives, or else used as supplemental additions or even substitutes, to traditional hallucinogenic sacraments. Plant said to be so used include Alchornea castaneifolia and Hura crepitans which are sometimes admixture plants incorporated into ayahuasca. Pedilanthus tithymaloides finds use as an ingredient in the purported San Pedro brew known as cimora. Assorted Pedilanthus species are employed in ethnomedicine, added to ayahuasca or else incorporated into the San Pedro brew. Alchornea floribunda and Elaeophorbia drupifera [Note 11] are associated with Iboga. Some, such as the latter two, are apparently active and used on their own or with each other.

Monadenium heteropodum Tanganyika 67.0084

Monadenium ritchei

Monadenium schubei

16

Chapter 5; other succulents

Alchornea latifolia SW. was shown by DURAND et al. 1962 to contain the neurotransmitter GABA. Sebastiania pavonia is rumored to be hallucinogenic. See SCHULTES & HOFMANN 1980 & 1992 and OTT 1993 & 1994 & 1995. Chemical and pharmacological work are needed. All are probably toxic Mildbraedia fallax HUTCH. is said to be irritant, emetic, purgative, and narcotic by WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK, its active principle is said to be the highly volatile methylamine. Methylamine has also been reported from Mercurialis annua L. Euphorbias in general should be considered highly toxic. The milky sap of those such as Euphorbia officinarum, E. orabensis and E. resinifera cause serious harm if contacting the eyes or wounds, yet many are used medicinally. See WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 for a nice discussion of the African EUPHORBIACEAE. The Moroccan Euphorbia resinifera is used to produce a resinous gummy exudate when the corners of the stems are notched and the milky sap allowed to bleed and dry. This euphorbium is a drug known from ancient times as a healing substance and is still employed in veterinary medicine. Euphorbium is similarly obtained from E. canariensis and E. antiquorum. See JACOBSEN 1960 Euphorbia decussata is said by HARGREAVES 1998 to be used in making honey-beer. The Korana name for it is bi:bib [it is also known as kirrimoer sikkirie]. It appears to be used as a fermentation organism source as it is believed to be a kareemoer plant [karee: honey-beer (Khoikhoi) and moer: yeast (South African Dutch)] HARGREAVES cited ENGLBRECHT 1936 & WHITE et al. 1941. The use of Euphorbia davyi in khadi making is said to produce a very strong brew. It is known as tschoo-takhadu in Botswana. HARGREAVES 1998 cited HARGREAVES 1993 Narcotic effects have been reported (in Ghana and South Africa) from Euphorbia convolvuloides HOCHST., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Euphorbia pubescens VAHL. and Euphorbia tiruealli L.; WATT 1967 refers to: AINSLIE 1937, BURTT-DAVY 1913, STEYN 1929, STEYN 1933 and VAN DER WALT & STEYN 1940. Not all Euphorbias are poisonous. Euphorbia esculenta (from Willowmore, South Africa) is used for cattle fodder. Euphorbia hamata (from Little Namaqualand) is known by the Afrikaaners as Beeskraag (Oxens Strength). It is claimed that when these plants are fed to fatigued oxen they are enabled to work as strongly as ever. See JACOBSEN 1960. Numerous Euphorbiaceous plants are used in ethnomedicine. Euphorbia pennicillata Millsp. finds its roots used as a purgative in Peru. YACOVLEFF & HERRERA 1935 A couple of the Mexican species: Euphorbia maculata Linn. has its juice applied for ringworm and other skin diseases. Its common name is Yerba de la Golodrina. HOLMES 1921 Phyllanthus lathyroides H.B.&K. Leaf decoction is used to wash eye infection. A poultice made from moistened leaves is applied to boils. Leaf tea is used as an emetic. Common name: shka-nin-du (Mazatec in Mexico). SCHULTES 1969: page 142. A variety of medicinal applications are known involving other succulents. Aloe africana, Aloe ferox, Aloe perryi, Aloe succotrina and Aloe vera are perhaps the best known sources for their bitter principle aloin which finds use as a powerful laxative drug. Aloe arborescens (Barbados Aloe) and Aloe vera are well known and widely used as a topical burn treatment. Aloe vera juice, taken internally, is also widely used in folk medicine for treating ulcers and gastroenteritis. Its active principle acemannan has been approved by the FDA for veterinary use (injected) to help localize and nodulate tumors to make them easier to remove surgically. There is also the interesting veterinary study by SHEETS and coworkers in the March 1991 issue of Molecular Biotherapy, in which they reported a successful treatment of a significant fraction of cats afflicted with feline leukemia using intravenous acemannan. For related articles on medicinal uses of Aloe vera, see: GRIBEL & PASHINSKI 1986 MCANALLEY et al. 1988 PERRY et al. 1991 PULSE & UHLIG 1990 SOEDA 1969 And, for a list of references on studies involving Aloe juice or extracts for treating burns, cancers, inflammation, diabetes, ulcers, infections and hepatic lesions, see HEDENDAL Many different succulents from several families are used world wide as sources of sugar and other carbohydrates for brewing alcoholic beverages. Probably the most famous is Agave atrovirens, the source of, what is generally held as the Mexican national drink, pulque. A number of the Mesembryanthemums find their leaves consumed for thirst by both people and animals due to their high water content. Numerous succulents are eaten as food. Several of the Mesembryanthemums are used as local foods in South Africa. Some, such as Carpobrotus acinaciformis L.BOL. and Carpobrotus edulis L.BOL. are cultivated for their sweet fruits (Hottentot Figs). C. deliciosus L.BOL., C. fourcadei L.BOL. and C. muirii L.BOL. are also used for their fruit. Lithops hookeri S CHW . and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. are both eaten as food. Nananthus aloides SCHW. roots are also eaten by humans. An herbarium note presented by VON REIS ALTSCHUL 1973 [entry number 932] indicates that Trianthema portulacastrum is used as a vegetable in Siam. Tetragonia expansa and Tetragonia tetragonioides are widely cultivated for food and usually are known as New Zealand spinach, Malabar spinach or sea spinach. Others, such as Tetragonia schenkii ENGL., have proven livestock toxicity. (Fatal to sheep in experimental dosages of 250 and 500 grams.) Many Aizoaceous members have a substantial oxalic acid content. Many are a good source of ascorbic acid. Besides various alkaloids in varying amounts, they often contain a variety of mineral and organic salts and sometimes small organic acids which can cause problems in grazing animals [Note 12]

17

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

In spite of this, they are highly prized as essential grazing material in many parts of southern Africa. Stock are known to safely eat: Dactylopsis digitata N.E.B R ., Drosanthemum floribundum S CHW ., Drosanthemum lique SCHW., Eberlandzia spinosa SCHW., Galenia africana L., Lithops hookeri SCHW., Mestoklema tuberosum N.E.BR. and var. macrorhizum N.E.BR. Goats are said to eat Pleiospilos bolusii N.E.Br. and Pleiospilos simulans N.E.Br. The Portulacaceous Anacampseros rhodesica N.E.BR. has been used (in Rhodesia) as an ingredient in beer making WATT 1967 refers to WILD 1953. It is also thought to have narcotic effects of its own. WATT refers to DORNAN 19271930. Anacampseros papyraceae, A. rhodesica & A. ustulata are said by HARGREAVES 1998 to have been listed under the name moerhoutjie by SMITH 1966 implying their use was as a yeast source. Similarly A. alstoni is also said to be used for yeast. The use of Anacampseros rhodesica has been outlawed in Zimbabwe. Clearly both the Mesembryanthemums and a broad range of succulents bear much closer scrutiny and evaluation. practice.) [JACOBSEN 1960 considers M. mahoni to be Delosperma mahonii.] Mestoklema tuberosum N.E.BR. is similarly used for brewing intoxicating beverages and occasionally for bread making, by Europeans. It apparently is a better source of yeast than M. mahonii. HARGREAVES 1998 comments that it tested positive for an alkaloid (apparently unidentified) but appears to lack reports of intoxicating effects. Interestingly, a Pleiospilos species was determined to have a pharmacological activity similar to Sceletium (when prepared similarly and chewed). Anonymous 2004 Psilocaulon absimile N.E.B R . was noticed to be responsible for livestock poisoning and found to contain several principles capable of killing animals. Dry plant contains 8.66% oxalic acid and also 4.5% piperidine [Note 13]. Moisture content was found to be 67.75%. Ruschia saxicola L.BOL. is suspected in livestock deaths but oral evaluations in rabbits were negative. Sceletium anatomicum L.BOL. This was prepared In the early days by the Hottentots by beating the whole plant together, twisting this and allowing the mass to ferment. It was chewed to quench thirst and is said to be intoxicating if chewed immediately after fermentation. Hottentots prized it for increasing strength. It is said to be narcotic and is used as a sedative by native people in the Willowmore district. STEYN was unable to observe these effects in animal studies. The plant is chewed by the Bushman as an intoxicant. Bushman mothers also use it to quiet infants. One drop of the fresh juice is claimed to produce as much as 5 hours of sleep in a baby. The intoxicating effect observed in Bushman users is said to be marked and persistent. Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR . is also chewed by the Hottentots for toothache. It was also used as mentioned above for S. anatomicum It is said to be narcotic only after fermentation. It is used as a narcotic in the Queenstown district. The aerial portions of the plant is combined with those of S. expansum and used under the name kougoed by the Bushman in Namaqualand. HERRE 1971 commented that there was still a commercial market locally for this plant. Trichodiadema stellatum is used for brewing beer and for bread making. HARGREAVES 1998 notes that it is believed to contain an intoxicating alkaloid (probably mesembrine) Positive general alkaloid tests in the AIZOACEAE, (by ZWICKY): Aptenia cordifolia SCHW. Aridaria splendens SCHW. Aridaria umbelliflora SCHW. Delosperma cooperi L.BOL. Delosperma ecklonis SCHW. Delosperma lehmannii SCHW. Delosperma subincanum SCHW. Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW. Drosanthemum hispidum SCHW. Lampranthus scaber N.E.BR. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum N.E.BR. Mestoklema tuberosum N.E.BR. Oscularia caulescens SCHW. Prenia relaxata N.E.BR. Ruschia congesta L.BOL. Ruschia multiflorum SCHW. Ruschia rubricaulis L.BOL.

Miscellaneous Notes on other members of the AIZOACEAE

A number of Aizoceous plants are used medicinally or else thought or known to be poisonous. A mention of species thought to contain mesembrine was presented earlier. A brief list of some of the AIZOACEAE follows; more information can be found by consulting WATT & BREYERBRANDWIJK 1962, our source for most of the following information or see pages 233 & 234-235. Conophytum spp. were mentioned earlier as suspected narcotic plants. Corbichonia decumbens EXCELL. is used by the Zulu as a root decoction for biliousness and in larger amounts as an emetic. A Drosanthemum species ( prob . Drosanthemum hispidum Schw.) proved toxic to rabbits in experiments. It was found to have a moisture content of 62% and an oxalic acid content of 26.6%. Drosanthemum floribundum is proven to be an excellent feed for stock, ewes, lambs and ostriches in spite of the possible identification of mesembrine by ZWICKY. Galenia africana L. is chewed by the Hottentots for toothaches; said to cause blisters if too much is used. Hymenocylus smithii L.BOL.: a 720 gram dosage was proven to produce death in sheep within 8 hours. Khadia acutipetala N.E.B R . roots are used in the Transvaal for making kaffir beer and the leaves for a hot water extract, used by the southern Rhodesian Manyika for application to sore eyes. Mesembryanthemum aitonis JACQ. is suspected of causing poisoning in cattle. Experimental administration produced pharmacological effects but not death in a dosage of 4 kilograms. Mesembryanthemum mahoni N.E.BR. (which is now either Delosperma mahoni N.E.B R . or Glottiphyllum linguiforme N.E.BR.) roots are used by the Bantu for making an intoxicating beer. It is sometimes used by Europeans for breadmaking but this is considered a dangerous

18

Chapter 5; other succulents

Ruschia tumidula SCHW. Sceletium expansum L.BOL. Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR. Trichodiadema intonsum SCHW. Trichodiadema stellatum SCHW. From WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962: page 4. All of the above and also Lampranthus glomeratum N.E.Br. and Glottiphyllum lingueforme N.E.B R . are considered by H ERRE 1971 to contain at least some Mesembrine. He offers no references to support this. A point to remember is that mesembrine (mesembrin) as was isolated and named by HARTWICH & ZWICKY in 1914 was an amorphous base that most likely was actually a mixture of alkaloids. Mesembs reported to contain mesembrine alkaloids: Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L.Bol. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L.Bol. (unconfirmed) Drosanthemum floribundum SCHW. Drosanthemum hispidum SCHW. (unconfirmed) Sceletium anatomicum (HAW.) L.BOL. (unconfirmed) Sceletium expansum (L.) L.BOL. Sceletium namaquense L.BOL. Trichodiadema barbatum SCHWANTES (unconfirmed) Trichodiadema bulbosum (MILLER) SCHWANTES (unconfirmed) Trichodiadema intonsum (HAW.) SCHWANTES (unconfirmed) FESTI & SAMORINI 1995 Mesembryanthemum Reviews: FESTI & SAMORINI 1995 SMITH et al. 1996 Bergeranthus scapiger (HAW.) N.E.BR 4-O-demethylmesembrenol & mesembrenone SMITH et al. 1998 Channa (the prepared drug) was determined to contain mesembrine , mesembrenone and channanine by BODENDORF & KRIEGER 1957 [from JEFFS et al. 1969] Alkaloid content said to range from 1-1.5% with mesembrine at 0.7% and mesembrenine at 0.2% POPELAK & LETTENBAAUER 1967 See comments earlier from SMITH et al. 1998 Conophytum spp. Said to contain dopaxanthin. [citing WYLER 1979 which simply mentions it.] vulgaxanthin I i.e. (4-[[(4-Amino-1-carboxy-4oxobutyl)imino]ethylidene]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,6pyridinedicarboxylic acid) SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited PIATELLI et al. 1965 and SINGER et al. 1980. (But meaning S INGER & E LBE 1980). All of these isolated this compound from beets rather than Conophytum!

Miscellaneous Notes on some additional Aizoaceous Chemistry

Note that the alkaloids mentioned by SMITH et al. 1998 were all at trace levels except for Sceletium tortuosum and Aptenia cordifolia, Delosperma pruinosum & D. minimum which had much lower concentrations than did the Sceletium. Unidentified alkaloids were present at low to moderate levels in D. cooperi, D. pottsii & Lampracanthus aureus Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) SCHWANT. 4-O-demethylmesembrenol , mesembrine & 3 unidentified alkaloids SMITH et al. 1998

Conophytum lekkersingense

Aptenia cordifolia bottom right

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Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

Delosperma cooperi (HOOK.f.) L.BOL. forma cooperi 4-O-demethylmesembrenol , mesembrenone & 1 unidentified alkaloid Delosperma lebombense (L.BOL.) LAVIS Mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids Delosperma minimum LAVIS 4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids Delosperma obtusum L.BOL. 4-O-demethylmesembrenol Delosperma pruinosum (THUNB.) J.INGRAM 4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine, mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids Delosperma pottsii (L.BOL.) L.BOL. 4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrine, mesembrenone & 4 unidentified alkaloids Delosperma rogersii (SCHOENL. & BERGER) L.BOL. var. rogersii 4-O-demethylmesembrenol & 2 unidentified alkaloids SMITH et al. 1998 Drosanthemum floribundum (HAW.) SCHWANT. 1 kg. of the flowers were found to contain the pigments: caffeyl-feruloyl-betanin (12 mg.), caffeyl-feruloylisobetanin (5 mg.), caffeyl-betanin (7 mg.) and caffeyl-isobetanin (4 mg.) (all are acylated betacyanins) IMPELLIZZERI et al. 1973 Drosanthemum hispidum (L.) SCHWANT. var. hispidum 4-O-demethylmesembrenol & mesembrenone Drosanthemum bicolor L.BOL. 4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998 Glottiphyllum longum (HAW.) N.E.BR. 10 grams of flower petals yielded 3 mg. of the orange betaxanthin pigment, dopaxanthin. IMPELLIZZERI et al. 1973 Glottiphyllum longum (HAW.) N.E.BR var. longum 1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998 Lampranthus aureus (L.) N.E.BR. 4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids Lampranthus blandus Mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids Lampranthus coccineus (HAW.) N.E.BR Mesembrenone & 1 unidentified alkaloid Lampranthus deltoides (L.) WIJNANDS 1 unidentified alkaloid Lampranthus roseus (WILLD.) SCHWANT. Mesembrenone & 1 unidentified alkaloid Lampranthus spectabilis (HAW.) N.E.BR. subsp. spectabilis 4-O-demethylmesembrenol, mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids SMITH et al. 1998

Lampranthus aureus
Mesembryanthemum conspicuum Mesembryanthemum edule Mesembryanthemum floribundum Mesembryanthemins (Structures unknown. Glycosides of betanidin or isobetanidin. Pigments. I-III are recognized. SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited PIATELLI et al. 1964 Oscularia deltoides 1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998 Ruschia lineolata (HAW.) SCHWANT. 1 unidentified alkaloid SMITH et al. 1998 Sceletium expansum (as Mesembryanthemum expansum) Mesembrine MERCK 9th cited HARTWICK & ZWICKY 1914 and RIMINGTON et al. 1938 Sceletium joubertii L.BOL. 0.1% total crude alkaloid (dry weight?) Hordenine (from aerial parts) (S)-Joubertiamine (from aerial parts) (4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2cyclohexen-1-one)

Glottiphyllum longum

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Chapter 5; other succulents

2,3-Dihydrojoubertiamine (from aerial parts) (4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2cyclohexanone) Dehydrojoubertiamine (trace alkaloid from aerial parts) (4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5c y c l o h e x a d i e n - 1 - o n e ) ARNDT & KRUGER 1970 Joubertinamine (0.009% by fresh weight) i.e. (4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]2-cyclohexen-1-ol or 4-(N-methyl-amnoethyl)-4-(3,4dimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl-2-en-1-ol) PSOTTA et al. 1979 Sceletium Dihydropyridone base (not named in reference) SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS et al. 1982 Mesembrenone (AKA Mesembrenine or Mesembrinine) CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982 SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited POPELAK et al. 1960 [4-O-Demethylmesembrenone SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS et al. 1974 but the only reference to this compound included in their experimental section was that isolated from S. strictum.] 7-Mesembrenone (-)-Mesembrine (-)-Mesembrane (minor alkaloid) (-)-3-Methoxy-4-O-methyljoubertiamine (minor alkaloid) CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982 (-)-3-Methoxy-4-O-methyljoubertiaminol JEFFS et al. 1982 Sceletenone (minor alkaloid) JEFFS et al. 1974a Tortuosamine CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1982 N-Formyltortuosamine JEFFS et al. 1974a & JEFFS et al. 1982 (not observed by CAPPS et al. 1977; used only to prepare a reference sample of tortuosamine) N-Acetyltortuosamine Dihydropyridone base related to Sceletium alkaloid A4 JEFFS et al. 1982 Unidentified alkaloids CAPPS et al. 1977 & JEFFS et al. 1974a & 1982 Sceletium strictum L.BOL. Channaine (Thought to probably be an artifact derived from dimerization of normesembrenone following racemization) ABOU-DONIA et al. 1978 (See also JEFFS 1981; review) Mesembrenol JEFFS et al. 1970, JEFFS et al. 1974b & JEFFS et al. 1978 JEFFS et al. 1971a (70-90% of total alkaloid: used whole plants; 1-2 years old from seed) O-Acetylmesembrenol 4-O-Demethylmesembranol 4-O-Demethylmesembrenol JEFFS et al. 1970 4-O-Demethylmesembrenone JEFFS et al. 1974a & JEFFS et al. 1978 Mesembrine (N-Methyl-3a-(3,4dimethoxyphenyl)6-oxo-cis-octahydroindole) JEFFS et al. 1971a [1% of total alkaloid (used whole plants; 1-2 years old from seed)] JEFFS et al. 1970 (used 3 year old plants) JEFFS et al. 1974b & JEFFS et al. 1978 (also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b) N-Demethylmesembrenol SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited KRUGER et al. 1971 Mesembrenone (AKA Mesembrenine or Mesembrinine) JEFFS et al. 1970 & JEFFS et al. 1974b (Also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b)

Sceletium joubertii Photo by Kamm

Sceletium namaquense L.BOL. 4-[3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[2(acetylmethylamino)ethyl] cyclohexanone [i.e. 4-[2(Acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one according to SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM] 4-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[2(acetylmethylamino)ethyl] cyclohexadienone [i.e. 4[3-(Acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-hydroxy-3,4dimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one according to SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM] JEFFS et al. 1982 N-Acetyl-N-methyl-N,7a-secomesembrine (minor component) N-Methyl-4'-O-demethyl-N,7asecomesembradienone (minor component) SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited JEFFS 1981 Sceletium Alkaloid A4 i.e. (3a-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline) (small amounts) CAPPS et al. 1977, JEFFS et al. 1971c, 1974a & 1982

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Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

N-Demethyl-formylmesembrenone KARLE 1977 (investigated structure) cited KARLE 1976 as isolating it. N-Demethylmesembranol SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited CAPPS et al. 1977 but this citation is apparently in error (-)-Mesembranol (AKA Mesembrinol) JEFFS et al. 1970 & JEFFS et al. 1978 Also observed in JEFFS et al. 1971b and by SHAMMA & RODRIGUEZ 1965 (from JEFFS et al. 1969) SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited SMITH et al. 1961 Sceletenone JEFFS et al. 1978 Sceletium subvelutinum L.BOL. N,N-Dimethyltyramine (Hordenine) O-Methyljoubertiamine [i.e. (4-[2(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2cyclohexen-1-one)] [also by NIEWENHUIS et al. 1981] O-Methyldehydrojoubertiamine O-Methyldihydrojoubertiamine [NIEWENHUIS et al. 1981] Dehydrojoubertiamine Joubertiamine Dihydrojoubertiamine HERBERT & KATTAH 1990 Sceletium tortuosum N.E.BR. 4-O-demethylmesembrenol , mesembrine , mesembrenone & 2 unidentified alkaloids [4-Odemethylmesembrenol, mesembrine, mesembrenone were present in a ratio of 8.1:100:69.4] SMITH et al. 1998 Sceletium Alkaloid A 4 [i.e. (3a-(3,4Dimethoxyphenyl)2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-1-methyl1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline.)] SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O. Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers. Channaine (Thought to probably be an artifact derived from dimerization of normesembrenone following racemization) ABOU-DONIA et al. 1978 See also JEFFS 1981; review. Mesembrine [MERCK 9th cited HARTWICK & ZWICKY 1914 and RIMINGTON et al. 1938. See comments earlier. Mesembrinone SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O. Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers. Mesembranol (AKA Mesembrinol) SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O. Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers. SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM cited SMITH et al. 1961. Tortuosamine SNYCKERS et al. 1971 citing unpublished results of F.O. Snyckers, H.W. Pretorius & A. Weichers.

Sceletium tortuosum

Sceletium subvelutinum Photo by Kamm

Sceletium tortuosum Photo by Kamm

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Chapter 5; other succulents

Endnotes for Some other Succulents

Note 1: The name Mesembryanthemum is used for the genus which includes the common Ice Plants (usually Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) now found as road side plantings and well established along the western coast of the United States. More frequently it is used to describe a multigeneric group, known as ice plants or living stones, which are known collectively as the mesembryanthemums. Some, such as Lithops spp. are very popular among cactus and succulent collectors. Many suppliers specialize in these fascinating succulents. Note 2: Observations being mentioned are ours. The published literature has reported DMTs presence in all except D. leptolobus which is lacking any in-depth or formal analysis despite its ongoing use as a sacramental hallucinogen in humans. Note 3: Most members of the MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE have been transferred to the AIZOACEAE, the rest have been scattered throughout other families. Note 4: Another South African genus of Mesembryanthemums, Conophytum spp., have been reported to have narcotic properties. by WATT 1967. His reference, WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962 mentioned that the genus was considered to have narcotic properties by the late Dr. Louis Leipoldt. Apparently this was otherwise unpublished. I can locate no chemical or pharmacological evaluations of these beautiful little clump formers. There is little chance that these little living pebbles would ever be confused with any of the other mesembs discussed here. Conophytum species are readily and widely available. (There are 290 described species.) They are somewhat tricky as they require a period of dormancy, similar to that of Lithops, when they appear to be dry and shriveled dead plant remnants. Removal of this apparently dead growth at any point will usually kill these plants. They must not be watered during the rest period but may require occasional light mistings to keep them alive. They grow readily from seed; many suppliers exist. Be certain to study their growth requirements well before attempting to grow these amazing living stones. Note 5: Both OTT and AARDVARK reported full activity from 25 grams of pounded (or finely ground) root bark that was soaked in two changes of cold neutral water; each for less than an hour. When questioned, at a Botanical Preservation Corps seminar on Maui during January of 1994, Dr. Dennis McKenna said Mimosa hostilis was thought to be active due to the presence of similar lignins but we have been unable to find any published work which proves (or supports) this except for Virola. The oral activity of Mimosa hostilis roots was an unexamined area pharmacologically until amazingly recently. See the 1999 Entheogen Review 8 (1): 22-24, for successful bioassays of cold water infusions reported by Jonathan Ott and David Aardvark. (Mimosa ophthalmocentra & M. verrucosa are also known to be used traditionally for jurema preparation.)

Note 6: The first stage is often characterized by aggression in some reports but even in early reports, mentioned in SAFFORD 1916b, on page 553, it has also been noted that the tendency towards aggression in the first stage was present primarily in tribes of a militant and warlike nature and was absent in traditionally less violent societies. The second stage, when large amounts are used, of the lighter intoxication being followed by a fitful sleep and delirium is encountered more uniformly in the anthropological and ethnopharmacological literature. Note 7: Khadi appears to involve multiple plants including the fruits of Grewia species. Grewia species have been reported to contain many alkaloids including traces of carbolines. See ROSLER et al 1978. The production of the brew khadi is known to have arisen after the introduction of sugar by the Europeans but there is a distinct possibility that the plants involved reflects a prior ethnomedicinal familiarity to indigenous people. While the primary intoxicant in khadi appears to be alcohol, the complex of plants involved and the potential pharmacological interactions is an area in serious need of in-depth study. Note 8: On a specimen [DIETERLAN 142b] in the herbarium of the Agricultural Research Station in Maseru, Lesotho. It was given a local common name of Khadi. Note 9: Acculturation; Such a polite word for what is quite literally a deliberate if not systematic cultural extermination. A very few of the many intriguing but poorly investigated African medicinals: Boophane distacha (L.f.) HERB. [AMARYLLIDACEAE] Bulbs are used in initiation ceremonies by the South African Basuto. It is known to contain alkaloids but more work is needed to define their activity in humans. Ingestion of a bulb decoction has been proven to cause hallucinations; DESMET 1996 cited LAING 1979. NYAZEMA 1984 & GELFAND et al. 1985 list it as having traditional use in Zimbabwe to arouse animal spirits; DESMET 1996.

young Boophane distacha

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Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

bark is used to get high. DESMET 1996 cited BISSET 1985. Interesting overviews for many of these and other African medicinal plants can be found in WATT 1967 and in WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962. See also DESMET 1999. There is also the poorly understood complex of stimulants cooked with food and eaten in huge amounts by Masai warriors to attain courage, bravery and endurance; often leading to a frenzied state of CNS overload and eventual exhaustion. This has been variously said to include: Acacia spp. (Acacia nilotica, A. seyal bark & A. abyssinica roots), Albizia anthelmintica bark, Cissus quandangularis, Embelia kilimandschrika ENGL. (bark), Maesea lanceolata FORSK. (fruit and/or roots), Myrica spp., Pappea capensis (bark) & others. LEHMANN & MIHALYI 1982 Note 10: HARGREAVES lists ntsakoro and motsoko as common names in Botswana and notes that it does not appear to be used as a fermentation organism source. Note 11: This plant was also a seldom used ordeal poison in the Ivory Coast region. Common names included baga, do, dohe, douo, faman, gbo, klatou, and tene. In some tribes, the accused had the latex spread on their eyes and guilt was pronounced if there was damage to the cornea. ROBB 1957 Note 12: Due also to their high salt and mineral content many generate a highly basic ash which finds many uses in local medicines and soap making. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum is widely prized both as ash and as plants for soap making. The use of the fresh plant for cleaning is thought by some researchers to be due to their saponin content but as WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK point out this is no doubt substantially enhanced by the alkali nature of the plant itself. Sodium and potassium salts have been isolated from the leaves with yields of 43% by dry weight. Note 13: T.A. Henry p. 1, citing: 1935 Ber. 36: 2218; 1927 Helv. Chim. Acta 10: 593; 1934 S. Afr. J. Sc. 31: 184. Piperidine is also found in: Petrosimonia monandra Author? 1939 J. Gen. Chem. URSS 9: 1687 (N-Methylpiperidine is found in Girgensohnia.)

Ferraria glutinosa (Bak.) Rendle [IRIDACEAE] roots are said to have been used by the !Kung of the Kalahari to help enter an altered state of consciousness in trance dances. It is believed to help activate num (the energy which originates from the gods) when used in conjunction with a complex proces of purification, diet & ritual. This may still be used by some but at least one group has apparently lost the knowledge of preparation and dosages in recent years when such information failed to be passed on by their elders. See Richard KATZ 1982. See also DOBKIN DE RIOS 1986 and WINKELMAN & DOBKIN DE RIOS 1989. gwa is a root I do not know an identity for. It is used by the !Kung of the Kalahari to help induce kia; an altered state of consciousness considered to be a prerequisite for healing practices. KATZ 1982 Hartogia capensis L. f. (CELASTRACEAE), (from South Africa), the leaves of which are chewed for thirst, fatigue prevention and appetite suppression. WATT 1967 cites WATT & BREYER-BRANDWIJK 1962. Lichtensteinia interrupta E. MEY. (from the Cape Province), the roots of which are used to make a narcotic drink. WATT 1967 cites DRAGENDORFF 1898. Mitragyna africana (RUBIACEAE) was once used as a leaf infusion by the Dyid, a Bambara spirit medium cult, with applications as an initiatory catalyst and sacrament similar to those of the well known African sacrament Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga). Both its use and the Dyid themselves were suppressed by the government in the 1940s and driven to exist amidst great secrecy in remote areas of Mali. See IMPERATO 1977 who cited G. CHEVON 1931. A hallucinatory principle has not been identified. Mostuea gabonica BAILLON & Mostuea stimulans A.CHEV. HERB. [LOGIANACEAE] (from Fernan-Vaz region of Gabon) Roots are chewed as an aphrodisiac and to prevent sleep during drumming and dancing [DESMET 1996 cited CHEVALLIER 1946 & 1947] Alkaloids similar to gelsemine and sempervirine have been reported from the root bark of M. stimulans (0.33% total alkaloid content in rootbark) but neither was actually positively identified. DESMET 1996 cited PARIS & MOYSE-MIGNON 1949].Gelsemine & sempervirine both occur in the common landscape plant Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) AIT which is suspected of causing visual hallucinations and has formerly been used as a stimulant but fell into disfavor due to a dangerous reputation. [Gelsemium is believed similar to but weaker than strychnine in its action. Strychnine is reputed to be hallucinogenic at sub-convulsive dosage levels] See MERCK Index. Pancratium trianthum HERB. [AMARYLLIDACEAE] Bulbs are claimed to be rubbed into cuts made on the head to induce visual hallucinations (by the !Kung in Botswana) SCHULTES & HOFMANN 1980. Schumanniophyton klaineanum (PIERRE) A. CHEV. bark is chewed in small amounts to prevent sleep. (In Gabon) Large dosages are said to produce an exceptional degree of aphrodisiac action and to be harmful to the health. WATT 1967 cites WALKER 1953. Voacanga bracteata [APOCYNACEAE] (from Gabon) has an herbarium voucher with an annotation that the

Sceletium sp. nova

An unnamed Sceletium collection determined by human bioassay to be at least as active as S. tortuosum

24

Chapter 5; other succulents

References for Some other Succulents

Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1999) Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) 8 (1): 22-24 [Ott & Aardvarks MAOI-less jurema bioassays]

Abou-Donia, A. et al. (1978) Journal of the Chemical Society D. Chemical Communications 1078-1079. X-Ray Crystal and Molecular Structure of Channaine, an Unusual Alkaloid, Probably an Artefact from Sceletium strictum. (Amina AbouDonia, Peter W. Jeffs, Andrew T. McPhail & Richard W. Miller)
Ainslie, J.R. (1937) A List of Plants Used in Native Medicine in Nigeria. Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford. Institute Paper No. 7. 109 pages. (From WATT 1967) Bisset, N.G. (1985) Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85 Number 3: 115-122. Uses of Voacanga species. [From DESMET 1996] Bodendorf, K. & P. Kloss (1961) Archiv der Pharmazie 66: 654-661. ber Abbau und Biogenese der Alkaloide Mesembrin und Mesembrenin. [From DESMET 1996] Bodendorf, K. & W. Krieger (1957) Archiv der Pharmazie 62: 441-448. ber die Alkaloide von Mesembryanthemum tortuosum L. [From DESMET 1996] Burt-Davy, J. (1913) Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa 6: 66. (From WATT 1967) Capps, T.M. et al. (1977) Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkins Transactions II 8: 1098-1104. Sceletium Alkaloids. Part 7. Structure and Absolute Stereochemistry of (-)-Mesembrane and 3-Methoxy-4- O methyljoubertiamine, Two Minor Bases from S. Namaquense L. Bolus: X-Ray Analysis of (-)-Mesembrane Hydrochloride Monohydrate. (Thomas M. Capps, Karl D. Hargrave, Peter W. Jeffs & Andrew T. McPhail) Charalampous et al. (1964) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 145 (2): 242-246. Metabolic Fate of -(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine (Mescaline) in Humans: Isolation and Identification of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic Acid. [K.D. Charalampous, Antonio Orengo, K.E. Walker and John Kinross-Wright] Charalampous et al. (1966) Psychopharmacologia 9: 4863. Metabolic Fate of Mescaline in Man. (K.D. Charalampous, K.E. Walker and John Kinross-Wright) Chevalier, A. (1946) Comptes Rendus de lAcademie des Sciences 223: 767-769. Le Sata mbwanda racine stimulante et aphrodisiaque employe par les Noirs du Gabon et son identification botanique. Chevalier, A. (1947) Revue de Botanique Applique 27: 104109. Les Mostuea africains et leurs proprits stimulantes. [From DESMET 1996] Chevon, G. (1931) Journal de la Socit des Africanistes 1: 285-289. Le Dyid. Cole, D.T. (1995) Setswana Animals and Plants. Botswana Society: Gaborone. [From HARGREAVES 1998] DeSmet, Peter A.G.M. (1996) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50: 141-146. Some ethnopharmacological notes on African hallucinogens.

DeSmet, A.G.M. Peter (1999) Herbs, Health, Healers. Africa as Ethnopharmacological Treasury . Afrika Museum; Berg en Dal, Netherlands. ISBN 90-71611-094. 180 pages Deulofeu, Venancio (1973) Cincia e Cultura 25 (7): 649659 Distribution of indolethylamines and -carbolines in plants. Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1986) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 15 (3): 297-304. Enigma of DrugInduced Altered States of Consciousness Among the !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert. Dornan, S.S. (1927-1930) Bantu Studies 3: 185 (From WATT 1967) Dragendorff, George (1898) Die Heilpflanzen der Verschiedenen Vlker und Zeiten . Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart. [Reprinted in 1967 by Werner Fritsch: Mnchen (Munich).] Durand, E. et al. (1962) Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology 14: 562-566. Simple hypotensive and hypertensive principles from some West Indian medicinal plants. [E. Durand, E.V. Ellington, P.C. Feng, L.J. Haynes, K.E. Magnus & N. Philip] Eleusis: Piante e Composti Psicoattivi/ Journal of Psychedelic Plants and Compounds. New Series 1998 onward (Giorgio Samorini; editor) A bargain at $50/ year for 2 issues: c/o Museo Civico di Roverto, Largo S. Catarna, 43, 38068 Roverto (TN), Italy eleusis@telestrion.it [Payments to Telestrion, via De Amicis, 32, 40050 Dozza (BO), Italy) Emboden, William (1972) Narcotic Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York. Engelbrecht, J.A. (1936) The Korana. Cape Town. [From HARGREAVES 1998] Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) [Volumes 16 (1992-1997), edited by Jim DeKorne. Beginning with Volume 7 (1998) onward: edited by David Aardvark] ISSN 1066-1913. $25 per year (4 issues) Entheogen Review, POB 19820, Sacramento, CA 95819-0820. FERNANDEZ DISTEL, A. (1980) Estudios Arqueologicos. (Universidad de Chile, Antofagasta) 5: 55-79. Hallazgo de pipas en complejos preceramicos del borde de la Puna Jujena (Republica Argentina) y el empleo de alucingenos por parte de las mismas culturas. Festi, Francesco & Giorgio Samorini (1995) Eleusis 2: 2834. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.BROWN in PHILLIPS (Fico degli Ottentotto / Hottentots Fig). Gelfand, M. et al. (1985) The Traditional medical practitioner in Zimbabwe. His principles of practice and pharmacopoeia. (page 108) Mambo Press: Gweru. [M. Gelfand, S. Mavi, R.B. Drummond & B. Ndemera] [From DESMET 1996] Gundidza, M. (1985) Central African Journal of Medicine 31: 238-239. Phytochemical screening of some Zimbabwean medicinal plants. [From DESMET 1996] Gundidza, M. (1986) Planta Medica 558. Insecticidal activity of Monadenium lugardae. [From DESMET 1996] Gundidza, M. (1990) Fitoterapia 61: 442-444. Action of Monadenium lugardiae latex on guinea-pig ileum. [From DESMET 1996]

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Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

Gundidza, M. (1991) Central African Journal of Medicine 37: 141-144. Effect of methanol extract from Monadenium lugardiae on contractile activity of guineapig ileum. [From DESMET 1996] Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1991) The Ingens Bull. 4: 27-28. Psychoactive Mesembs. [From HARGREAVES 1998] Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1993) The Euphorbiaceae Study Group Bull. 6 (1): 14-18. Euphorbia davyi and other khadi sources. [From HARGREAVES 1998] Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1998) Plants Used to Make Khadi. [Paper presented at the Huntingtons Annual Succulent Symposium 1998. Copy kindly furnished by author.] Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1999) Eleusis 3: 100-104. Piante impiegate nella preparazione del Khadi (Sud Africa). Plants used to make Khadi (South Africa) Hartwich, C. & E. Zwicky (1914) Apotheker-Zeitung 29: 925-926, 937-939, 949-950 & 961-962. ber Channa, ein Genussmittel der Hottentotten. [From DESMET 1996] Hedendal, B.E. in Health Consciousness Vol 13 (1): 14-17. Henry, Thomas Anderson (1949) The Plant Alkaloids. Fourth Edition (Second Edition was 1924) Herbert, Richard B. & Abdullah E. Kattah (1990) Tetrahedron 46 (20): 7105-7118. The Biosynthesis of Sceletium Alkaloids in Sceletium Subvelutinum L. Bolus. Herre, H. (1971) The Genera of the Mesembryanthemaceae.Tafelberg-Uitgewers Beperk Cape Town. ISBN 0 624 00002 8 Holmes, E.M. (1921) Journal of the American Medical Association 10 (2): 103-105, Mexican Herbs and Drugs. Impellizzeri, G. et al. (1973) Phytochemistry 12 (9): 22932294. A New Betaxanthin from Glottiphyllum longum. [Guiseppe Impellizzeri, Mario Piatelli & Sebastiano Sciuto] Impellizzeri, G. et al. (1973) Phytochemistry 12 (9): 22952296. Acylated Betacyanins from Drosanthemum floribundum. [Guiseppe Impellizzeri, Mario Piatelli & Sebastiano Sciuto] Imperato, Pascal James (1977) African Folk Medicine. York Press: Baltimore. 251 pages. ISBN 0-912752-08-4 Jacobsen, Hermann (1960) A Handbook of Succulent Plants: Descriptions, Synonyms and Cultural Details For Succulents Other Than Cactaceae. Volume 3. Mesembryanthemums (Ficoidaceae). Blandford Press, London. Jeffs, P.W. (1981) Alkaloids (N.Y.) 19: 26. [From SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM] Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1969) Journal of the American Chemical Society 91 (14): 3831-3839. Structure of the Mesembranols and the Absolute Configuration of Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids. (P.W. Jeffs, Richard L. Hawks & D.S. Farrier) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1970) Journal of Organic Chemistry 35 (10): 3512-3518. Alkaloids of Sceletium Species. III. The Structures of Four New Alkaloids from S. strictum. (P.W. Jeffs, G. Ahmann, H.F. Campbell, D.S. Farrier, G. Ganguli & Richard L. Hawks) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)a Journal of the American Chemiscal Society 93 (15): 3752-3758. Biosynthesis of Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids. The Amino Acid Precursors. (Peter W. Jeffs, W.C. Archie, Richard L. Hawks & D.S. Farrier) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)b Journal of the Chemical Society D. Chemical Communications 228-230. Biosynthesis of Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids, Mode of Incorporation of Phenylalanine, and Examination of Norbelladines as Precursors. (Peter W. Jeffs, H.F. Campbell, D.S. Farrier & G. Molina) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)c Journal of the Chemical Society D. Chemical Communications 1466-1467. The Structure of Sceletium Alkaloid A 4, a Pyridine Alkaloid from Sceletium namaquense : Direct Method X-Ray Determination. (Peter W. Jeffs, P.A. Luhan, Andrew T. McPhail & N.H. Martin) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1974)a Journal of Organic Chemistry 39 (18): 2703-2710. Sceletium Alkaloids. VI. Minor Alkaloids of S. namaquense and S. strictum. (Peter W. Jeffs, T. Capps, D.B. Johnson, J.M. Karle, N.H. Martin & B. Rauckman) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1974)b Phytochemistry 13: 933-945. Incorporation of Phenylalanine and Examination of Norbelladines as Precursors of the Mesembrine Alkaloids. (Peter W. Jeffs, Henry F. Campbell, David S. Farrier, Gouranga Ganguli, Ned H. Martin & Gerado Molina) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1978) Phytochemistry 17: 719-728. Cinnamic Acid Intermediates as Precursors to Mesembrine and Some Observations on the Late Stages in the Biosynthesis of the Mesembrine Alkaloids. (Peter W. Jeffs, Jean M. Karle & Ned H. Martin) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1982) Journal of Organic Chemistry 47: 3611-3617. Sceletium Alkaloids. Structures of Five New Bases from Sceletium namaquense . (Peter W. Jeffs, Thomas M. Capps & Richard Redfearn) Katz, Richard (1982) Boiling Energy: Community Healing among the Kalahari !Kung. Harvard University Press Laing, R.O. (1979) Central African Journal of Medicine 25: 265-266. Three cases of poisoning by Boophane disticha. [From DESMET 1996] Lehmann, Arthur C. & Louis J. Mihalyi (1982) Ethnology 21 (4): 335-347. Aggression, Bravery, Endurance, and Drugs: A Radical Re-evaluation and Analysis of the Masai Warrior Complex. Lewin, Louis (1931) Phantastica. Dutton, New York. [First published (in German) in 1924. Reprinted (in English) in 1964 by E.P. Dutton, New York.] McAnalley, B.W. et al. (1988) Paper presented at the IV International Conference on AIDS (Stockholm, Sweden, June, 1988). Demonstration of in-vitro antiviral action of Acemannan against multiple viruses including the HIV virus. Merck (1976) The Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs. 9th Edition. Martha Windholz (Ed.), Merck & Co.; Rahway, NJ. ISBN 911910-26-3. Nieuwenhuis, J.J. et al. (1981) Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkins Transactions 284-286. (4R)-(-)-OMethyljoubertiamine and OMethyldihydrojoubertiamine, Two Minor Alkaloids from Sceletium subvelutinum L. Bolus. (Jacobus J. Nieuwenhuis, Franz Strelow, Heinrich F. Strauss & Adriaan Wiechers)

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Chapter 5; other succulents

Nyazema, N.Z. (1984) Central African Journal of Medicine 30: 80-83. Poisoning due to traditional remedies. [From DESMET 1996] Ott, Jonathan (1993) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic Drugs, their Plant Sources and History. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-2-0 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-3-9 (paperback) See also OTT 1996. [Pages 81-115; Chapter One: Mescaline, Pyotl, San Pedro, Artificial Phenethylamines Same pages in OTT 1996] Ott, Jonathan (1994) Ayahuasca Analogues. Pangaean Entheogens. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 127 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-4-7 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-5-5 (paperback) Ott, Jonathan (1995) The Age of Entheogens & The Angels Dictionary. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 159 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-6-3 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-7-1 (paperback) Ott, Jonathan (1996) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic Drugs, their Plant Sources and History. Second Edition Densified. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 09614234-8-X (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-9-8 (paperback) [Same page #s as in 1993.] Paris, R. & H. Moyse-Mignon (1949) Comptes Rendus de lAcademie des Sciences 229: 86-88. tude chimique et pharmacodynamique prliminaire dune Loganiace du Gabon: Mostuea stimulans A.Chev. [From DESMET 1996] Perry, S.Y. et al. (1991) Molecular Biotherapy 3: 79-87. Decreased mortality of normal murine sarcoma in mice treated with the immunomodulator, Acemannan. Piattelli, M. et al. (1964)a Rend. Accad. Sci. Fis. Mat. (Soc. Naz. Sci., Napoli) 31: 39-41. Isolation and Structure of Indicaxanthine, a -Xanthine from Opuntia ficus-indica. (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & Giuseppe Prota) [From 1966 CA 64: 5037a] Piattelli, M. et al. (1964)b Tetrahedron 20: 2325-2329. Isolation, Structure and Absolute Configuration of Indicaxanthin. (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & Giuseppe Prota) Piattelli, M. et al. (1965) Phytochemistry 4: 121-125. Pigments of Centrospermae II. Betaxanthins from Beta vulgaris L.. (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & Giuseppe Prota) [Mentions isolation from Opuntia ficus-indica] Popelak, A. & G. Lettenbauer (1967) The mesembrine alkaloids. pp. 467-482 in Manske & Holmes (eds.) The Alkaloids. Vol. 9. Popelak, A. et al. (1960)a Naturwissenschaften 47: 156. Zur Konstitution des Mesembrins. [A. Popelak, E. Haack, G. Lettenbauer & H. Spingler] [From DESMET 1996] Popelak, A. et al. (1960)b Naturwissenschaften 47: 231232. Die Strukture des Mesembrins und Mesembrenins. [A. Popelak, G. Lettenbauer, E. Haack & H. Spingler] [From DESMET 1996] Popelak et al. (1960)c Naturwissenschaften 47: 241 Psotta, K. et al. (1979) Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkins Transactions I. 1063-1065. Joubertinamine: A Novel seco-Mesembrane Alkaloid. [Klaus Psotta, Franz Strelow & Adrian Wiechers] Pulse, T.L. & Elizabeth Uhlig (1990) Journal of Advancement in Medicine 3: 4. A significant improvement in a clinical pilot study utilizing nutritional supplements, essential fatty acids and stabilized Aloe vera juice in 29 HIV seropositive, ARC and AIDS patients. Raffauf, Robert F. (1970) The Handbook of Alkaloids and Alkaloid Bearing Plants. Wiley Inter-Science. Rimington et al. (1938) J. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind. 9: 187. [CA (1938) 32: 42799 ]. [From Merck 9th] Rimington, C. & G.C.S. Roets (1937) Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry 9: 187191. Notes upon the isolation of the alkaloidal constituent of the drug channa or kougoed ( Mesembryanthemum anatomicum and Mesembryanthemum tortuosum). [From SMITH 1996] Rivier, Laurent & Paul-mile Pilet (1971) LAnnee Biologique 10 (3-4): 129-149. Composs Hallucinognes Indoliques Naturels. Robb, George L. (1957) Botanical Museum Leaflets. Harvard University . 17 (10): 265-316 The Ordeal Poisons of Madagascar and Africa. Rosler, H. et al. (1978) Lloydia 41 (4): 383-384. The Isolation of 6-Methoxyharmane From Grewia mollis. [Heinz Rosler, Helene Framm & Ralph N. Blomster] Schultes, Richard Evans (1969) Science 163: 245-254. Hallucinogens of Plant Origin. Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1980) Botany and Chemistry of the Hallucinogens. Second Edition. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. ISBN # 0-39803863-5.[ Paperback ISBN 0-398-06416-4] 462 pages.[See also as Schultes & Hofmann (1983) Botanica e chimica degli allucinogeni. Roma (Cesco Ciapanna)] Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1992) Plants of the Gods. Origins of Hallucinogenic Use. Healing Arts Press. [Also (1979) Plants of the Gods. Origins of Hallucinogenic Use. Alfred Van Der Marck Editions 1979. Originally published by McGraw-Hill: New York 1979 [See also as (1993) Les Plantes des Dieux. Les ditions du Lzard. 232 pp. ISBN 2-910718-02-6 & ISBN 29507264-2-9 or as (1993) Plantas de los Dioses. Fondo de Cultura Econmica. 192 pp. ISBN 968-16-1023-7; or as (1995) Pflanzen der Gtter. AT Verlag. 191 pp. ISBN 3-85502-543-6.] Shamma, M. & H.R. Rodriguez (1965) Tetrahedron Letters 4347 (FROM JEFFS et al. 1969) Sheets, Mark et al. (1991) Molecular Biotherapy 3: 79-87. Studies on the effects of Acemannan on retrovirus infections: clinical stabilization of feline leukemia virusinfected cats. SINGER et al. 1980 in the literature meant SINGER & ELBE 1980 Singer & Elbe (1980) J. Food Sci. 45: 489 Smith, E. et al. (1961) Chemistry & Industry 402-403. Mesembrine Enol Ether and the Absolute Configuration of Mesembrine. [E. Smith, N. Hosansky, M. Shamma & J.B. Moss] Smith, M.T. et al. (1996) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50: 119-130. Psychoactive constituents of the genus Sceletium N.E.Br and other Mesembryanthemaceae: a

27

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

review. [Michael T. Smith, Neil R. Crouch, Nigel Gericke & Manton Hirst] Smith, M.T. et al. (1998) Pharmaceutical Biology 36 (3): 173-179. The Distribution of Mesembrine Alkaloids in Selected Taxa of the Mesembryanthemaceae and their Modification in the Sceletium Derived Kougoed. (Michael Smith, Courtney Field, Neil Crouch, & Manton Hirst) Smith, Terence A. (1977)b Phytochemistry 16: 171-175. Review: Tryptamines and Related Compounds in Plants. Snyckers, F.O. et al. (1971) Journal of the Chemical Society D. Chemical Communications 1467-1469. The Structures of Partially Racemic Sceletium Alkaloid A4 and Tortuosamine, Pyridine Alkaloids from Sceletium tortuosum. (F.O. Snyckers, F. Strelow & A. Wiechers) Soeda, M. (1969) Journal of the Medical Society of Toho University 16: 365-369. Studies on the anti-tumor activity of Cape Aloe. Southon, Ian W. & John Buckingham (1989) Dictionary of Alkaloids. Chapman and Hall, London and New York. Two volumes. ISBN # 0-412-24910-3. (G.A. Cordell, J.E. Saxton, M. Shamma and G.F. Smith, ed. board) Steyn, D.G. (1929) 15th Annual Report Division of Veterinary Services 15: 777-803. Recent Investigations Into the Toxicity of Known and Unknown Plants of the Union of South Africa. (From WATT 1967) Steyn, D.G. (1933) Onderstepoorte Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Industry 1: 173-182. Recent Investigations Into the Toxicity of Known and Unknown Plants of the Union of South Africa. (From WATT 1967) Van der Walt, S.J. and Steyn, D.G. (1940) Onderstepoorte Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Industry 15: 261-277. Recent Investigations Into the Toxicity of Known and Unknown Plants of the Union of South Africa. (From WATT 1967) Von Reis Altschul, Siri (1973) Drugs and Foods from LittleKnown Plants. Notes in Harvard University Herbaria. Harvard University Press. (Second printing in 1975.) ISBN 0-674-21676-8. Walker, A.R. (1953) Bull. Inst. tud. Centrafr. (N.S.) 5: 1940 / 6: 275-329. Usages Pharmaceutiques des Plantes Spontanes du Gabon. (From WATT 1967) Waterhouse, G. (1932) Simon van der Stels Journal of his Expedition to Namaquoland 1685-6. Longmans, Green & Co.: London. Watt, John Mitchell (1967) Lloydia 30 (1): 1-22. African Plants Potentially Useful in Mental Health. Watt, John Mitchell & Maria Gerdina Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Second Edition. E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd. 1457 pp. White, A. et al. (1941) The Succulent Euphorbiae (Southern Africa) Abbey Garden Press: Pasadena, CA. [A. White, R.A. Dyer & B.L. Sloan] [From HARGREAVES 1998] Wild, H. (1953) A Southern Rhodesian Botanical Dictionary of Native and English Plant Names. Salisbury, Rhodesia. (From WATT 1967) Winkelman, Michael & Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1989) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1): 51-59. Psychoactive Properties of !Kung Bushmen Medicine Plants. Wyler (1979) Helv. Chim. Acta. 62 (140) : 1330 Ycovleff, Eugenio & Fortunato L. Herrera (1935) Revista del Museo Nacional. Lima 4 (1): 31-102. El Mundo Vegetal de Los Antigous Peruanos. Zwicky, E. (1914) ber Channa, ein Genussmittel der Hottentotten (Mesembrianthemum expansum L. und tortuosum L.) Ph.D. Dissertation, Zurich. [Wurder eins Doktors der Naturwissenschaften. Eidgenossichen Technischen Hochschule in Zurich] [also variously cited as Thesis Conf. Tech., High School, Zurich. or Ph.D. Dissertation, Zurich]

A Delosperma fruit showing its seeds

Delosperma britteniae ? Coegakop showing empty fruit

28

Chapter 5; other succulents

Index Symbols
2,3-dihydrojoubertiamine 21 3-methoxy-4-Omethyljoubertiamine 24 3-methoxy-4-Omethyljoubertiaminol 24 4-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4[2-(acetylmethylam 24 4-[2-(acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4(4-hydroxy-3-meth 24 4-[3-(acetylmethylamino)ethyl]-4(4-hydroxy-3,4-di 24 4-[3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[2(acetylmethylamino)et 24 4-O-demethylmesembranol 21 4-O-demethylmesembrenol 19, 20, 21, 22 fermentation removes 4 4-O-demethylmesembrenone 21, 24 5-MeO-DMT 3, 13

B
baga 24 Banisteriopsis caapi 13 beer 7, 18 Beeskraag 17 Bergeranthus scapiger analysis 19 betacyanins 20 betaxanthin 20 bi:bib 17 birds 11 black-flies 11 Boophane distacha 23 bread making 11, 18 brew 17 brewing 17, 18 burns 17

C
caffeyl-betanin 20 caffeyl-feruloyl-betanin 20 caffeyl-feruloyl-isobetanin 20 caffeyl-isobetanin 20 cancers 17 Cannabis 5 Carpobrotus acinaciformis 5, 17, 19 Carpobrotus edulis 5, 17, 19 cats 11 cattle 18 channa 3, 5, 19 channaine 21, 22 channanine 19 chew 4 Cissus quandangularis 24 cocaine-like 4 Conophytum lekkersingense 19 Conophytum spp 23 analysis 19 Corbichonia decumbens 18 crushing between rocks 4 cultivation 10

A
Acacia spp 24 acemannan 17 acylated betacyanins 20 Agave atrovirens 17 Aizoaceae 5 Aizoceous chemistry 19 Albizia anthelmintica 24 Alchornea castaneifolia 16 Alchornea floribunda 16 Alchornea latifolia 17 Aloe spp 17 Aloe vera 17 Anacampseros papyraceae 18 Anacampseros rhodesica 18 Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil 6 Anadenanthera peregrina 6 anesthetic 15 aphrodisiac 24 appetite suppression 24 Appleseed's assay 13 Aptenia cordifolia 18, 19 analysis 19 Aridaria splendens 18 Aridaria umbelliflora 18 ascorbic acid 17 assay procedure 13 assays 7 ayahuasca 16

D
Dactylopsis digitata 18 death 15 dehydrojoubertiamine 21, 22 delirium 15 Delosperma 5-MeO-DMT 12, 13 cultivation 10 descriptions 7 DMT 12, 13 etymology 7

MMT 13 seeds 28 soil 10 water content 13 Delosperma acuminatum 7 Delosperma aff. litorale tlc 12 Delosperma bosseranum 34 Delosperma brittenae 7 Delosperma britteniae? Coegakop 1, 7, 11, 28 tlc 12 Delosperma cooperi 8, 18 analysis 20 description 8 for khadi brewing 7 tlc 12 Delosperma crassum Grootfraatwater 33 Delosperma ecklonis 1, 18, 34 description 8 tlc 12 Delosperma esterhuyseniae 8 tlc 12 Delosperma hallii 8 tlc 12 Delosperma harazianum 8 tlc 12 Delosperma herbeum 7 Delosperma hirtum 8 tlc 12 Delosperma lebombense analysis 20 Delosperma lehmannii 18 Delosperma litorale 8 Delosperma lydenburgense 9 tlc 12 Delosperma macei 33 Delosperma mahonii 11, 18 Delosperma minimum analysis 20 Delosperma nubigenum 9 tlc 12 Delosperma obtusum analysis 20 Delosperma pageanum 9 tlc 12 Delosperma pergamentaceum 9 tlc 12 Delosperma pottsii analysis 20 Delosperma pruinosum analysis 20 Delosperma rogersii analysis 20 Delosperma sp

29

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed. Hanburg 24095 1, 33 Delosperma sp. Hanburg 24095 1, 33 Delosperma steytlerae 33 Delosperma subincanum 18 Delosperma tradescantioides 9, 34 HBG 34 tlc 12 depression 5 Desmanthus leptolobus 23 Deulofeu 1973 3 developing solvent 13 dihydrojoubertiamine 22 divining 15 DMT 13 do 24 dohe 24 dopaxanthin 19, 20 douo 24 Drosanthemum bicolor analysis 20 Drosanthemum floribundum 5, 18, 19 analysis 20 Drosanthemum hispidum 18, 19 analysis 20 Drosanthemum lique 18 drunkenness 5 dry rot 11 Dyid 24 eye infection 17 eyes 18 Delosperma seeds 28 Delosperma bosseranum 34 Delosperma britteniae? Coegakop 1, 7, 28 Delosperma britteniae? Coogekop 11 Delosperma cooperi 8 Delosperma crassum Grootfraatwater 33 Delosperma ecklonis 1, 34 Delosperma macei 33 Delosperma sp Hanburg 24095 33 Delosperma steytlerae 33 Delosperma tradescantioides 9 HBG 34 Glottiphyllum longum 20 Lampracanthus aureus 20 Monadenium heteropodum 16 Monadenium lugardae 1, 15 Monadenium ritchei 16 Monadenium schubei 16 Nananthus albinotus 3, 14 Rabeia albinota 3, 14 Sceletium joubertii 21 Sceletium sp. nova 24 Sceletium subvelutinum 22 Sceletium tortuosum 5, 22 flowering 4 tablets 14 indaba 15 infections 17 insecticidal 15 insufflated 5 irritant 17

F
faman 24 fatigue prevention 24 feline leukemia 17 fermentation 4, 7, 12, 17 impact on alkaloids 4 Ferraria glutinosa 23 folk medicine 6 food 17 fruit 17 fungus 7, 11

G
GABA 17 Galenia africana 18 gastroenteritis 17 gbo 24 gelsemine 24 Gelsemium sempervirens 24 Girgensohnia 24 Glottiphyllum lingueforme 19 Glottiphyllum linguiforme 18 Glottiphyllum longum 20 gonorrhea 15 grasshoppers 11 grazing 17 Grewia sp 23 gwa 24

E
Eberlandzia spinosa 18 Ectotropsis 7 Elaeophorbia drupifera 16 Embelia kilimandschrika 24 emetic 15, 17 Euphorbia 17 Euphorbia antiquorum 17 Euphorbia canariensis 17 Euphorbia convolvuloides 17 Euphorbia davyi 17 Euphorbia decussata 17 Euphorbia esculenta 17 Euphorbia hamata 17 Euphorbia helioscopia 17 Euphorbia maculata 17 Euphorbia officinarum 17 Euphorbia orabensis 17 Euphorbia pennicillata 17 Euphorbia pubescens 17 Euphorbia resinifera 17 Euphorbia sp 17 Euphorbia tiruealli 17 Euphorbium 17

H
hallucinations 15, 24 hallucinogenic 17 Hanburg 24095 1, 33 Hartogia capensis 24 harvest time 4 headache 5 heat impact on alkaloids 4 hepatic lesions 17 honey-beer 17 hordenine 20, 22 Hottentot Figs 17 Hura crepitans 16 Hymenocylus smithii 18

J
joubertiamine 20, 22 joubertinamine 21, 24 jurema 23

K
kadi 7 kaffir beer 18 kanna 3 karee 17 kareemoer 17 kgadi 7 khadi 7, 17, 23 Khadia acutipetala 18 kia 24 kirrimoer sikkirie 17 klatou 24 kougoed 4, 18

I
Iboga 16 Illustration Aptenia cordifolia 19 Boophane disticha 23 Conophytum lekkersingense 19

30

Chapter 5; other succulents

L
Lampranthus aureus 20 Lampranthus blandus analysis 20 Lampranthus coccineus analysis 20 Lampranthus deltoides analysis 20 Lampranthus glomeratum 19 Lampranthus roseus analysis 20 Lampranthus scaber 18 Lampranthus spectabilis analysis 20 Lichtensteinia interrupta 24 lignins 23 listlessness 5 Lithops hookeri 17, 18 livestock toxicity 17 lollypops 5 loss of appetite 5 LSD 5

M
Maesea lanceolata 24 Mahumula 15 Malabar spinach 17 Masai 24 mealy bugs 11 Mercurialis annua 17 mesembrane 5, 24 mesembranol 22 mesembrenine 19, 21, 24 mesembrenol 21 mesembrenone 19, 20, 21, 22, 24 heat increases 4 mesembrine 5, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24 heat decreases 4 maybe not the active 5 not formed in Europe 5 mesembrinine 21, 24 mesembrinol 22 mesembrinone 22 Mesembryanthemaceae 5 mesembryanthemins 20 Mesembryanthemum 3, 4 Mesembryanthemum aitonis 18 Mesembryanthemum conspicuum 20 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 5, 17, 18, 24 Mesembryanthemum edule 20 Mesembryanthemum expansum 20

Mesembryanthemum floribundum 20 Mesembryanthemum mahoni 18 Mestoklema tuberosum 18 methylamine 17 methylenedioxy substituted lignins 6 Mhlebe 15 Mildbraedia fallax 17 Mimosa 23 Mimosa hostilis 6 Mitragyna africana 24 MMT 13 moerhoutjie 18 mold 11 Monadenium cultivation 16 Monadenium guentheri 15 Monadenium heteropodium 15 Monadenium heteropodum 16 Monadenium invenustum 15 Monadenium lugardae 1, 15 entry 15 Monadenium ritchei 16 Monadenium schubei 15, 16 Mostuea gabonica 24 Mostuea stimulans 24 motsoko 24 mydriasis 5 Myrica spp 24

ntsakoro 24 num 24

O
O-acetylmesembrenol 21 O-methyldehydrojoubertiamine 22 O-methyldihydrojoubertiamine 22 O-methyljoubertiamine 22 oracles 15 orally ingested pellets 6 Oscularia caulescens 18 Oscularia deltoides analysis 20 oxalic acid 7, 11, 17, 18 Oxens Strength 17

P
Pancratium trianthum 24 Pappea capensis 24 Pedilanthus tithymaloides 16 Peganum harmala 13 pests 11 Petrosimonia monandra 24 Phyllanthus lathyroides 17 pigments 20 piperidine 18, 24 Pleiospilos 18 poisonous 15 Porapak Q 12 Prenia relaxata 18 prophetic purposes 15 Psychotria viridis 13 pulque 17 purgative 15, 17

N
N-acetyl-N-methyl-N,7asecomesembrine 24 N-acetyltortuosamine 21 N-demethyl-formylmesembrenone 21 N-demethylmesembranol 22 N-demethylmesembrenol 21 N-formyltortuosamine 24 N-methyl-4'-O-demethyl-N,7asecomesembradienone 24 N-methylpiperidine 24 N-Methyltryptamine 13 N-methyltryptamine 3 Nananthus aff. broomii 14 Nananthus albinotus 3, 5, 6, 14 Nananthus aloides 14, 17 Nananthus transvaalensis 14 narcotic 4, 17, 18, 23, 24 narcotic-anxiolytic agent 5 nematodes 11 New Zealand spinach 17 N,N-dimethyltryptamine 3 N,N-dimethyltyramine 22

R
Rabeia albinota 3, 6, 14 Rabeia albipuncta 14 Rabeia albipunctata 14 Rabiea 14 rapid death 15 reference standards 13 References 25 ringworm 17 ritual diviners 15 Rivier & Pilet 1971 3 Ruschia congesta 18 Ruschia lineolata analysis 20 Ruschia multiflorum 18 Ruschia rubricaulis 18 Ruschia saxicola 18 Ruschia tumidula 19

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Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

S
S Keng-Keng 3, 6 salts 24 sangomas 15 saponin 24 sceletenone 22, 24 Sceletium alkaloid distribution 4 harvest time 4 Sceletium Alkaloid A4 22, 24 Sceletium anatomicum 18, 19 Sceletium expansum 6, 19 analysis 20 Sceletium joubertii 21 analysis 20 Sceletium namaquense 5, 19 Sceletium sp. nova 1, 24 Sceletium species 4 Sceletium strictum analysis 21 Sceletium subvelutinum 22 analysis 22 Sceletium tortuosum 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 22 analysis 22 flowering 4 insufflated 5 tablets 14 Schoenlandia 7 Schumanniophyton klaineanum 24 Sclerocarya caffra 5 Sclerocarya schweinfurthiana 5 sea spinach 17 Sebastiania pavonia 17 sedative 4, 18 seed capsules opening 11 sempervirine 24 sheep death 18 shka-nin-du 17 skin disease 17 sleep prevention 24 slugs 11 Smith, Kline & French Laboratories 3 smoking 6 snail 11 snuffing 6 soap making 24 soil 10 SSRI 5, 14 stimulant 4, 5, 24 strychnine 24 Succulents other 15

T
Tabernanthe iboga 24 tablets 14 tene 24 Tetragonia expansa 17 Tetragonia schenkii 17 Tetragonia tetragonioides 17 thirst 17 throwing the bones 15 TLC 12 procedure 13 tobacco additive 6 toothache 18 torpor 4 tortuosamine 22, 24 Trianthema portulacastrum 17 Trichodiadema barbatum 19 Trichodiadema bulbosum 19 Trichodiadema intonsum 19 Trichodiadema stellatum 5, 18, 19 tschoo-takhadu 17 Tshulu 15 tumors 17

Y
yeast 7, 11, 18 yerba de la golodrina 17

Z
Zwicky 18

U
ulcers 17 unidentified alkaloid 19, 20, 21, 22

Sceletium tortuosum With food Photo by Kamm

V
veterinary 17 violent death 15 Virola sebifera 6 visions 15 Voacanga bracteata 24 vulgaxanthin I 19

W
water content 13 woodcuts 6

X
xanthydrol reagent 13

32

Sceletium tortuosum Without food Photo by Kamm

Chapter 5; other succulents Some Delosperma species still in need of analysis

Delosperma sp. Hanburg 24095

Delosperma steytlerae

Delosperma crassum Grootfraatwater

Delosperma macei

33

Sacred Cacti 3rd Ed.

Delosperma ecklonis Delosperma bosseranum upper left

Delosperma bosseranum has been reported to be active in human bioassays; similar to Sceltium by t s tantra (web post)

Delosperma tradescantioides lower right photo Huntington Botanical Gardens lower left photo by Mary

34

Trouts Notes SC3

References for Sacred Cacti Third Edition:

Used or cited by our references. Incomplete citations or [From] indicate a second-hand reference.

Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1998) Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) 7 (3): 70-71 & 7 (4): 99-100. Aardvark, David (Ed.) (1999) Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) 8 (1): 22-24 [Ott & Aardvarks MAOIless jurema bioassays] Abdel-Rahman, M.O et al. (1968) J. Chem. UAR 11: 401-?. An improved method for the synthesis of mescaline. Aberle, David F. (1966) Peyote Religion among the Navaho. University of Chicago Press. 454 pages. ISBN 0-226-00082-6 (hardcover.)/ 0-226-00083-4 (paperback) Aberle, David F. (1982) Peyote Religion among the Navaho. Second Edition. University of Oklahoma Press. 503 pages. ISBN 0-8061-2382-6. Abou-Donia, A. et al. (1978) Journal of the Chemical Society D. Chemical Communications 1078-1079. XRay Crystal and Molecular Structure of Channaine, an Unusual Alkaloid, Probably an Artefact from Sceletium strictum. (Amina Abou-Donia, Peter W. Jeffs, Andrew T. McPhail & Richard W. Miller) Aboul-Einen, Hassan Y. (1973) American Journal of Pharmacology 145 (4): 125-128. Mescaline: A Pharmacological Profile. Aboul-Enein, N. Nabil & Attait I. Eid (1979) Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica 16: 267-270. A novel route for the synthesis of mescaline. Abramson, H.A. (ed.) (1956) Neuropharmacology. Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation [According to OTT 1993 this is a phony research foundation front for the CIA] Abramson, H.A. et al. (1960) Journal of Psychology 49: 151-154. Production of cross-tolerance to psychosisproducing doses of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin. [H.A. Abramson, A. Rolo, B. Sklarofsky & J. Stache] Abramson, H.A and Rollo, A. (1967) Comparison of LSD with methysergide and psilocybin on test subjects. pp. 53-73 in : Abramson (Ed.) The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism. Bobbs Merrill, New York. Abramson, Harold A. (1960) Journal of Psychology 49: 57-65, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25): XXX. The Questionaire Technique with Notes on its Use. Acosta, P. Jos de (1590) Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias. J. de Len: Seville. 535 pages [from YACOVLEFF & HERRERA 1935 & GUERRA 1967] Adavasio, J.M. & G.F. Fry (1976) Economic Botany 30: 94-96 Prehistoric psychotropic drug use in northeastern Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas. Adler, A. & O. Poetzl (1936) Jahrbuch fr Psychiatrie und Neurologie 53: 13-34. Ueber eine eigenartige Reaktion auf Meskalin bei einer Kranken mit doppelseitigen Herden in der Sehsphre. (coworkers in Boston Psychopathic Hospital Report)

Adrian, E.D. & Matthews, B.H.C. (1934) Brain 57: 355-384. The Berger Rhythm; potential changes from the occipital lobes in man. Aghajanian, George K. (1970) LSD and mescaline: Comparison of effects on single units in the mid-brain raphe. pp. 165-176 in D.H. Efron (ed.) Psychotomimetic Drugs. Raven Press. Aghajanian, George K. (1980) Brain Research. 186: 492-498, Mescaline and LSD facilitate the activation of locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli. Aghajanian, George K. (1994) Psychiatric Annals 24 (3): 137-141. Serotonin and the Action of LSD in the Brain. Aghajanian & Marek 1999 Neuropsych 21 (2S): 16S23S Aghajanian, George K. et al. (1968) Science 161: 706708. Lysergic acid diethylamide: sensitive neuronal units in the midbrain raphe. [G.K. Aghajanian, W.E. Foote and M.H. Sheard] Aghajanian, George K. et al. (1970) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 171 (2): 178-187. Action of Psychotogenic Drugs on Single Midbrain Raphe Neurons. [G.K. Aghajanian, W.E. Foote and M.H. Sheard] [Found that while LSD inhibits all raphe units, mescaline only inhibits raphe units located in the ventral portion of the dorsal raphe.] gren, H. (1983) p. 297, in: Angst, J. (Ed.) The Origins of Depression: Current Concepts and Approaches. Springer, Berlin. Aguas de Silva, M.T. et al. (1968) (in the literature) See as SILVA 1968 AGUERRE, A.M. et al. (1973) Relaciones. Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia (Buenos Aires) (new series) 8: 197-231. Hallazgo de un sitio aceramico en la Quebrada de Inca Cueva (Provincia de Jujuy). (A.M. Aguerre, A. Fernandez Distel & C.A. Aschero) AGUERRE, A.M. et al. (1975) Relaciones. Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia (Buenos Aires) (new series) 9: 211-214. Comentarios sobre nuevas fechas en la cronologia aqueologica preceramica de la Provincia de Jujuy. (A.M. Aguerre, A. Fernandez Distel & C.A. Aschero) Agurell, Stig (1969)a Lloydia 32 (1): 40-45. Identification of Alkaloid Intermediates by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. I. Potential Mescaline Precursors in Trichocereus Species. Agurell, Stig (1969)b Lloydia 32 (2): 206-216 Cactaceae Alkaloids I. Agurell, Stig & Jan Lundstrm (1968) Journal of the Chemical Society. D. Chemical Communications 1968: 1638-1639 Apparent intermediates in the biosynthesis of mescaline and related tetrahydroisoquinolines. Agurell, S. et al. (1967) Tetrahedron Letters (26): 24332435. Biosynthesis of Mescaline in Peyote. Agurell, S. et al. (1971)a Abh. Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (in press) [From LUNDSTROM 1983] Agurell, S. et al. (1971)b Lloydia 34 (2): 183- 187 Cactaceae Alkaloids. X. Alkaloids of Trichocereus species and some other cacti.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Ainslie, J.R. (1937) A List of Plants Used in Native Medicine in Nigeria. Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford. Institute Paper No. 7. 109 pages. (From WATT 1967) Aizawa, Y., & K. Yamada (1969) Jap. J. Pharm. 19: 474. Albers, Patricia & Seymour Parker (1971) Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27 (3): 203233. The Plains Vision Experience: a Study of Power and Privelege. Albaugh, Bernard J. & Philip O. Anderson (1974) American Journal of Psychiatry 131: 1247-1250. Peyote in the Treatment of Alcoholism Among American Indians. Aldunate, Carlos et al. (1981) Boletn del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Chile 38: 183-223. Estudio etnobotanico en una communidad precordillerana de Antofagasta: Toconce Aldunate, Carlos et al. (1983) Economic Botany 37 (1): 120-135. Ethnobotany of Pre-Altiplanic Commnity in the Andes of Northern Chile Aleksandrovskii, A.B. et al. (1936) Arkhiv Biologischeskikh Nauk 42: 147-173. [Local parabiotic changes in the brain produced by mescaline poisoning.] [A.B. Aleksandrovskii, E.B. Babskii and V. Kryazhev] Alles, Gordon A. & Erik V. Heegard (1943) Journal of Biological Chemistry 147: 487-503. Substrate Specificity of Amine Oxidase. Alles, Gordon A. (1957) Some Relations between Chemical Structure and Physiological Action of Mescaline and Related Compounds. pp. 181-267 in Abramson, Harold Alexander, Ed. Neuropharmacology, New York: Macy Foundation 1957. Altamirano, Fernando (1900) Gaceta Mdica de Mxico. 36: 59-64. Anhalonium Lewinii: Cacteas. Altamirano, Fernando (1905) Anales. Instituto Medico Nacional Mxico. 7: 389-423. Memoria acerca de una excursion botnica al Estado de Quertaro. Ammassari et al. (1986) Pharmacological Research Communications 18 (12): 1169-1178 Ammassari et al. (1988) Physiology and Behavior 42 (3): 281-285. Ammon, Gunter & Gotte, Jurgen (1971) Dynamische Psychiatrie 23-45. Ergebnisse frher MeskalinForschung. Ammon, Gunter & Gotte, Jurgen (1974)a Psichiatria Dinamica 1: 17-32. I risultati dei primi studi sulla mescalina. Ammon, Gunter & Gotte, Jurgen (1974)b Psichiatria Dinamica 1: 33-48. Peyote: due diverse esperienze dellIo. Amos, D. (1964) The Australasian Journal of Pharmacy* 45 (529) Suppl. 13: S8-S10. The preparation of mescaline from eucalypt lignin. (*Listed in the On-Line catalog as The Australian Journal of Pharmacy) Anderson, Edward F. (1961) PhD Dissertation; Claremont College . A taxonomic revision of Ariocarpus, Lophophora, Pelecyphora, and Obregonia. Anderson, Edward F. (1962) American Journal of Botany 49 (6): 615-622. A revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). II. The status of the proposed genus Neogomesia Anderson, Edward F. (1966) Brittonia 21: 299-310 : The biography, ecology and taxonomy of Lophophora (Cactaceae). Anderson, Edward F. (1967) American Journal of Botany 54 (7): 897-903. A Study of the Proposed genus Obregonia (Cactaceae). Anderson, Edward F. (1980) Peyote. The Divine Cactus. The University of Arizona Press: Tucson. ISBN 08165-0680-9 / 0-8165-0613-2 (pbk.) 248 pages. Second edition in 1997. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1653-7 (hardcover)/ 0-8165-1654-5 (paperback). Anderson, Edward F. (1995) Cactus and Succulent Journal 67: 67-73. The Peyote Gardens of South Texas: A Conservation Crisis. Anderson, Edward F. (1996) Jahrbuch fr Transkulturelle Medizin und Psychotherapie 6 (1995): 369-379. Peyote and its derivatives as Medicine. Anderson, Edward F. & Margaret S. Stone (1969) Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 43 (2): 77-82. A Pollen Analysis of Lophophora (Cactaceae). Anderson, Miles (1998) The Ultimate Book of Cacti & Succulents. Lorenz Books/ Anness Publishing, London. 256 pages. ISBN 1 859667 460 7. Loads of color photos & cultivation tips but sparse details on the plants theselves. Andritzky, Walter (1989) Schamanismus und rituelles Heilen im Alten Peru. Band 2: Viracocha, Heiland der Anden. Angeloni, A.S. et al. (1977) Gazz. Chim. Ital. 107: 421. Anggard, E. & Sedvall, G. (1969) Anal. Chem. 41: 12501256. Anjaneyule, B. et al. (1965) Indian J. Chem. 3 (5): 2378. (B. Anjaneyule, V. Babu Rao, A.K. Ganguly, T.R. Govindachari, B.S. Joshi, V.W. Kamal, A.H. Manmade, P.A. Mohamed, A.D. Rohimmia, A.K. Saxsena, D.S. Verde & N. Viswanathan) [from CHATTERJEE et al. 1976] Anonymous (1959) Bulletin on Narcotics 11 (2): 16-20. Peyotl. Anonymous (1999) The Economist (April 3): 27. A field full of buttons. Anonymous (Any other than 1959 or 1999) Personal communications with psychonauts or other correspondents requesting anonymity. Anton. & Sayre (1968) Eur. J. Pharm. 4: 435-440. Appel, J.B. & D.X. Freedman (1968) Psychopharmacologia 13: 267-274. Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance among Psychotomimetic Drugs. Appelt, G.D. et al. (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 57 (3): 527-528. Effect of Mescaline on Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Synthesis in the Central Nervous System. [Glenn D. Appelt, Norman O. Walker and Robert G. Brown] Apter, J.T. (1957)a American Journal of Ophthalmology 46: 238-246, Changes in

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spontaneous and evoked potentials in the eyes of cats induced by drugs. Apter, J.T. (1957)b Annals of the New York Academy of Science 66: 508-516, The effect of the hallucinogenic drugs LSD-25 and mescaline on the electroretinogram. Arcoleo, A. (1966) Atti. Accad.Sci., Lettere Arti Palermo Pt. 1. (1964-1965) 25: 323-332. -Sitosterol from flowers of Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae). (Antonino Arcoleo, Michele Ruccia & Maria Concetta Natol) [From 1966 CA 65: 14092] Ardi, J.A. & P. McKellar (1956) Journal of Mental Science 102: 22-29. Hypnogogic Imagery and Mescaline. Arendt, Paul (1891-1892) Monatsschrift fr Kakteenkunde 1: 92-94. Anhalonium Lewinii, Hennings Arizona Republic (1956) Feb. 20. 24 Nabbed Sniffing Cactus-Button Drug. Armstrong, M.D. et al. (1956) J. Biol. Chem. 218: 293. Arndt, R.R. & P.E.J. Kruger (1970) Tetrahedron Letters 37: 3257-3240. Alkaloids from Sceletium Joubertii L. Bol. The Structure of Joubertiamine, Dihydrojoubertiamine, and Dehydrojoubertiamine. Artaud, Antonin (1966) Al Paese dei Tarahumara e altri scritti. Adelphi: Milano. Artaud, Antonin (1975) Die Tarahumaras. Rogner & Bernhard: Hamburg Artaud, Antonin (1976) The Peyote Dance (tr. Helen Weaver) Farrar, Strauss & Giroux: New York Asberg & Trskman (1981) Adv. Exp. med. Biol. 133: 739 Aschero & Yacobaccio (1994) Askar, A. et al. (1972) Chem. Mikrobiol. Technol. Lebens. 1: 187. strm, A. and U. Samelius (1957) British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy 12: 410-414. The Action of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Some of its Antagonists on the Umbilical Vessels of the Human Placenta. Aures, D. et al. (1968)a J. Chrom. 33:480-493. Aures, D. et al. (1968)b Zeit. Anal. Chem. 243: 483. [D. Aures, R. Hakanson and L. Spolter] Author? (1977) Pacific Information Service on Street Drugs 5 [We are unable to obtain a copy. From Sax 1984] Axelrod et al. (1958) J. Biol. Chem. 233: 697. Axelrod, Julius (1961) Science 134 (3475): 343. Enzymatic Formation of Psychotomimetics from Normally Occurring Compounds. Axelrod, Julius (1962) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 138: 28-33. The Enzymatic N-Methylation of Serotonin and Other Amines. Axelrod, Julius & Thomas Tomchick (1958) Journal of Biological Chemistry 233 (3): 702-705. Enzymatic OMethylation of Epinephrine and other Catechols. Axelrod, Julius & Herbert Weissbach (1961) The Journal of Biological Chemistry 236 (1): 211-213. Purification and Properties of Hydroxyindole- O -methyl transferase. Azevedo, L. Warren (1995) Lo spirito del peyote. Racconti dei Washoe. in Roberto Fedelli (ed.) Psichedelica. Stampa Alternativa: Rome. Bach, Dan (1981) Desert Plants 3 (1): 3-8. The DoubleCut Technique For Grafting Cacti to Trichocereus pachanoi Rootstock. Bchtold, H. & A. Pletscher (1957) Experientia 13 (4): 163-165. Einfluss von Isonikotinsurehydraziden aufden Verlauf der Krpertemperatur nach Reserpin, Monoaminen und Chlorpromazin. Backeberg, Curt (1935) Bltter fr Kakteenforschung. (Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele) Backeberg (1966) Kakteenlexikon. First edition. Backeberg, Curt (1958-1962) Die Cactaceae. Handbuch der Kakteenkunde. Backeberg (1958) Band I. (Vol. I.) Einleitung und Beschreibung der Peireskioideae und Opuntioideae. Vol. I. is page 1-638, plates 1-35. Backeberg (1959) Band II. (Vol. II.) Cereoideae (Hylocereeae-Cereeae [Austrocereinae]) Vol. II. is pages 639-1360, plates 36-107. Backeberg (1959) Band III. (Vol. III.) Cereoideae (Austrocactinae) Vol. III. is pages 1361-1926, plates 108-160. Backeberg (1960) Band IV. (Vol. IV.) Cereoideae (Boreocereeae) Vol. IV. is pages 1927-2629, plates 161-211. Backeberg (1961) Band V. (Vol. V.) Cereoideae (Boreocactinae) Vol. V.. is pages 2631-3543, plates 212-255. Backeberg (1962) Band VI. (Vol. VI.) Nachtrge und Index. pages 3545-4041. Backeberg (1970) Kakteenlexikon. Second edition. Backeberg (1976) Kakteenlexikon. Third edition with Appendix by W. Haage. Backeberg (1977) Cactus Lexicon. Enumeratio diagnostica Cactacearum Fourth edition. (translated from German by Lois Glass) Blandford Press; Dorset ISBN 0 7137 0840 9 Badger, G.M. et al. (1963) Australian Journal of Chemistry 16: 734. Bahnholzer, K. et al. (1952) Helvetica Chimica Acta 35: 1577-1581: Notiz ber eine neue Synthese von Mezcalin, N-Methyl und N-Dimethylmezcalin. [K. Bahnholzer, Tod W. Campbell and H. Schmid] Bailey et al. (1975) Can. J. Pharm. Sci. 10: 31. Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1963) How Plants Get Their Names. Dover: New York (First published by Macmillan Co 1933) 181 pages. Bailey, Liberty Hyde & Ethel Zoe Bailey (1976) Hortus Third. A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Revised and expanded by the staff of the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University. Macmillan Publishing Co, 1976. 1290 pages. Bain (1955) is unpublished laboratory results; cited in BAIN 1957. Bain, James A. (1957) Annals of the New York Academy of Science 66 (3): 459-467. A Review of the

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Biochemical Effects In Vitro of Certain Psychotomimetic Agents. Balabanova, S. et al. (1992) Naturwissenschaften 79: 358. First Identification of Drugs in Egyptian Mummies. (S. Balabanova, F. Parsche & W. Pirsig) Balestrieri, Antonio (1957) p. 581, in: GARATTINI & GHETTI Balestrieri, A. (1960) Psychopharmacologia 1: 257259, Balestrieri, Antonio & Diego Fontanari (1959)a Archives of General Psychiatry 1: 279-282. Acquired and Crossed Tolerance to Mescaline, LSD25 and BOL-148. Balestrieri, Antonio & Diego Fontanari (1959)b Acquired and Crossed Tolerance to Mescaline, LSD25 and BOL-148. page 438, in: Bradley, P.B. et al. (eds.) Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuropsychopharmacology. (Rome, September 1958). Bamford, F. 1951 Poisons, Their Isolation and Identification. 3rd. Edition. Churchill: London. Ban, T.A. et al. (1961) Journal of the Canadian Psychiatric Association 6: 150-157. Observations on the action of Sernyl- a new psychotropic drug. [T.A. Ban, J.J. Lohrenz and H.E. Lehmann] Banholzer, K. et al. (1952) Helvetica Chimica Acta 35: 1577-1581. Notiz ber eine neue synthese von mezcalin, N-Methyl- und N-Dimethyl mezcalin Barchas, J.D. & Daniel X. Freedman (1963) Biochemical Pharmacology 12: 1225-1235. Brain Amines: response to physiological stress. Bard, l.L. (1941) Revista Mdica Latino-America (B.A.) 26: 471-487. El peyote, algunas observaciones clinicas sobre sus efectos. Barnes, C.D. & L.G. Eltherington (1965) Drug Dosages in Laboratory AnimalsA Handbook. Berkeley: University of California Press. Barrett (1947) Anesth. and Analg. 26: 74 and 105 Barron et al. (1964) Scientific American 210: 29-37. The Hallucinogenic Drugs. [Barron, Jarvik & Bunnell] Baruk, H. et al. (1956) Revue Neurologique 95: 62. Basmadjian, Garabed P. & A.G. Paul (1971) Lloydia 34 (1): 91-93. The Isolation of an O-Methyltransferase From Peyote and its Role in the Biosynthesis of Mescaline. Bastos, Milton Lesso (1956) Boletim. Instituto de Quimica Agricola (Rio de Janeiro) 45: 7-16 (English Summary). Applications of a modified chromic acid reagent in toxicological chemistry. [also see CA (1958) 52: 156b ] Batov, Sergei [1999 e-mail forwarded by M.S. Smith]. Battersby, A.R. et al. (1967) Tetrahedron Letters 6: 563-565. Biosynthesis of Cactus Alkaloids. (A.R. Battersby, R. Binks and R. Huxtable.) Battersby, A.R. et al. (1968) Tetrahedron Letters 58: 6111-6115. Biosynthesis of Pellotine. (A.R. Battersby, R. Binks and R. Huxtable.) Bauer (1907) Monatsschr. Kakteenk 17: 55 [Cereus hempelianus.] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Baxter, Claire & Michael Slaytor (1972) Phytochemistry 11:2763-2766. Partial Purification and Some Properties of Tryptophan Decarboxylase from Phalaris tuberosa. Bazant, Gabrielle (1968) Revue de Mycologie 33 (1): 94-95. Toiles daraignes et champignons hallucinognes. Bazant, Gabrielle (1969) Revue de Mycologie 34 (2-3): 243-248. Toiles daraignes et champignons hallucinognes. (Suite) Bazant, Gabrielle (1971) Revue de Mycologie 36 (1): 25-46. Action de la Psilocybine, substance hallucinogne extraite de champignons du Mexique, sur ldification des toiles daraignes. Beccari, E. (1936)a Archivio di farmacolgia sperimentale e scienze affini 61, 96. Farmacognosia del Peyotl. Farmacognosia botanica. Parte I. Beccari, E. (1936)b Archivio di farmacolgia sperimentale e scienze affini 161. Parte II. Farmacognosia Microscopica Chimica. Beifuss, Will (1996) Psychedelic Sourcebook. Rosetta. Bell, C.E. & A.R. Somerville (1966) Biochemical Journal 98: 1C-3C. A New Fluorescence Method for Detection and Possible Quantitative Assay of some Catecholamine and Tryptamine Derivatives on Paper. Bellman, Sander W. (1968) Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 51 (1): 164-175. Mass Spectral Identification of Some Hallucinogenic Drugs. Bellman, S.W. et al. (1970) Journal of Forensic Sciences. 15 (2): 261-286. Spectrometric Forensic Chemistry of Hallucinogenic Drugs. [Sander W. Bellman, John W. Turczan and Theodore C. Kram] [See also (1970) CA 73:75110b] Below, L.E. et al. (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 57 (3): 515-516. Macromerine from Coryphantha runyonii (L.E. Below, A.Y. Leung, J.L. McLaughlin and A.G. Paul) Beltrami, L. (1941) Archivo Farmaceutico Sperimentale Scienze Affini 71: 1. La lignificazione dei peli di Peyotl studiata dal punto di vista farmacognistico, chimico e botanico. Bender, L. & D.V.S. Sankar (1968) Science 159 (letter) Chromospome damage not found in leukocytes of children treated with LSD-25. Does not cause damage: Benington, Fred & Richard D. Morin (1951) Journal of the American Chemical Society 73: 1353. An improved synthesis of mescaline. Benington, Fred et al. (1954) Journal of the American Chemical Society 76: 5555-5556. Synthesis of 4Hydroxy- and 4-Ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamines. Benington, F. et al. (1959) Journal of Organic Chemistry 24 (7): 917-919. Synthesis of 5,6,7Trimethoxy-2,3-dihydroindole and 6,7Dimethoxyindole. [Fred Benington, R.D. Morin and L.C. Clark] Benitez, Fernando (1961) La Tierra Magica del Peyote. Biblioteca Era: Altos, Mexico Benitez, Fernando (1972) Peyoteros. Viaggio nella terra magica della droga. Il Saggiatore: Milano.

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Benitez, Fernando (1975) In the Magic Land of Peyote. 238 pp. & 32 photographs. University Of Texas Press ISBN # 0-446-89306-4 Bennett, Wendell C. & Robert M. Zingg (1935) The Tarahumara, an Indian Tribe of Northern Mexico. University of Chicago Press Bennington (in the literature) See as Benington Benson, Elizabeth P. (1972) The Mochica. A culture of Peru. Prager Publishers; New York. Washington Benson, Lyman (1982) Cacti of the United States and Canada. Stanford University Press 1982. Peyote pp. 680-683, ISBN 0-8047-0863-0. 1044 pages BENVENTO, Fr. Toribo de (date?) Ritos Antiquos in Kingsboroughs Antiquities of Mexico 9: 153 [From LABARRE 1975] Benzi, M. (1969) Hygiene Mentale 3: 61-97. Visions des Huicholes sous leffet du peyiotl. Benzi, Mario (1972) Les derniers Adorateurs du Peyotl. Gallimard: Paris Benzi, Mario (1998) Wirrika. Gli sciamani della Sierra Madre. Celleno (VT), La Piccola Editrice. Bergman, Robert (1971) American Journal of Psychiatry. 128: 695-699. Navajo Peyote Use: Its Apparent Safety. Beringer, Kurt (1920) Zeitschrifte fr die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie Volume 24. Experimentelle Psychosen durch Meskalin. [Also 1922 Vortrag auf der sdwestdeutshen PsychiaterVersammlung in Erlangen] Beringer, Kurt (1927) Der Mezcalinrausch, seine Geschichte und Erscheinungsweise. Springer, Berlin. (Reti (1950) notes that Beringer has a good bibliography of early works on the subject.) [ANDERSON & LABARRE give as Der Mezcalinrausch, seine Geschichte und Erscheinungsweise. Monographien aus dem Gesamtegebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie (1927) 49: 35-89, 119315.] [BERINGER 1927 was reprinted in 1969 by Springer-Verlag, New York.] Beringer, Kurt (1928) Archivo Argentino de Neurologia 2: 145-154. Intoxication due to alkaloids from mescaline: Resulting mental and physical phenomena. Berlin, Louis et al. (1955) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 122 (5): 487-491. Studies in Human Cerebral Function: The Effects of Mescaline and Lysergic Acid on Cerebral Processes Pertinent to Creative Activity. [Louis Berlin, Thomas Guthrie, Arthur Weider, Helen Goodell and Harold G. Wolff] Bernabai, A. (1966) Annales della Sanit Pubblica 27 (Nov-Dec.) : 1265-1296. Plante magiche Americana (Psilocybe-Stropharia-Anhalonium). Bernheim, Frederick & Mary L.C. Bernheim (1938) Journal of Biological Chemistry 123: 317-326. The Oxidation of Mescaline and Certain Other Amines. Bernstein, Dennis & Howard Levin (1994) The Texas Observer. (June 17): 14-15. Ollie Takes a Powder: A Texas DEA Agent Once Tracked Oliver Norths Contra Drug Deals. [A darkly amusing article about the problems a DEA agent ran into while trying to unravel a cocaine ring he uncovered] Berrin, Kathleen (1978) Art of the Huichol Indians. The Fine Arts Museum: San Francisco. Bertani et al. (1970) Clin. Chim. Acta 30: [L.M. Bertani, S.W. Dziedzic, D.D. Clarke and S.E. Gitlow] Bertler, A., et al.(1958) Acta Physiol. Scand. 44: 273292. [A. Bertler, A. Carlsson and E. Rosengren] Betanzos, Juan de (1880) Suma y narracin de los Incas que los indios llaman Capaccuna, que fueron seores de la ciudad del Cuzco y de todo lo a ello subjecto. Madrid [from YACOVLEFF & HERRRERA 1935] Beyer, Karl & Albert R. Latven (1944) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 81: 203. An evaluation of the influence of succinate and malonate on barbiturate hypnosis. Bianchi, Antonio (1991) Annali dei Musei CiviciRovereto 6: 147-152. Psicofisiologia dei rituali allucinatori dello sciamanesimo nord-peruviano. Discusses the role of the ritual context in producing a religious experience. Bianchi, Antonio & Mario Polia (1991) Integration: Zeitschrift fur Geistbewegende Pflanzen und Kultur 1: 65-70. Ethnological evidence and cultural patterns of use of Trichocereus pachanoi BRITTON & ROSE among Peruvian curanderos. Published in Italian (1990) Annali dei Musei Civici-Roverto 6: 139-146. Dati etnofarmacologici e modelli culturali delluso del Trichocereus pachanoi Britton & Rose tra I curanderos peruviani. Bianchi, Antonio & Giorgio Samorini (1993) Plants in Association with Ayahuasca. pp. 21-42 in Christian Rtsch and John R. Baker (Eds.) Jahrbuch fr Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness. Issue 2. Bisset, N.G. (1985) Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85 Number 3: 115-122. Uses of Voacanga species. [From DESMET 1996] Blair, Thomas S. (1921) Journal of the American Medical Association 76: 1033-1034. Habit indulgence in certain cactaceous plants Blanco Labra, Victor (1992) Wirikuta: La tierra sagrada de los huicholes. Daimon: Mexico. Bland, D.E. et al. (1950) Australian Journal of Scientific Research 3A: 642-?. Extraction of syringaldehyde from E. diversicolor, E. obliqua or Eucalyptus regnans sawdust Blaschko, H. (1944-1945) Journal of Physiology 103: Proc. 13-14 P. Enzymatic oxidation of mescalin in the rabbits liver. Blatt, A.H. (ed.) (1943) Organic Synthesis. Collective Volume 2. John Wiley and Sons, NY. 1943. Block, Wolfram (1953) Z. Physiol. Chem. 294: 1-10. Should read (1954) Block, Wolfram (1953)a Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 294: 1-12. In-vitro-Versuche zum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C--phenylthylamin in Proteine. I. Mitteilung. Der enzymatische Vorgang. Block, Wolfram (1953)b Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 294: 49-56. In-vitroVersuche zum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C--

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

phenyl-thylamin in Proteine. II. Mitteilung. Einflss der Aminooxydase. Block, Wolfram (1953)c Zeitschrift fr Naturforschung 8b: 8 : 440-444. Zur Physiologie des 14C-radioactiven Mescalins in Tierversuch, IV. Vergleichende Untersuchungen mit 14C-Mescaline und 14C-Phenyl-thylamine. Block, Wolfram (1954)a Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 296: 1-10. In-vitro-Versuche zum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C--phenylthylamin in Proteine. III. Mitteilung. Block, Wolfram (1954)b Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 296: 108-121. In-vitroVersuche zum Einbau von 14C-Mescalin und 14C-phenyl-thylamin in Proteine. IV. Mitteilung. Einbau versuche in Zellkerne, Mitochondrien, Mikrosomen und Cytoplasma. Block, Wolfram (1958) Pharmacological aspects of mescaline. pp. 108-119 in M. Rinkel & H.C.B. Denber (eds.) Chemical Aspects of Psychosis NewYork: McDowell. Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)a Angewandte Chemie 64 (6): 166-167. Tierversuche mit 14Cradioaktivem Mescaline und sein Einbau in das Eiwei der Leber. [Synthesis of radiolabeled mescaline.] Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)b Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 85: 1009-1012. Synthese von 14C-radioaktivem Mescalin. Block, Wolfram & Katharina Block (1952)c Congrs International de Biochimie, Rsums de Communications, 2nd, Paris, July 21-27 1952. p. 429. La distribution de la mscaline marque (14Cradioactif) dans lorganisme animal et son association avec les protines du foie. [CA (1954) 48: 8966d-e.] [The distribution of mescaline (labeled with radioactive carbon14 ) in the animal organism and its association with the proteins of the liver.] [Should be written 14C] Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)a Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 290: 160-168. Zur physiologie des 14C-radioaktiven Mescalins im Tierversuche. I. Mitteilung. Fermentsuche und Ausscheidungsproduckte. (Wolfram Block, Katarina Block and Bernh. Patzig) Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)b Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 290: 230-236 Zur physiologie des 14C-radioaktiven Mescalins im Tierversuche. II. Mitteilung. Verteilung der Radioaktivitt in den Organen in Abhangigkeit von der Zeit. (Wolfram Block, Katarina Block and Bernh. Patzig) Block, Wolfram et al. (1952)c Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 291: 119-128. Zur physiologie des 14C-radioaktiven Mescalins im Tierversuche. III. Mitteilung. Mescaline in bau in Leberprotein. (Wolfram Block, Katarina Block and Bernh. Patzig) Blofeld, John (1966) Psychedelic Review 7: 27-32. A High Yogic Experience Achieved with Mescalin. Bloom et al. (1970) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 66 (3): 920-927. Chromosome Aberrations among the Yanamama Indians. [Arthur D. Bloom, James V. Neel, Kyoo W. Choi, Shozo Iida and Napoleon Chagnon.] Bloom et al. (1973) Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 12: 175-186 Bchtold (in the literature) See as Bchtold Bodendorf, K. & P. Kloss (1961) Archiv der Pharmazie 66: 654-661. ber Abbau und Biogenese der Alkaloide Mesembrin und Mesembrenin. [From DESMET 1996] Bodendorf, K. & W. Krieger (1957) Archiv der Pharmazie 62: 441-448. ber die Alkaloide von Mesembryanthemum tortuosum L. [From DESMET 1996] Bdecker (1928) Zeitscrift fr Sukkulentenkunde 3(11):229-230. [as Echinocactus schmiedickeanus] Boire, Richard Glen (ed.) The Entheogen Law Reporter. Boit, Hans G. (1961) Ergebnisse der Chemie bis 1960. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1961 Boke, Norman H. & Edward F. Anderson (1970) American Journal of Botany 57 (5): 569-578; Structure, Development and Taxonomy in the Genus Lophophora. Bolland, A. (1911) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 32: 117131. Mikrochemische Studien. Bollhart, Thomas Benno (1985) Nearika: Visionen der Huichol pp. 9-75 in Umgarnte Mythen. Vlkerkundemuseum Freiburg. Borg, John (1937) Cacti. A Gardeners Handbook for Their Identification and Cultivation. First Edition. MacMillan and Co.: London. Borg, John (1976) Cacti. A Gardeners Handbook for Their Identification and Cultivation. Fourth Edition. Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0132-3. [3rd ed. (enlarged) was in 1959.] Borsy, J. et al. (1961) Acta Physiol. 19: 27. Borsy, J. et al. (1964) Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 2: 273 Borud, O. & L.R. Gjessing (1970) Clin. Chim. Acta 27: 552. Bost, J. et al. (1965) Comptes Rendus des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales. (Socit de Biologie Lyon. Sances des 21 Dcembre 1964 et 18 Janvier 1965.] 159 (2): 403-406. Influence de la rserpine sur laction centrale de la mescaline: Potentialisation de lexcitation motrice chez la Souris. [J. Bost, Y. Ruckebusch and M. Roche] Bouerget, S. (1990) Boletn del Instituto Frans de Estudios Andinos. 19 (2): 45-58. Caracoles sagrados en la iconografa Moche.. (from Ott (1993) Boyd, C.E. & J.P Dering (1996) Texas Archaic Antiquit. 70: 256-275. (Ungnadia) Boyer, L.B. et al. (1968) Shamanism and Peyote Use Among the Apaches of the Mescalero Indian Reservation. Paper presented at the Hallucinogens and Shamanism symposium at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association. [L. Bryce Boyer, Ruth M. Boyer and Harry W. Basehart.] Published as pages 53-66, in Michael J. Harner (ed.)

SC3: References
(1973) Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ISBN 0-19501649-1. Bradley, C.A. et al. (1961) Journal of Neuropsychiatry 2: 175. Bradley, Richard (1989) Current Anthropology 30 (1): pp?? Deaths and Entrances: A Contexual Analysis of Megalithic art. Braga, D.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1969) Planta Medica 17 (1): 87-94. Cactus alcaloids.[sic] V. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpus retusus Brako, Lois & J. Zarrucchi (1993) Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Brant, Charles S. (1950) Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Vol. 6. Peyotism among Kiowa, Apache and Neighboring Tribes. Bravo, H. (1967) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas 12: 8-17. Una revision del genero Lophophora. Bravo, Helia & Don K. Cox (1958) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas 3: 3-12. Estudios Cactalgicos. Heliabravoa chende (Goss.) Backeberg Bravo H., Helia (1931) Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional de Mxico. 2 (2): 117126. Cactaceas del Valle de Oaxaca. Bravo H., Helia (1931) Anales del Instituto de Biologia. Nota acerca de la Histolga del Peyote, Lophophora williamsii, Lemaire. [From LABARRE] Bravo H., Helia (1932) Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional de Mxico. 3 (1): 15-18. Contribucion al Conocimiento de las Cactaceas de Mexico. Myrtillocactus grandiareolatus, sp. nov. Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Snchez-Mejorada R. (1991) Las Cactceas de Mxico. Volume 2 Bravo-Hollis, Helia & Hernando Snchez-Mejorada R. (1991) Las Cactceas de Mxico. Volume 3 Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1937) Las Cactceas de Mxico. Volume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando SnchezMejorada R.) [First edition] [Lophophora 376-384] Bravo, H. (1967) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas 12: 8-17. Una revision del genero Lophophora. Bravo-Hollis, Helia (1978) Las Cactceas de Mxico. Volume 1. (in collaboration with Hernando SnchezMejorada R.) [Second edition] Bravo, Helia & Don K. Cox (1958) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas 3: 3-12. Estudios Cactalgicos. Heliabravoa chende (Goss.) Backeberg Brenneisen, Rudolf & Hans-Jrg Helmlin 1993 Lophophora in Hagers Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Praxis (5. Aufl.), Bd. 5: 707-712. Springer: Berlin. [From RTSCH 1998] Brickell, Christopher & Judith D. Zuk (Eds.) (1996) The American Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants DK Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-7894-1943-2. Bridger, W.H. & I.J. Mandel, I.J. (1967) Life Science 6: 775-781. The effect of dimethoxyphenylethylamine and mescaline on classical conditioning in rats as measured by the potentiated startle response Bridger, Wagner H. & W. Horsley Gantt (1956) American Journal of Psychiatry 113 (4): 352-360. The effect of mescaline on differentiated conditional reflexes. Briggs, J.R. (1887) Medical Register 1: 276-277. Muscale buttons Physiological action Personal experiences. Brimblecombe, Roger W. & Roger M. Pinder (1975) Hallucinogenic Agents. Bristol: Wright Scientific. Brito, Silverster J. (1989) The Way of a Peyote Roadman. Peter Lang: New York. Britton & Robinson (1932) The Hydrogen Ion. Chapman and Hall, London. Britton, Nathaniel Lord and Joseph Nelson Rose (1919-1923) The Cactaceae. Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family. [The Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication No. 248, Washington.] Reprinted many times. Our information came from the 1937 reprint by Scott E. Haselton, Abbey San Encino Press, Pasadena, California. Also reprinted in 1977, with the four volumes bound as two volumes, by Dover, New York. Britton & Rose (1919) Volume One. Britton & Rose (1920) Volume Two. Britton & Rose (1922) Volume Three. Britton & Rose (1923) Volume Four. Bromberg, W. & C.L. Tranter (1943) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 97: 518-527. Peyote intoxication: some psychological aspects of peyote rite. Brooke, F.K. (1914) Report of the Thirty-Second Annual Lake Mohonk Conference on the Indian and Other Dependent Peoples 72-75. Cooperation of State and Federal Authorities. Brossi, A. et al. (1966) Helvetica Chimica Acta 49 (44): 403-411. Synthesen in der Isochinolinreihe. Zur Darstellung 6,7,8,-Hydroxy-dimethoxy-substituierter 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisochinoline aus 3-Benzyloxy-4,5dimethoxy-phenthylamin und Bericht ber die Resultate der pharmakologischen prfung von Anhalamin, Anhalidin, rac. Anhalonidin und rac. Pellotin (A. Brossi, F. Schenker, R. Schmidt, R. Banziger and W. Leimgruber) Brown, Joel H. (1996-1997) MAPS 7(1): 28-34. Drug education and democracy [in]action. Brown, John Kennedy & Marvin H. Malone (1978) Clinical Toxicology 12 (1): 1-31. Legal HighsConstituents, Activity, Toxicology and Folklore. Brown, J.K. et al. (1972) Journal of Chromatography 64: 129-133 A Rapid Screening Procedure for some Street Drugs by TLC. [J.K. Brown, L. Shapazian & G.D. Griffin] Brown, Robert E. (1968) (1975-4th edition) Guide to Preparation of the Eucharist. In a few of its many guises. (Linga Sharira Incense Company) Brown, S.D. et al. (1968) Phytochemistry 7 (11): 20312036. Cactus Alkaloids. (Stanley D. Brown, John L. Massingill, Jr. and Joe E. Hodgkins) BRUH & also BRUHH in the literature both refer to JG BRUHN

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Bruhn, Jan G. (1971)a Cactceas y Suculentas Mexicana 16 (3): 51-58, English summary 68-70. Alcaloides en las Cactceas. Bruhn, Jan G. (1973)a Cactceas y Suculentas Mexicanas 18 (1): 8-11, English summary 11-13. Bsqueda Etnobotnica de Cactceas Alucingenas Bruhn, Jan G. (1973)b Planta Medica 24 (4): 315-319. Ethnobotanical Search for Hallucinogenic Cacti Bruhn, Jan G. (1975)a Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 338. [Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy 6; 38 pages] Pharmacognistic studies of peyote and related psychoactive cacti. Bruhn, Jan G. (1976) Cactus and Succulent Society Journal 48: 115-118: Early Records of Lophophora diffusa. Bruhn, Jan G. (1978) Cactaceas y Succulentas Mexicanas 23 (2): 27-35. Tres Hombres y Una Droga: Investigaciones sobre el peyote en los Aos 90. Bruhn, Jan G. & Stig Agurell (1975) Phytochemistry 14: 1442-1443. O-Methylpellotine, a new peyote alkaloid from Lophophora diffusa. Bruhn, Jan G. & Bo Holmstedt (1974) Economic Botany 28 (4): 353-390. Early Peyote Research. An Interdisciplinary Study. BRUHN & BRUHN 1971, given in the literature, refers to BRUHN 1971a Bruhn, Jan G. & Catarina Bruhn (1973) Economic Botany 27 (2): 241-251 Alkaloids and Ethnobotany of Mexican Peyote Cacti and Related Species. (Nice anthropological review of other sacred cacti. Their chemical analysis did not include any quaternary or neutral compounds.) Bruhn, Jan G. & Jan Lundstrm (1976)a American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 40: 159-160. A Student Experiment in Pharmacognosy: Biosynthesis of Mescaline in the Cactus Trichocereus pachanoi. Bruhn, Jan G. et al. (1978) Science 199: 1437-1438. Peyote alkaloids: Identification in a Prehistoric Specimen of Lophophora from Coahuila, Mexico. Buchanan, Douglas N. (1929) British Journal of Medical Psychology 9: 67-88, with discussion pp. 8992. Meskalinrausch. Buchanan, Douglas N. (1931) Medical Annual 1931: 12. Bullis, Ronald K. (1990) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 22 (3): 325-332. Swallowing the Scroll: Legal Implications of the Recent Supreme Court Peyote Cases Burke, J.C. & A.R. McIntyre (1938) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 64: 465. Burt-Davy, J. (1913) Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa 6: 66. (From WATT 1967) Buscaino, V. (1949) Gazzetta Sanitaria 20: 417. [From TURNER & HEYMAN] Byarlay, Patricia (ed.) The Peyote Awareness Journal later as Peyote: A Medicine Journal. Bye, Robert A., Jr. (1979) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1: 28-48. Hallucinogenic Plants of the Tarahumara Caldern, Eduardo & Douglas Sharon (1978) Terapia de la Curanderia. Edigraf-Trujillo. (Discusses modern use in healing and philosophy. Discussion of other herbs pp. 59-67.) Caldern, Eduardo et al. (1982) Eduardo el Curandero: The words of a Peruvian Healer. North Atlantic Books and Society for the Study of Native Arts and Sciences, Richmond, CA. Callaway, Jace C. (1995) Eleusis 1: 4-10. Ayahuasca, Now and Then. Camilla, Giberto (1998) Cactus Mescalinici. pages 83-91 in Altrove #5. Very general overview of mescaline containg and other psychoactive cacti. Camino, Alejandro (1992) Takiwasi 1 (1): 99-109. El Peyote: Derecho histrico de los pueblos indios. Camisaca, L. (1949) Oto-rino-laringologia italiana 18: 90-107. Lazione della mescalina sull-apparato vestibolare. Campbell, C.J. et al. (1946) Federation Proceedings. 5: 15. Sodium succinates as an analeptic in man. [Paper presenteed to the American Physiological Society, 55th annual meeting Atlantic City, NJ, Mar. 11-15, 1946.] [C.J. Campbell, J.P. Males and R.H. Bennet] Campbell, Thomas N. (1947) The Texas Journal of Science 9: 7-25. The Fields shelter: an archeological site in Edwards County, Texas. Campbell, Thomas N. (1958) American Anthropologist 60 (1): 156-160. Origin of the Mescal Bean Cult. Camus (1906)a Arch. Int. Pharmacodynam. Thrap. 16: 43. tude physiologique du sulfate dhordnine (from KAPADIA & FAYEZ 1970) Camus (1906)b C.R. hebd. Sances Acad. Sci. 142: 110113. Lhordnine, son degr de toxicit, symptmes de lintoxication Camus (1906)c C. R. hebd. Sances Acad. Sci. 142: 237239. Action du sulfate dhordnine sur la circulation Camus (1906)d C. R. hebd. Sances Acad. Sci. 142: 350-352. Action du sulfate dhordnine sur les ferments solubles et sur les microbes. Can, Ralph E. (1983) Boletn de Lima 5 (26): 13-28. El Obelisco Tello de Chavin. Can, Ralph E. (1985) Boletn de Lima 7 (37): 38-44. Problemas Arqueolgicos e Iconogrficos-Enfoques Nuevos. Can, Ralph E. (1988) Boletn de Lima 10 (56): 35-40. Alucingenos utilizados en la regin andina prehispnica. Canestrini, D. (1993) Airone 144: 66-77. Un peyote, e poi perdeersi fra mille colori. Cannell, Richard J.P. (ed.) (1998) Natural Products Isolation (Mothods in Biotechnology 4) Humana Press: Totowa, NJ 473 pages ISBN 0-89603-362-7 Capps, T.M. et al. (1977) Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkins Transactions II 8: 1098-1104. Sceletium Alkaloids. Part 7. Structure and Absolute Stereochemistry of (-)-Mesembrane and 3-Methoxy4-O-methyljoubertiamine, Two Minor Bases from S. Namaquense L. Bolus: X-Ray Analysis of (-)Mesembrane Hydrochloride Monohydrate. (Thomas

