Warnatz, Maas &* Dibble, Combustion: Physical and Chemical Fundamentals, Modeling and Simulation, Experiments, Pollutant Formation

Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Obert, Internal Combustion Engines and Air Pollution

Engine Flame Conditions

500 5000 rpm 7 10 Compression ratio 8-11 cm stroke 0.75 1.5 cm clearance volume height 0.7 < < 1 0.05 < Ydil < 0.2 0.3 < v < 1.0

1 < Da < 1500 10 < ReLI < 6000

Following Abraham, et al., SAE Paper 850245

Fast Chemistry

10 10 10 10 10 10

Wrinkled Laminar Flame

SI Engine Operation

LK/d=1

Da

10 10 10 10 10

-1

Flamelets in Eddies
Distributed Reactions
10
0

-2

Slow Chemistry

10 10

-3

-4

LI/d=1
10
3

10

10

10

10
I

10

10

10

ReL

=1
300 rpm

1200 rpm

2400 rpm

=1, Flame Front Closeup

300 rpm 1200 rpm 2400 rpm

Flame islands were investigated by Mantzaras et al. and found NOT to be separated from the rest of the flame surface, instead they were fingers which preceded the flame front.

Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Sources of HC (9%)

Fuel (100%)

HC

Crevices Liquid fuel Oil Layers Deposits Flame quench HC

(5.2%) (1.2%) (1.0%) (1.0%) (0.5%)

Oxidized products (91%)

Oxidized products 40-90% of HC

Post Oxidation in the cylinder

Residual (1.3%)
HC

Oxidized products 1/3 of the remaining HC

Post Oxidation in the exhaust port

HC 1.8 %

Tail pipe
SAE Paper 932708

2000 P1 P2

m1 V1, P1 m2 V2, P2 m3 V3, P3 2nd Ring 1st Ring

Pressure (kPa)

1500

Oil Ring

1000

500

-100

100

200 CA

300

400

500

10

Mass Flow Rate (g/s)

m1 m2 m3

-5 -100 0 100 200 CA 300 400 500

Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals