THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II

PANCREATIC AND BILLIARY SECRETIONS

THE PANCREAS IS BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS SECRETES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND AN AQUEOUS ALKALINE FLUID PANCREATIC SECRETION IS HORMONALLY REGULATED PANCREATIC SECRETIONS REACH THE SMALL INTESTINE VIA THE COMMON BILE DUCT

THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS SECRETES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES PANCREATIC AMYLASE PANCREATIC LIPASE

HORMONAL CONTROL OF PANCREATIC SECRETION

ACID IN DUODENAL LUMEN >SECRETIN: STIMULATES PANCREATIC DUCT CELLS TO PRODUCE SIGNIFICANT QUANTITES OF AQUEOUS ALKALINE SECRETION FAT AND PROTEIN IN DUODENAL LUMEN>CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK):STIMULATES PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS TO SECRETE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER

METABILIC PROCESSING OF ABSORBED FOOD DETOXIFICATION2 SYNTHESIS OF PLASMA PROTEINS STORAGE OF GLYCOGEN AND FAT, ETC. REMOVAL OF BACTERIA AND WORN-OUT RBC EXCRETION OF CHOLESTEROL AND BILIRUBIN

BILE SECRETION, STORAGE, AND CIRCULATION

SECRETED BY THE LIVER RECYCLED THROUGH ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION STORED IN GALL BLADDER

LIVER BLOOD FLOW

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

AORTA HEART

HEPATIC VEIN LIVER HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

HEPATIC ARTERY

ARTERIES TO DIGESTIVE TRACT

BILE SALT CIRCULATION

LIVER

GALL BLADDER SPHINCTER OF ODDI DUODENUM

S.I. MOTILITY
SEGMENTATION CONTRACTIONS
PACEMAKER CELLS MIXING AND PROPULSION

SEGMENTATION CONTRACTIONS
INITIATED BY PACEMAKER CELLS MIXING ACTION MOVES CHYME DOWNWARD ILEOCECAL VALVE

S.I. SECRETIONS
MANLY MUCOUS
NO DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

DIGESTION
MAINLY IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
PANCREATIC ENZYMES BRUSH BORDER ENZYMES

ABSORPTION
LARGE SURFACE AREA ACTIVE SODIUM TRANSPORT FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES SUGARS AND AA BY SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT FAT VITAMINS AND MINERALS

LARGE SURFACE AREA

LONG TUBE CIRCULAR FOLDS VILLI MICROVILLI SIZE OF TENIS COURT

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES

SODIUM IS ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED ALONG CELLS BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE CHLORIDE FOLLOWS FOR ELECTRONEUTRALITY WATER FOLLOWS FOR OSMOTIC BALANCE POTASSIUM AND OTHER ELECTROLYTES ARE MAINLY ABSORBED BY PASSIVE DIFFUSION

Absorption is a Function of the Epithelial Cells Making up the Intestinal Wall

Lumen

Cells

Plasma

Sodium Absorption
PUMP: Na/K ATPase Lumen Sodium

Cells
Potassium Plasma Chloride Water

AVERAGE DAILY INTAKE OF IRON (NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE)

BETWEEN 10 AND 30 mg ABOUT 5 TO 7 mg PER 1000 CALORIES IF ON A 1000 TO 1500 CALORIE DIET, ONLY 6-9 mg INFLUENCED BY COOKING UTENSILS DEPENDS ON BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION

THE LARGE INTESTINE

PRIMARILY A DRYING AND STORAGE ORGAN HAUSTRAL CONTRACTIONS MASS MOVEMENTS PROTECTIVE SECRETIONS FORMATION OF FECES

THE DEFICATION REFLEX

DISTENTION OF RECTUM STIMULATES INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER (SMOOTH MUSCLE) RELAXES EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER (SKELETAL MUSCLE) UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL

GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES
GASTRIN SECRETIN CHOLECYSTOKININ

GASTRIN
ENDOCRINE CELLS IN PYLORIC STOMACH STIMULATED BY PROTEIN IN STOMACH STIMULATES SECRETION BY PARIETAL AND CHIEF CELLS STIMULATES ILEAL MOTILITY RELAXES ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER INDUCES COLONIC MASS MOVEMENTS

SECRETIN
ENDOCRINE CELLS IN DUODENAL MUCOSA ACID IN DUODENAL LUMEN INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING INHIBITS GASTRIC SECRETION STIMULATES AQUEOUS BICARBONATE SECRETION BY PANCREAS STIMULATES BICARBONATE RICH BILE SECRETION BYLIVER

CHOLECYSTOKININ
ENDOCRINE CELLS IN DUODENAL MUCOSA FAT AND PROTEIN IN DUODENAL LUMEN INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING INHIBITS GASTRIC SECRETION CAUSES GALL BLADDER CONTRACTION CAUSES RELAXATION OF THE SPHINCTER OF ODDI CONTRIBUTES TO SATIETY