SC3: References
M. Capps, Karl D. Hargrave, Peter W. Jeffs & Andrew T. McPhail) Cardinale, G.J. (1987) Life Sciences 40: 301-306. Morphine and Codeine are Endogenous Components of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid. (George J. Cardinale, Josef Donnerer, A. Donald Finck, Joel D. Kantrowitz, Kazuhiro Oka & Sydney Spector) Carlini, E.A. et al. (1965) Experientia 21 (2): 72-73. Potentiation of Histamine and Inhibition of Diamine Oxidase by Mescaline. [E.A. Carlini, M. Santos and M.R.P. Sampaio] Carlini, E.A. et al. (1967) Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 17: 534-542. Effects of chronic administration of -(3,4dimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine and -(3,4,5trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine on the climbing rope performance of rats. [E.A. Carlini, M.T.A. Silva, L.C. Cesare and R.M. Endo] Carlsson, A. & M. Lindquist (1962) Acta Physiol. Scand. 54: 83. Casillas Romo, Armando (1990) Nosologia mtica de un pueblo: Medicina tradicional huichola. Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara: Guadalajara. Castrilln, Jos A. (1950) Thesis, Buenos Aires University. [from RETI 1954] Castrilln, Jos A (1952) Journal of the American Chemical Society 74: 558-559. Cactus Alkaloids. I. Condensation of Mescaline with Formaldehyde by the Eschweiler-Clarke Reaction. [An interesting reaction in a failed attempt to produce trichocereine.] Cattell, James P. (1954) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 119 (3): 233-244. Influence of Mescaline on Psychodynamic Material. Ceroni, Luigi (1932) Rivista Sperimentale Freniatria 56: 42-104. Lintossicazione mescalinica (Autoesperienze). Chang Po-tuan (translated by Thomas Cleary) (1987)Understanding Reality. A Taoist Alchemical Classic by Chang Po-tuan. With a Concise Commentary by Liu I-Ming [A translation of the Chinese 12th century classic; Wu Chen Pien] University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu. ISBN 0-82481139-7. Charalampous et al. (1964) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 145 (2): 242-246. Metabolic Fate of -(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine (Mescaline) in Humans: Isolation and Identification of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic Acid. [K.D. Charalampous, Antonio Orengo, K.E. Walker and John Kinross-Wright] Charalampous et al. (1966) Psychopharmacologia 9: 48-63. Metabolic Fate of Mescaline in Man. (K.D. Charalampous, K.E. Walker and John KinrossWright) Charalampous, K.D. & L.W. Tansey (1967) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 155: 318. Chaumerliac & Roche (1948) Bulletin de la socit dophtalmologie de Paris. 800-802. Un vasodilateur inattendu, la mescaline. [CA (1952) 46: 2191a ] [An unexpected vasodilator, mescaline.] Chevalier, A. (1946) Comptes Rendus de lAcademie des Sciences 223: 767-769. Le Sata mbwanda racine stimulante et aphrodisiaque employe par les Noirs du Gabon et son identification botanique. Chevalier, A. (1947) Revue de Botanique Applique 27: 104-109. Les Mostuea africains et leurs proprits stimulantes. [From DESMET 1996] Chevon, G. (1931) Journal de la Socit des Africanistes 1: 285-289. Le Dyid. Chin, K.C. et al. (1962) Sheng Li Hsueh Pao 25 (3): 182-190. [CA (1963) 59: 13249g-h.] [Pharmacologic actions of tetrahydroberberine on the central nervous system.] [Kuo-Chang Chin, Hsin-Ying Chu, HsiTsan Tang and Pin Hsu.] Cholden, L. (ed.) (1956) Lysergic acid diethylamide and Mescaline in Experimental Psychiatry. NewYork & London: Grune & Stratton, 1956. Chopra, I.C. et al. (1960) With Particular Reference to the Botanical Aspects in: Medicinal Plants of the Arid Zones. Arid Zone Research Publication No. 13. Paris: UNESCO 1960. (p. 42) [I.C. Chopra, B.K. Abrol & K.L. Handa] [From ANDERSON 1980] Choulis, N.H. (1967) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 56 (2): 196-199. Separation and Quantitative Determination of Adrenaline using Thin-Layer Chromatography Christenson, James G. et al. (1972) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 69 (2): 343-347. On the Identity of DOPA Decarboxylase and 5-Hydroxytryptophan Decarboxylase. [With Wallace Dairman and Sidney Udenfriend] Christiansen, A. et al. (1962) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 136: 31-37. Changes in spider webs brought about by mescaline, psilocybin and an increase in body weight. [Arnold Christiansen, Ricarda Baum and Peter N. Witt] Chweitzer, A. & E. Geblewicz (1938) Comptes Rendus des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales 128: 867-868. Laction de la mescaline sur la coloration du Cyprin bronz. Chweitzer, A. et al. (1936) LAnne psychologique (Paris) 37: 94-119. tude de llectroencphalogramme Humain dans un cas DIntoxication Mescalinique. [A. Chweitzer, E. Geblewicz and W. Liberson] Chweitzer, A. et al. (1937) Comptes Rendus des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales 124:1296-1299. Action de la mescaline sur les ondes (rythme de Berger) chez lhomme. [A. Chweitzer, E. Geblewicz and W. Liberson] Clark, L.C. et al. (1954) Federation Proceedings. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 13 (1): 27, entry # 87. Effect of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and related compounds on respiratory enzyme activity of brain homogenates. [Abstract of a paper presented to the American Physiological Society: 72nd meeting; Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 12-16, 1954.] (L.C. Clark, Jr., R.P. Fox, F. Benington and R. Morin.]

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Clark, L.C. et al. (1964) Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. 1: 417 Clark, L.C. et al. (1965) Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 8 (3): 353-355. The Effects of Ring-Methoxyl Groups on Biological Deamination of Phenethylamines. [Leland C. Clark Jr., Frederick Benington and Richard D. Morin] Clarke, E.C.G. & M. Williams (1955) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7: 255-262. Microchemical Tests for the Identification of Alkaloids. Clarke, E.G.C. (1957) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 9 (3): 187-192. Microchemical identification of some less common alkaloids. Clarke, E.G.C. (Ed.) (1969) Isolation and Identification of Drugs in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and PostMortem Materials. London: The Pharmaceutical Press. Clarkes Isolation and Identification of Drugs in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Post-Mortem Materials. Second Edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press (1986) [Posthumous revision of Clarkes classic.] Claude, Henri & Henri Ey (1934) Comptes Rendus des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales 115: 838-841. La Mescaline, substance hallucinogne. Clement, B.A. et al. (1997) Phytochemistry 46 (2): 249254. Toxic Amines and Alkaloids From Acacia berlandieri (Beverly A. Clement, Christina M. Goff & Davids A. Forbes] Clement, B.A. et al. (1998) Phytochemistry 49 (5): 1377-1380. Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acacia rigidula. (Beverly A. Clement, Christina M. Goff & David A. Forbes) Clemente, Emmett and Vincent de Paul Lynch (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 57 (1): 72-78. In Vitro Action of Mescaline. Possible Mode of Action. Clerc et al. (1935) Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires des Sances et Mmoires de la Socite de Biologie et de ses Filiales et Associes 119: 828-830 Clerc et al. (1936) Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires des Sances et Mmoires de la Socite de Biologie et de ses Filiales et Associes 121: 1300-1302. Contribution ltude experimentale du sulfate de mescaline. [Clerc, Paris & Janot] Cobo, Fr. Bernabe (1891-1893) Historia del Nuevo Mundo. Seville [from YACOVLEFF & HERRRERA 1935] Cobo, Father Bernabe (1956) Historia del Nuevo Mundo. Obras del. P. Bernabe Cobo, Vols. 1 and 2, Edited by P. Francisco Mateo. Biblioteca de Autores Espaoles, Vol. 91 and 92. [Vol. 91, Page 205] [Also in 1964 Madrid: Ediciones Atlas.] [From SHARON 1978 & POLIA] Also 4 volumes published 1890-1893 Seville; [from LABARRE] Written in 1653. Coch Frugoni, Juan A. (1956? 1958?) Anales. Facultad de Qumica. [y farmacia (?)], Universidad de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay, in press] [The influence of pH on the electrophoretic separation of alkaloids on paper.] [From CA (1959) 53: 1633c which gives as Anales fac. qum. y farm, Univ. rep. oriental Uruguay. ] Given by Marini-Bettlo and Coch-Frugoni (1956) as (1956) Anal. Fac. Chim. y Farm. (Montevideo) 5: (in press). [Also in CA (1958) 52: 653c as in press ] Unable to locate the specifics of when this was published. J.A. Coch Frugoni published a handful of papers during the next few years (several in the Journal of Chromatography) but this one has not been found anywhere (so far). [CITES lists him as J.A.C. Frugoni.] Cochin, J. et al. (1951) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 101 (2): 205-209. The absorption, distribution and urinary excretion of mescaline in the dog. [J. Cochin, L.A. Woods and M.H. Seevers] Coe, Michael D. & Gordon Whittaker (1982) Aztec Sorcerers in Seventeenth Century Mexico. The Treatise on Superstitions by Hernando Ruiz de Alarcn. First Tract. Chapter 6. Of the Superstition of the Ololiuqui. Cohen, I. and Vogel, W.H. (1970) Experientia 26/11: 1231-1232. An assay Procedure for Mescaline and its Determination in Rat Brain, Liver and Plasma. Cohen, M.M. et al. (1967) New England Journal of Medicine 227: 1043. In vivo and in vitro chromosomal damage induced by LSD-25. (M.M. Cohen, K. Horshhorn & W.A. Frosch) Cohen, M.M. et al. (1968) Science 155: 1417. Chromosomal damage in human leukocytes induced by lysergic acid diethylamide. (M.M. Cohen, M. Marinello & N. Bach) Cohen, S. et al. (eds.) (1985) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 17 (4): [Whole issue] LSD in retrospect. (S. Cohen, S. Krippner, E.L. Zerkin & J.H. Novey) Social and clinical review: Cole, D.T. (1995) Setswana Animals and Plants. Botswana Society: Gaborone. [From HARGREAVES 1998] Collier, Donald (1929) (US Congress) Senate Committe on Indian Affairs 34: 18234-18255. Peyote, A General Study of the Plant, the Cult and the Drug. Colomb, D. (1939) Contribution ltude pharmacologique de la mescaline. Lyon. 80 pp. Cordy-Collins, Alana (1977) Chavn art: Its shamanic/ hallucinogenic origins. In Alana Cordy-Collins & Jean Stern (Eds.) Pre-Columbian Art History: Selected Readings. Peek Publications, Pala Alto, CA. (from CORDY-COLLINS 1980) Cordy-Collins, Alana (1977) Chavn art: Its shamanic/ hallucinogenic origins. In A. Cordy-Collins & J. Stearn (Eds.) Pre-Columbian Art History: Selected Writings. Peek Publications, San Diego, CA. pp. 353-362. (from OTT 1993) Cordy-Collins, Alana (1980) The Masterkey 54: 84-93. An artistic record of the Chavn hallucinatory experience. Cordy-Collins, Alana (1982) The Journal of Ethnobiology 2 (2): 144-153. Psychoactive painted Peruvian plants. The shamanism textile. Correll, Donovan Stewart & Marshall Conring Johnson (1970) Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation; Renner, Texas

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Cortes, M. et al. (1972) Phytochemistry 11: 849-850. Cactaceae. Isolation of Candicine From Trichocereus chilensis Costa, Erminio (1956)a Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 91 (1): 39-41. [Abstract; entry 22163] Effects of Hallucinogenic and Tranquilizing Drugs on Serotonin Evoked Uterine Contractions. Costa, Erminio (1956)b Psychiatric Research Reports [Amer. Psychiatr. Ass.] 4: 11-13. [CA (1956) 50: 14120c-d.] The effect of hallucinogenic and tranquilizing drugs on the serotonin-evoked uterine contractions. Coulter, John M. (1891) Contributions from the US National Herbarium 2 (1): 1-152. Manual of the Plants of Western Texas. [Peyote: page 129] Coulter, John M. (1894) Contributions from the US National Herbarium 3 (3): 91-132. Preliminary revision of the North American species of Cactus, Anhalonium, and Lophophora. [Peyote: page 31] Cowdry, R.W. & F.K. Goodwin (1978) p. 281, in: R.L. Spitzer & D.F. Klein (eds.) Clinical Issues in Psychiatric Diagnosis. Raven Press, New York 1978. Crawford, T.B.B. & C.M. Yates (1970) Brit. J. Pharmac. 38: 56. CRC (1980-1981) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 61st Edition. Weast (ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. ISBN 0-8493-0461-X. Crema, A. (1953) Bolletino della societ italiana di biologia sperimentale 29: 1520-1522. Valutazione quantitativa dellazzione dei farmaci sulla funzionalit vestibolare, III. Neurotosicita della mescalina. Creveling, C.R. et al. (1962) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 64 (1): 125-134. Substrates and Inhibitors of Dopamine--oxidase. [Cyrus R. Creveling, John W. Daly, Bernhard Witkop and Sidney Udenfriend.] Crichtly, M. (1931) British Journal of Inebriety 28 (3): 99-108. Some Forms of Drug Addiction: Mescalism. Croizat, L. (1943-1945) Desert Plant Life 15: 116-120, 138-140, 152-154; 16: 7-10, 37-38, 43-44, 53-55, 9093, 103-108, 118-122, 139-143, 150-156; 17: 11-16, 28-29. A study of the genus Lophophora. Crosby, D.M. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973) Lloydia 36 (4): 416-418. Cactus Alkaloids. XIX. Crystallization of Mescaline HCl and 3-Methoxytyramine from Trichocereus pachanoi. Cruz Snchez, Guillermo (1948) PhD Thesis. Insituto de
Farmacologia y Terapeutica Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Farmacologa de Opuntia cylindrica.

Cruz Snchez, Guillermo (1948)a Revista de la Farmacologia y Medicina Experimental (Lima) 1 (2): 253-258. Informe sobre las aplicaciones de la Cimora en el norte del Per. [also given as 253ff] Cruz Snchez, Guillermo (1948)b Revista de la Farmacologia y Medicina Experimental. (Lima) 1: 143-? . Farmacologa de Opuntia cylindrica. (From GUTIRREZ-NORIEGA) [also given as 143ff] Cruz Snchez, Guillermo (1951) Revista de Medicina Experimentale 8 (1): 159-166 Estudio Folklrico de

Algunas plantas Medicamentosas y Txicas de la Regin Norte del Per. (From SHARON 1978) Cucchi, A. (1939) Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria 63: 393-404. Azione della mescalina sul profilo psicologico. Cybulski, T. (1935) Med. Dosw. Spoleczna 20: 126 [CA (1936) 30: 30927.].) Cymerman Craig, J. et al. (1977) Journal of the American Chemical Society 99 (24): 7996-8002. Chiroptical Properties of 1-Methyl-1,2,3,4tetrahydroisoquinolines. A Semi-empirical Quadrant Rule Based on One-Electron Theory. (J. Cymerman Craig, S.-Y. Catharine Lee, Rosalind P.K. Chan and Irene Y.-F. Wang) dAzevedo, Warren (1978) Straight With the Medicine: Narratives of Washoe Followers of the Tipi Way. Heyday Books (Quick). ISBN 0-930588-19-3. 61 pages. DHarcourt, Raoul (1939) La Mdicine dans lAncien Prou. Librairie Maloine, Paris. (DHarcourt also includes a very clear example of fellatio.) Daiker, F.H. (1914) Report of the Thirty-Second Annual Lake Mohonk Conference on the Indian and Other Dependent Peoples 62-68. Liquor and peyote a menace to the Indian Daly, John et al. (1962) Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 96 (1): 37-43. Methylation and Demethylation in Relation to the IN VITRO Metabolism of Mescaline. [John Daly, Julius Axelrod and Bernhard Witkop] Dammert Bellido, Jos (1974) Allpanchis Phuturinqa (Cusco) 9: 179-200. Procesos por Supersticiones en la Provincia de Cajamarca en la Segunda Mitad del Siglo XVIII. [From SHARON (1978).] Dandiya, P.C. & M.K. Menon (1965) Life Sciences. 4 (17): 1635-1641. Interaction of Asarone with Mescaline, Amphetamine and Tremorine. [Asarone appeared to antagonize all aspects of mescaline intoxication.] Daniel, James (Jim) E. (1999) (Personal communication with J.Hanna during June) Darth, Chewbacca (1977) The Whole Drug Manufacturers Catalog (Prophet Press) [Primarily a complation of Irv Penkethmans literature and anything else they could find] Datta, R.K. & J.J. Ghosh (1970)a Biochemical Journal 117: 961-968. Mescaline-Induced Changes of BrainCortex Ribosomes. Effect of Mescaline on the Stability of Brain-Cortex Ribosomes. [similar effects have also been noted with stimulant drugs, antidepressants and convulsants.] Datta, R.K. & J.J. Ghosh (1970)b Biochemical Journal 117: 969-980. Mescaline-Induced Changes of BrainCortex Ribosomes. Effect of Mescaline on the Hydrogen-Bonded Structure of Ribonucleic Acid of Brain-Cortex Ribosomes. Davis, Bruce (1989) Journal of Chromatography 466: 89-218. Review. Biogenic amines and Their Metabolites in Body Fluids of Normal, Psychiatric and Neurological Subjects

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Davis, E. et al. (1970) Federation Proceedings of the American Society for Experimental Biology (Abstracts) p. 454. Alteration of Flash-Induced Responses by Intra-carotid Administration of Harmine. Davis, E. Wade (1983) Botanical Museum Leaflets. Harvard University. 29 (4): 367-386. Sacred Plants of the San Pedro Cult. Davis, E. Wade (1997) One River. Explorations and Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest. (First edition in 1996) Touchstone: New York. 537 pages ISBN 0684-80886-2 (hard)/ 0-684-83496-0 (pbk.) Davis, E. Wade (1999) Shamans Drum 52: 50-60. San Pedro, Cactus of the Four Winds Davis, Leslie B. (1961) Studies in Plains Anthropology and History 1: 1-5. Peyotism and the Blackfeet Indians of Montana: An Historical Assessment. Davis, W.M. et al. (1978) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 45 (1): 49-62. Acute Toxicity and Gross Behavioral Effects of Amphetamine, Four Methoxyamphetamines, and Mescaline in Rodents, Dogs and Monkeys. (W.M. Davis, J.A. Bedford, J.L. Buelke, M.M. Guinn, H.T. Hatoum, I.W. Waters, M.C. Wilson and M.C. Braude) Dawider, A.A. & M.B.E. Fayez (1961) J. Chem. United Arab Rep. 4: 145-147. Identification of -Sitosterol in Opuntia ficus-indica. [from 1961 CA 56: 9121g] de Alarcn, Hernando Ruiz (1892) Tratado de las supersticones y costumbres gentlicasde esta Nueva Espaa. Ao 1629 Museo Nacional:Mexico. 124 pages. de Alarcn, Hernando Ruiz (1898, 1900) Anales del Museo Nacional de Mexico. Volume 6: 123-223. Tratado de las supersticones y costumbres gentilicas, 1629 See also the translation into English by COE & WHITTAKER 1982 Dean, W. et al. (1998) GHB: The Natural Mood Enhancer. The authoritative guide to its responsible use. Smart Publications [www.smart-pulications.com] [Ward Dean, MD, John Morgenthaler & Steven Wm. Fowkes] Appropriately billed as The book the FDA & DEA dont want you to read! Buy extra copies and send them to your state and federal representatives. Deegan, John F. & Leonard Cook (1958) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 122: 17A. A study of the anti-mescaline property of a series of CNS active agents in mice. (Abstract of paper from American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Abel Centennial Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, Sept. 4-7, 1957.) Deimel, Calus (1980) Tarahumara. Syndikat: Frankfurt. Deimel, Calus (1985) Schreibheft 25: 155-163. Die Peyoteheilung der Tarahumara. Deimel, Calus (1986) Der Heilsame Rausch. pp. 8687 in Geo Special #2 Mexico Deimel, Calus (1996) hikuri ba Peyoteriten der Tarahumara. Niederschsisches Landesmuseum (Ansichten der Ethnologie 1): Hannover. De Jongh, H.H. (1945) Experimental Catatonia. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. DeKorne, Jim (1994) Psychedelic Shamanism Loompanics. DeKorne, Jim (1996) Ayahuasca Analgos and Plantbased Tryptamines (The Best of the Etheogen Review, 1992-1996) 58 pages. The Entheogen Review, El Rito, NM Delay, Jean & H.P. Gerard (1948) LEncphale et lHygine Mentale, Paris 37 (7): 196-235, Lintoxication mescalinique exprimentale. [Abstract: Excerpta Medica, Section VIII. (1949) Vol. 2, No. 8; entry #2491.] Delay, Jean & H.P. Gerard (1950) Clin. des Maladies Mentales et de lEncphale Hp. Sainte-Anne, Paris. 39 (1): 55-63, with 1 illustration; Les Illusions de la mescaline. [Abstract: Excerpta Medica, Section VIII (1951) Vol. 4, No. 2: Entry #732.] Delay, Jean & Jean Thuillier (1956) Comptes Rendus Hebdomaires des Sances de LAcadmie des Sciences 242 (26): 3138-3140. Potentialisation de la 5-hydroxytryptamine (srotonine) par des molcules psychotoniques drives de la phnylthylamine. Delay, J. et al. (1949) Annales mdico-psychologiques 2: 427-429. Les nouvelles chimothrapies de lalcoolisme. [J. Delay, P. Pichot and J. Thuillier] Delay, J. et al. (1949) Presse Mdicale 57: 1210-1211. Illusions et hallucinations de la mescaline. [J. Delay, H.P. Gerard and D. Hallaix] [DELAY et al. 1950 lists Delay & Gerard (1949) Presse Mdicale 81: 1-210.] Delay, J. et al. (1950) Comptes Rendus des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales. 144 (3-4): 163. Toxicit aigu du sulfate de mescaline et antidotisme du succinate de sodium. [Jean Delay, H.P. Gerard and Jean Thuillier] Delay, J. et al. (1951) Clin. des Maladies Mentales et de lEncphale Hp. Sainte-Anne, Paris. 40 (1): 1-10, Les synthesthsies dans lintoxication mescalinique. [Abstract: Excerpta Medica, Section VIII. (1951) Vol. 4, No. 10; entry # 3852.] Delay, J. et al. (1951) Encphale 40: 1-10. Les synesthsies dans lintoxication mescalinique. [J. Delay, H.P. Gerard, and P.C. Racamier] Delay, J. et al. (1956) Comptes Rendus des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales 150: 512-513. Antagonisme de la mescaline et de la chloropromazine. [J. Delay, P. Deniker, M. Ropert and J. Thuillier] Delgado Pang, Hildegard (1992) Pre-Columbian Art. Delphant, J. & M. Lanza (1960) Journal de Physiologie (Paris) 52 (1): 70-71. Action comparative de la mescaline, du L.S.D. 25 et de la yagine sur la temprature centrale du Rat. De Melo, A.C. et al. (1973) Cincia e Cultura 25 (7): 644-647. Cross-tolerance studies among nutmeg compounds, (-) 9 Trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and mescaline. [A. Cesrio De Melo, E.A. Carlini and Jack Peter Green] Denber, Herman C.B. (1955) Psychiatric Quarterly 29: 433-438. Studies on mescaline III Action in epileptics: Clinical observations and effects on brain wave patterns.

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Denber, Herman C.B. (1956) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 124: 74-77. Studies on mescaline, VII. The role of anxiety in the mescaline-induced state and its influence on the therapeutic result. Denber, Herman C.B. (1957) Drug-Induced States resembling Naturally Occurring Psychoses. pp. 2635 in GARATTINI & GHETTI Denber, Herman C.B. (1958) p. 120 in Max Rinkel & H.C.B. Denber (eds.) Chemical Concepts of Psychoses. McDowell-Obolonsky, NY Denber, Herman C.B. (1959) Studies on Mescaline IX: Comparative action of various drugs on the mescalineinduced state. in J. Masserman (ed.) Biological Psychiatry. Grune and Stratton [from Denber et al. (1962)] Denber, Herman C.B. (1961) Psychiatric Quarterly 35: 18-48. Studies on mescaline, XI. Biochemical findings during the mescaline-induced state, with observations on the blocking action of different psychotropic drugs. Denber, Herman C.B. (1964) Rivista Neurobiologica 10: 1157-1168. [Suppl.] Studies with mescaline. Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1954) Psychiatric Quarterly 28: 635-640. A note on some therapeutic implications of the mescaline induced state. Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1955)a Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 122 (5): 463-469. Studies on Mescaline, VI. Therapeutic Aspects of the Mescaline-Chlorpromazine Combination. Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1955)b [or 1956a] Psychiatric Quarterly 29: 421-429. Studies on mescaline I: Action in schizophrenic patients [before and after electroconvulsive treatment]. Denber, Herman C.B. & Sidney Merlis (1956)b Studies on mescaline IV: Antagonism between mescaline and chlorpromazine. in Nathan S. Kline (ed.) Psychopharmacology. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publ. No. 42. Washington, DC. Denber, Herman C.B. & Max Rinkel (eds.) (1957) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 125 (3): 423451. Psychodynamic and Therapeutic Aspects of Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. Round Table. Denber, Herman C.B. & David N. Teller (1968) Agressologie (England) 9 (1): 127-136. Mescaline. XVIII. Effect of Phenothiazines, amphetamine, and amobarbital sodium on uptake into brain and viscera. [from (1968) CA 68: 113189r] Denber, Herman C.B. & David N. Teller (1969) Pharmacologist 11: 291. Denber, Herman C.B. et al. (1954) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 120 (1): p. 87. Studies on mescaline: its action on the clinical and brainwave patterns of schizophrenics. [Abstract of paper presented to the NewYork Neurological Society and NewYork Academy of Medicine, Section on Neurology and Psychiatry. Dec. 8, 1953.] [Herman C.B. Denber, Sidney Merlis and Wallace Hunter] Denber, Herman C.B. et al. (1962) Annals of the New York Academy of Science 96 (1): 14-36. Studies on mescaline. XIII. The effect of prior administration of various psychotropic drugs on different biochemical parameters: a preliminary report. [Herman C.B. Denber, David N. Teller, Paul Rajotte and Dorothy Kaufman] Deniker, Pierre (1957) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 125 (3): 427-431. Biological changes in man following intravenous administration of mescaline. De Nito, G. (1934) Rassegna di Terapia e Patologia Clinica 6 (10): 577-594. Richerche tossicologiche e farmacologiche sulla mescalina. [See also in CA (1937) 31: 39944] De Nito, G. (1935) Berichte ber die gesamte Physiologie und experimentelle Pharmacologie. 84: p. 511. [Toxicology and Pharmacology of Mescaline.] [Abstract of DE NITO 1934] Densmore, Frances (nd) Winnebago Songs. (US Bureau of American Ethnology, Manuscript no. 1971) Densmore, Frances (1932) Winnebago Songs of the Peyote Ceremony. (US Bureau of American Ethnology, Manuscript 3261). Densmore, Frances (1936) Southwest Museum Papers (Los Angeles) 10: 15-23, 82-93. Cheyenne and Arapahoe Music. Densmore, Frances (1938) American Anthropologist 40: 175-177. The influence of hymns on the form of Indian songs. Densmore, Frances (1941) American Anthropologist 43: 77-82. Native songs of two hybrid ceremonies among the American Indians. Densmore, Frances (nd) Winnebago Songs. (Bureau of American Ethnology, Manuscript 1971. nd). Der Marderosian, Ara (1966) American Journal of Pharmacy 138: 204-212. Current Status of Hallucinogens in the Cactaceae. De Salva, S. & R. Evans (1960) Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 125: 348. [From PATEL 1968] De Silva; See under SILVA. DeSmet, Peter A.G.M. (1996) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50: 141-146. Some ethnopharmacological notes on African hallucinogens. DeSmet, A.G.M. Peter (1999) Herbs, Health, Healers. Africa as Ethnopharmacological Treasury. Afrika Museum; Berg en Dal, Netherlands. ISBN 90-7161109-4. 180 pages Desoille, H. (1938) Revue doto-neuro ophtalmogie 16: 136-138. Remarque sur le mode de formation des hallucinations provoques par le peyotl (expriences personelles). Dessi, Pietro (1950) Farmaco Scienze e Technica 5: 3238. Sul dossagio fotometrico della mescalina e simpanina col reattivo di Richter. Dessi, Pietro & C. Rizzoli (1948) Bolletino. Societe Italiano di Biologia Sperimentale 24: 1250-1254. Sul dosaggio della 3:4:5:trimetossifenilethamina in soluzioni acquose nellurina e nel sangue. [Testing

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine in aqueous solutions, urine and blood.] Dessi, Pietro & Tullio Franco (1949) Bolletino. Societe Italiano di Biologia Sperimentale 25: 1368-1370. Applicazione della reazione di Beyer e Skinner al dosaggio fotometrico della mescalina e dellistamina. 1) Curve dassorbimento nel visible. [Application of the Beyer and Skinner reaction to photometric determination of mescaline and histamine.] Dessi, Pietro & Giuseppe Lab (1950) La Ricerca Scientifica 20 (12): 1831-1842. Contributo allo studio farmacologico delle interazioni dellaneurina con alcuni farmaci del sistema neurovegetativo. Deulofeu, Venancio (1973) Cincia e Cultura 25 (7): 649-659 Distribution of indolethylamines and carbolines in plants. Devereux, Paul (1997) The Long Trip: A Prehistory of Psychedelia. Penguin/ Arkana ISBN 0-14-019540-8. 298 pages. DeVries, J.X. et al. (1971) Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica 2 (1): 21-23 Alcaloides de cactos del Uruguay [Juan X. DeVries, Patrick Moyna, Victor Diaz, Stig Agurell and Jan G. Bruhn] [Have not seen. First three issues missing from our copy.] [From SHULGIN & also 1971 CA 75: 31357z] Daz, Jos Luis (1977) Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 17: 647-675. Ethnopharmacology of Sacred Hallucinogenic Plants Used by the Indians of Mexican. Daz, Jos Luis (1979) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 11 (1-2): 71-101. Ethnopharmacology and Taxonomy of Mexican Psychodysleptic Plants. Diaz, P.M. et al. (1968) Factors modulating brain serotonin turnover. p. 6 in: Advances in Pharmacology. Part B. Academic Press. [P.M. Diaz, S.H. Ngai and E. Costa.] Dickson, Darylene (1978) Head 59-61 High Profile: The San Pedro Mescaline Cactus (Mistook T. bridgesii for T. pachanoi) Diguet, Leon (1907) Journal de la Socit des Americanistes de Paris 4 (1): 21-29. Le peyote et son usage rituel chez les Indiens du Nayarit. Dishotsky, N.I. et al. (1971) Science 172: 431. LSD and genetic damage. (N.I. Dishotsky, W.D. Loughman, R.E. Mogar & W.R. Lipscomb) Does not cause damage: Dittman, Allen T. & Harvey C. Moore (1957) American Anthropologist 59: 642-649. Disturbance in Dreams as Related to Peyotism among the Navajo. Divry, P. & H. Evard (1935) Psychiatr. Bl. 39: 58-64 [CA (1937) 31: 80252.] also (1935) Ber. ges. Physiol. exptl. Pharmakol. 88: 156. [Antagonists to bulbocarpine.] Dixon, W.E. & Edmund White (1898) British Medical Journal 2: 1060-1061. A Preliminary Note on the Pharmacology of the Alkaloids Derived from the Mescal Plant. Dixon, W.E. (1899-1900) Journal of Physiology 25: 6986. The Physiological Action of the Alkaloids Derived from Anhalonium Lewinii. Djerassi, C. et al. (1954)c Journal of the American Chemical Society 76 (12): 3215-3217. Alkaloid studies. III. Isolation of Pilocereine and Anhalonidine from four cactus species. (Carl Djerassi, C.R. Smith, S.P. Marfey, R.N. McDonald. A.J. Lemin, S.K. Figdor and H. Estrada) Djerassi, C. et al. (1955)b Journal of the American Chemical Society 77 (5): 1200-1203. Terpenoids. XI. Investigation of Nine Cactus Species. Isolation of Two New Triterpenes, Stellatogenin and Machaeric Acid (Carl Djerassi, L.H. Liu, E. Farkas, A.E. Lippman, A.J. Lemin, L.E. Geller, R.N. McDonald and B.J. Taylor) Djerassi, C. et al. (1956)a Journal of the American Chemical Society 78 (10): 2312-2315. Terpenoids. XXII. Triterpenoids from Some Mexican and South American Plants. (Carl Djerassi, S. Burnstein, H. Estrada, J. Grossman, J. Herrn, A. Manjarrez and S.C. Pakrashi) Dobkin, Marlene (1968)a International Journal of Social Psychiatry 15: 23-32. Folk Curing with a Psychedelic Cactus in Northern Peru. Dobkin, Marlene (1968)b Economic Botany 22 (2): 194199. Trichocereus pachanoi-A Mescaline Cactus Used in Folk Healing in Peru. Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1969) Mesa Redonda de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Anthropologias. Lima 1: 139149. Curandismo psicodlico en el Per: continuidad y cambio. Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1973) Psychiatry: Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress of Psychiatry. Vol. 2. (Ramon de la Fuente & Maxwell N. Weisman (eds.) (Mexico City) pp. 1187-1198. Peruvian Hallucinogenic Folk Healing: An Overview. Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1977) Economic Botany 31 (2): 189-203. Plant Hallucinogens and the Religion of the Mochica - An Ancient Peruvian People. Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1982) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 14 (1-2): 81-90. Plant Hallucinogens, Sexuality and Shamanism in the Ceramic Art of Ancient Peru. DOBKIN DE RIOS 1984 was the first edition of DOBKIN DE RIOS 1990 Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1986) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 15 (3): 297-304. Enigma of Drug-Induced Altered States of Consciousness Among the !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert. Dobkin de Rios, Marlene (1990) Hallucinogens: Cross Cultural Perspectives. Prism Press. ISBN 1-85327061-X. First published in 1984 by University of New Mexico Press Dobkin de Rios, Marlene & Mercedes Crdenas (1980) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2 (3): 233-246. Plant hallucinogens, shamanism and Nazca ceramics. Doetsch, P.W. et al. (1980) Journal of Chromatography 189: 79-85. Cactus Alkaloids XL. Identification of Mescaline and Other -Phenethylamines in Pereskia, Pereskiopsis and Islaya by Use of Fluorescamine Conjugates. (Paul W. Doetsch, John M. Cassady and Jerry L. McLaughlin)

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Dogin (1976) Federal Register 41: 4015 Peyote Doig, Federico Kauffmann (1979) Sexual Behavior in Ancient Peru. [Kompaktos S.C.R.L. Lima] (from Can 1988) Don, N.S. et al. (1998) Phytomedicine 5 (2): 87-96. Effects of Ayahuasca on the human EEG. [Norm S. Don, B.E. McDonough, G. Moura, C.A. Warren, K. Kawanishi, H. Tomita, Y. Tachibana, M. Bhlke & N.R. Farnsworth] Donnan, Christopher B. (1976) Moche Art and Iconography. UCLA Latin American Center. 146 pp. Donnan, Christopher B. & Carol J. Mackey (1978) Ancient Burial Patterns of the Moche Valley, Peru. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70329-5. Dornan, S.S. (1927-1930) Bantu Studies 3: 185 (From WATT 1967) Dornow, Alfred & Gnther Petsch (1951) Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 284 (56) 4: 160-163. Notiz Darstellung des -oxy -(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-thylamins (Oxymescalin), de Bis-[(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-thylamins (Dimezcalin) und des -(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-thylamins (Mezcalin). Dornow, Alfred & Gnther Petsch (1952) Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 285: 323-326. ber die Darstellung des Oxymezcalins und Mezcalins. 2. Mitteilung. Dorrance et al. (1975) Journal of the American Medical Association 234: 299-302. Effect of peyote on human chromosomes. [David L. Dorrance, Oscar Janiger and Raymond L. Teplitz ] Dowson, Thomas A. (1992) Rock Engravings of Southern Africa. Witwaterstrand University Press: Johannesburg. DPFT News Drug Policy Forum of Rtexas, 888 W. Sam Houston Pkwy. S., Suite 2248, Houston, TX 770421909 (Monthly newsletter) Membership $25, students $7 & newsletter subscription only is $5. Dragendorff, George (1898) Die Heilpflanzen der Verschiedenen Vlker und Zeiten. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart. [Reprinted in 1967 by Werner Fritsch: Mnchen (Munich).] Dreiding, Andr S. (1961) The Betacyanins, A Class of Red Pigments in the Centrospermae. p. 194[-?] in W.D. Ollis (ed) Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Natural Phenolic Compounds. [From MILLER et al. 1968 & WOHLPART & MABRY 1968] Drill, V.A. (1954) Pharmacology in Medicine. Chapter 19; page 14. McGraw-Hill Book Co. [Said to quote unpublished observations of WOODS et al. [From FISCHER 1958 and KAPADIA & FAYEZ 1970] Dronfield, Jeremy (1995)a Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14 (3): 261-275.pp? Migraine, Light and Hallucinogens: The Neurocognitive Basis of Irish Megalithic Art. Dronfield, Jeremy (1995)a Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14 (3): 261-275. Migraine, Light and Hallucinogens: The Neurocognitive Basis of Irish Megalithic Art. Drujan, B.D. et al. (1959) Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 1153. Duc, C. (1936) Bolletino di oculistica 15: 745-760. Sintomi visivi nell intossicazione mescalina. Duke, James A. (1985) CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. ISBN 0-8493-3630-9. [For folk uses of San Pedros: citing J. A. Duke & K.K. Wain (1981) Medicinal Plants of the World (Computer Index with over 85,000 entries. 3 volumes; 1,654 pages)] Durand, E. et al. (1962) Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology 14: 562-566. Simple hypotensive and hypertensive principles from some West Indian medicinal plants. [E. Durand, E.V. Ellington, P.C. Feng, L.J. Haynes, K.E. Magnus & N. Philip] Durrum, L. (1950) Journal of the American Chemical Society 72: 2943 Dustin, C. Burton (1962) Peyotism and New Mexico. Eigenverlag: Albuquerque. Dyumaev, K.M. & I.S. Belostotskaya (1962) Zhurnal Obschei Khimii 32 (3): 2661-2663. [Also in (1962) Journal of General Chemistry of USSR (English translation) 32 (3): 2620-2622.] Synthesis of trisubstituted phenethylamines by catalytic reduction of -nitrostyrenes. Earle, W. Hubert (1980) Cacti of the Southwest. Revised. Easterlin, Malcolm (1941) Scribners Commentator 11: 77-82. Peyote Indian Problem #1. Eger, Susan (with Peter R. Collings) (1978) Huichol Womens Art. in Kathleen Berrin (ed.) Art of the Huichol Indians. Harry N. Abrams: New York. Eggli, Urs (1985) Bradleya 3 A Bibliography of Succulent Plant Periodicals. Also; supplementary material is at EGGLI et al. 1987 Bradleya 5: & 1989 Bradleya 7: [from http://www.cactus-mall.com/bcss/ period.html] Eleusis: Piante e Composti Psicoattivi/ Journal of Psychedelic Plants and Compounds. New Series 1998 onward (Giorgio Samorini; editor) A bargain at $50/ year for 2 issues: c/o Museo Civico di Roverto, Largo S. Catarna, 43, 38068 Roverto (TN), Italy eleusis@telestrion.it [Payments to Telestrion, via De Amicis, 32, 40050 Dozza (BO), Italy) Elgar, Frank (1963) The Rock Paintings of Tassili. World Publishing: Cleveland. Ellis, C.H. (1965) Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 154: 26. Ellis, Havelock (1897) The Lancet 75 (1): 1540-1542. A Note on the Phenomeon of Mescal Intoxication. Ellis, Havelock (1898) Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution 1898: 537-548. Mescal a New Artificial Paradise. Ellis, Havelock (1902) Popular Science Monthly 61: 5271. Mescal: A Study of a Divine Plant. Ellis, Havelock (1971) Dynamische Psychiatrie 17-22. Zum Phnomen der Meskalin-Intoxikation. El-Moghazy et al. (1982) Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci. 23: 247 [A.M. El-Moghazy, S.M El-Sayyad, A.M, AbdelBaky, and E.Y. Bechait] (From SHULGIN 1996 and SHULGIN & SHULGIN 1997) Emboden, William (1972) Narcotic Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Encyclopedia Brittanica; pp. 228-232: Pharmacological cults. Endo, K. (1952) Folio psychiatrica neurotica japonica 6: 104-113. Experimental Study of mescaline intoxication on relation between clinical picture and EEG in man. Engelbrecht, J.A. (1936) The Korana. Cape Town. [From HARGREAVES 1998] Engelmann, George (1859) Report of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey 2: 1-78 Cactaceae of the Boundary. Engelmann, George (1852-1857) Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3: 259-314, 345-346. Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory of the United States and Adjacent Regions. Entheogen Review (The Journal of Unauthorized Research on Visionary Plants and Drugs.) [Volumes 1-6 (1992-1997), edited by Jim DeKorne. Beginning with Volume 7 (1998) onward: edited by David Aardvark] ISSN 1066-1913. $25 per year (4 issues) Entheogen Review, POB 19820, Sacramento, CA 95819-0820. Erdoes, Richard (1971) Crow Dogs Paradise. Songs of the Sioux. [Album EKS-74091; includes album notes and photos] Elektra: New York. Erne, M. and Ramirez, F. (1950) Helvetica Chimica Acta 33: 912. ber die Reduktion von -Nitrostyrolen mit Lithiumaluminumhydrid. Erowid website [www.erowid.com] Excellent information resource Erspamer, V. et al. (1965) Experientia 21: 504. 5Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxy-Indolealkylamines in the Skin of Bufo alvarius. [V. Erspamer, T. Vitali, M. Roseghini and J.M. Cei] Erspamer, V. et al. (1967) Biochemical Pharmacology 16 (7): 1149-1164. 5-Methoxy- and 5-Hydroxyindoles in the Skin of Bufo alvarius. [V. Erspamer, T. Vitali, M. Roseghini and J.M. Cei] Evans, A. Don (1989) The Purpose and Meaning of Peyote as a Sacred Material for Native Americans. pp. 20-35 in George P. Horse Capture (ed.) The Concept of Sacred Materials and Their Place in the World. The Plains Indians Museum: Cody, Wyoming Evans, C.S. et al.(1977) Phytochemistry 16: 565-570. Free Amino Acids in the Seeds of Acacia Species. [Christine S. Evans, M. Yasin Qureshi and E. Arthur Bell.] Evans, Philip (1979) National Cactus & Succulent Journal 34 (1): 14-16. Hallucinogenic Cacti. Excerpta Medica, VIII, Subsection 58, New York: Excerpta Medica Foundation [Unable to locate; from USDIN & EFRON] Ey, H. & M. Rancoulle (1938) Encphale 33 ( pt. II): 125. Hallucinations mescaliniques et troubles psychosensoriels de lencphalite pidmique chronique. Fabing, Howard D. (1955) Science 121 (3137): 208-210. New Blocking Agent against the Development of LSD-25 Psychosis. Falco, Federico & Sebastian Hilburg (1946/1947) Revista. Facultad de Qumica Industrial y Agricola. Universidad Nacional del Litoral (Santa F, Argentina) 15/16 (26): 71-73 Investigation of alkaloids in Opuntia cacti. [CA (1949) 43: 1530i1531a.] Farmilo, Charles G. & Klaus Genest (1961) Alkaloids and Related Bases: Identification. pp. 209-595 , (Chapter 7) in: C.P. Stewart & A. Stolman (eds.) Toxicology. Mechanisms and Analytical Methods. Volume II. Favilli, M. & H. Heymann (1937) Rassegna di studi psichiatrici 26: 191-212. Sullalcune modificazioni psichiche da intossicazione mescalinica. Feigen, George A. & Gordon A. Alles (1955) Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology and Quarterly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology. 16 (3): 167-178. Physiological Concomitants of mescaline intoxication. A study of the effects upon normal subjects tested with submaximal doses. FERNANDEZ DISTEL, A. (1980) Estudios Arqueologicos. (Universidad de Chile, Antofagasta) 5: 55-79. Hallazgo de pipas en complejos preceramicos del borde de la Puna Jujena (Republica Argentina) y el empleo de alucingenos por parte de las mismas culturas. Fernandez Distel, Alicia (1984) Proceedings 44 International Congress of Americanists, BAR International Series 194. Contemporary and Archaeological Evidence of Llipta Elaboration from the cactus Trichocereus pasacana in Northwest Argentina. Fernandez, V. (1890) Monografas mexicanas de matria mdica 173-190. Anlysis qualitiva y cuantitativa del mezcal. Fernberger, Samuel W. (1923) American Journal of Psychology 34: 267-270, 616. Observations on Taking Peyote. (Anhalonium Lewinii) Fernberger, Samuel W. (1932) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 26 (4): 367-378. Further Observations on Peyote Intoxication. Ferrigni & McLaughlin 1981; Unpublished results cited in MATA & MCLAUGHLIN 1982. See FERRIGNI et al. 1982 Ferrigni et al. (1982) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5: 359-364. Cactus Alkaloids XLVIII. N,NDimethylhistamine, A Hypotensive Component of Echinocereus triglochidiatus (N.R. Ferrigni, D.E. Nichols, J.L. McLaughlin and R.A. Bye) Fester, Uncle (1991) Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture Second edition (3rd edition is said to be out but we have not seen it) Loompanics; Port Townsend, WA. ISBN #1-55950-070-0. Fester, Uncle (1997) Practical LSD Manufacture Revised and Expanded Second Edition. Loompanics; Port Townsend, WA. ISBN #1-55950-161-8. Fester, Uncle (1998) Advanced Techniques of Clandestine Psychedelic & Amphetamine Maanufacture. Loompanics; Port Townsend, WA. ISBN #1-55950-174-X.

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Festi, Francesco & Giorgio Samorini (1995) Eleusis 2: 28-34. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.BROWN in PHILLIPS (Fico degli Ottentotto / Hottentots Fig). Festi, Francesco and Giorgio Samorini (1994) (1996) Actas. II Congreso Internacional para el Estudio de los Estados Modificados de la Consciencia: celebrado en Lleida (Espaa), el mes de octubre de 1994. (Etnobotanica, farmacologia y Quimica). [Lectures. II International Congress for the Study of the Modified States of Consciousness held in Lleida (Spain), october 1994. (Ethnobotany, pharmacology and chemistry]. pp. 62-71. Ayahuasca-like effects obtained with Italian Plants. Also available as reprint through Rosetta with an additional 1 page charted representation of Fabio Calligris HPLC analysis of some European Phalaris species. Fikes, Jay Courtney (1993) Carlos Castaneda, Academic Opportunism, and the Psychedelic Sixties. Millenia Press (Bookworld Series.) ISBN 0-96969600-0. 313 pages. Fischer, Roland (1946) Schweitzerische Zeitschrift fr Psychologie 5: 308-313. Selbst-beobachtungen im Mezkalinrausch. Fischer, Roland (1953) Mschr. Psychiatr. Neurol. 126: 315. [from FISCHER 1958] Fischer, Roland (1954) Journal of Mental Science 100 (420): 623-631. Factors Involved in Drug-Produced Model Psychoses. [for pKb: citing private communication from E. Rothlin] Fischer, Roland (1955) Experientia 11(4): 162-163. Possible Biosynthesis of D-lysergic Acid Diethylamide-like Compounds from Mescaline. ] Fischer, Roland (1958) Revue Canadienne de Biologie 17 (3): 389-409. Pharmacology and Metabolism of Mescaline. Fischer, Roland & Neil Agnew (1954) Naturwissenschaften 41 (18): 431-432. On Drugproduced Experimental Psychoses. Fischer, Roland et al. (1951) Schweitzerische medizinische Wochenschrift 81: 817-819, 837-840. Psychophysische Korrelationen, VIII. Modellversuchen zum Schizophrenieproblem, Lysergsuredithylamid und Mezcalin. [Roland Fischer, F. Georgi and R. Weber] Fischer, R. et al. (1958) (in the literature) meant PELLERIN et al. 1958 Flath, Robert A. & Juan M. Takahashi (1978) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 26 (4): 835-837. Volatile Constituents of Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficusindica Mill. de Castilla Variety). Flattery, D. & J. Pierce (1965) (1992) Peyote Foerster, E. (1930) Zeitschrift fr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 127 (1-2): 1-14. Selbstexperiment im Mescalinrausch. [elsewhere given as Selbstversuch mit Meskalin] Frster, C.F. (1846) Handbuch der Cacteenkunde 285: 519. [Second edition was in 1885] Frster (1861) Hamb. Gartenz 17: 164 [Cereus lagenaeformis.] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Forster, E. (1919) Zeitschrifte fr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 46 Selbstversuch mit Meskalin. Forte, Robert (1997) Entheogens and the Future of Religion. Council on Spiritual Practices. ISBN 1889725-01-3 Frank, Gerhardt (1960) Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 11(11): 168-170. [as Toumeya krainzianus] Frank & Lau (1979) Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 30(1):6-7. Franke, G. (1934) Zeitschrift fr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 150: 427-433. Variierte Serienversuche mit Meskalin. Frederking, Walter (1953) Psyche (Stuttgart) 7: 342364. Ueber die Verwendung von Rauschdrogen (Mescaline and Lysergsuredithylamid) in der Psychotherapie. Frederking, Walter (1954) Monatsspiegel 3: 5-57. Meskalin in der Psychotherapie. Frederking, Walter (1955) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 121 (3): 262-266. Intoxicant Drugs (Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) in Psychotherapy. Freedman, Daniel X. & George K. Aghajanian (1959) Federation Proceedings. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 18: 390. Freedman, Daniel X. et al. (1958) Science 127: 11731174. Patterns of Tolerance to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mescaline in Rats. [Daniel X. Freedman, George K. Aghajanian, Edward M. Ornitz and B.S. Rosner ] Freedman, Daniel X. et al. (1970) Biochemical Pharmacology 19: 1181-1188. Psychotomimetic Drugs and Brain 5-Hydroxytryptamine Metabolism. [Daniel X. Freedman, Richard Gottlieb abd Richard A. Lovell] Freise, F.W. (1935) Pharmazeutische Zentralhalle Deutschlands 76: 704. Vorkommen von Koffein in brasilianischen Heilpflanzen. Fri, A.V. (1925) Kaktusov ploha, ivot v prod 8: 25-28. Rod Anhalonium Lem. [GRYM gives as pp 23-28] Friedberg, Claudine (1959) Journal dAgriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliques 6 (8-9): 439450. Rapport sommaire sur une mission au Prou. some list as 6 (8-9):1 From numerous sources. Friedberg, Claudine (1960) Sixth International Congress of Anthropology and Ethnological Sciences 2 (2): 21-26. Utilisation dun cactus mescaline au nord du Prou. From numerous sources. [also given as (1964) Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. II, part 2: 21-26.] From many sources. Friedberg, Claudine (1965) Travaux de lInstitut Franais dEtudes Andines 7: 65-94. Rapport sur une mission au Perou: description du materiel recuelli, Expos sommaire des recherches entreprises. (from Dobkin de Rios (1990) Friedberg, Claudine (1980) Med. Trav. 3 (9): 29-44. Lo imaginario en las terapias populares. From

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Davis (1983) [We are thusfar unable to locate a journal title with the abbreviation Med. Trav.] [Trav. Lab. Mat. Med. Phar. Galen.?] Friedhoff, Arnold J. & Menek Goldstein (1962) Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 96 (1): 5-13. New Developments in metabolism of mescaline and related amines. Friedhoff, Arnold J. & Leo H. Hollister (1966) Biochemical Pharmacology 15 (3): 269-273. Comparison of the Metabolism of 3,4Dimethoxyphenethylamine and Mescaline in Humans. Friedhoff, A.J. and E. Van Winkle (1962) Nature 194: 897. Isolation and characterization of a compound from the urine of schizophrenics Friedman, Milton & Thomas Szasz (1992) On Liberty and Drugs. Friedrich, Heimo (1974) IOS Bulletin 3(3): 79-93. Zur Taxonomie und Phylogenie der Echinopsidinae (Trichocereinae) Friedrich, H. (1974)b Kakteen und andere Sukk. 25: 50, 80 Friedrich, H. & W. Glaetzle (1983) Bradleya 1: 91-104 Seed morphology as an aid to classifying the genus Echinopsis Zucc. Friedrich, H. & G.D. Rowley (1974) I.O.S. Bull. 3: 96. [From MADSEN 1989] This is a simple name assignment and nothing more. Friedrich, H. & G.D. Rowley (1974) I.O.S. Bull. 3: 97. [From MADSEN 1989] This is a simple name assignment and nothing more. Frigerio, Bianca Maria (1974-1975) Tesi Laurea in Lettere Moderne, Universit degli Studi di Bologna. Il peyote: sua importanza nel mondo indigeno precolombiano e postcolombiano. Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1930), German Patent. 545,853 July 3, 1930; [CA (1932) 26: 3521.] [Patent for -(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-aminoethane.] Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1931) Austrian Patent 125,694, July 15, 1931. [CA (1932) 26: 1302] [Patent for mescaline] Frisch, Hans & Edmund Waldman (1932) Chemisches Zentralblatt 1-2: 2867. Darstellung von -(3,4,5Trimethoxyphenyl)--aminoethan. Fujita, M. et al. (1972) Yakugaku Zasshi [J. Pharm. Soc. Japan ] 92 (4): 482-489. On the Cactus-Alkaloids of Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa (Kobukiubadama). [Mitiiti Fujita, Hideji Itokawa, Junko Inouse (ne Oka), Yoshimasa Nozu, Natsue Goto and Kazuko Hasegawa] Fung Pineda, Rose (1969) Ddalo 5 (9-10): 5-207. Las Aldas: su ibicacin dentro del proceso historico del Per antiguo. Furst, Peter T. (1965) Antropolgica 15: 29-80. West Mexican Tomb Art as Evidence for Shamanism in Prehispanic Mesoamerica.Furst, Peter T. (1972) Symbolism and psychopharmacology: The toad as earth mother in Indian America. pp. 61-68 in: XII Mesa Redonda Religin en Mesoamrica Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologa: Mexico Furst, Peter T. (1969) Verhandlungen des XXXVIII. Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses. 2: 385-399. A Possible Symbolic Manifestation of Funerary Endo-Cannibalism in Mexico. Furst, Peter T. (1981) Peyote und die HuicholIndianer in Mexico pp. 468-475 in G. Vlger (Ed.) Rausch und Realitt Volume 2. Rautenstrauch-JoestMuseum: Kln. Furst, Peter T. (1994) Introduction: An Overview of Shamanism in Gary Seaman & Jane S. Day (eds.) Ancient Traditions: Shamanism in Central Asia and the Americas. University of Colorado Press: Niwot, Colorado. Furst, Peter T. (Ed.) (1972) Flesh of the Gods. The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens Praeger, New York. [Revised 1990 Waveland Press. ISBN 0-88133-4774.] Furst, Peter T. & M. Anguino (1977) To Fly as Birds: Myth and Ritual as Agents of Enculturation Among Huichol Indians of Mexico. pp 95-181 in Wilbert (ed.) Enculturation in Latin America: An Anthology. UCLA Latin American Center Publications: Los Angeles. Furst, Peter T. & Salomn Nahmed (1972) Mitos y arte huicholes. SepSetentas: Mexico. Gairaud, Catherine B. & Gerald R. Lappin (1953) Journal of Organic Chemistry 18: 1-3. The Synthesis of -Nitrostyrenes. Ganders, Fred R. (1975) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 47: 155-156. The Identity of Echinocactus rapa. Garattini, S. & V. Ghetti (eds.) (1957) Psychotropic Drugs. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Psychotropic Drugs, Milan Garca, Jorge (1760) Manual para administrar los santos: Sacramentos, etc. Mexico City. Garca, Jorge Meyrn (1973) Guia Botanica de Cactaceas y otras Suculentas del Valle de Tehuacn. (Sociedad Mexicana de Cactologa.) An amazing book with a wealth of color photos. Excellent seed and propagation tips. Gardenerville Record-Courier (Nevada) (1938) 21 October. Washoe Indians Are Still Using a Drug Known as Peodi. Gartz, Jochen (1995) Integration 6: 45. Ein frher Versuch der Kommerzialisierung von Peyotl in Deutschland. Gasparic, Jiri & Jaroslav Churacek (1978) Laboratory Handbook of Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography Geber, William F. (1967) Science 158: 265-266. Congenital Malformations Induced by Mescaline, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Bromolysergic Acid in the Hamster. Geber, William F. (1969) Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 130 (4): 11681170. Comparative Teratogenicity of Isoproteronol and Trypan Blue in the Fetal Hamster.

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Geesink, A. & W.A. den Hartog Jager (1939) Archives nerlandaises de physiologie 24: 79-82. Influence de la mescaline (trimthoxy--phnyl-thylamine) et de a dimthoxy--phnyl-thylamine sur la tension artrielle. [CA (1939) 33: 79012.] Gelfand, M. et al. (1985) The Traditional medical practitioner in Zimbabwe. His principles of practice and pharmacopoeia. (page 108) Mambo Press: Gweru. [M. Gelfand, S. Mavi, R.B. Drummond & B. Ndemera] [From DESMET 1996] Gellhorn, E. (1953) Physiological Foundations of Neurology and Psychiatry. University of Minnesota Press 1953 Genest, Klaus & D.W. Hughes (1968) Analyst 93 (1109): 485-489. Chromatographic Methods for the Identification of the New Hallucinogen, 4-Methyl2,5-dimethoxy--methylphenethylamine, and Related Drugs. Gennaro, M.C. et al. (1996) Analytical Letters 29(13): 2399-2409. Determination of Mescaline in Hallucinogenic Cactaceae by Ion-Interaction HPLC. (M.C. Gennaro, E. Gioannini, D. Giacosa & D. Siccardi) Georgi, F. et al. (1949)a Schweitzerische medizinische Wochenschrift 79: 121-123. Psychophysische Korrelationen, 6. Modellversuche zum Schizophrenieproblem, Mescalinintoxikose und Leberfunktion. [F. Georgi, R. Fischer and R. Weber] [see also (1949)b Excerpta Medica, sect. 8, 2: 951.] Gerber, Peter (1980) Die Peyote-Religion. Vlkerkundemuseum der Universitt: Zurich. Geyer, M.A. et al. (1978) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 207: 837-847. The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline derived hallucinogens on sensory-integrative function: tactile startle. [M.A. Geyer, L.R. Peterson, G.L. Rose, D.D. Horwitt, R.K. Light, L.M. Adams, J.A. Zook, R.L. Hawkins and A.J. Mandell] Ghosal, S. & R.S. Srivastava (1973)a Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 62 (9): 1555-1558. Chemical Investigation of Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv.: -Phenethylamines and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids Ghosal et al. (1974) Planta Medica 26 (4): 318-326. The active principles of Alhagi pseudalhagi: phenethylamine and tetrahydroisoquinoline bases (S. Ghosal, R.S. Srivastava, S.K. Bhattacharya and P.K. Debnath) Giarman, Nicholas J. & Daniel X. Freedman (1965) Pharmacological Reviews 17 (1): 1-25. Biochemical Aspects of the actions of psychotomimetic drugs. Gibson, Arthur C. & Park S. Nobel (1986) The Cactus Primer. Harvard University Press. 286 pages. ISBN# 0-674-08990-1. Giese, Claudius Cristobal (1989)a Curare 12 (2): 81-87. Die Diagnosemethode eines nordperuanischen Heilers [From RTSCH 1998] Giese, Claudius Cristobal (1989)b Curanderos: Traditionelle Heiler in Nord-Peru (Kste und Hochland) Hohenschftlarn: Klaus Renner Verlag (Mnchner Beitrge zur Amerikanistik, Bd. 20) [From RTSCH 1998] Gillespie, Allesia M. (1969) Analytical Letters 2 (11): 609-622. A Spectrofluorometric Study of Selected Hallucinogens. Gillin, John (1945) Moche: A Peruvian Coastal Community. Glass, Charles & Robert Foster (1977) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 49 (4): 161-176. A Revision of the Genus Turbinicarpus (Backbg.) Buxb. & Backbg. Glass-Coffin, Bonnie (1998) The Gift of Life. Female Spirituality and Healing in Northern Peru. Univeristy of New Mexico: Albuquerque. 246 page. ISBN 0-8263-1892-4 (hard.); 0-8263-1893-2 (paper) [From the 1999 Eleusis 2: 98] Goldbaum, Leo R. & Leo Kazyak (1956) Analytical Chemistry 28 (8): 1289-1290. Identification of alkaloids and other basic drugs by paper partition chromatography. Goldstein, M. & J.F. Contrera (1962) Journal of Biological Chemistry 237 (6): 1898-1902. The Substrate Specificity of Phenylamine-hydroxylase. Goldstein, M. et al. (1961) Journal of Neurochemistry 6: 253-254. Formation of 3:4:5trimethoxyphenylethanol from mescaline. [M. Goldstein, A.J. Friedhoff, S. Pomerantz, C. Simmons and J.F. Contrera] Gordon, M. (1960) , page 397 in A. Burger (ed.) Medicinal Chemistry. Interscience Publishers, Inc. NY. Gorman, Peter (1995) The Best of High Times. (Best of #17) The Psychedelics Issue. 74-78. Divine Smoke and Gods Flesh. Psychedelics and religion. (Originally ran in the January 1990 issue of High Times) Gottlieb, Adam (1997) Peyote and Other Psychoactive Cacti Twentieth Century Alchemist. 85 pages. ISBN 0-914171095-X. Gottlieb, A. (1998) Peyotlevye Kaktusy Grace, G.S. (1934) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 50: 359-372. The Action of Mescaline and Some Related Compounds. Gracie & Zarkov (1984; rev. 1985) Notes from the underground. A series of groundbreaking papers which can be found many places including: http:// www.hyperreal.org/psychedelics/ gracie.n.zarkov.html & http://www.deoxy.org/ gz.html Grant, Campbell (1965) The Rock Paintings of the Chumash. A Study of a California Indian Culture. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles. Grant, Mary Lee (2000) Ft. Worth Star Telegram 23 January Peyote thrives in South Texas Greenblatt, E.N. and Osterberg, A.C. (1961) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 131: 115-130. Correlations of Activating and

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Lethal Effects of Excitatory Drugs in Grouped and Isolated Mice. Greig, Margaret E. & Anna J. Gibbons (1959) American Journal of Physiology. 196: 803-806. Effect of various psychotomimetic drugs on rate of appearance of carbon-14 in the brains of mice after administration of C14 glucose. [should be written 14C.] Gribel, N.V. & V.G. Pashinski (1986) Vopr Onkol 32 (12): 38-40. (Russia) Antimetastatic properties of Aloe juice. Grinspoon, Lester & James Bakalar (eds.) (1997) Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered. [First published in 1979] Lindesmith Center. ISBN 0-9641568-5-7. Grym, Rudolph (1997) Rod/ Die Gattung Lophophora Vydavatelstvo Roman Stanik, Bratislava. In German & Czech. [125 pages; packed with B&W and color photos] ISBN 80-900033-9-6. [Features a chemical summary by Roman Starha pp. 85-90.] Guerra, Francisco (1967) British Journal of Addictions 62: 171-187. Mexican Phantastica A Study of the Early Ethnobotanical Sources on Hallucinogenic Drugs. Guillarmot, J. (1897) Thse Doct. Md., Lausanne. La Pellotine chez les alines. Gundidza, M. (1985) Central African Journal of Medicine 31: 238-239. Phytochemical screening of some Zimbabwean medicinal plants. [From DESMET 1996] Gundidza, M. (1986) Planta Medica 558. Insecticidal activity of Monadenium lugardae. [From DESMET 1996] Gundidza, M. (1990) Fitoterapia 61: 442-444. Action of Monadenium lugardiae latex on guinea-pig ileum. [From DESMET 1996] Gundidza, M. (1991) Central African Journal of Medicine 37: 141-144. Effect of methanol extract from Monadenium lugardiae on contractile activity of guinea-pig ileum. [From DESMET 1996] Gusinde, Martin (1939) Der Peyote-Kult: Entsehung und Verbreitung. Gutirrez-Noriega, Carlos (1950) Amrica Indgena 10 (3): 215-220. rea de mescalinismo en el Peru. Gutirrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Snchez (1947) Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatra 10 (4): 422-468 . Alteraciones mentales producidas por la Opuntia cylindrica. Gutirrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Snchez (1948)a Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatra 11 (2): 155-170. Psicosis experimental producida por Opuntia cylindrica. Gutirrez-Noriega, Carlos & Guillermo Cruz Snchez (1948)b Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatra 11 (3): 390401. El test de Rorschach en la intoxicacin producida por Opuntia cylindrica. Gutirrez-Noriega, C. et al. (1951) Revista de Neuropsiquiatria 14(3): 427-441. Estudio psicopatolgico y experimental de un caso en que se ha aplicado el alcaloide de la Opuntia Cylindrica. (C. GutirrezNoriega, G. Cruz Snchez & L.A. Guerro) Guttman, E. & W.S. Maclay (1936) Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology 16: 193-212. Mescaline and depersonalization: therapeutic experiments. Guttman, Erich (1921) Journal of Mental Science 82: 119 Artificial psychoses produced by mescaline. Guttman, E. (1921) Berliner klinische Wochenschrift 68: 235, 816. Experimentelle Halluzination durch Anhalonium lewinii. [see also (1921) Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift 47: 145.] Haagen-Smit, A.J. & M. Olivier, private communication with L. Reti. Habermann, Vlastimil (1974)a Kaktusy 10: 1, 2, 3, 4, 12-14, 28-33, 65-67, 81-83. Alkaloidy kaktusu1. From Starhas cactus alkaloid summary. Habermann, Vlastimil (1974)b Kaktusy 10: 123-127. [Lophophora fricii Habermann species nova.] From ANDERSON 1980 Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)a Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 47: 157-160; Two Red Flowering Species of Lophophora. Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)b Kaktusy 11: 3-6, 24. Lophophora jourdaniana Habermann species nova. Habermann, Vlastimil (1975)c Kaktusy 54-57, 80-82 Rod Lophophora Coulter. [From GRYM] Habermann, Vlastimil (1977) Plzesk Lkask Sbornk 44: 17-21. Pispvek ke studiu halucinogennho inku peyotlu. From Starha ,)5 s cactus alkaloid summary Habermann, Vlastimil (1977) Plzesk Lkask Sbornk 44: 17-22, 144. [A Contribution to the Study of the Hallucinogenic Effect of Peyote (Lophophora Coulter).] From ANDERSON 1980 Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)a Biochimia (SSSR) 43: 246-251. Stanoveni meskalinu pellotinu v r. rodu Lophophora. From Starhas cactus alkaloid summary Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)b Plzesk Lkask Sbornk 46: 95-102. Oscilografick polarografie meskalinu, pellotinu a n ,)5 kterch strukturn ,)5 blzkch alkaloid rostlin rodu Lophophora. From STARHAs cactus alkaloid summary [GRYM 1997 gives as p. 94] Habermann, Vlastimil (1978)b Plzensk Lkarsk Sbornk 46: 95-102. Oscilografick polarografie meskalinu, pellotinu a nekterch strukturne blzkch alkaloidu rostlin rodu Lophophora.2 From Starhas cactus alkaloid summary [GRYM 1997 gives as p. 94] Habermann, Vlastimil (1979) Plzesk Lkask Sbornk 47: 61-63. Oscilografick polarografie n kterch tetrahydroisochinolinovch alk. rostlin rodu Lophophora. From Starhas cactus alkaloid summary Hadek, J. et al. (1955) Chemicke Listy. 49: 271-272. Pispvek k syntze meskalinu. [Synthesis of mescaline.] Hahn, George (1934) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 67: 1210-1211. Synthese des Mescalins. (Entgegnung auf die Berichtigung von K.H. Slotta u. G. Szyszka).