TOTAL BODY IRON IN HUMANS

WEIGHT SEX SIZE OF STORAGE COMPARTMENT HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION HISTORY

ABSORPTION OF IRON FROM FOODS

FOOD
RICE

DOSE (mg)

% ABSORBED

SPINACH LETTUCE WHEAT VEAL LIVER FISH VEAL MUSCLE

HEMOGLOBIN

2 2 17 2-4 3 1-2 3-4 3-4

1 2-3 3-5 5 10-18 10-15 20 10-15

SOME DISEASES LINKED WITH DIET

CANCER HEART DISEASE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OBESITY DIVERTICULITIS

FOOD INGREDIENTS AND DISEASE

REFINED SUGAR FAT SALT LOW IN FIBER

CANCER AND DIET: PHYTOCHEMICALS

FOUND ONLY IN PLANTS IMMUNE FUNCTION HORMONE BALANCE DETOXIFICATION

CANCER AND DIET N.R.C.RECOMMENDATIONS

EAT LESS FAT (30% OR LESS 0F TOTAL CALORIES) EAT FRUITS, VEGITABLES, AND WHOLEGRAIN CEREAL FOODS EVERY DAY (ESPECIALLY THOSE HIGH IN VITAMINS A AND C) AVOID HIGH DOSE SUPPLIMENTS OF VITAMINS OR OTHER NUTRIENTS ALCOHOL ONLY IN MODERATION

PROTEIN SOURCES-EXCEPTIONS
SOYBEANS
QUINONA SPINACH HAVE THE SAME QUALITY AS MILK

INCOMPLETE PROTEINS NEEDED TO MEET REQUIREMENTS

2 2/3 CUPS COOKED WHEAT 3 CUPS COOKED RICE 5 3/4 SLICES BASIC BREAD 3 CUPS DICED POTATOES 1/3 CUP SOY SPREAD 1/2 CUP WHEAT GERM 2 3/4 CUPS RICE WITH 1/3 CUP COOKED PEAS

SOME WAYS TO CUT DOWN ON FAT

EAT MORE VEGETARIAN MEALS EAT MORE FRESH FRUIT OR YOGURT INSTEAD OF DESSERTS USE YOGURT AS DRESSING INSTEAD OF OIL USE FRESH HERBS INSTEAD OF BUTTER (AND INSTEAD OF SALT)

FIBER
ROUGHLY SPEAKING, EVERYTHING IN PLANT FOODS OUR DIGESTIVE ENZYMES CAN NOT BREAK DOWN NURTURES AEROBIC BACTERIA IN GUT SOLUABLE FIBER REDUCES INSULIN NEED IN DIABETICS CHELATORS-INCREASE NEED FOR MINERALS

TYPES OF FIBER
PECTINS: IN CELL WALL OF FRUITS, BIND BILE SALTS GUMS: STICKY SUBSTANCES EXUDED BY PLANTS, LOWER CHOLESTEROL UPTAKE AND SLOW SUGAR ABSORPTION CELLULOSE: PLANT CELL WALLS, BULK AND TOXIN ELIMINATION HEMICELLULOSES: PLANT CELL WALLS, BULK LIGNIN: ROOT VEGETABLES, BULK

EFFECT ON MICROFLORA
LOWER TOTAL ANAEROBIC, IN PARTICULAR, CLOSTRIDIUM DIET CAN ALTER THE METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF THE FLORA MEAT AND UNREFINED SUGAR INCREASES UNWANTED BACTERIA VEGETARIAN DIET LOWERS RISKS OF BOWEL CANCER

RECOMMENDED FIBER INTAKE

20 - 25 g/day WITH AN UPPER LIMIT OF 35 g/day
FAMILY HISTORY OF DIETIMPLICATED CANCER 35-40 g/day DIABETICS UP TO 50 g/day

SOURCES OF FIBER
LEGUMES (ALSO PROTEIN SOURCE)
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES WHOLE GRAIN CEREALS AND FLOURS

SOLUABLE AND INSOLUABLE DIETARY FIBER

SOLUABLE SOME HEMICELLULOSE PECTIN GUM MUCILAGES

INSOLUABLE LIGNIN CELLULOSE SOME HEMICELLULOSE

CHELATORS LOWER MINERAL ABSORPTION

PHYTATES
OXALATES

SUPPLIMENTS FROM PLANTS

ECHINACEA: IMMUNE BOOSTING AND ANTIBIOTIC PSYLLIUM SEEDS: SOURCE OF FIBER CHAMOMILE: MILD SEDATIVE ALOE VERA: PROMOTES HEALING SAW PALMETTO EXTRACT: PROSTATE PROBLEMS GREEN TEA: ANTI CANCER , ANTIOXIDENT GARLIC: ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIVIRAL, LOWERS CHOLESTEROL