SC3: References
Hahn, George & Fritz Rumpf (1938) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. B 71 (10): 21412153. ber -(Oxy-phenyl)-thylamine und ihre Umwandlungen. V. Mitteil.: Kondensation von Oxyphenyl-thylaminen mit -Ketosuren. [includes synthetic procedure for mescaline.] Hahn, G. & H. Wassmuth (1934) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 67: 696-708. ber -(Oxyphenyl)-thylamine und ihre Umwandlungen. I. Synthese des Mezcalins. Haigler, H.J. & George K. Aghajanian (1973) European Journal of Pharmacology 21: 53-60, Mescaline and LSD: direct and indirect effects on serotonincontaining neurons in brain. Halda (1997) Acta Mus. Richnov. Sect. Nat. 4(2): 71. [From 1998 Repertorium Plantarum Succulentarum XLIX] Lophophora viridescens (HALDA) HALDA Haley, T.J. (1957) Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 13: 107. Halstead, W.C. et al. (1942)a Journal of Neurophysiology 5: 349-356. Modification of cortical activity by means of intermittent photic stimulation in the monkey. [W.C. Halstead, G.W. Knox and A.E. Walker] Halstead, W.C. et al. (1942)b Journal of Neurophysiology 5: 483-486. Effects of intensity and wave length on driving cortical activity in monkeys. . [W.C. Halstead, G.W. Knox, J.I. Woolf and A.E. Walker] Hammerschlag, Carl (1988) The Dancing Healers: A Doctors Journey of Healing with Native Americans. Harper Collins ISBN 0-06-250395-2. 170 pages. Hanna, Jon (1996) (1998) Psychedelic Resource List Hansen, P. (1996) Kakteen und andere Sukulenten. 47: 263-271. Erscheinungsformen der Gattung Lophophora. [L. fricii var. decipiens HANSEN & L. williamsii f. jourdaniana HANSEN] [from GRYM 1997] Hardman, H.F. et al. (1973) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 25: 299-300. Relationship of the Structure of Mescaline and Seven Analogs to Toxicity and Behavior in Five Species of Laboratory Animals.(Harold F. Hardman, Coryce O. Haavik and Maurice H. Seevers) [This study was performed on behalf of the US Army in the 1950s and declassified in 1969.] Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1991) The Ingens Bull. 4: 27-28. Psychoactive Mesembs. [From HARGREAVES 1998] Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1993) The Euphorbiaceae Study Group Bull. 6 (1): 14-18. Euphorbia davyi and other khadi sources. [From HARGREAVES 1998] Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1998) Plants Used to Make Khadi. [Paper presented at the Huntingtons Annual Succulent Symposium 1998. Copy kindly furnished by author.] Hargreaves, Bruce J. (1999) Eleusis 3: 100-104. Piante impiegate nella preparazione del Khadi (Sud Africa). Plants used to make Khadi (South Africa) Harner, Michael (1980) Way of the Shaman: A guide to power and healing. Harper & Row; NY Harley, K.L.S. & A.J. Thorsteinson (1967) Can. J. Zoo. 45: 305. Harley-Mason, J. et al. (1958) Confina Neurologica 18: 152-155. I. The Metabolism of mescalin in the human. II. Delayed reactions to mescalin. [J. HarleyMason, A.H. Laird & J.R. Smythies.] Harmon, James E. (1957) Journal of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America 29: 167-170. The Persecuted Peyote. Harner, Michael J. (Ed) (1973) Hallucinogens and Shamanism. New York/ Oxford University Press 1973. ISBN 0-19-501649-1. Harrison, C.M.H., et al. (1976) Nature 260: 138-139 Mescaline as a mitotic spindle inhibitor. [C.M.H. Harrison, B.M. Page and H.M. Keir] Hartwich, C. & E. Zwicky (1914) Apotheker-Zeitung 29: 925-926, 937-939, 949-950 & 961-962. ber Channa, ein Genussmittel der Hottentotten. [From DESMET 1996] Hatfield, G.M. et al. (1977) Lloydia 40 (4): 374-383. An investigation of Sophora secundiflora seeds (Mescal Beans.) Hayes, Alden (1940) New Mexico Anthropologist 4 (2): 34-36. Peyote Cult on the Goshiute Reservation at Deep Creek. Hazum, E. et al. (1981) Science 213 (28) 1010- 1012. Morphine in Cow and Human Milk: Could Dietary Morphine Constitute a Ligand for Specific Morphine () Receptors? (Eli Hazum, Julie J. Sabatka, KwenJen Chang, David A. Brent, John W.A. Findlay & Pedro Cuatrecasas) Heacock, R.A. & Janet E. Forrest (1973) Journal of Chromatography 78: 241-250. The use of electronacceptor reagents for the detection of some hallucinogens. Hebbard, Frederick W. & Roland Fischer (1966) Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 9 (2): 145-156. Effects of Psilocybin, LSD and Mescaline on small involuntary eye movements. [Experienced users might find their graphic presentations intriguing.] Hedendal, B.E. in Health Consciousness Vol 13 (1): 1417. Heffter, Arthur (1894)a Naunyn-Schmeidebergs Archiv fr Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. 34: 65-86. Ueber Pellote. Ein Beitrag zur pharmakologischen Kenntnis der Cacteen. Heffter, Arthur (1894)b Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 27: 2975-2979. Ueber zwei Cacteenalkalode. [Pellotin from A. williamsii (0.89%); Hordenine sfrom A. fissuratum (0.2 gm from 1 kg)] Heffter, Arthur (1896) Ber. 29: 221-227; See in HEFFTER 1896a. Heffter, Arthur (1896)a Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 29: 216-227. Ueber Cacteenalkalode II. Mitteilung [Pellotine and Mescaline.] Heffter, Arthur (1896)b Therapeutische Monatshefte 10: 327-328. Ueber Pellotin Heffter, Arthur (1896)c Apotheker Zeitung11: 746. Beitrge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Cactaceen.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Heffter, Arthur (1898)a Naunyn-Schmeidebergs Archiv fur experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie 40: 385-429. Ueber Pellote. Beitrage zur chemischen und pharmakologischen Kenntnis der Cacteen. II. Mittheilung. Heffter, Arthur (1898)b Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 29: 216-227. Ueber Cacteenalkalode III. Mitteilung. Heffter, Arthur (1898)c Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 31: 1193-1199. Ueber Cacteenalkalode. (III. Mittheilung.) [Pellotine, Mescaline, Anhalonidine, Lophophorine, Anhalonine.] Heffter, Arthur (1901) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 34: 3004-3015 Ueber Cacteenalkalode. (IV. Mittheilung.) [Anhalamine, Mescaline, Anhalonidine.] Heffter, Arthur (ed.) (1924) Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie. Volume Two Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Heffter, Arthur & R. Capellman (1905) Ber. 38 (3): 3634-3640. Versuch zur synthese des mezcalins. Hegnauer, R. (1964) 40. Cactaceae, pp. 324-336: in Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen [Vol. 3: Dicotyledonae: AcanthaceaeCyrillaceae] Birkhauser Verlag: Basel & Stuttgart. Heinrich, C. et al. (1999) Eleusis 3: 27-68. Giasone, LUomo-Droga/ Jason, The Drug Man (Clark Heinrich, Carl A.P. Ruck & Daniel B. Staples) Hell, Christina (1988) Hirsch, Mais, Peyote in der Konzeption der Huichol. Klaus Renner Verlag: Hohenschlftlarn. Helmlin, Hans-Jrg & Rudolf Brenneisen (1992) Journal of Chromatography 593: 87-94. Determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. Hennings, Paul (1888) Gartenflora 37: 410, [Ill.?] 9293. [From GRYM 1997] Hennings, Paul (1888) Gartenflora 37: 410-412. Eine giftige Kaktee, Anhalonium lewinii n. sp. [From RTSCH] Henry, Thomas Anderson (1949) The Plant Alkaloids. Fourth Edition (Second Edition was 1924) Herbert, Richard B. & Abdullah E. Kattah (1990) Tetrahedron 46 (20): 7105-7118. The Biosynthesis of Sceletium Alkaloids in Sceletium Subvelutinum L. Bolus. Hernandez, Francisco [died 1578] Hernandez, Francisco (1790) De Hist. plant. Nov. Hisp. 3:70. [Cited by SAFFORD] 3 volumes. Ibarra: Madrid Hernandez, Francisco (1900) Historia, 1577. Abridgement: Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus, seu(nova) plantarum, animalium, mineralium Mexicananorum historia. Mascardi: Rome [from STEWART] Hernandez, Francisco (1900) Anales del Instituto Mdico Nacional 4 (11): 204. De Historia Plantarum Novae Hispaniae. Reprint of 1790 [from LABARRE] Herre, H. (1971) The Genera of the Mesembryanthemaceae.Tafelberg-Uitgewers Beperk Cape Town. ISBN 0 624 00002 8 Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1930)a Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 6 (II): 43-49. Datos quimicos sobre el Echinopsis eyriesii (TURPIN) ZUCC [1930 CA 24: 4077] Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1930)b Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Nacional de La Plata 6: 75-85. Datos quimicos sobre el Gymnocalycium gibbosum (Haw.) Pfeiff. [1930 CA 24: 4077] Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1931) Revista Farmaceutica (Buenos Aires) 74: 87-99. Nota sobre algunas reaccines microqumicas de la mezcalina. Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1932)a Revista Farmaceutica (Buenos Aires) 74: 251-261. Datos quimicos sobre el Gymnocalycium multiflorum (Hook.) Britton and Rose. Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1932)b Revista Farmaceutica (Buenos Aires) 74: 375-381. Datos quimicos sobre Trichocereus sp. aff. T. Terschecki. Herrero-Ducloux, Enrique (1943) Microchemical Notes on Doping. Separate (Buenos Aires) 58 pages plus 100 pages of microphotographs. Preparation of reagents and microchemical reactions for a variety of compounds including mescaline. In Spanish. [From (1944) CA 38: 16077.] LaBarre lists a publication (undated) by this author titled; Notas Microquimicas sobre Doping, Buenos Aires, 267 pp. Hewitt, Terry (1993)(1997) The Complete Book of Cactus & Succulents. 176 pages. Dorling Kindersley Ltd., London. ISBN 0-7894-1657-3. Beautifully illustrated book but hardly complete in any sense of the word. Heym et al. (1984) European Journal of Pharmacology. 101: 57-68, Some behavioral effects of hallucinogens are mediated by a postsynaptic serotonergic action: evidence from single unit studies in freely moving cats. [James Heym, Kurt Rasmussen and Barry l. Jacobs] Hiller, K. et al. (1973) Die Pharmazie 28: 409-410. Erynginol A Ein neues Triterpensapogenin. [K. Hiller, M. Keipert, S. Pfeiffer, L. Tks & J. Nelson] Himwich, Harold E. (1956) in Cholden (ed.) Proceedings of the Round Table on lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline in experimental psychiatry, held at the annual meetings of the American Psychiatric Association, Atlantic City, New Jersey, May 12, 1955. NewYork: Grune & Stratton. Himwich, Harold E. (1958) Science 127 (3289): 59-72. Psychopharmacologic drugs. Hirao, Hiroshi (1979) Color Encylopaedia of Cacti. Seibundo Shinkosha Publ. Co. Ltd. An awesome assemblage of color photos on almost every page, many with flowers, numerous crested specimens and odd Astrophytums we have seen nowhere else. Despite the text being entirely in Japanese this

SC3: References
incredible book belongs in the library of any cactophile. Hirsch, K.S. & H. Ira Fritz (1974) Teratology. A Journal of Abnormal Development 9 (3): A-19 A-20. A comparison of mescaline with epinephrine and norepinephrine in the hamster. Ho et al. (1970) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 13 (1): 26-30. Analogs of -Methylphenethylamine (Amphetamine). I. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Some Methoxy and/or Methyl Analogs. [Beng T. Ho, William M. McIsaac, Rong An, L. Wayne Tansy, K.E. Walker, Leo F. Englert, Jr. and Michael B. Noel.] Hobschette, A. (1929) Les Cactaces Mdicinales. Gaston Doin & Cie., Paris. Hoch, P.H. (1951) American Journal of Psychiatry 107: 607-611. Experimentally produced psychoses. [Ibidem 108 (1952) 579.] Hoch, P.H. (1955) American Journal of Psychiatry. 111 (10): 787-790. Experimental psychiatry. Hoch, P.H. et al. (1952)a American Journal of Psychiatry 108: 579-584. Effects of mescaline and lysergic acid (d-LSD-25) [P.H. Hoch, J.P. Cattell, and H.H. Pennes] Hoch, P.H. et al. (1952)b American Journal of Psychiatry 108: 585-589. Effects of drugs: theoretical considerations from a psychological viewpoint. [P.H. Hoch, J.P. Cattell, and H.H. Pennes] Hoebel, E. Adamson (1950) Western Humanities Review 3: 126-130. The Wonderful Herb: An Indian Cult Vision Experience. Hoffer, Abram & Humphrey Osmond (1967) The Hallucinogens. New York: Academic Press Hoffer, Abram et al. (1954) Journal of Mental Science 100 (418): 29-45. Schizophrenia: A new approach, II. Result of a years research. [Abram Hoffer, Humphrey Osmond and John Smythies] Hoffmann, Inge (1984) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 56 (2): 57-59. Argentina: Cactus Hunters Paradise, Part II. Hofmann, Albert (1961) Journal of Experimental Medical Science 5: 31. Holden, W.C. (1937) Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society 9: 48-73. Excavation of Murrah Cave. Holdstock, T.M. & H.M. Stevens (1975) Forensic Sci. 6: 187 [SVENDSEN & VERPOORTE 1983] Holgun, D. Gonzalez (1989) Vocabulario de la lengua general de todo el Peru llamada lengua quichua o del Inca [first edition 1608] Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos: Lima Hollister, Leo E. (1962) Annals of the New York Academy of the Sciences 96: 80-88. Drug-induced psychoses and schizophrenic reactions: a critical comparison. Hollister, Leo E. (1969) Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (Jan.-Feb.): 24-29. Steroids and Moods: Correlations in Schizophrenics and Subjects Treated With Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Mescaline, Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Synhexyl. Hollister, Leo E. & Alan M. Hartman (1962) Comprehensive Psychiatry 3 (4): 235-241. Mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin: comparison of clinical syndromes, effects on color perception and biochemical measures. Hollister, Leo E. & Arnold J. Friedhoff (1966) Nature 210: 1377-1378. Effects of 3,4Dimethoxyphenethylamine in man [Observed no effects. Used both mescaline and placebo for controls.] Holmes, E.M. (1921) Journal of the American Medical Association 10 (2): 103-105, Mexican Herbs and Drugs. Hooker, William J. (1847) Curtiss Botanial Magazine 73: Tab. 4296. Tab. 4296. Echinocactus Williamsii. [From ANDERSON 1980] Hopf, A. and Eckert, H. (1969) Psychopharmacologia 16: 201-222. Autoradiographic Studies on the Distribution of Psychoactive Drugs in the Rat Brain. III. 14C-Psilocin. Hori, K. (1937) Psychiatria et neurologia japonica 41: 13. Ueber experimentelle Mescalinvergiftung: Versuch am Menschen. Hori, K. (1938) Psychiatria et neurologia japonica 42: 4. Versuch an Tieren. Horning, E.C. (ed.) (1955) Organic Synthesis. Collective Volume III. John Wiley & Sons. Hortus Third, See as BAILEY & BAILEY Hoshikawa (1964) Chemical Abstracts of HOSHIKAWA 1962. Hoshikawa, Hideo (1962) Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 58: 241-260 [Pharmacological studies of hallucinogens. I. Influences of mescaline on the central nervous system with special references to the psychic factors.]; 58: 261-274 [II. General pharmacological properties of mescaline.]; 58: 275288 [III. Bibliographic considerations of mescaline.] [Chemical Abstracts (1964) 60: 7338e-j] Hosko, Michael J. Jr. & Richard Tislow (1956) Federation Proceedings. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 15: 440. [Abstract; entry 1432] Acute Tolerance to Mescaline in the Dog. Howard, James H. (1956) Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 12: 432-436. An Oto-Omaha Peyote Ritual. Howard, James H. (1957) American Anthropologist 59: 75-87. The mescal bean cult of the Central and Southern Plains: an ancestor of the pweyote cult? Howard, James H. (1962) Journal of American Folklore 75 (296): 10-14. Peyote jokes. Huerta, Ines Gonzalez (1960) Revista del Viernes Mdico [Lima] 11 (1): 133-137. Identificacin de la Mescalina Contenida en el Trichocereus pachanoi (San Pedro) (from LABARRE) Humphreys, Ray M. (1916) Denver Times 2 December. Peyote Replaces Whiskey on Reservation: Indians Get Jags With the Mescal Bean [An interview with Chief Special Officer Henry A. Larson of the BIA] Hunt, D. (1992) CITES Cactaceae Checklist.

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Hunt, David (2000) CITES Cactaceae Checklist. Second Edition. RBG Kew & the IOS. ISBN 1 900347 45 8 Hunt, Linda (1991) Secret Agenda: The United States Government Nazi Scientists and Operation Paperclip. (St. Martins Press) Hutchings, R.H (1897) State Hospital Bulletin, Utica 2: 45-48. Report on the use of pellotine as a sedative and hypnotic Huxley, Aldous (1954) The Doors of Perception. Chatto and Windus, London, England [also Harper, New York] Huxley, Aldous (1956) Heaven and Hell. Chatto and Windus, London. Hyde, J. et al. (1949) J. Neurophysiol. 12: 17 [from PATEL] Hyde, Robert (1960) Psychological and Social Determinants of Drug Action. pp. 297-312 in G.J. Sarwer-Foner (ed.) The Dynamics of Psychiatric Drugs Iliff, Flora Gregg (date?) People of the Blue Water. My adventures among the Walapai and Havasupai Indians. Harper & Brothers: New York Impellizzeri, G. & M. Piattelli (1972) Phytochemistry 11: 2499-2502. Biosynthesis of Indicaxanthin in Opuntia ficus-indica fruits. Impellizzeri, G. et al. (1973) Phytochemistry 12 (9): 2293-2294. A New Betaxanthin from Glottiphyllum longum. [Guiseppe Impellizzeri, Mario Piatelli & Sebastiano Sciuto] Impellizzeri, G. et al. (1973) Phytochemistry 12 (9): 2295-2296. Acylated Betacyanins from Drosanthemum floribundum. [Guiseppe Impellizzeri, Mario Piatelli & Sebastiano Sciuto] Imperato, Pascal James (1977) African Folk Medicine. York Press: Baltimore. 251 pages. ISBN 0-91275208-4 Innes, Clive (1981) The Complete Handbook of Cacti and Succulents. Ward Lock Ltd., London. ISBN 0442-24122-4 Innes, Clives & Charles Glass (1991) Cacti. 1991 Portland House; New York. ISBN 0-517-05650-X. L.w.var. williamsii (in flower) & L. w. var. diffusa & L.w. var caespitosa (all color) p. 150 Inubushi, Y. & K. Fujitani (1958) J. Pharm. Soc. Japan (Yakugaku Zasshi) 78: 486-?. An unexpected reaction in a Pomeranz-Fritsch isoquinoline synthesis. Isbell, Harris (1959) Psychopharmacologia 1(1): 29-38, Comparison of the Reactions Induced by Psilocybin and LSD-25 in Man. Isbell, Harris et al. (1962) Psychopharmacologia 2: 147-159. Cross tolerance between LSD and psilocybin. Isibasi, T. (1937) Psychiatria et neurologia japonica 41: 38-?. Beitraege zur Kentniss der experimentellen Meskalinvergiftung an Normalen. Ito, Y. (1952) Cacti 96 [Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa Y.ITO] from ANDERSON 1980 & GRYM 1997] Iwamoto, H.K.; Thesis, Graduate School of the University of Maryland, 1942-1944, 43 [Abstract] The synthesis of analogs of mescaline. [From LaBarre (1975)] Izumi, Seiichi and Toshiko Sono (1960) Andes 2. Excavations at Kotosh, Peru 1960. Jacob (1966) Proceedings of the European Society for the Study of Drug Toxicity 8: 30-58 Jacob, J. & C. Lafille (1963) Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thrapie 145: 528-?. Jacob, J. et al. (1962) Medicina Experimentalis 7: 296-?. Jacob, J. et al. (1964) Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thrapie 148: 14-?. Jacobsen, Erik (1963) Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 4: 480-503. The Clinical Pharmacology of the Hallucinogens. Jacobsen, Hermann (1960) A Handbook of Succulent Plants: Descriptions, Synonyms and Cultural Details For Succulents Other Than Cactaceae. Volume 3. Mesembryanthemums (Ficoidaceae). Blandford Press, London. Jaensch, W. (1920) Zentralblatt fr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 23: 119-120. Pharmakologische Versuche ber die Beziehungen optischer Konstitutionsstigmen zu den Halluzinationen James, Jennifer (1996) Peyote and Mescaline. Do It Now. 0-89230-210-0. Janiger, Oscar & Marlene Dobkin de Rios (1975) Economic Botany 30: 149-151. Nicotiana an Hallucinogen? Janniger, Otto & Gertrude Paltin (1971) A Bibliography of LSD, Mescaline, from the Earliest Researches to the Beginnings of Suppression. Fitz Hugh Memorial Library: San Francisco Janot, M.M. & M. Bernier (1933) Bulletin des sciences pharmacologiques 40: 145-153. Essai de localisation des alcalodes dans le peyotl. Jantz, H. (1940)a Klinische Wochenscrift 19: 774. Zur pathophysiologie des Meskalinrausches. [also (1940)b Medizinische Klinik (Berlin) 36: 790.] Jantz, H. (1941) Zeitschrift fr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 171: 28-56. Vernderung des Stoffwechsels im Meskalinrausch beim Menschen und im Tierversuch. Jeffs, P.W. (1981) Alkaloids (N.Y.) 19: 26. [From SOUTHON & BUCKINGHAM] Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1969) Journal of the American Chemical Society 91 (14): 3831-3839. Structure of the Mesembranols and the Absolute Configuration of Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids. (P.W. Jeffs, Richard L. Hawks & D.S. Farrier) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1970) Journal of Organic Chemistry 35 (10): 3512-3518. Alkaloids of Sceletium Species. III. The Structures of Four New Alkaloids from S. strictum. (P.W. Jeffs, G. Ahmann, H.F. Campbell, D.S. Farrier, G. Ganguli & Richard L. 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Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)b Journal of the Chemical Society D. Chemical Communications 228-230. Biosynthesis of Mesembrine and Related Alkaloids, Mode of Incorporation of Phenylalanine, and Examination of Norbelladines as Precursors. (Peter W. Jeffs, H.F. Campbell, D.S. Farrier & G. Molina) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1971)c Journal of the Chemical Society D. Chemical Communications 1466-1467. The Structure of Sceletium Alkaloid A4, a Pyridine Alkaloid from Sceletium namaquense: Direct Method X-Ray Determination. (Peter W. Jeffs, P.A. Luhan, Andrew T. McPhail & N.H. Martin) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1974)a Journal of Organic Chemistry 39 (18): 2703-2710. Sceletium Alkaloids. VI. Minor Alkaloids of S. namaquense and S. strictum. (Peter W. Jeffs, T. Capps, D.B. Johnson, J.M. Karle, N.H. Martin & B. Rauckman) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1974)b Phytochemistry 13: 933-945. Incorporation of Phenylalanine and Examination of Norbelladines as Precursors of the Mesembrine Alkaloids. (Peter W. Jeffs, Henry F. Campbell, David S. Farrier, Gouranga Ganguli, Ned H. Martin & Gerado Molina) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1978) Phytochemistry 17: 719-728. Cinnamic Acid Intermediates as Precursors to Mesembrine and Some Observations on the Late Stages in the Biosynthesis of the Mesembrine Alkaloids. (Peter W. Jeffs, Jean M. Karle & Ned H. Martin) Jeffs, P.W. et al. (1982) Journal of Organic Chemistry 47: 3611-3617. Sceletium Alkaloids. Structures of Five New Bases from Sceletium namaquense. (Peter W. Jeffs, Thomas M. Capps & Richard Redfearn) Jensch, H. (1929) (1931) German Patent 526,172, April 7, 1929; CA (1931) 25: 4284. Jensch, H. (1936) Medizin und Chemie 3: 408-411. Zur Synthese der Mezcalins. Jensen, H. (1935) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57: 1765. [From DEULOFEU & RUVEDA 1971] Jensen, H. & K.K. Chen (1929) J. Biol. Chem. 82: 397. [From DEULOFEU & RUVEDA 1971] Jilek, Kugler, Hofer & Lawder (1963) Confinia Neurologica 23: 201-220 in the literature meant KNOLL et al. 1963. Joachimoglu, G. &and E. Keeser (1924) Kakteenalkaloide pp. 1104-1113, in A. Heffters Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie, Bd. II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1924. 0 Johnson, William E. Pussyfoot (1912) Indian School Journal 12 (7): 239-242; (8): 289-293. History, Use and Effects of Peyote. Jolly, F. (1896)a Therapeut. Monatsh. 10: 328-329. Ueber die schlafmachende Wirkung des Pellotinum muriaticum Jolly, F. (1896)b Deut. Med. Wochenschrift 22: 375376. Ueber Pellotin als Schlafmittel Jones, A.M. (1954) Africa 24: 26-47. African Rhythm. Kalb, D. (1956) Die Pharmazie 11 (4): 268-269. Oscillopolarographisches Verhalten von Mezkalin. Kalischer, S. (1895) Monatsschrift fr Kakteenkunde 5: 59-60. ber giftige Kakteen. Kametani, T. et al. (1966) Yakugaku Zasshi 86 (10): 913-918. Studies on the Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds. CLI. Selective Demethylation of 3,4Dihydro-6,7,8-trimethoxyisoquinoline and Modified Total Synthesis of Anhalamine. (Tetsuji Kametani, Nagatoshi Wagatsuma & Fujinori Sasaki) Kametani, Tetsuji (1969) The Chemistry of the Isoquinoline Alkaloids. Hirokawa Publ. / Elsevier Publ. Kan, M. et al. (1989) Sculpture of Ancient West Mexico. County Museum of Art: Los Angeles. [Michael Kan, Clement Meighan & H.B. Nicholson] Kang, Sungzong & Jack Peter Green (1973) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 67: 62-67. Steric and Electronic Relationships among Some Hallucinogenic Compounds Kant, F. (1931) Archive fr Psychiatrie 91: 694. Uber Reaktionsformen in Giftrausch. Kapadia, Govind J. & Henry M. Fales (1968)a The Chemical Society, London. Chemical Communications [Journal of the Chemical Society. D.] . 24: 1688-1689. Krebs cycle conjugates of mescaline. Identification of fourteen new peyote alkaloid amides. Kapadia, Govind J. & Henry M. Fales (1968)b Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 57 (11): 2017-2018. Peyophorine, a tetrahydroisoquinoline cactus alkaloid containing an ethyl group. Kapadia, Govind J. & Henry M. Fales (1970) Lloydia 33 (4): 492. (Proceedings.) Peyote and Related Alkaloids. Structure and Synthesis of Some New Krebs Cycle Conjugates of Mescaline. Kapadia, Govind J. & M.B.E. Fayez (1970)a Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 59 (12): 1699-1727 Peyote constituents. Chemistry, biogenesis and biological effects. Kapadia, Govind J. & M.B.E. Fayez (1970)b Lloydia. 33 (4): 494. Kapadia, Govind J. & M.B.E. Fayez (1973) Lloydia 36 (1): 9-35 The chemistry of the peyote alkaloids. Kapadia, Govind J. & R.J. Highet (1967) Lloydia 30: 287-288 (Proceedings.) Peyote Alkaloids IV. Structure of Peyonine, a novel -Phenethylpyrrole from Lophophora williamsii. Kapadia, Govind J. & R.J. Highet (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 57:191-192. Structure of peyonine, novel phenethylpyrrole from Lophophora williamsii. Kapadia, Govind J. & Mehdi H. Hussein (1972) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 61 (7): 11721173. Peyote and Related Alkaloids XIV: Mescaloxylic acid and mescaloruvic acid, the novel amino acid analogs of mescaline. (Mescaloruvic acid and mescaloxylic acid as trace constituents.) Kapadia, Govind J. & G.S. Rao (1965) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 54 (12): 1817-1819 Gasliquid chromatography and structure retention time relationship of Anhalonium alkaloids and related bases

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Kapadia, Govind J. & N.J. Shah (1968) 115th Annual Meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Miami Beach, Fla.): Abstract no. 16, p. 104-?. Peyote alkaloids V. Preparation of mescaline and selective ether cleavage of pyrogallol trimethyl ethers with lithium aluminum hydride. Kapadia, Govind J. & Narenda J. Shah (1967) Lloydia 30: 287. (Proceedings.) Peyote Alkaloids III. Isolation and Synthesis of Peyonine, a novel Phenethylpyrrole from Lophophora williamsii. Kapadia, G. Rao, Leete, Fayez, Vaishnav and Fales, to be published. (in the literature) See as Kapadia, G. et al. (1970) Journal of the American Chemical Society 92 (23): 6943-6951 Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 57 (2): 254-262. Anhalotine, lophotine and peyotine, quaternary alkaloids of Lophophora williamsii. (Kapadia, N.J. Shah and T.B. Zalucky) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1969) Paper presented at the 116th Meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Montreal, Canada. May 18-22. Identification and synthesis of 3-demethylmescaline, a plausible intermediate in the biosynthesis of the cactus alkaloids. (from Kapadia and Fayez) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1969)a Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 58 (9): 1157-1159 Peyote alkaloids. IX. Identification and synthesis of 3-demethylmescaline, a plausible intermediate in the biosynthesis of the cactus alkaloids. (G.J. Kapadia, Y.N. Vaishnav and M.B.E. Fayez) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1969)b Lloydia 32: 525. (1-Methyl6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid in L. williamsii proposed as immediate precursor to anhalonidine.) (G.J. Kapadia, M.B.E. Fayez, Y. N. Vaishnav, H.M. Fales, and G. Subba Rao) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1970)a Lloydia 33 (4): 492. (Proceedings.) Peyote and Related Alkaloids. XII. Structure and Synthesis of Peyoglunal, a New Cactus -Phenethylpyrrole. (G.J. Kapadia, B.K. Chowdury, M.B.E. Fayez and H.M. Fales) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1970)b Journal of the American Chemical Society 92 (23): 6943-6951. On the origin of carbon 1 in tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. (G.J. Kapadia, G.S. Rao, E. Leete, M.B.E. Fayez, Y.N. Vaishnav and H.M. Fales) Kapadia et al. (1970) paper presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Pharmacognosy (Vienna, Austria) July 1970, To be published. ie Kapadia et al. (1970)a Lloydia 33 (4): 492. (Proceedings). Kapadia et al.11th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Pharmacognosy (Vienna, Austria) July 1970, To be published (in the literature) See as KAPADIA et al. (1970)a Lloydia 33 (4): 492. Kapadia, G. et al. (1971) Paper presented at the 118th Meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, San Francisco, California, March 27-April 2. Some newer synthetic cactus alkaloid analogs. (from Kapadia & Fayez) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1972), given in the literature, refers to Kapadia & Hussein (1972) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1973) Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 10 (1): 135-136 Peyote and related alkaloids. XV. O-Methylpeyoxylic acid and OMethylpeyoruvic acid, the new cyclic amino acid analogs of mescaline. (Govind J. Kapadia, G.S. Rao, M.H. Hussein, & B.K. Chowdury) Kapadia, G.J. et al. (1977), given in the literature, refers to Kapadia & Hussein (1972). Karle, Jean M. (1977) Acta Crystallographia B33: 185188. ()-N-Demethyl-N-formylmesembrenone. Karle, Jean M. (1976) Ph.D. Dissertation. [From Karle 1977] Karsten, G.K. (1895) Flora Deutschland Second Edition 457 Katz, Richard (1982) Boiling Energy: Community Healing among the Kalahari !Kung. Harvard University Press Kauder, E. (1899)a Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 237: 190-198 Uber alkaloide aus Anhalonium lewinii. Kauder, E. (1899)b Chemische Central-Blatt 1: 1244 Uber alkaloide aus Mescal-buttons. KAWAI & CHOSABURO 1968 in literature meant KAWAI & YAMAMOTO 1968 Kawai, Nobufumi & Chosaburo Yamamoto (1968) Brain Research 7: 323-325. Antagonism between serotonin and LSD studied in vitro in thin sections from the superior colliculus of guinea pig. Kellog, R. et al. (1965) Nature (London) 208: 11291130. Form Similarity Between Phosphenes of Adults and Pre-School Childrens Scribbling. [R. Kellog, M. Knoll and J. Kgler] Kelsey, F.E. (1959) The South Dakota Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy 12: 231-233. The Pharmacology of Peyote. From ANDERSON Kennedy, Alison Bailey (1982) Current Anthropology 23 (3): 273-290. Ecce Bufo: The Toad in Nature and in Olmec Iconography. Kerr, S.J. (1972) Journal of Biological Chemistry 247: 4248-4252. Competing methyltransferase systems. Keup, W. (1959) The possible role of a LSD-protein complex in LSD model psychosis. page 338, in: Bradley, P.B. et al. (eds.) Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Neuro-psychopharmacology. (Rome, September 1958). Khanna, K.L. et al. (1969) The Chemical Society, London. Chemical Communications. [Journal of the Chemical Society. D] 6: 315. Biosynthesis of Mescaline. (K.L. Khanna, H. Rosenberg and A.G. Paul.) Khanna, K.L. et al. (1970) Phytochemistry 9: 1811-1815. Biosynthesis of Phenolic Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids of Peyote. (K.L. Khanna, M. Takido, H. Rosenberg & A.G. Paul) Kindler, K. (1927) Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft 265:

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(1992) Journal of Natural Products 55 (7): 953-955. New Triterpenes from Trichocereus bridgesii. [Kaoru Kinoshita, Kiyotaka Koyama, Kunio Takahashi, Norio Kondo and Hiroshi Yuasa] Kircher, Henry W. (1982) Chemical Composition of Cacti and Its Relationship to Sonoran Desert Drosophilia. pp. 143-158, in J.S.F. Barker & W.T. Starmer (eds.) Ecological Genetics and Evolution. The Cactus-Yeast-Drosophila Model System. Academic Press. ISBN 0 12 078820 9. Kloesel, Lawson (1958) American Journal of Pharmacy 130: 307-316. Some Notes On Peyote [From ANDERSON 1980] Klver, Heinrich (1926) American Journal of Psychology 37 (4): 502-515. Mescal Visions and Eidetic Visions. Klver, Heinrich (1928)a Mescal, and Mechanisms of Hallucinations. [reprinted in 1966 by the University of Chicago Press.] Klver, Heinrich (1928)b Mescal, The Divine Plant and its Psychological Effects. London. Klver, Heinrich (1942) Mechanisms of Hallucinations. pp. 175-207 in Studies in Personality: Essays in Honor of Lewis M. Terman. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Klver, Heinrich (1966) Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucination. Phoenix Books: University of Chicago Press 108 pages. Knize, Karel (nd) Index to Field #s of Collected Specimens 1967-1977 Knoll, Max (1958) Zeitschrift fr Psychologie 17: 110126. Anregung geometrischer Figuren und anderen subjektiver Lichtmuster in elektrischen Feldern. Knoll, Max (1967) Eranos Jahrbuch 1965. 34: 361-397 + 27 pages of illustrations. Die Welt der Inneren Lichterscheinungen. [The World of Inner Light Sensations.] [Eranos-Jahrbuch 1965. Form als Aufgabe des Geistes 1967. Publ. Rhein-Verlag Zrich 1966] [See also his contained references.] Knoll, Max & Kgler, J. (1959) Nature (London) 184: 1823-1824. Subjective Light Pattern Spectroscopy in the Electroencephalic Range. Knoll, Max et al. (1962) Elektromedizin 7 (4): 235-242. Reproductionbarkeit von elektrisch angeregten Lichterscheinungen (Phosphene) bei zwei Versuchspersonen innerhalb von 6 Monaten. [Max Knoll, O. Hofer, D. Lawder and J.M. Lawder] Knoll, Max et al. (1962) Journal of Analytic Psychology 7: 55-69. Note on the Spectroscopy of Subjective Light Patterns. [Max Knoll, J. Kgler, J. Echmier and O. Hofer] Knoll, Max et al. (1963) Confina Neurologica 23 (3): 201-226. Effects of Chemical Stimulation of Electrically-Induced Phosphenes on Their Bandwidth, Shape, Number and Intensity. [M. Knoll, J. Kugler, O. Hfer and S.D. Lawder] Knorr et al. (1969) (in the literature) meant KORR et al. 1969 Knox, MJ et al. (1983) Journal of Chromatography 265: 357-362. Quantitative analysis of phenethylamines in two Mammillaria species (Cactaceae) [M.J. Knox, W.D. Clark and S.O. Link] Korr, H. et al. (1969) Psychopharmacologia 16: 183200. Autoradiographische Untersuchungen zur Verteilung von Mescalin und dessen Einflu auf die zentrale Erregung bei Musen. [H. Korr, E. Lehr, N. Seiler and G. Werner.] Krainz, H. (1964) Die Kakteen. Gattung Lophophora 1, III. [From Habermann 1975] Kramer, S.Z. et al. (1965) Federation Proceedings. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 24: 390. [Abstract; entry 1450] Catatonic Behavior and Brain Electrical Activity in Chicks as Influenced by some Catecholamines and their Metabolites. [Stanley Z. Kramer, Eli Seifter and Joseph Seifter.] Krapf, E.E. (1951) Neurobiologia (Recifa, Brazil) 14: 99-108. Experimentos com vennos embriagadores: seu valor para a patopsicologia y a clinica psiquiatrica. Kratzel, K. & H. Silbernagel (1955) Mitteilungen der Oesterreichischen Gesellschaft fuer Holzforschung 7: 71-78. [1956 CA 50: 6040f-g] [Concerning the effect of thermal treatment of beechwood and beech lignin.] Kreuzinger, H. (1935) Verzeichnis 9[Lophophora jourdaniana KREUZINGER syn. violaciflora] [from GRYM 1997] Krieger 1956 Ph.D. Dissertation, Karlsruhe. Kringstad, Randi & Arnold Nordal (1975) Phytochemistry 14: 1868-1870. Lactone-Forming Acids in Succulent Plants. Kruger, T.L. et al. (1977) Journal of Organic Chemistry 42: 4161-4162. Identification of alkaloids in crude extracts by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry. (T.L. Kruger, R.G. Cooks, J.L. McLaughlin, and R.L. Ranieri) Kubota, Seiju et al. (1966) Journal of Organic Chemistry 31: 516-520. The structure and total synthesis of takatonine.

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Kurath, Gertrude (1953) American Anthropologist 55: 113 Review of: Cantos indigenas de Mexico, by Concha Michel (Mexico, D.F.; 1951) Kurland et al. (1966) Psychedelic Psychotherapy (LSD) in the Treatment of Alcoholism. pp. 435-440. in: Brill et al. (eds.) Neuro-psycho-pharmacology. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-PsychoPharmacologicum. [A.A. Kurland, J.W. Shaffer and S. Unger] LaBarre, Weston (1938) The Peyote Cult Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. [The 2nd edition was published in 1964 by Shoe String Press; 260 pp. The enlarged 3rd edition was published in 1969. The revised Fourth edition, enlarged, was published in 1975 by Archon Books, Hamden, CT; 296 pp.. The revised 5th edition, enlarged yet again, was published in 1989 by the University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 0-8061-2214-5; 352 pp.] LaBarre, Weston (1957)a American Anthropologist 59: 359. Book Review of The Peyote Religion by J.S. Slotkin. LaBarre, Weston (1957)b American Anthropologist 59: 708-711. Mescalism and Peyotism. LaBarre, Weston (1960) Current Anthropology 1: 45-60. Twenty Years of Peyote Studies. LaBarre, Weston (1964) The Peyote Cult Second Edition. See LABARRE 1938. LaBarre, Weston (1969) The Peyote Cult Third Edition. See LABARRE 1938. LaBarre, Weston (1990) The Ghost Dance. Origins of religion. Waveland Press ISBN 0-88133-561-4 (First published in 1970) 677 pages. Also printed in 1972 LaBarre, Weston (1975) The Peyote Cult Fourth Edition. See LABARRE 1938. LaBarre, Weston (1979)a Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11 (1-2): 7-11. Shamanic Origins of Religion and Medicine LaBarre, Weston (1979)b Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11 (1-2): 33-39, Peyotl and Mescaline. LaBarre, Weston (1981) Peyotegebrauch bei noramerikanischen Indianern in G. Vlger (Ed.) Rausch und Realitt Volume 2. Rautenstrauch-JoestMuseum: Kln. LaBarre, Weston (1989) The Peyote Cult Fifth Edition. See LABARRE 1938. Labouret (1855) Rev. Hort. 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(1957) American Anthropologist 59: 615-641. Washo peyote songs. Merrill, W.L. (1977) An Investigation of Ethnographic and Archeological Specimens of Mescalbeans (Sophora secundiflora) in American Museums. (Technical Reports No. 6) Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. [From Ott 1993] Metzner, Ralph (1963) Psychedelic Review 1: 69-100. The pharmacology of psychedelic drugs. Metzner, Ralph (1994) The Well of Remembrance: Rediscovering the Earth Wisdom Myths of Northern Europe. Shambala. Meyer, B.N. et al. (1980) Phytochemistry 19: 719-720. -Phenethylamines From the Cactus Genus Opuntia (Brian N. Meyer, Yehia A.H. Mohamed and Jerry L. McLaughlin) Meyer, Brian & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1982) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 54 (5): 226-228. A Note on the Phytochemistry of Opuntia (Cactaceae). Meyer, Brian & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1982) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 54 (5): 226-228. A Note on the Phytochemistry of Opuntia (Cactaceae). Michaelis, Paul (1896) Thesis Erlangen. Beitrge zur verglichenden Anatomie der Gattungen Echinocactus, Mammillaria und Anhalonium [Echinocactus lewinii (HENNINGS) SCHUMANN var. jourdaniana MICHAELIS] Michaux, Henri (1956) Miserable miracle Rocher: Monaco Michaux, Henri (1957) Linfini turbulent Mercure de France: Paris Michaux, Henri (1967) Miserabile miracolo. linfinito turbolento. Feltrinelli: Milano Michaux, Henri (1968) Allucinogeni e conoscenza. Rizzoli: Milano. Michaux, Henri (1969) Miserable miracle (tr. by Louise Varse) City Lights: San Francisco Michaeux, Henri (1972) Misrable miracle. La Mescaline. (avec quarante-huit dessins et documents manuscrits originaux de lauteur.) ditions Gallimaud 195 pages Michaux, Henri (1976) Infinite Turbulence (tr. by Michael Fineberg 1976) Calder and Boyars Michaux, Henri (1986) Unseliges Wunder: Das Meskalin. Carl Hanser: Munich. Michel, Karen Lincoln (1999) Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (Wisconsin) Friday, December 17. For Native American Church, Peyote is Sacred. [See http://www.jsonline.com/] Miller, Richard Lawrence (1996) Drug Warriors and Their Prey: From Police Power to Police State. Prager: Westport. ISBN 0-275-95042-5. Mind Books: 321 S. Main St. #543, Sebastopol, California 95472. [http://www.promind.com]

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Minelli, Laurenchich & Frigerio, Bianca Maria (1976) Terra Ameriga 37/40: 21-30. Il peyote nel Messico pre-colombiano. Miranda, Faustino (1954) Ceiba 4 (2): 126-145. Plantas Nuevas de Chiapas [pp. 139-140 is P. gaumeri (?) Th.MACDOUGALL & F.MIRANDA.] Mitchell, S. Weir (in the literature) See as Weir Mitchell, S. Mohamed et al. (1979) Journal of Natural Products 42 (2): 197-202 Cactus Alkaloids. XXXIX. A glucotetrahydroisoquinoline from the Mexican cactus, Pterocereus gaumeri. [Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J. Chang and J.L. McLaughlin] Mokrasch, L.C. & Ian Stevenson (1959) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 129 (2): 177-183. The metabolism of mescaline with a note on correlations between metabolism and psychological effects. Mller, A. (1935) Acta psychiatrica et neurologica 10: 405-442. Einige Meskalin Versuche. Moore, Harvey C. (1956) American Anthropologist 58: 220. Review of: Enemy way music: A study of social and esthetic values as seen in Navaho music, by David P. McAllester. Morgan, George Robert (1976) Dissertation; Univeristy of Colorado. Man, Plant and Religion: Peyote Trade on the Mustang Plains of Texas. Morgan, George Robert (1983)a Botanical Museum Leaflets. Harvard University 29 (2): 73-86 The Biogeography of Peyote in South Texas. Morgan, George Robert (1983)b Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9: 319-321. Hispano-Indian Trade of an Indian Ceremonial Plant, Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), on the Mustang Plains of Texas. Morgan, George R. & Omer C. Stewart (1984) Southwestern Historical Quarterly 87: 269-296. Peyote Trade in South Texas. Morin et al. (1957) Journal of Organic Chemistry 22: 331-332. Synthesis of 5,6,7-trimethoxyindole, a possible intermediary metabolite of mescaline. Morin et al. (1959) Journal of Organic Chemistry 24: 917. (in the literature) meant BENINGTON et al. 1959. Morselli, G.E. (1936) Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique 33: 368-392. Contribution la psychopathologie de lintoxication par la mescaline. Morselli, G.E. (1944-1945) Rivista di psicologia 40-41: 1-23. Mescalina e schizofrenia. Moseby (1994) Mosbys Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary Fourth Edition. [Editors: Kenneth N. Anderson, Lois E. Anderson and Walter D. Glanze] Mosby-Year Book Inc. ISBN 0-8016-7225-2 (Prof.) ISBN 0-8151-6113-1 - ISBN 0-8151-6111-5 (trade) Mount, Guy (1993) The Peyote Book. A Study of Native Medicine. 3rd Edition. Sweetlight Books. ISBN 09604462-3-0. Mller-Ebeling, Claudia & Rtsch, Christian (19??) Kreisrituale mit Peyote und MDMA pp. 68-74 in Constantine Weigle & Ronald Rippchen (eds.) MDMA: Die psychoaktive Substanz fr Therapie, Ritual und Rekreation. Werner Pierpers MedienXperimente: Lhrbach (Der Grne Zweig 103, erw. Neuaufl.) Mulvena, Dawn P. and Michael Slaytor (1983) Phytochemistry 22(1): 47-48. N-Methyltransferase activities in Phalaris aquatica. Mulvena, Dawn P. et al. (1983) Phytochemistry 22 (12): 2885-2886. Methoxylated Gramine Derivatives From Phalaris aquatica. [With Kelvin Picker, Damon D. Ridley and Michael Slaytor] Munier, I.R. & M. Macheboeuf (1949) Bulletin. Socit de Chimie Biologique [France] 31: 1144-?. Microchromatographie de partage des alcaloides et de diverses bases azoties biologiques. Murphee, H.B. et al. (1958) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 122: 55A-56A. Effects of lysergic acid derivatives on man: antagonism between d-lysergic acid diethylamide and its 2-brom congener. [H.B. Murphee, E.W.J. DeMaar, H.L. Williams & L.L. Bryan] Musacchio, Jos M. & Menek Goldstein (1962) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 58: 607-608. The formation In Vivo of N-acetyldopamine and N-acetyl3-methoxy dopamine. [Also in vivo formation of Nacetylmescaline.] Musacchio, Jos M. & Menek Goldstein (1967) Biochemical Pharmacology 16: 963-970. The metabolism of mescaline-14C in rats. Musacchio, Jos M. et al. (1963) Federation Proceedings. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 22: 481. [Abstract; entry 1915] N-Acetylation and Demethylation of Mescaline in Rats. [Jos M. Musacchio, A. Dudowitz, H. Gerber and Menek Goldstein] Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1973) Organization and Ecstacy: Peyote and the Huichol Case. (Unpublished manuscript) Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1975) Peyote and Huichol Worldview: The Structure of a Mystic Vision. pp 417-438, in Vera Rubin (ed.) Cannabis and Culture. Mouton: The Hague, Paris. Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1976) (1974?) Peyote Hunt: The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians. [Symbol, Myth and Ritual Series.] Cornell University Press. 288 pages (285 pages?) ISBN 0-8014-9137-1 Myerhoff, Barbara G. (1980) Der Peyote Kult. Trikont: Munich. Nadker, Kurt H. (1991) Drogen: Rauschgift und Medizin. Munich: Quintessenz. page 95 [From RTSCH] Nahmed Sittri, S. et al. (1972) El peyote y los huicholes. SepSentas: Mexico. [Salamn Nahmed Sittri, Otto Klineberg, Peter T. Furst & Barbara G. Myerhoff] Naranjo, Plutarco (1958) Arch. Criminol. Neuropsiquiatr. Quito 6: 358. Psychotomimetic Drugs. Comparative Study of harmine, lysergic acid deithylamide (LSD-25) and mescaline. Naranjo, Claudio (1973) Psychological Aspects of the Yag Experience in an Experimental Setting. Pp. 176190 (Ch 10) in Harner (1973) Neal, J.M. et al. (1971)b Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 60 (3): 477-478. Cactus alkaloids. X. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus (J.M. Neal, P.T. Sato, C.L. Johnson & J.L. McLaughlin)

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Neal, J.M. et al. (1972) Science 176: 1131-1133. Peyote alkaloids: Identification in the Mexican cactus Pelecyphora aselliformis. (J.M. Neal, P.T. Sato, W.N. Howard and J.L. McLaughlin.) Neff, N. & G.V. Rossi (1963) American Journal of Pharmacy and the Sciences Supporting Public Health. 135 (9): 319-327. Mescaline. Neff, N et al. (1964) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 144 (1): 1-7. Distribution and Metabolism of Mescaline-C14 in the Cat Brain. (N. Neff, G.V. Rossi, G.D. Chase and J.L. Rabinowitz) [Note: this should be written 14C.] Neher, Andrew (1961) Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 13 (3): 449-451. Auditory Driving Observed with Scalp Electrodes in Normal Subjects. Neher, Andrew (1962) Human Biology 34 (2): 151-160. A Physiological Explanation of Unusual Behavior in Ceremonies Involving Drums. Neme, G. et al. (1977) Phytochemistry 16: 277-278. 3Nitro-4-hydroxy-phenethylamine from Cereus validus [Genaro Neme, Matias Nieto, Antonio T. DArcangelo and Eduardo G. Gros.] Nettl, Bruno (1953) Journal of American Folklore 66 (260): 161-164. Observations on meaningless peyote song texts. Nettl, Bruno (1958) American Anthropologist 60 (3): 518-532. Historical aspects of ethnomusicology. Nevole, S. (1947) Lkarskho Khihkuspectvi a Nakladatelstvi. [Concerning four-dimensional sight: a physio-pathological study of space-perception, with special reference to experimental poisoning with mescaline.] [Havent read it but love the title.] Newcomb, William W. (Bill) Jr. (1980) Indians of Texas. University of Texas Press. 0-292-73271-6 (cloth)/0292-78425-2 (paper). First edition was in 1961. Nieforth, Karl A. (1971) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 60 (5): 655-665. Psychotomimetic Phenethylamines. NIELSEN, John & Roxane, owners Prescott Brewing Company, Prescott, AZ letter to editor published in 1997 Southwest Brewing News 5 (5): page 2 Nieto, M. et al. (1982) Anales. Asociacion. Quimica (Argentina) 70: 295-299. Alcaloides en Cuatro Especies de Cactaceas. [M. Nieto, S.O. Ruiz, G. Neme and A.T. DArcangelo] Nieto, M. (1987) An. Asoc. Quim. Argent. 75: 11-13. Nieuwenhuis, J.J. et al. (1981) Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkins Transactions 284-286. (4R)-(-)-OMethyljoubertiamine and OMethyldihydrojoubertiamine, Two Minor Alkaloids from Sceletium subvelutinum L. Bolus. (Jacobus J. Nieuwenhuis, Franz Strelow, Heinrich F. Strauss & Adriaan Wiechers) Nordal, Arnold et al. (1966) Acta Chemica Scandinavica 20: 1431-1432. Non-volatile acids of succulent plants exhibiting a marked diurnal oscillation in the acid content. II. Demonstration of piscidic acid as one of the predominating acids in Opuntia ficus-indica. [Arnold Nordal, Jrgen Gether & Guri Haustveit] Norton, Stata and Tamburro, Jean (1958) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 122: 57A. Effects of Hallucinogens on Spontaneous Behavior Patterns of Animals. [Abstract of paper presented to American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Abel Centennial Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, Sept. 4-7, 1957.] [Reported that mescaline increased excitement and hostility.] Noteboom, L. (1932) Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 76 (1): 517-518 / 76 (2): 2860-2862. [CA (1933) 27: 1399.] [Experimental catatonia by means of synthetic derivatives of mescaline and adrenaline.] Noteboom, L. (1934) Proc. Acad. Exp. Amsterdam. (in the literature) See as Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam Noteboom, L. (1934) Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam 37: 562-574. Experimental catatonia by means of derivatives of mescaline and adrenaline. Novelli, A. & O.O. Orazi (1950) Revista Farmaceutica. (Buenos Aires) 92: 109 Alcaloides aislados de la Republica Argentina. (From numerous sources including Reti and Mata & McLaughlin) Nyazema, N.Z. (1984) Central African Journal of Medicine 30: 80-83. Poisoning due to traditional remedies. [From DESMET 1996] Ochoterena, Isaac (1922) Las Cacceas de Mxico (Lophophora: pp 96-110) Ochoterena, Isaac (1926) Revista Mexicana de Biologa 6: 95. Nota acercala identificacin botanica de algunas de las plants conocidas vulgarmente con el nombre de Peyotl. Oh, Y.H. et al. (1967) Biochemical Pharmacology 16: 849-861. Binding of Biologically Active Amines to Plasma Protein Fractions. [Yang H. Oh, William E. Leitch, Seymour Axelrod, S. Mouchly Small, Richard J. Winzler and Benjamin E. Sanders.] Olds et al. (1957) Effects of tranquilizers on selfstimulation of the brain. pp. 235-243, in Garattini and Ghetti (eds.) Psychotropic Drugs. Oliva, Anello (1895) Historia del Reino y Provincias del Per pp. 115-124. [ Lima: Imprenta y Librera de San Pedro.] (first edition in 1631) Olmos, Jos Francisco Ballester (1977) Los cactus y las otras plantas suculentas. [Roberto Guillen Valencia Mexico] Olney, R.K. (1972) Texas Medicine 68 (7): 80-82. Mescaline. [A brief review. Olneys references were not included. Said by publisher to be available upon request. Good luck obtaining a copy in 1999.] Opler, Marvin K. (1940) American Anthropologist 42: 667-669. Book Review of Gusinde, Martin (1939) Der Peyote-Kult: Entsehung und Verbreitung. Opler, Marvin K. (1940) American Anthropologist 43 (3) part 1: 463-474. Opler, Marvin K. (1942) American Anthropologist 44: 151-159. Fact and fancy in Ute peyotism. Opler, Morris E. (1938) American Anthropologist 40 (2): 271-285. The Use of Peyote by the Carrizo and Lipan Apache Tribes.

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Opler, Morris E. (1939) American Anthropologist 41 (3): 433-439. A description of a Tonkawa peyote meeting held in 1902. Opler, Morris E. (1940) American Anthropologist 42: 271-285. The Character and History of the Southern Ute Peyote Rite. Opler, Morris E. (1945) El Palacio 52 (10): 210-212. A Mescalero Apache Account of the Origin of the Peyote Ceremony.. Ortega, Jos de (1751) [Reprinted in 1887] Historia del Nayarit, Sonora, Sinaloa, y mabas California. Osmond, H. (1957) Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 66: 418-434. Review of the chemical effects of psychotomimetic agents. Osmond, H. & J. Smythies (1952) Journal of Mental Science 98: 309-315. Schizophrenia: a new approach. Ostolaza, Carlos (1987) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 59 (1): 13-15. Browningia Candelaris (MEYEN) BR. & R. A New Habitat for an Old Cactus Species. [Header for this issue was misprinted as volume 58] Ostolaza, Carlos (1984) Cactus & Succulent Journal (US) 56: 102-104. Trichocereus Pachanoi Br. & R. Ostolaza, Carlos (1995) Quepo 9: 73-82. Etnobotanica II. El Perodo Formativo. Ostolaza, Carlos (1996) Quepo 10: 42-49. Etnobotanica III. La Cultura Paracas. Ostolaza, Carlos (1997) Quepo 11: 79-86. Etnobotanica IV. La Cultura Nazca. Ostolaza, Carlos (1998) Quepo 12: 62-68. Etnobotanica V. La Cultura Moche. Ostolaza, Carlos (1999) Quepo 13: 32-37. Etnobotnica VI. Culturas Wari y Chimu. Ostolaza, Carlos (2000) Quepo 14: 18-23. Etnobotnica VII. El Imperio de los Incas. Ott, Jonathan (1993) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic Drugs, their Plant Sources and History. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 09614234-2-0 (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-3-9 (paperback) See also OTT 1996. [Pages 81-115; Chapter One: Mescaline, Pyotl, San Pedro, Artificial Phenethylamines Same pages in OTT 1996] Ott, Jonathan (1994) Ayahuasca Analogues. Pangaean Entheogens. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 127 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-4-7 (Hardcover)/ 09614234-5-5 (paperback) Ott, Jonathan (1995) The Age of Entheogens & The Angels Dictionary. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 159 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-6-3 (Hardcover)/ 09614234-7-1 (paperback) Ott, Jonathan (1996) Pharmacotheon. Entheogenic Drugs, their Plant Sources and History. Second Edition Densified. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 639 pp. ISBN 0-9614234-8-X (Hardcover)/ 0-9614234-9-8 (paperback) [Same page #s as in 1993.] Ott, Jonathan (1997) Pharmacophilia or the Natural Paradises. Natural Products Co., Kennewick, Wa. 1995. 191 pp. ISBN 1-888755-01-6. Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernadez de (1851-1855) Hitoria Natural y General de las Indias. Primera parte, Madrid, 1535 y segunda parte, Madrid, 1851-1855. [from YACOVLEFF & HERRRERA 1935] Palmieri, V.M. (1942) Rassegna Clinica Scientifica 20. La mescalina e lebbrezza peyotilica nelluomo. Palmieri, V.M. & G. Lacroix (1941) Atti Congresso de medicina legale 8 (1940):540-549. Ulteriori ricerche sullintossicazione da mescalina. Pang, Hildegard Delgado (1992) Pre-Columbian Art. Pap, Z. (1936)b Zeitschrift fr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 155: 655-664. Einwirkung des Meskalinrausches auf die post-hypnotischen Sinnestuschungen. [See also (1936)a Orvosi hetilap 80: 75-78.] Pardanani et al. (1977) Lloydia 40 (6): 585-590 Cactus Alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus. (J.H. Pardanani, J.L. McLaughlin, R.W. Kondrat and R.G. Cooks.) Pardanani et al. (1978) Lloydia 41 (3): 286-288 Cactus Alkaloids. XXXVII. Mescaline and Related Compounds from Opuntia spinosior. (J.H. Pardanani, B.N. Meyer, J.L. McLaughlin, W.H. Earle and R.G. Engard ) Paris, R. & H. Moyse-Mignon (1949) Comptes Rendus de lAcademie des Sciences 229: 86-88. tude chimique et pharmacodynamique prliminaire dune Loganiace du Gabon: Mostuea stimulans A.Chev. [From DESMET 1996] Parmentier (1838) Hort. Belg. 5: 66 [Cereus terscheckii] [From BRITTON & ROSE] See also PFEIFFER 1837 Pascarosa, Paul & Futterman, Sanford (1976) Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 8 (3): 215-221. Ethnopsychedelic Therapy for Alcoholics: Observations in the Peyote Ritual of the Native American Church. Passie, Torsen (1994) Jahrbuch des Europischen Collegiums fr Bewutseinsstudien 1993/1994: 103111. Ausrichtungen, Methoden und Ergebnisse frher Meskalinforschungen im deutschsprachigen Raum (bis 1950) Patel, A.R. (1968) Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung (i.e. Progress in Drug Research). 11: 11-47. (E. Jucker, ed.) Mescaline and Related Compounds. [Birkhuser Verlag, Basel und Stuttgart.] Patterson, Alex (1992) Rock Art Symbols of the Greater Southwest. Johnson Books: Boulder, Colorado. Patton, Mark (1990) Current Anthropology 31 (5): 554558 On Entoptic Images in Context: Art, Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany. Patton, Mark (1993) Statements in Stone. Routledge: London. Patzig, B. & W. Block (1953) Naturwissenschaften 40: 13-17. Zur Auffassung des schizophrenen Prozessgeschehens nach Tierversuchen mit 14Cradioaktivem Meskalin. Paul, A.G. (1973) Lloydia 36 (1): 36-45. Biosynthesis of the peyote alkaloids. Paul, A.G. et al. (1969)a The Chemical Society, London. Chemical Communications. [Journal of the Chemical Society. D.] 14: 838. Biosynthesis of Peyote

Sacred Cacti 3rd Edition (2003)

Alkaloids. (A.G. Paul, K.L. Khanna, H. Rosenberg and M. Takido.) Paul, A.G. et al. (1969)b Lloydia 32 (1): 36-39. The Roles of 3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenethylamine and 3,4Dimethoxyphenethylamine in the Biosynthesis of Mescaline. (Paul, Rosenberg and Khanna) Paulson, James C. & William O. McClure (1973) Molecular Pharmacology 9 (1): 41-50. Inhibition of Axoplasmic Transport by Mescaline and Other Trimethoxyphenylalkylamines. [Mescaline is a reversible inhibitor of axoplasmic transport.] Pechnek, J. (1969) Kaktusy 69: 76-81 & 109-113. Lophophora Coult. [L. lewinii RUSBY & L. jourdaniana KRZGR] [HABERMANN 1975 gives as 69, 4, ; 76 and 69, 5, p. 103-113.] Pechnek, J. (1983) Kaktusy 19: 50-53. Lophophora williamsii var. decipiens Croizat. Pennes, Harry H. (1954) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 119 (2): 95-112. Clinical reactions of schizophrenics to Sodium Amytal, Pervitin Hydrochloride, Mescaline Sulfate, and D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25). Perry et al. (1965) Studies of amines in normal and schizophrenic subjects.from Amines Schizophrenia, Pap. Symp, Atlantic City. 1965: 31 [CA 68: 37621] (from CROSBY & MCLAUGHLIN (1973) Perry, S.Y. et al. (1991) Molecular Biotherapy 3: 79-87. Decreased mortality of normal murine sarcoma in mice treated with the immunomodulator, Acemannan. Petershofer-Halbmeyer et al. (1982) Sci. Pharm 50: 2934. [from SHULGIN: THIQ]. Petrullo, Vincenzo (1934) The Diabolic Root. A Study of Peyotism, the New Indian Religion Among the Delaware. University of Pennsylvania Press, The University Museum. [Still a good book today.] Peyote Foundation, POBox 778, Kearny, AZ 85237. Pfeiffer (1837) Alg. Gartenz. 5: 370 [Cereus terscheckii PARMENTIER] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Piattelli, Maurio & F. Imperato (1969) Phytochemistry 8: 1503-1507. Betacyanins of the Family Cactaceae. Piattelli, Maurio & Luigi Minale (1964)a Phytochemistry 3: 307-311. Pigments of Centrospermae II. Distribution of Betacyanins. Piattelli, Maurio & Luigi Minale (1964)b Phytochemistry 3: 547-557. Pigments of Centrospermae I. Betacyanins from Phyllocactus Hybridus HORT. and Opuntia Ficus-Indica MILL. Piattelli, M. et al. (1964)a Rend. Accad. Sci. Fis. Mat. (Soc. Naz. Sci., Napoli) 31: 39-41. Isolation and Structure of Indicaxanthine, a -Xanthine from Opuntia ficus-indica. (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & Giuseppe Prota) [From 1966 CA 64: 5037a] Piattelli, M. et al. (1964)b Tetrahedron 20: 2325-2329. Isolation, Structure and Absolute Configuration of Indicaxanthin. (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & Giuseppe Prota) Piattelli, M. et al. (1965) Phytochemistry 4: 121-125. Pigments of Centrospermae II. Betaxanthins from Beta vulgaris L.. (Mario Piattelli, Luigi Minale & Giuseppe Prota) [Mentions isolation from Opuntia ficus-indica] Piccinelli, D. (1955) Boll. Soc. Eustachiana e Ist. Sci. Univ. Camerino 48: 105. [CA 53: 8372a] [From SMITH 1977] Pinkley, Homer V. (1969) Lloydia 32 (3): 305-314. Plant Admixtures to Ayahuasca, the South American Hallucinogenic Drink. Pinkson, Tom Soloway (1995) Flowers of Wiricuta: A Gringos Journey To Shamanic Power. Wakan Press 0-9647542-0-7. 302 pages. Pinschmidt, N.W. et al. (1945) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 83: 45 -52. Studies on the Antagonism of Sodium Succinate to Barbiturate Depression. [N.W. Pinschimdt, Helen Ramsey and H.B. Haag] Pizzetti, Mariella (1985) Simon and Schusters Guide to Cacti and Succulents. ISBN: 0-671-55846-3/ 0671-60231-4 (paperback) [Originally published in Italian as Piante grasse by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A. Milan, 1985.] Plotkin, Mark (1994) Tales of a Shamans Apprentice. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-012991-X. Plotnikoff, N.P. & H. Washington (1958) Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 98 (3): 660-662. Bioassay of Ataraxics Against Lethal Action of Mescaline in Mice. Poisson (1961) Chemical Abstracts 55: 8448 [Abstracts POISSON 1960] Poisson, Jacques (1960) Annales Pharmaceutiques Franaises 18: 764-765. Prsence de mescaline dans une Cactace pruvienne. Polia, Mario (1990) Quaderni di Avallon 23: 59-69. Alcune riflessioni sulluso delle droghe rituali nello sciamenesimo amerindio. Polia, Mario (1993) Altrove 1: 77-92. Luso del cactus mescalinico Trichocereus pachanoi nella medicina tradizionale andina. Polia, Mario (1997) Il Sangue Del Condor; Sciamani Delle Ande. Xenia Edizioni, Milano; 281 pages. ISBN 88-7273-203-4. Pollard et al. (1960) Comprehensive Psychiatry 1: 377380, Controlled sensory input: a note on the technique of drug evaluation with a preliminary report on a comparative study of Sernyl, psilocybin and LSD. [J.C. Pollard, C. Bakker, L. Uhr and D.F. Feurfile] Poloni, A. (1956) Cervello 32: 400. Polono, A. & G. Maffezzoni (1952) Sistema nervoso 4: 578-581. Le variazione dell attivit colinergica del tessuto cerebrale per effetto della bulbocapnina, della mescalina e della dietilamide dell acido lisergico. Popelak, A. & G. Lettenbauer (1967) The mesembrine alkaloids. pp. 467-482 in Manske & Holmes (eds.) The Alkaloids. Vol. 9. Popelak, A. et al. (1960)a Naturwissenschaften 47: 156. Zur Konstitution des Mesembrins. [A. Popelak, E. Haack, G. Lettenbauer & H. Spingler] [From DESMET 1996] Popelak, A. et al. (1960)b Naturwissenschaften 47: 231-232. Die Strukture des Mesembrins und

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Mesembrenins. [A. Popelak, G. Lettenbauer, E. Haack & H. Spingler] [From DESMET 1996] Popelak et al. (1960)c Naturwissenschaften 47: 241 Popoff, E.I. (1897) Vrach (St. Petersburg) 28: 1361. K farmakologii pellotina. Prajer, Z. (1968)a Informator Polskiego Towartzstwa Miosnikw Kaktusw pp. 22-29, 111-129. PeyotlBog-Diabe-czy tylko zwyky kaktus? Prajer, Z. (1968)b Informator Polskiego Towartzstwa Miosnikw Kaktusw pp. 120-129. Peyotl-przez 37 ,)5 mdrca szkieko. Prajer, Z. (1969) Swiat Kaktusw 2: 35-43. Peyotlprzez 37 ,)5 mdrca skieko ,)5 . Prentiss, D.W. & F.P. Morgan (1895) Therapeutic Gazette. 19: 577-585. Anhalonium Lewinii (Mescal Buttons). A Study of the Drug with Special Reference to its Physiological Action upon Man. Prentiss, D.W. & F.P. Morgan (1896) Therapeutic Gazette. 20: 4-7. Therapeutic Uses of MescalButtons. Psotta, K. et al. (1979) Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkins Transactions I. 1063-1065. Joubertinamine: A Novel seco-Mesembrane Alkaloid. [Klaus Psotta, Franz Strelow & Adrian Wiechers] Pugh, Caecilia Elisabeth Mary & Juda Hirsch Quastel (1937) Biochemical Journal 31: 2306-2321. CCLXXXIII. Oxidation of Amines by Animal Tissues. Pulse, T.L. & Elizabeth Uhlig (1990) Journal of Advancement in Medicine 3: 4. A significant improvement in a clinical pilot study utilizing nutritional supplements, essential fatty acids and stabilized Aloe vera juice in 29 HIV seropositive, ARC and AIDS patients. PUMMANGURA et al. 1981 JNP 44: 498 (in the literature) See as PUMMANGURA & MCLAUGHLIN 1981 Pummangura, S. & J.L. McLaughlin (1981) Journal of Natural Products 44 (4): 498-499. Cactus alkaloids. XLVI. 3-Methoxytyramine and Lemaireocereine from Backebergia militaris PUMMANGURA & MCLAUGHLIN 1982 (in the literature) meant PUMMANGURA et al. 1982. Pummangura, S. et al. (1983)a Journal of Natural Products (In Press). [S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin, D.V. Davis & R.G. Cooks.] [from LUNDSTRM (1983) This is not in either the 1983 or 1984 author index under any name listed.] Pummangura, S. et al. (1983)b Phytochemistry (In Press). [S. Pummangura, Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J. Chang and J.L. McLaughlin.] (in the literature) meant PUMMANGURA et al. 1982b Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)a Journal of Natural Products 45 (2): 224-225. Cactus Alkaloids. LI. Lack of Mescaline Translocation in Grafted Trichocereus (S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin and R.C. Schifferdecker) Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)b Phytochemistry 21 (9): 2375-2377. Two Simple Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid N-oxides from Cacti. (S. Pummangura, Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J. Chang & J.L. McLaughlin) Quastel, Juda Hirsch & Arnold Herbert Maurice Wheatley (1933) Biochemical Journal 27: 1609-1613. CCXIX. The Effects of Amines on Oxidations of the Brain. Quereshi, M.Y. et al.(1977) Phytochemistry 16: 477-479. The Neurolathryogen, -Amino-oxalylaminopropionic Acid in Legume Seeds. [M. Yasin Quereshi, David J. Pilbeam, Christine S. Evans and E. Arthur Bell] Rabitzsch, G. (1959) Planta Medica 7 (3): 268-297. Zur Analytik und Biochemie der p-Hydroxy-Phenyl-Alkylamine in Hordeum vulgare L Rabusic, Emil & Miroslav Gregor (1967) Spisy Prirodovedecke Fakulty University J.E. Purkkyne v. Brne. 480: 85-92 [from CA (1968) 68: 86944.] Aminoalkylation of phenol ethers. Raffauf, Robert F. (1970) The Handbook of Alkaloids and Alkaloid Bearing Plants. Wiley Inter-Science. Raiford, L.Chas. & Donald E. Fox (1944) Journal of Organic Chemistry 9: 170-174. Condensation of Vanillin Substitution Products With Nitromethane. Rajotte et al. (1961) Society of Biological Psychiatry page???. Studies on Mescaline. XII: Effects of prior administration of various psychotropic drugs. [Paul Rajotte, Herman C.B. Denber, and Dorothy Kauffman] [from Denber et al. (1962)] Ramirez, Fausto A. & Alfred Burger (1950) Journal of the American Chemical Society 72: 2781-2782. The reduction of Phenolic -Nitrostyrenes by Lithium Aluminum Hydride. . Ranieri, Richard L. & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1975)a Journal of Chromatography 111: 234-237. Cactus alkaloids. XXVII. Use of fluorescamine as a thin-layer chromatographic visualization reagent for alkaloids. Rao, G. Subba (1970) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 22: 544-545. Identity of Peyocactin, an antibiotic from peyote (Lophophora williamsii ), and Hordenine. Rasmussen, Kurt & George K. Aghajanian (1986) Brain Research. 385: 395-400, Effect of hallucinogens on spontaneous and sensory-evoked locus coeruleus unit activity in the rat: reversal by selective 5-HT2 antagonists. Rasmussen, Kurt & George K. Aghajanian (1988) Neuropsychopharmacology 1: 101-107, Potency of antipsychotics in reversing the effects of a hallucinogenic drug on locus coeruleus neurons correlates with 5-HT2 binding affinity. Ratcliffe, J. & P. Smith (1959) Chemistry and Industry 925. Metabolism of Mescaline. Rtsch, Christian & John R. Baker (eds.) Jahrbuch fr Ethnomedizin und Bewutseinsforschung [Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness.] Issue #4. VWB: Berlin. ISBN 3-86135-031-9. Rtsch, Christian (1995) Eine bisher nicht beschriebene Zubereitungsform von Trichocereus pachanoi. pp. 267-281 in: RTSCH & BAKER (eds.) Jahrbuch fr Ethnomedizin und Bewutseinsforschung. Issue #4. Rtsch, Christian (1998) Enzyklopdie der Psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie

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und Anwendung. ISBN 3-85502-570-3. AT Verlag, Switzerland. Rtsch, Christian (1999) Eleusis 3: 3-36. Dallidromele dellispirazione allo spirito del vino: Le bevande alcoliche nella medicina popolare, nella scienze medica e nella farmacologia/ From mead of inspiration to spirit of wine: Alcoholic brews and Folk medicine, medical science & pharmacology. Rauh, Werner (1978) Schne Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten. Raymond-Hamet, M. (1931) Bulletin de lAcademie Nationale de Mdecine (Paris). 105: 46-54. [CA (1932) 26: 1347-1348.] [The Physiological action of mezcaline, principle alkaloid of Peyotl.] Raymond-Hamet, M. (1933) Archiv fr experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie 169: 97-113. neue Beobachtungen ber die physiologische Wirkung des Mescalins. Raymond-Hamet, M. (1933) C.R. Sances Socit Biologie. Filiales Associes 113: 386-387. Action de lhordenine sur le rein vaisseaux sectionns puis anastomoss ceux du cou Raymond-Hamet, M. (1933)b C.R. 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[(1934) Rev. Soc. Argentina biol. 10: 437] Sur un alcalode du Cereus coryne SALM. (1850) [L. Reti, R.I. Arnolt and F.P. Luduea] Reti, L. & J.A. Castrilln (1951) Journal of the American Chemical Society 73 (4): 1767-1769. Cactus alkaloids. I. Trichocereus tersheckii (Parmentier) Britton and Rose Reutter, L. (1924) Schweizerische Apotheker-Zeitung 62: 441-443. Du Peyolt [sic], comme drogue sensorielle. Revel, Jean-Franois (1977) The Totalitarian Temptation. [Hardcover; Doubleday: NY/ Paperback; Penguin: NY (Again in 1978] 311 pages. Rhodes, Willard (1958) Journal of the International Folk Music Council 10: 42-49. A study of musical diffusion based on the wandering of the opening peyote song. Riccobono (1909) Boll. R. Ort. Bot. Palermo 8: 244 [Eriocereus tephracanthus] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Rice & McColl (1960) Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thrapie . 127: 249. Richter, Derek (1938) Biochemical Journal 32: 17631769. CCXXIX. Elimination of Amines in Man. 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(Trichocereus: 1324-1329) F.Ritter/Selbstverlag Rivas, Augustin. Canto Musica Ayahuasca en la Silva de Peru: Agustin Rivas. Tape available through the Basement Shaman. River, Liliana & Joseph Rael (1984) Beautiful Painted Arrow: A Medicine Story. Path-ways: Virginia Beach. [P.O.Box 4308/ 23454] No ISBN. 129 pages. Rivier, Laurent & Jan-Erik Lindgren (1972) Economic Botany 26: 101-129. Ayahuasca, the South American Hallucinogenic Drink: an Ethnobotanical and Chemical Investigation. Rivier, Laurent & Paul-mile Pilet (1971) LAnnee Biologique 10 (3-4): 129-149. Composs Hallucinognes Indoliques Naturels. Robb, George L. (1957) Botanical Museum Leaflets. Harvard University. 17 (10): 265-316 The Ordeal Poisons of Madagascar and Africa. Roberti, C.E. & H. Heymann (1937) Rassegna di studi psichiatrici 26: 245, 353. Dell allucinazioni. Robinson, G. (1954) in H.A. Abramson, (ed.) Problems of Consciousness, 5th Conference, 1954, Princeton. J. Macy, Jr. Foundation. Robles, Clementa & Jos Gomez Robleda (1931) Anales del Instituto de biologia de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mxico. 2 (1): 15-46. Trabajo inicial acerca de la accin fisiolgica del chlorhidrato de peyotina. [Clemente Robles and Jose Gomez Robleda] Rose, Joseph Nelson (1899) Contributions from the US National Herbarium 5 (4): 209-259. Notes on Useful Plants of Mexico. Roseman, Bernard (1968) The Peyote Story. The Indian Mind Drug. Wiltshire: Hollywood Rosenberg, H. & S.J. Stohs (1974) Phytochemistry 13: 1861-1863. The Utilization of Tyrosine For Mescaline and Protein Biosynthesis in Lophophora williamsii. Rosenberg, H. et al. (1964) Psychopharmacologia 5: 217-227. The effect of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in human subjects tolerant to lysergic acid diethylamide. Rosenberg, H. et al. (1967) Lloydia 30 (1): 100-105. The Cactus Alkaloids. III. Phenylalanine, DOPA and DOPAmine as precursors to Mescaline in Lophophora williamsii. Rosenberg, H. et al. (1969) Lloydia 32 (3): 334-338. The Biosynthesis of Mescaline in Lophophora williamsii. (Rosenberg, Khanna, Takido and Paul) Rosenmund, Karl W. (1909) Ber. 42: 4778-4783. ber p-oxyphenyl-thylamin Rosenthaler, L. (1931) Pharmaceutische Zeitung 76: 653-654. Beitrage zum Nachweis organischer Verbindungen. IV. Mikrochemische Reaktionen des Mezcalins. [From RETI 1950] Listed elsewhere as Dtection de composes organiques. Raction microchemiques de la mescaline. and Detection of organic compounds: microchemical reactions of mescalin. Rosenthaler, L. (1935) Toxikologische Mikroanalyse. p. 15. Borntraeger, Berlin. Rosler, H. et al. (1978) Lloydia 41 (4): 383-384. The Isolation of 6-Methoxyharmane From Grewia mollis. [Heinz Rosler, Helene Framm & Ralph N. Blomster] Ross, Brian & Jill Rackmill (2000) ABC 20/20 18 February. Homicide Within the DEA See http:// www.abcnews.go.com/onair/2020/ 2020_000217_ross_feature.html Rotondo, H. (1943) Revista de neuropsiquiatria (Lima) 6: 58-143. 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experimentale observs au course dune experience fait avec le peyotl. Rouhier, Alexandre (1926) Monographie du Peyotl. Thesis, Doct. Pharm. Faculti de Pharmacie de Paris. Rouhier, Alexandre (1927)a La Plante qui fait les yeux merveills. LePeyotl (Echinocactus williamsii). Gaston Doin & Cie, Paris. [Also in 1926 by G. Tredaniel: Paris) [See also (1989) ditions de la Maisnie. 409 pp. ISBN 2-85707-332-1.] Rouhier, Alexandre (1927)b Les Plantes divinatoires. Paris. Rouhier, Alexandre (1988) Lebbrezza peyotica (Studio sullesperienza di Havelock Ellis). pp. 69-79 in J.C. Bailey & J.P. Guimard Lesperienza allucinogena. Dedalo: Bari. Rouhier, Alexandre (1996) Die Hellsehen hervorrufenden Pflanzen. VWB: Berlin (reprint) Round Table. Psychodynamic and Therapeutic Aspects of Mescaline and Lysergic acid Diethylamide. See DENBER & RINKEL (eds.) 1957. Roth, R.H. & N.J. Giarman (1970) Phytochemistry 19: 1087-1093. Natural Occurrence of GammaHydroxybutrate in Mammalian Brain. Rowley, Gordon D. (1974) IOS Bulletin 3(3): 93-99. Reunion of the Genus Echinopsis Rowley, Gordon D. (1978) The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Succulents. Crown Publ, New York 1978. ISBN # 0-517-53309-X. Very nice book but hardly encyclopedic. Ruck, C.A.P. et al. (1979) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 11 (1-2): 145-146: Entheogens. [Carl A.P. Ruck, Jeremy Bigwood, Danny Staples, Jonathan Ott & R. Gordon Wasson] Ruckebusch, Y. et al. (1965)a Comptes Rendus des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales 159 (4): 911-914. Synergie et antagonisme de lactivit hyperthermisante de la mescaline. [Y. Ruckebusch, M.L. Grivel and M. Roche] Ruckebusch, Y. et al. (1965)b Comptes Rendus des sances de la Socit de Biologie et de ses filiales 159: 1745-1748. Paralllisme des effets des psychodysleptiques majeurs sur da toxicit de groupe et le taux crbral en srotonine. [Y. Ruckebusch, M. Roche and D. Schurch ] Rudgley, Richard (1995) Addiction 90: 163-164. The Archaic Use of Hallucinogens in Europe: An Archaeology of Altered States. RUIZ DE ALARCN See as DE ALARCON Rmpler, Theodor (1886) Carl Friedrich Frsters Handbuch der Cacteenkunde Second ed. Leipzig: Verlag von Im. Tr. Woller. Page 233. [from GRYM 1997 & ANDERSON 1980] 2nd ed. is given as 1885 in BRITTON & ROSE. Page 712: Cereus tephracanthus bolivianus WEBER; Page 688: Pilocereus terscheckii RMPLER; Page 827: Echinocereus strigosus var. spinosior RMPLER & Echinocereus strigosus var. rufispinus RMPLER Rusby, H.H. (1888) Bulletin of Pharmacy 2: 126. A. Lewinii. [From LABARRE] Rusby, H.H. (1894) Bulletin of Pharmacy 8: 306. Mescal Buttons. [From GRYM 1997 & LABARRE] Rusby, H.H. (1903) Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences 6: 456. Mescal Buttons. [from LABARRE] Sacred Succulents Grafting Guide was available for $6 (1999 price) from Sacred Succulents, POBox 781, Sebastopol, California, 95473. Catalog $2. Safford, William E. (1908) Annual Report Smithsonian Institution 1908. 525-563 (with 15 plates; one of the plates faces page 525.) Cactaceae of Northeastern and Central Mexico, Together With a Synopsis of the Principal Mexican Genera. Safford, William E. (1915) Journal of Heredity. 6: 291311. An Aztec Narcotic. Safford, William E. (1916)a Annual Report. Smithsonian Institution. 1916: 387-424, plus 17 plates. Narcotic Plants and Stimulants of the Ancient Americans. Safford, William E. (1916)b Washington Academy of Sciences 6: 547-562. Identity of cohoba, the narcotic snuff of ancient Haiti. Safford, William E. (1921) Journal of the American Medical Association 77 (16): 1278-1279. Peyote, the Narcotic Mescal Button of the Indians. Bernadino de Sahagn [1490-1590] de Sahagn, Bernadino (1830) Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa (ed. C.M. de Bustamante) 3: 241 [3 volumes: 1829-1830; Mexico] [SAFFORD referred to 1829 2: 366] de Sahagn, Bernadino (1880) Histoire gnrale des chosas de la Nouvelle-Espagne (tr. & ed. by D. Jourdanet & Rmi Simon) Paris. de Sahagn, Bernadino (1932) A History of Ancient Mexico by Fray Bernardino de Sahagn, Vol. 1 (tr. by Fanny R. Bandlier) Nashville. de Sahagn, Bernadino (1938) Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa (5 Volumes) P.Robredo: Mxico. Sai-Halsz (1962) Experientia 18: 137-138. The effect of Antiserotonin on the Experimental Psychosis Induced by Dimethyltryptamine. Sailer & Stumpf (1957) Archiv fr Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. 230: 378. Salcedo, Mario B. (1986) Un Herbolario de Chajaya Devela sus Secretos. Ediziones Senpas: La Paz, Bolivia. 165 pages. Salerno, Enrique V. & Alberto Tallaferro (1957) Semana Mdica (Buenos Aires). 110 (1): 47-48, 52. [CA (1957) 51: 8997b.] [Mescaline, D-lysergic acid diethylamide, and menstrual function.] Salm-Dyck (1834) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1834: 334 [Cereus strigosus] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Salm-Dyck (1849) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1849: 46 [Cereus fulvispinus] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Salm-Dyck (1849) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1849: 194 [Cereus intricatus] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Salm-Dyck (1850) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1849: 203 [Cereus macrogonus] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Salm-Dyck (1850) Cact. Hort. Dyck 1849: 208 [Cereus bridgesii] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Salmoiraghi, Gian Carlo & Irvine H. Page (1957) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 120 (1): 20-25. Effects of LSD-25,

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[Kurt Salomon, Beverly Wescott Gabrio and Thomas Thale ] Samorini, Giorgio (1998)a Allucinogeni, empatogeni, cannabis. Bibliografia italiana commentata. Grafton 9: Bologna. 165 pp. Samorini, Giorgio (1998)b Eleusis n.s. 1: 87-108. Gli alberi-fungo nellarte cristiana. / MushroomTrees in Christian Art. Sanchez, Victor (1996) Toltecs of the New Millenium. Bear and Co. (Ingram) ISBN 1-879181-35-5. 228 pages. Sanguin (1829) Hist. Nueva Espaa (ed. Bustamante) 2: 366)]. From Safford Sarkis, Alia & Vctor Campos (1991) Curanderismo Tradicionale del Costariccense. Curaciones con plantas medicinales y remedios caseros. Second Edition (first edition was 1985) Lehmann Editores: San Jos, Costa Rica. ISBN 9977-949-23-9. 188 pages. Sato, P.T. et al. (1973) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 62 (3): 411-414. Cactus Alkaloids. XVI. Isolation and identification of alkaloids in Coryphantha ramillosa (P.T. Sato, J.M. Neal, L.R. Brady and J.L. McLaughlin) Sato, Tony (1996) Cactus Handbook. Japan Cactus Planning Company Sava, V. (1929) Thse doctorale de Mdicine, Bucharest. Recherche sur laudition colore et lintoxication exprimentale par la mescaline. Sawyer, Alan R. (1975) Ancient Peruvian Ceramics. From the Kehl and Nena Markley Collection. Museum of Art, Pennsylvania State University Publication. Sax, N. Irving (1984) Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Sixth Edition. Page 1757. Sax, N. Irving & Richard J. Lewis, Sr. (1989) Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 7th edition. 3 volumes. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-280203 (set). Entries MDI500 (mescaline as base), MDI750 (as hydrochloride) and MDJ000 (as sulfate) Saxena, A. et al. (1962) Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thrapie 140: 327. Schaafsma, Polly (1980) Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque. Schaefer, Stacy (1989) Journal of Latin American Lore 15 (2): 179-194. The Loom and Time in the Huichol World. Schaefer, Stacy (1993)a The Loom as a Sacred Power Object in Huichol Culture. pp. 118-130 in R. Anderson & K. Field (eds.) Art in Small Scale Societies. Prentice Hall: New York. Schaefer, Stacy (1993)b Latin American Art Spring 93: 70-73. Huichol Indian Constumes: A Transforming Tradition. Schaefer, Stacy (1995) Integration 5: 35-49. The Crossing of the Souls: Peyote, Perception and Meaning Among the Huichol Indians of Mexico. Schaefer, Stacy (1997) Jahrbuch fr Ethnomedizin und Bewutseinforschung 5 (1996) Peyote and Pregnancy. Schaefer, Stacy (1998)a Becoming a Weaver: The Womans Path in Huichol Culture. University of Utah Press. Schaefer, Stacy (1998)b Dove le anime si incontrano. La percezione huichol del peyote. pp. 57-77 in Giovani Feo (ed.) Sciamani delle due Americhe. Stampa Alternativa: Rome Schaefer, Stacy (1998)c Altrove 5: 43-48. Quando si incontrano le anime. Limportanza del peyote nella cultura Huichol. Schaefer, Stacy & Furst, Peter (eds.) (1996) People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque. ISBN 0-8263-1684-0. 608 pages. Schfer, George & Cuz, Nan (1968) In Reiche des Mescal. Synthesis Verlag: Essen. Schmidt, Paul (1969) Journal of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America 4 (6): 265. Hybridization of Lophophora williamsii with Turbinicarpus and Mammillaria. Schneck, Marcus Cacti. An Illustrated Guide to over 150 Representative Species. Crescent Books: New York/ Avenel, New Jersey. ISBN 0-517-07321-8. Schnoll, S.H. et al. (1972) Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 5 (1): 75-78. A Rapid Thin Layer Chromatographic Screening Procedure for Various Abused Psychotropic Agents. [Sidney H. Schnoll, Richard D. Cohen and Wolfgang H. Vogel] Schueler, F.W. (1948) Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 33: 1297-1303. The effect of succinate in mescaline hallucinations. Schultes, Richard Evans (1936) Thesis, Harvard University. Peyote Intoxication, A Review of the Literature on the Chemistry, Physiology and Psychological Effects of Peyotl. Schultes, Richard Evans (1937)a Botanical Museum Leaflets. Harvard University. 4 (8): 129-152. Peyote and Plants Used in the Peyote Ceremony. Schultes, Richard Evans (1937)b Botanical Museum Leaflets. Harvard University. 5 (5): 61-88. Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and Plants Confused With It.

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Schultes, Richard Evans (1938) American Anthropologist N.S. 40: 698-715. The Appeal of Peyote (Lophophora williamsii)as a Medicine. Schultes, Richard Evans (1939) Harvard University, Botanical Museum Leaflets 7 (3): 37-54. Plantae Mexicanae II. The Identification of Teonanacatl, a Narcotic Basidiomycete of the Aztecs. Schultes, Richard Evans (1940) Journal of the Cactus and Succulent Society of America 12 (11): 177-181. The Aboriginal Therapeutic Uses of Lophophora Williamsii. Schultes, Richard Evans (1967) The Place of Ethnobotany in the Ethnopharmacological Search for Psychotomimetic Drugs. pp. 33-57 in: Ethnopharmacological Search For Psychoactive Drugs. United States Government Printing Office, Publication #1645. Schultes, Richard Evans (1969) Botanical Museum Leaflets. Harvard University 22 (4): 133-164. De plantis toxicariis e mundo novo tropicale commentationes. IV. (Page 142) Schultes, Richard Evans (1969) Science 163: 245-254. Hallucinogens of Plant Origin. Schultes, Richard Evans (1972) An Overview of Hallucinogens in the Western Hemisphere. pp. 3-54 in FURST (ed.) 1972 Schultes, Richard Evans (1998) The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research 1: 1-7. Antiquities of the New World Hallucinogens. Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1980) Botany and Chemistry of the Hallucinogens. Second Edition. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. ISBN # 0-398-03863-5.[ Paperback ISBN 0-398-06416-4] 462 pages.[See also as Schultes & Hofmann (1983) Botanica e chimica degli allucinogeni. Roma (Cesco Ciapanna)] Schultes, Richard Evans & Albert Hofmann (1992) Plants of the Gods. Origins of Hallucinogenic Use. Healing Arts Press. [Also (1979) Plants of the Gods. Origins of Hallucinogenic Use. Alfred Van Der Marck Editions 1979. Originally published by McGraw-Hill: New York 1979 [See also as (1993) Les Plantes des Dieux. Les ditions du Lzard. 232 pp. ISBN 2-910718-02-6 & ISBN 29507264-2-9 or as (1993) Plantas de los Dioses. Fondo de Cultura Econmica. 192 pp. ISBN 968-16-1023-7; or as (1995) Pflanzen der Gtter. AT Verlag. 191 pp. ISBN 3-85502-543-6.] Schumann, K. (1894) Monatsschrift fr Kakteenkunde 4: 36-37. Echinocactus Williamsii Lem. Schumann, K. (1895) Monatsschrift fr Kakteenkunde 5: 11-15. Kleine Mitteilungen und Fingerzeige. Schumann, Karl Moritz (1895) Ber. 103-110. ber giftige Kakteen. [from LABARRE] Schumann, Karl Moritz (1897) Gesamtb. Kakteen 81 [Cereus tephracanthus bolivianus WEBER] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Schumann, Karl Moritz (1897) Gesamtb. Kakteen 108 [Cereus bridgesii brevispinus & Cereus bridgesii lageniformis] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Schumann, Karl Moritz (1898) Botanische Jahrbcher fr Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte, und Pflanzengeographie. 24: 541-567. Die Gattung Ariocarpus (Anhalonium). (see page 551) Schumann, Karl Moritz (1907) [in RUSBY] Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard.4: 365 [Cereus lasianthus] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Schuster, Danny (1990) The World of Cacti. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-2506-1. 240 pages. [Peyote on page 146. Very striking flower open in one of the color photographs. Cultivation comments are from the perspective of one cultivating peyote in the more northern latitudes.] Schwartz, B.E. et al. (1955) Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clin. 30: 407. Seiler, Nikolaus (1965) Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 341 (1-3): 105-110. Der oxydative Abbau des Mezcalins im Zentralnervensystem. I. Charakterisierung des Mezcalin abbauden Fermentes. Seiler, Nikolaus & Manfred Wiechmann (1964) HoppeSeylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 337: 229240. Die fluorimetrische Bestimmung des Mezcalins und einiger -Phenthylamine. Sellards, E.H. (1941) American Antiquity 7: 29-38 Stone Images From Henderson County, Texas. Senoh, S. et al. (1959) Journal of the American Chemical Society 81: 6240-6245. Enzymatic p-O-methylation by catechol O-methyl transferase. [With J.W. Daly, J. Axelrod, and B. Witkop] Sethi, M.L. et al. (1973) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 62 (11): 1802-1806. Peyote and Related Alkaloids XVI: Synthesis of 3,4,5Trimethoxyphenylalanine, an Amino Acid Analog of Mescaline. [Manohar L. Sethi, G. Subba Rao and Govind J. Kapadia] [Synthetic compound - NOT found in peyote.] Seymour, Gertrude (1916) The Red Man (June) 341351. Peyote Worship An Indian Cult and a Powerful Drug Shamma, Maurice & Paul D. Rosenstock (1959) Journal of Organic Chemistry 24: 726-728. The Triterpenes of Heliabravoa chende. Shamma, M. & H.R. Rodriguez (1965) Tetrahedron Letters 4347 (FROM JEFFS et al. 1969) Sharon, Douglas (1972)a The San Pedro cactus in Peruvian folk healing. pp. 114-135. in: Peter T. Furst (Ed.) Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. Sharon, Douglas (1972)b Natural History 81: 32-47. Eduardo the Healer. Sharon, Douglas (1978) Wizard of the Four Winds: A Shamans story. The Free Press, Collier MacMillan Publishers, New York. Sharon, Douglas (1980) El Chamn de los Cuatro Vientos. Siglo Veintiuno Editores. ISBN 968-23-1006-7. Translation of SHARON 1978. Sharon, Douglas(1986) Comments made in a taped workshop entitled Mind, Molecules and Magic as quoted in 1995 Entheogen Review 4(1): 13 T. peruvianus toxicity?.

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[Cited by BROWN 19961997] Sherratt, Andrew (1995) p. 30 in: Jordan Goodman, Paul Lovejoy and Andrew Sharratt (eds.), Consuming Habits. Routledge: London. Shirokogoroff, Sergei Mikailovich (1935) Psychomental Complex of the Tungus. Kegan Paul, French, Trubner, London. Shulgin, Alexander T. (1963) Experientia 19: 127-128. Psychotomimetic Agents Related to Mescaline. Shulgin, Alexander T. (1970) Chemistry and structureactivity relationships of the psychotomimetics. pp. 21-41, in: Daniel H. Efron (ed.) Psychotomimetic Drugs. Raven Press, New York. Shulgin, Alexander T. (1973) Lloydia 36 (1): 46-58. Mescaline: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of its Analogs.. Shulgin, Alexander T. (1976) Psychotomimetic Agents. pp. 59-146 in: George DeStevens (ed.) Medicinal Chemistry Vol. 4 [Psychopharmacological Agents Vol. IV (Maxwell Gordon (Ed.)] Academic Press 1976. Shulgin, Alexander T. (1977) Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 9 (2): 171-172. Profiles of Psychedelic Drugs: STP. Shulgin, Alexander T. (1978) Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-activity relationships. In: Iversen, L.L. et al. (eds.) Handbook of Psychopharmacology. Volume 11. Plenum Press, New York, 1978. Shulgin, Alexander T. (1995) THIQ/PEA Appendix 12/ 26/95- Cactus Species Tabulation. Privately printed lecture handout. Published in appendix of TIHKAL Shulgin, Alexander T. & K.O. Kerlinger (1964) Naturwissenschaften 51 (15): 360-361. Isolation of methoxyeugenol and trans-isoelemicin from oil of nutmeg. ] (via fractional distillation.) Shulgin, Alexander T. & Ann Shulgin (1991) PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Transform Press 978 pages ISBN 0-9630096-0-5. Shulgin, Alexander T. & Ann Shulgin (1997) TIHKAL: The Continuation. Transform Press 804 pages ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. Shulgin, Alexander T. et al. (1966) Nature 212: 10601607. Role of 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine in schizophrenia [Alexander T. Shulgin, Thornton Sargent and Claudio Naranjo] [Compound determined to lack a discernable role.] Shurly, Ernest William (1948) Cactus & Succulent Journal of Great Britain 10 (4): 93. Strombocactus Schwarzii Shurly, spec nova Sic, J. (1962) General Pharmacology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Siegel, Ronald K. (1971) Studies of hallucinogens in fish, brids, mice and men: The behavior of psychedelic populations pp. 311-318 in O. Vinar, Z. Voltava & P.B. Bradley (eds) Advances in NeuroPsychopharmacology. Amsterdam: North Holland Siegel, Ronald K. (1973) International Journal of the Addictions 9 (2): 373-393. An Ethological Search for Self-Adminstration of Hallucinogens. Siegel, Ronald K. (1977) Hallucinations. reprinted 1986 in The Minds Eye; Readings from the Scientific American [ISBN 0-7167-1754-9] Siegel & Jarvik (1975) pp 81-162 in Siegel & West (eds.) See also HOROWITZ p. 178. Siegel, Ronald K. & Louis Jolyon West (eds) (1975) Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience and Theory. Wiley: New York. Sigg, E.B. et al. (1958) Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 97 (1): 97. [Abstract; entry 23656] Synergism of Amines and Antagonism of Reserpine to Morphine Analgesia. [E.B. Sigg, G. Caprio and J.A. Schneider] Silva, M.T.A. et al. (1968) Psychopharmacologia 13 (4): 332-340. Lack of Cross-Tolerance in Rats among (-)9-Trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC), Cannabis Extract, Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25). [M. Teresa A. Silva, E.A. Carlini, U. Claussen & F. Korte] Simon, Rmi (1885) Dictionnaire de la langue Nahuatl ou Mexicaine, p. 436. Paris. Simpson, Lorna & Peter McKellar (1955) Journal of Mental Science 101 (422): 141-147. Types of Synaesthesia (mescal experiments). SINGER et al. 1980 in the literature meant SINGER & ELBE 1980 Singer & Elbe (1980) J. Food Sci. 45: 489 SINISCALCO et al. 1983 (in the literature) meant SINISCALCO 1983 Siniscalco Gigliano, G. (1983) Bolletino Chimico Farmaceutico 122: 499-504. La Mescalina in Lophophora Coult. Ed in Altre Cactaceae SISSC (1994) Bibliografia Italiana su Allucinogenie Cannabis, (Societ Italiana per lo Studio degli Stati di Cosienza c/o Museo Civico di Roverto) Edizioni Grafton 9, Bologna. [Contributors: Carlo Buono, Gilberto Camilla, Gino Dal Soler, Francesco Festi, Fulvio Gosso, Mario Lorenzetti and Giorgio Samorini.] Sivadjian, Joseph (1969) Comptes Rendus Hebdomaries des Sances de LAcadmie des Sciences. Srie D. [AKA C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris. Srie D.] 268 (6): 984985. Laction de la mescaline et du dithylamide de

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lacide lysergique (LSD-25) sur le comportement du Cobaye. Sjoberg, B.M. Jr. & L.E. Hollister (1962) Psychopharmacologia 3: 219-223. (in the literature) meant WOLBACH et al. 1962 Sjoberg, B.M. Jr. & L.E. Hollister (1965) Psychopharmacologia 8 (4): 251-262. The Effects of Psychotomimetic Drugs on Primary Suggestibility. Skarin, Annalee (1966) (1981-7th printing) Man Triumphant. DeVorse & Co.: Marina Del Rey. ISBN 0-87156-091-3. 253 pages. Skita, A. & F. Keil (1932) Ber. 65: 424 [From PATEL 1968] Slotkin, James S. (1951) American Anthropologist 53: 420-427. Early eighteenth century documents on peyotism north of the Rio Grande. Slotkin, James S. (1952) Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 42 (pt. 4): 565-700. Menomimi Peyotism. A study of individual variation in a primary group with a homogenous culture. [pp. 681-700 is David P. McAllesters Menomini peyote music.] SLOTKIN 1954 in the literature meant SLOTKIN 1955. [SLOTKIN 1954 is Saturday Review 37: 14. Mescalin: A substitute for tobacco? III The anthropologist.] Slotkin, James S. (1955) American Anthropologist 57 (2): 202-230. Peyotism, 1521-1891. Slotkin, James S. (1956) The Peyote Religion: A Study in Indian-White Relations.. The Free Press: Glencoe Slotkin, J.S. & D.B. McAllester (1952) Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 42. Menomimi Peyotism. Slotta, K.H. (1932) Journal fuer Praktische Chemie 133: 129-130. Zur Gewinnung von 3,4,5Trimethoxybenzaldehyd. Slotta, K.H. & H. Heller (1930) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 63: 3029-3044. Ueber phenyl-thylamine. I. Mezcalin und mezcalinhnlicher Substanzen. Slotta, K.H. & Johannes Mller (1936) Hoppe-Seylers Zeitschrift fr physiologische Chemie 238: 14-22. ber den Abbau des Mezcalins und mezcalinhnlicher Stoffe im Organisms. Slotta, K.H. & G. Szyska (1933) Journal fuer Praktische Chemie 137: 339-350. Ueber -Phenylthylamine. III. Eine neue Mezcalin-Synthese. Slotta, K.H. & G. Szyzka (1934) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 67: 1106-1108. Synthese des mescalins. (Eine Berichtigung der gleichlautenden Arbeit von G. Hahn und H. Wassmuth.) Slotta, K.H. et al. (1937) Mem. Inst. Butantan (So Paulo) 11: 101. (K.H. Slotta, J.C. Valle and K. Neisser) [From DEULOFEU & RUVEDA 1971] Smilkstein, M.J. et al. (1987) Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 25 (1&2): 149-159. A Case of MAO Inhibitor / MDMA Interaction: Agony After Ecstasy. [Martin J. Smilkstein, Susan C. Smolinske and Barry H. Rumack] Smith, Alfred A. & S. Bernard Wortis (1962) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 60: 420-422. Formation and Metabolism of N-Acetylnormetanephrine in the Rat. Smith, C.A. (1966) Bot. Survey Memoir 35 (South Africa). Common Names of South African Plants. [From HARGREAVES 1998] Smith, E. et al. (1961) Chemistry & Industry 402-403. Mesembrine Enol Ether and the Absolute Configuration of Mesembrine. [E. Smith, N. Hosansky, M. Shamma & J.B. Moss] Smith, Elna (Mrs. Maurice G. Smith) (1934) Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 24 (10): 448-453. A Negro Peyote Cult. Smith, Huston & Reuben Snake (eds.) (1996) One Nation Under God. Triumph of the Native American Church. Clear Light: Santa Fe. 0-940666-71-5. 176 pages. Smith, Ivor (1969) Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Techniques. Volume I. Chromatography. 3rd Edition. William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd., London/ Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. Smith, Ivor & J.W.T. Seakins (1976) Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Techniques. Vol. 1. Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography. 4th edition. William Heineman Medical Books Ltd. Smith, Maurice G. (1929) Oklahoma Daily, December 8. Peyote Smith, Maurice G. (1930) El Palacio 29: 241-242. The Peyote Cult in Oklahoma SMITH, Mrs. Maurice G. 1934 See as Elna SMITH 1934 Smith, M. S. (1997) [Revised 1998 & 1999] Narcotic and Hallucinogenic Cacti of the New World [Also personal correspondence during 1998 & 1999] M.S. Smith has my thanks for bringing the work of Dr. Starha to our attention. Smith, M.T. et al. (1996) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50: 119-130. Psychoactive constituents of the genus Sceletium N.E.Br and other Mesembryanthemaceae: a review. [Michael T. Smith, Neil R. Crouch, Nigel Gericke & Manton Hirst] Smith, M.T. et al. (1998) Pharmaceutical Biology 36 (3): 173-179. The Distribution of Mesembrine Alkaloids in Selected Taxa of the Mesembryanthemaceae and their Modification in the Sceletium Derived Kougoed. (Michael Smith, Courtney Field, Neil Crouch, & Manton Hirst) Smith, Michael Valentine (1981) Psychedelic Chemistry. Loompanics Unlimited, ISBN 0-915179-10-5. Smith, Philip B. (1959) Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 23 (1): 20-27. A Sunday with Mescaline. Smith, Terence A. (1977)a Phytochemistry 16: 9-18. Phenethylamine and related compounds in plants, Smith, Terence A. (1977)b Phytochemistry 16: 171-175. Review: Tryptamines and Related Compounds in Plants. Smolska, B. (1932) Deutsche Zeitschrift fr die gesamte gerichtlicher Medizin 18: 91-95. Ueber mikroskopische Veraenderungen der inneren Organe der weissen Maus nach akuten und sub-acuten Meskalinvergiftungen. Smythies, J.R. (1963) British J. Philosophy of Science 3: 339-347. The mescaline phenomenon.

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Smythies, J.R. et al. (1967) Nature 216: 196-197. Alteration by Pretreatment with Iproniazid and an Inactive Mescaline Analogue of a Behavior Change induced by Mescaline. Smythies, J.R. et al. (1967) Psychopharmacologia 10: 379-387. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Mescaline III. The Influence of the Methoxy groups. [Rat]. Smythies, J.R. et al. (1970) Nature 226: 644-645. Behavioral effects of some derivatives of amphetamine and LSD and their significance. (J.R. Smythies, J. Beaton, F. Benington and R. D. Morin) Snow, Otto (1998) Amphetamine Syntheses. Overview & reference guide for professionals. (Psychoactive Synthesis Series Volume 1) Thoth Press; Spring Hill FL. ISBN #0-9663128-0-5. Snyckers, F.O. et al. (1971) Journal of the Chemical Society D. Chemical Communications 1467-1469. The Structures of Partially Racemic Sceletium Alkaloid A4 and Tortuosamine, Pyridine Alkaloids from Sceletium tortuosum. (F.O. Snyckers, F. Strelow & A. Wiechers) Snyder, Solomon & Carl R. Merril (1965) Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54: 258-266. A relationship between the hallucinogenic activity of drugs and their electronic configuration Soc. Anon. pour LInd. Ble (1930)b Swiss Patent 147,949 Jan. 8 1930 . [CA (1932) 26: 2278] 3,4,5Triethoxyphenethylamine Soc. Anon. Pour LInd. Chim. a Ble (1930)a British Patent 360,266, Jan. 8, 1930; [CA (1933) 27: 513.] [CA says patent was for 3,4,5Triethoxyphenethylamine.] Soeda, M. (1969) Journal of the Medical Society of Toho University 16: 365-369. Studies on the antitumor activity of Cape Aloe. Sogliani, G. & Sagripanti, P. (1957) Neuropsichiatria 13: 149 & 449. La dietilamide dellacido lisergico e la mescalina in psichiatria. Solomon, K. (in the literature) meant Salomon, K. Soskin, Samuel & Matthew Tabenhaus (1943) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 78: 49. Sodium succinate as an antidote for barbiturate poisoning and in the control of the duration of barbiturate anethesia. (Including its successful use in a case of barbiturate poisoning in a human.) Soulaire, Jacques (1947) Cactus et Medecine. p. 121 E. Thiebaut: Paris. [from GRYM 1997] Sourkes, Theodore L. (1958) Revue Canadienne de Biologie 17 (3): 328-366. Oxidative Pathways in the Metabolism of Biogenic Amines. Southon, Ian W. & John Buckingham (1989) Dictionary of Alkaloids. Chapman and Hall, London and New York. Two volumes. ISBN # 0-412-24910-3. (G.A. Cordell, J.E. Saxton, M. Shamma and G.F. Smith, ed. board) Spth, Ernst (1919) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 40: 129154, ber die Anhalonium-Alkaloide. Spth, Ernst (1921)a Monatshefte fuer Chemie 42: 97115. ber die Anhalonium-Alkaloide. II. Die Konstitution des Pellotins, des Anhalonidins, und des Anhalamins Spth, Ernst (1921)b Monatshefte fuer Chemie 42: 263266. ber die Anhalonium-Alkaloide III. Konstitution des Anhalins [Hordenine] Spth, Ernst (1922) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 43: 477484. ber die Anhaloniumalkaloide. V. Die Synthese des Anhalonidins und des Pellotins Spth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)a Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 68 (3): 501-505. ber ein neues Kakteen-Alkaloid, das Anhalinin, und zur Konstitution des Anhalonins (XIII. Mitteil. ber Kakteen Alkaloide.) [0.096 grams of Anhalinine from 1330 grams of peyote.] Spth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)b Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 68 (5): 944-945. ber des Anhalidin (XIV. Mitteil. ber KakteenAlkaloide.) [Synthesis of Anhalidine; From peyote: Anhalamine 0.1%; Anhalinine 0.01%; Anhalidine 0.001%] Spth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)c Monatshefte fuer Chemie 66: 327-366. ber die tiennung der Anhalonium basen (Kakteen alkaloide. XV.) Spth, Ernst & Friedrich Boschan (1933) Monatshefte fuer Chemie 63: 141-153.ber Kakteenalkaloide. X. Die Konstitution des Pellotins un des Anhalonidins Spth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1937) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 70 (12): 24462450. ber ein neues alkaloid aus den Mezcal buttons. (XVIII Mitteil. ber Kakteen-Alkaloide.) [N-Methylmescaline.] Spth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1938) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 71 (6): 12751276. N-Acetyl mezcalin als Inhaltstoff der Mezcalin-Buttons (XIX. Mitteil. ber KakteenAlkaloide.)

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Spth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1939) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 72 (2): 334-338. ber das O-Methyl-d-anhalonidin (XX. Mitteil. ber Kakteen-Alkaloide.) Spth, Ernst & Hans Roder (1922) Monatshefte fuer Chemie. 43: 93-111.ber die Anhalonium-Alkaloide. IV. Die Synthese des Anhalamins Speck, Louise B. (1957) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 119: 78-84. Toxicity and Effects of Increasing Doses of Mescaline. Spector, Elliot (1961) Nature 189 (4766): 751-752. Identification of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid as the major metabolite of mescaline in the dog. Spegazzini (1905) Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III 4: 480 [Cereus thelegonoides.] [From BRITTON & ROSE] Speir, W.W. et al. (1970) Lloydia 33 (1): 15-18. Cactus alkaloids. VII. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyl3,4-dimethoxy--phenethylamine from Ariocarpus trigonus (W.W. Speir, V. Mihranian and J.L. McLaughlin) Spix & Martius (1831) Reise in Brasilien 3: 1075 (From Safford 1916) Stafford, Peter (1992) Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Third Edition. Ronin Publishing, Inc. [pp. 103-155 (Chapter Two): Peyote, Mescaline & San Pedro. ISBN 0914171-51-8. 420 pages. STAHL 1969 Analyst (in the literature) meant GENEST & HUGHES 1968 Analyst. TARHA 1994 (in the literature) meant TARHA et al. 1994 [TARHA 1994 is tarha, Roman (1994) Kaktusy 30(4): 113. Co je to Anhalonium lewinii.] tarha, Roman & Jaroslav Kuchya (1996) Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, Physica-Chemia 156 (3-4): 67-70. Analysis of Mexican Populations of Lophophora (Cactaceae) tarha, Roman (1995)a Chemica [Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultas Rerum Naturalium] 34: 33-34. Identification of Alkaloids of the Cactus Genus Gymnocalycium tarha, Roman (1995)b Fitoterapia 66 (4): 375. Alkaloids of Epithelantha micromeris tarha, Roman (1996) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24 (1): 85-86. Alkaloids from the Cactus Genus Gymnocalycium. tarha, Roman (1997)a Appendix IV. Chemick rozbor rodu Lophophora. pp. 85-90 in GRYM 1997. tarha, Roman (1997)b Kaktusy 1: 11-13. Psychoactive substances of plants of the genus Sceletium. (A simple review of some of the chemistry) Starha, Roman (n.d.) Cactus alkaloid summary. Undated (unpublished?) and privately distributed manuscript received from Dr. Starha in early 1999. [Previous versions also exist; received one around a year earlier via MSSmith] tarha, Roman (nd) Roman tarhas cactus alkaloid list. University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. tarha, Roman et al. (1994) Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, PhysicaChemia 141 (2): 71-74. Alkaloids of Three Peyote Cacti. tarha, Roman et al. (1997) Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25 (4): 363-364. Alkaloids from the Genus Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae) II [Roman tarha, Kamila Urbnkov, and Jaroslav Kuchyna) tarha, Roman et al. (1998) Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universtitas Ostraviensis, PhysicaChemia 173 (6): 41-46. Identifikace Alkaloidu V Rostlinch Rodu Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae) III. [Roman tarha, Adla Chybidziurov & Zdenek Lacny] tarha, Roman et al. (1999) Biochemical Systematics & Ecology 27: 839-841. Alkaloids of the Genus Turbinicarpus (Cactaceae) [Roman tarha, Adla Chybidziurov & Zdenek Lacny] Our thanks also go to Dr. Starha for graciously providing us with the papers we could not locate sources for in the US. Steensholt, Gunnar (1947) Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 14: 356-362. On an Amine Oxidase in Rabbits Liver. Steimetz, Paul (1990) Pipe, Bible and Peyote. Among the Oglala Lakota. University of Tennessee Press: Knoxville. ISBN 0-87-049-623-9. 250 pages. Steinberg, Neil (1994) Rolling Stone 5 May: 33-34. The Law of Unintended Consequences: Mandatory minimum sentencing puts first-time offenders in jail for life and lets drug kingpins bargain for their freedom Steinigen, Manfred (1972) Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung 112 (2): 51-55. Nachweis und quantitative Bestimmung von Lysergsuredithylamid (LSD). Stern, et al. (1961) Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thrapie 133: 58. Stevens, Jay (1987) Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream. Atlantic Monthly Press Stevenson, Ian (1957)a Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 125 (3): 438-442. Comments on the Psychological Effects of Mescaline and Allied Drugs. (Part of The Round Table: Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Psychodynamic and Therapeutic Aspects of Mescaline and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. Herman C.B. Denber and Max Rinkel, editors, comprising pp. 423-452.) Stevenson, Ian (1957)b New Republic 136 (1): 22. From Mescaline to Eternity. Stevenson, Ian & Thomas W. 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(Footnotes)
1

kaktusu has o-shaped diacritic mark above second u

2

nekter ch has v-shaped diacritic mark above second e; strukturne has v-shaped diacritic mark above e; alkaloidu has o-shaped diacritic mark above u.